1  3877 151 KDM6A PROMOTES IMATINIB RESISTANCE THROUGH YY1-MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL UPREGULATION OF TRKA INDEPENDENTLY OF ITS DEMETHYLASE ACTIVITY IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA. RATIONALE: DESPITE LANDMARK THERAPY OF CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML) WITH TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS), DRUG RESISTANCE REMAINS PROBLEMATIC. CANCER PATHOGENESIS INVOLVES EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION AND IN PARTICULAR, HISTONE LYSINE DEMETHYLASES (KDMS) HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN TKI RESISTANCE. WE SOUGHT TO IDENTIFY KDMS WITH ALTERED EXPRESSION IN CML AND DEFINE THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO IMATINIB RESISTANCE. METHODS: BIOINFORMATICS SCREENING COMPARED KDM EXPRESSION IN CML VERSUS NORMAL BONE MARROW WITH SHRNA KNOCKDOWN AND FLOW CYTOMETRY USED TO MEASURE EFFECTS ON IMATINIB-INDUCED APOPTOSIS IN K562 CELLS. TRANSCRIPTOMIC ANALYSES WERE PERFORMED AGAINST KDM6A CRISPR KNOCKOUT/SHRNA KNOCKDOWN K562 CELLS ALONG WITH GENE RESCUE EXPERIMENTS USING WILDTYPE AND MUTANT DEMETHYLASE-DEAD KDM6A CONSTRUCTS. CO-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION, LUCIFERASE REPORTER AND CHIP WERE EMPLOYED TO ELUCIDATE MECHANISMS OF KDM6A-DEPENDENT RESISTANCE. RESULTS: AMONGST FIVE KDMS UPREGULATED IN CML, ONLY KDM6A DEPLETION SENSITIZED CML CELLS TO IMATINIB-INDUCED APOPTOSIS. RE-INTRODUCTION OF DEMETHYLASE-DEAD KDM6A AS WELL AS WILD-TYPE KDM6A RESTORED IMATINIB RESISTANCE. RNA-SEQ IDENTIFIED NTRK1 GENE DOWNREGULATION AFTER DEPLETION OF KDM6A. MOREOVER, NTRK1 EXPRESSION POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH KDM6A IN A SUBSET OF CLINICAL CML SAMPLES AND KDM6A KNOCKDOWN IN FRESH CML ISOLATES DECREASED NTRK1 ENCODED PROTEIN (TRKA) EXPRESSION. MECHANISTICALLY, KDM6A WAS RECRUITED TO THE NTRK1 PROMOTER BY THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR YY1 WITH SUBSEQUENT TRKA UPREGULATION ACTIVATING DOWN-STREAM SURVIVAL PATHWAYS TO INVOKE IMATINIB RESISTANCE. CONCLUSION: CONTRARY TO ITS REPORTED ROLE AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR AND INDEPENDENT OF ITS DEMETHYLASE FUNCTION, KDM6A PROMOTES IMATINIB-RESISTANCE IN CML CELLS. THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE KDM6A/YY1/TRKA AXIS AS A NOVEL IMATINIB-RESISTANCE MECHANISM REPRESENTS AN UNEXPLORED AVENUE TO OVERCOME TKI RESISTANCE IN CML.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
2   826  36 CHARACTERIZATION OF K562 CELLS: UNCOVERING NOVEL CHROMOSOMES, ASSESSING TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR EXPRESSION, AND PROBING PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPIES. HUMAN ERYTHROLEUKEMIC K562 CELLS REPRESENT THE PROTOTYPICAL CELL CULTURE MODEL OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). THE CELLS ARE PSEUDO-TRIPLOID AND POSITIVE FOR THE PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME. THEREFORE, K562 CELLS HAVE BEEN WIDELY USED FOR INVESTIGATING THE BCR/ABL1 ONCOGENE AND THE TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR, IMATINIB-MESYLATE. FURTHER, K562 CELLS OVEREXPRESS TRANSFERRIN RECEPTORS (TFR) AND HAVE BEEN USED AS A MODEL FOR TARGETING CYTOTOXIC THERAPIES, VIA RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS. HERE, WE HAVE CHARACTERIZED K562 CELLS FOCUSING ON THE KARYOTYPE OF CELLS IN PROLONGED CULTURE, REGULATION OF EXPRESSION OF TFR IN WILDTYPE (WT) AND DOXORUBICIN-RESISTANT CELLS, AND RESPONSES TO HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITION (HDACI). KARYOTYPE ANALYSIS INDICATES NOVEL CHROMOSOMES AND GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS SUGGESTS A SHIFT OF CULTURED K562 CELLS AWAY FROM PATIENT-DERIVED LEUKEMIC CELLS. WE CONFIRM THE HIGH EXPRESSION OF TFR ON K562 CELLS USING IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE AND CELL-SURFACE RECEPTOR BINDING RADIOASSAYS. IMPORTANTLY, HIGH TFR EXPRESSION IS OBSERVED IN PATIENT-DERIVED CELLS, AND WE HIGHLIGHT THE PERSISTENT EXPRESSION OF TFR FOLLOWING DOXORUBICIN ACQUIRED RESISTANCE. EPIGENETIC ANALYSIS INDICATES THAT PERMISSIVE HISTONE ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION AT THE PROMOTER REGION REGULATES THE TRANSCRIPTION OF TFR IN K562 CELLS. FINALLY, WE SHOW RELATIVELY HIGH EXPRESSION OF HDAC ENZYMES IN K562 CELLS AND DEMONSTRATE THE CHEMOTOXIC EFFECTS OF HDACI, USING THE FDA-APPROVED HYDROXAMIC ACID, VORINOSTAT. TOGETHER WITH A DESCRIPTION OF MORPHOLOGY, INFRARED SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, AND EXAMINATION OF METABOLIC PROPERTIES, WE PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF K562 CELLS. OVERALL, K562 CELL CULTURE SYSTEMS REMAIN WIDELY USED FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF NOVEL THERAPEUTICS FOR CML, WHICH IS PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT IN CASES OF IMATINIB-MESYLATE RESISTANCE.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
3  5383  31 RECURRENT XPO1 MUTATIONS ALTER PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. BACKGROUND: EXPORTIN 1 (XPO1/CRM1) IS A KEY MEDIATOR OF NUCLEAR EXPORT WITH RELEVANCE TO MULTIPLE CANCERS, INCLUDING CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). WHOLE EXOME SEQUENCING HAS IDENTIFIED HOT-SPOT SOMATIC XPO1 POINT MUTATIONS WHICH WE FOUND TO DISRUPT HIGHLY CONSERVED BIOPHYSICAL INTERACTIONS IN THE NES-BINDING GROOVE, CONFERRING NOVEL CARGO-BINDING ABILITIES AND FORCING CELLULAR MIS-LOCALIZATION OF CRITICAL REGULATORS. HOWEVER, THE PATHOGENIC ROLE PLAYED BY CHANGE-IN-FUNCTION XPO1 MUTATIONS IN CLL IS NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. METHODS: WE PERFORMED A LARGE, MULTI-CENTER RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF CLL CASES (N = 1286) TO CORRELATE NONSYNONYMOUS MUTATIONS IN XPO1 (PREDOMINANTLY E571K OR E571G; N = 72) WITH GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FEATURES CONTRIBUTING TO THE OVERALL OUTCOMES IN THESE PATIENTS. WE THEN ESTABLISHED A MOUSE MODEL WITH OVER-EXPRESSION OF WILDTYPE (WT) OR MUTANT (E571K OR E571G) XPO1 RESTRICTED TO THE B CELL COMPARTMENT (EMICRO-XPO1). EMICRO-XPO1 MICE WERE THEN CROSSED WITH THE EMICRO-TCL1 CLL MOUSE MODEL. LASTLY, WE DETERMINED CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF XPO1 (WT OR E571K) BOUND TO SEVERAL SELECTIVE INHIBITORS OF NUCLEAR EXPORT (SINE) MOLECULES (KPT-185, KPT-330/SELINEXOR, AND KPT-8602/ELTANEXOR). RESULTS: WE REPORT THAT NONSYNONYMOUS MUTATIONS IN XPO1 ASSOCIATE WITH HIGH RISK GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FEATURES AND ACCELERATED CLL PROGRESSION. USING THE NEWLY-GENERATED EMICRO-XPO1 MOUSE MODEL, WE FOUND THAT CONSTITUTIVE B-CELL OVER-EXPRESSION OF WT OR MUTANT XPO1 COULD AFFECT DEVELOPMENT OF A CLL-LIKE DISEASE IN AGED MICE. FURTHERMORE, CONCURRENT B-CELL EXPRESSION OF XPO1 WITH E571K OR E571G MUTATIONS AND TCL1 ACCELERATED THE RATE OF LEUKEMOGENESIS RELATIVE TO THAT OF EMICRO-TCL1 MICE. LASTLY, CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF E571 OR E571K-XPO1 BOUND TO SINES, INCLUDING SELINEXOR, ARE HIGHLY SIMILAR, SUGGESTING THAT THE ACTIVITY OF THIS CLASS OF COMPOUNDS WILL NOT BE AFFECTED BY XPO1 MUTATIONS AT E571 IN PATIENTS WITH CLL. CONCLUSIONS: THESE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT MUTATIONS IN XPO1 AT E571 CAN DRIVE LEUKEMOGENESIS BY PRIMING THE PRE-NEOPLASTIC LYMPHOCYTES FOR ACQUISITION OF ADDITIONAL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES THAT COLLECTIVELY RESULT IN NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
4   620  38 BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF GELATINASE B OR MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE-9 (MMP-9): THE NEXT DECADE. RESEARCH ON MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES (MMPS) AND IN PARTICULAR ON GELATINASE B, ALIAS MMP-9, HAS GROWN EXPONENTIALLY IN THE DECADE 2003-2012. STRUCTURAL DETAILS ABOUT FLEXIBILITY OF MMP-9 MONOMERS, TOGETHER WITH GLYCOSYLATION, OLIGOMERIZATION, HETEROGENEITY AND INSTABILITY OF THE WILDTYPE ENZYME EXPLAIN WHY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY EXPERIMENTS HAVE NOT YET BEEN SUCCESSFUL FOR THE INTACT ENZYME. MMP-9 MAY BE VIEWED AS A MULTIDOMAIN ENZYME IN WHICH THE HEMOPEXIN, THE O-GLYCOSYLATED AND THE CATALYTIC DOMAINS YIELD SUPPORT FOR ATTACHMENT, ARTICULATION AND CATALYSIS, RESPECTIVELY. THE STEPWISE PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVATION OF THE INACTIVE ZYMOGEN INTO A CATALYTICALLY ACTIVE FORM BECOMES GRADUALLY BETTER UNDERSTOOD. PRIMING OF ACTIVATION BY MMP-3 MAY BE EXECUTED BY MEPRINS THAT DESTABILIZE THE INTERACTION OF THE AMINOTERMINUS WITH THE THIRD FIBRONECTIN REPEAT. ALTERNATIVELY, AUTOCATALYTIC ACTIVATION MAY OCCUR IN THE PRESENCE OF MOLECULES THAT TIGHTLY BIND TO THE CATALYTIC SITE AND THAT PUSH THE CYSTEIN RESIDUE IN THE PRODOMAIN AWAY FROM THE CATALYTIC ZINC ION. THANKS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEGRADOMICS TECHNOLOGIES, SUBSTRATE REPERTOIRES OF MMP-9 HAVE BEEN DEFINED, BUT IT REMAINS A CHALLENGE TO DETERMINE AND PROVE WHICH SUBSTRATES ARE BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT. THE SUBSTRATE REPERTOIRE HAS BEEN ENLARGED FROM EXTRACELLULAR TO MEMBRANE-BOUND AND EFFICIENT INTRACELLULAR SUBSTRATES, SUCH AS CRYSTALLINS, TUBULINS AND ACTINS. BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF MMP-9 HAVE TUNED THE FIELD FROM BEING PRIMARILY CANCER-ORIENTED TOWARDS VASCULAR AND INFLAMMATORY RESEARCH. IN TUMOR BIOLOGY, IT HAS BEEN INCREASINGLY APPRECIATED THAT MMP-9 FROM INFLAMMATORY CELLS, PARTICULARLY NEUTROPHILS, CO-DETERMINES PROGNOSIS AND OUTCOME. ASIDE FROM THE CATALYTIC FUNCTIONS EXECUTED BY AMINOTERMINAL DOMAINS OF MMP-9, THE CARBOXYTERMINAL HEMOPEXIN (PEX) DOMAIN OF GELATINASE B EXERTS NON-CATALYTIC ANTI-APOPTOTIC SIGNALING EFFECTS. THE RECOGNITION THAT GELATINASE B IS INDUCED BY MANY PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, WHEREAS ITS INHIBITORS ARE INCREASED BY ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, HAS GENERATED INTEREST TO TARGET MMP-9 IN ACUTE LETHAL CONDITIONS, SUCH AS BACTERIAL MENINGITIS, SEPSIS AND ENDOTOXIN SHOCK, AND IN ACUTE EXACERBATIONS OF CHRONIC DISEASES. PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF MMP-9 IS COMPLEMENTED BY EPIGENETIC CHECKPOINTS, INCLUDING HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND MICRORNAS. BECAUSE ACTIVATION OF PROMMP-9 MAY BE EXECUTED BY OTHER MMPS, THE THERAPEUTIC DOGMA THAT MMP INHIBITORS NEED TO BE HIGHLY SELECTIVE MAY BE KEYED DOWN FOR THE TREATMENT OF LIFE-THREATENING CONDITIONS. WHEN INFLAMMATION AND MMP-9 FULFILL BENEFICIAL FUNCTIONS TO CLEAR DAMAGING PROTEIN COMPLEXES, SUCH AS IN SYSTEMIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES, THERAPEUTIC MMP INHIBITION HAS TO BE AVOIDED. IN MMP9 GENE KNOCKOUT MICE, SPECIFIC SPONTANEOUS PHENOTYPES EMERGED WITH EFFECTS ON THE SKELETAL, REPRODUCTIVE AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS. THESE FINDINGS NOT ONLY HAVE CLINICAL CORRELATES IN BONE GROWTH AND FERTILITY, BUT ALSO STIMULATE RESEARCH ON THE ROLES OF MMPS AND MMP-9 IN ENDOCRINOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY AND THE NEUROSCIENCES. MMP9-DEFICIENT MICE ARE VALUABLE TOOLS TO DEFINE MMP-9 SUBSTRATES IN VIVO AND TO STUDY THE ROLE OF THIS ENZYME IN ANIMAL MODELS OF INFLAMMATORY, VASCULAR, NEOPLASTIC AND DEGENERATIVE DISEASES. FUTURE CHALLENGES INCLUDE SOLVING THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE, DEFINITION OF THE FUNCTIONS OF COVALENT OLIGOMERS AND HETEROMERS IN BIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY, LIFE-IMAGING OF MMP-9 ACTIVITY, SUBSTRATE DETERMINATION IN SITU AND THE STUDY OF INHIBITOR EFFECTS ON FERTILITY, CANCER AND INFLAMMATION AND IN NEUROBIOLOGY AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE. SUCH STUDIES WILL BETTER DEFINE CONDITIONS IN WHICH INHIBITION OF MMP-9 IS BENEFICIAL OR HAS TO BE AVOIDED.	2013	

5  2326  43 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HOTAIR IN ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. PURPOSE: CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) ACCOUNTS FOR ~10% OF LEUKEMIA CASES, AND ITS PROGRESSION INVOLVES EPIGENETIC GENE REGULATION. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HOTAIR AND ITS TARGET MICRORNA, MIR-143, IN ADVANCED CML. PATIENTS AND METHODS: WE FIRST ISOLATED BONE MARROW MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM 70 PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT PHASES OF CML AND FROM HEALTHY DONORS AS NORMAL CONTROL; WE ALSO CULTURED K562 AND KCL22 CELLS, TREATED WITH DEMETHYLATION DRUG; MTT ASSAY, FLOW CYTOMETRY, QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QPCR), METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP), WESTERN BLOT, LUCIFERASE ASSAY, RNA PULL-DOWN ASSAY AND RNA-BINDING PROTEIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (RIP) ASSAY WERE PERFORMED. RESULT: AS MEASURED BY QPCR, HOTAIR EXPRESSION IN K562 CELLS, KCL22 CELLS, AND SAMPLES FROM CASES OF ADVANCED-STAGE CML INCREASED WITH LEVELS OF SEVERAL DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEACETYLATES, INCLUDING DNMT1, DNMT3A, HDAC1, EZH2, AND LSD1, AND MIR-143 LEVELS WERE DECREASED AND HOTAIR LEVELS WERE INCREASED. TREATMENT WITH 5-AZACYTIDINE, A DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR, DECREASED DNMT1, DNMT3A, HDAC1, EZH2, LSD1 MRNA, PROTEIN LEVELS, AND HOTAIR MRNA LEVELS BUT INCREASED MIR-143 LEVELS. HOTAIR KNOCKDOWN AND MIR-143 OVEREXPRESSION BOTH INHIBITED PROLIFERATION AND PROMOTED APOPTOSIS IN KCL22 AND K562 CELLS THROUGH THE PI3K/AKT PATHWAY. RNA PULL-DOWN, MASS SPECTROMETRY, AND RIP ASSAYS SHOWED THAT HOTAIR INTERACTED WITH EZH2 AND LSD1. A DUAL-LUCIFERASE ASSAY DEMONSTRATED THAT HOTAIR INTERACTED WITH MIR-143. CONCLUSION: OUR FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THE KEY EPIGENETIC INTERACTIONS OF HOTAIR RELATED TO CML PROGRESSION AND SUGGEST HOTAIR AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR ADVANCED CML. FURTHERMORE, OUR RESULTS SUPPORT THE USE OF DEMETHYLATION DRUGS AS A CML TREATMENT STRATEGY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
6   267  20 AFFECTIVE AND COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR IN THE ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A DEFICIENT MOUSE MODEL OF FABRY DISEASE. FABRY DISEASE IS AN X-LINKED INHERITED LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISORDER WITH INTRACELLULAR ACCUMULATION OF GLOBOTRIAOSYLCERAMIDE (GB3) DUE TO ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A (ALPHA-GAL A) DEFICIENCY. FABRY PATIENTS FREQUENTLY REPORT OF ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, AND IMPAIRED COGNITIVE FUNCTION. WE CHARACTERIZED AFFECTIVE AND COGNITIVE PHENOTYPE OF MALE MICE WITH ALPHA-GAL A DEFICIENCY (FABRY KO) AND COMPARED RESULTS WITH THOSE OF AGE-MATCHED MALE WILDTYPE (WT) LITTERMATES. YOUNG (3 MONTHS) AND OLD (>/= 18 MONTHS) MICE WERE TESTED IN THE NAIVE STATE AND AFTER I.PL. INJECTION OF COMPLETE FREUND;S ADJUVANT (CFA) AS AN INFLAMMATORY PAIN MODEL. WE USED THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE (EPM), THE LIGHT-DARK BOX (LDB) AND THE OPEN FIELD TEST (OF) TO INVESTIGATE ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR. THE FORCED SWIM TEST (FST) AND MORRIS WATER MAZE (MWM) WERE APPLIED TO ASSESS DEPRESSIVE-LIKE AND LEARNING BEHAVIOR. THE EPM TEST REVEALED NO INTERGROUP DIFFERENCE FOR ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR IN NAIVE YOUNG AND OLD FABRY KO MICE COMPARED TO WT LITTERMATES, EXCEPT FOR LONGER TIME SPENT IN OPEN ARMS OF THE EPM FOR YOUNG WT MICE COMPARED TO YOUNG FABRY KO MICE (P<0.05). AFTER CFA INJECTION, YOUNG FABRY KO MICE SHOWED INCREASED ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR COMPARED TO YOUNG WT LITTERMATES (P<0.05) AND NAIVE YOUNG FABRY KO MICE (P<0.05) IN THE EPM AS REFLECTED BY SHORTER TIME SPENT IN EPM OPEN ARMS. THERE WERE NO RELEVANT DIFFERENCES IN THE LDB AND THE OF TEST, EXCEPT FOR LONGER TIME SPENT IN THE CENTER ZONE OF THE OF BY YOUNG WT MICE COMPARED TO YOUNG FABRY KO MICE (P<0.05). COMPLEMENTARY TO THIS, DEPRESSION-LIKE AND LEARNING BEHAVIOR WERE NOT DIFFERENT BETWEEN GENOTYPES AND AGE-GROUPS, EXCEPT FOR THE EXPECTEDLY LOWER MEMORY PERFORMANCE IN OLDER AGE-GROUPS COMPARED TO YOUNG MICE. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT GENETIC INFLUENCES ON AFFECTIVE AND COGNITIVE SYMPTOMS IN FD MAY BE OF SUBORDINATE RELEVANCE, DRAWING ATTENTION TO POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
7  5319  40 PTEN IS FUNDAMENTAL FOR ELIMINATION OF LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS MEDIATED BY GSK126 TARGETING EZH2 IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA. PURPOSE: LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS (LSCS) ARE AN IMPORTANT SOURCE OF TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR RESISTANCE AND DISEASE RELAPSE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML). TARGETING LSCS MAY BE AN ATTRACTIVE STRATEGY TO OVERRIDE THIS THORNY PROBLEM. GIVEN THAT EZH2 WAS OVEREXPRESSED IN PRIMARY CML CD34(+) CELLS, OUR PURPOSE IN THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF TARGETING EZH2 ON CML LSCS AND CLARIFY ITS UNDERLYING MECHANISM.EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: HUMAN PRIMARY CML CD34(+) CELLS AND RETROVIRALLY BCR-ABL-DRIVEN CML MOUSE MODELS WERE EMPLOYED TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF SUPPRESSION OF EZH2 BY GSK126- OR EZH2-SPECIFIC SHRNA IN VITRO AND IN VIVO RECRUITMENT OF EZH2 AND H3K27ME3 ON THE PROMOTER OF TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE PTEN IN CML CELLS WAS MEASURED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY.RESULTS: OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT PHARMACOLOGIC INHIBITION OF EZH2 BY GSK126 NOT ONLY ELICITED APOPTOSIS AND RESTRICTED CELL GROWTH IN CML BULK LEUKEMIA CELLS, BUT ALSO DECREASED LSCS IN CML CD34(+) CELLS WHILE SPARING THOSE FROM NORMAL BONE MARROW CD34(+) CELLS. SUPPRESSION OF EZH2 BY GSK126 OR SPECIFIC SHRNA PROLONGED SURVIVAL OF CML MICE AND REDUCED THE NUMBER OF LSCS IN MICE. EZH2 KNOCKDOWN RESULTED IN ELEVATION OF PTEN AND LED TO IMPAIRED RECRUITMENT OF EZH2 AND H3K27ME3 ON THE PROMOTER OF PTEN GENE. THE EFFECT OF EZH2 KNOCKDOWN IN THE CML MICE WAS AT LEAST PARTIALLY REVERSED BY PTEN KNOCKDOWN.CONCLUSIONS: THESE FINDINGS IMPROVE THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF STEMNESS IN CML LSCS AND WARRANT CLINICAL TRIAL OF GSK126 IN REFRACTORY PATIENTS WITH CML. CLIN CANCER RES; 24(1); 145-57. (C)2017 AACR.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
8  5760  35 SOLUBLE URIC ACID PRIMES TLR-INDUCED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION BY HUMAN PRIMARY CELLS VIA INHIBITION OF IL-1RA. OBJECTIVES: THE STUDY OF THE PROINFLAMMATORY ROLE OF URIC ACID HAS FOCUSED ON THE EFFECTS OF ITS CRYSTALS OF MONOSODIUM URATE (MSU). HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN WHETHER URIC ACID ITSELF CAN DIRECTLY HAVE PROINFLAMMATORY EFFECTS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATE THE PRIMING EFFECTS OF URIC ACID EXPOSURE ON THE CYTOKINE PRODUCTION OF PRIMARY HUMAN CELLS UPON STIMULATION WITH GOUT-RELATED STIMULI. METHODS: PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) WERE HARVESTED FROM PATIENTS WITH GOUT AND HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS. CELLS WERE PRETREATED WITH OR WITHOUT URIC ACID IN SOLUBLE FORM FOR 24 H AND THEN STIMULATED FOR 24 H WITH TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR (TLR)2 OR TLR4 LIGANDS IN THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF MSU CRYSTALS. CYTOKINE PRODUCTION WAS MEASURED BY ELISA; MRNA LEVELS WERE ASSESSED USING QPCR. RESULTS: THE PRODUCTION OF INTERLEUKIN (IL)-1BETA AND IL-6 WAS HIGHER IN PATIENTS COMPARED WITH CONTROLS AND THIS CORRELATED WITH SERUM URATE LEVELS. PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY POTENTIATED WHEN CELLS FROM HEALTHY SUBJECTS WERE PRETREATED WITH URIC ACID. SURPRISINGLY, THIS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A SIGNIFICANT DOWNREGULATION OF THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE IL-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST (IL-1RA). THIS EFFECT WAS SPECIFIC TO STIMULATION BY URIC ACID AND WAS EXERTED AT THE LEVEL OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION. EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING AT THE LEVEL OF HISTONE METHYLATION BY URIC ACID WAS INVOLVED IN THIS EFFECT. CONCLUSIONS: IN THIS STUDY WE DEMONSTRATE A MECHANISM THROUGH WHICH HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF URIC ACID (UP TO 50 MG/DL) INFLUENCE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES BY FACILITATING IL-1BETA PRODUCTION IN PBMCS. WE SHOW THAT A MECHANISM FOR THE AMPLIFICATION OF IL-1BETA CONSISTS IN THE DOWNREGULATION OF IL-1RA AND THAT THIS EFFECT COULD BE EXERTED VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SUCH AS HISTONE METHYLATION. HYPERURICAEMIA CAUSES A SHIFT IN THE IL-1BETA/IL-1RA BALANCE PRODUCED BY PBMCS AFTER EXPOSURE TO MSU CRYSTALS AND TLR-MEDIATED STIMULI, AND THIS PHENOMENON IS LIKELY TO REINFORCE THE ENHANCED STATE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
9  1653  32 DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER KNOCKOUT RATS DISPLAY EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN RESPONSE TO COCAINE EXPOSURE. (1) BACKGROUND: THERE IS AN URGENT NEED FOR EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS FOR COCAINE USE DISORDER (CUD), AND NEW PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TARGETING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS APPEAR TO BE PROMISING OPTIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF THIS DISEASE. DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER (DAT) TRANSGENIC RATS RECENTLY HAVE BEEN PROPOSED AS A NEW ANIMAL MODEL FOR STUDYING SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CUD. (2) METHODS: DAT TRANSGENIC RATS WERE TREATED CHRONICALLY WITH COCAINE (10 MG/KG) FOR 8 DAYS, AND THE EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC MODULATORS, LYSINE DEMETHYLASE 6B (KDM6B) AND BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 (BRD4), WAS EXAMINED IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC). (3) RESULTS: WE SHOW THAT ONLY FULL KNOCKOUT (KO) OF DAT IMPACTS BASAL LEVELS OF KDM6B IN FEMALES. ADDITIONALLY, COCAINE ALTERED THE EXPRESSION OF BOTH EPIGENETIC MARKERS IN A SEX- AND GENOTYPE-DEPENDENT MANNER. IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC COCAINE, KDM6B EXPRESSION WAS DECREASED IN MALE RATS WITH PARTIAL DAT MUTATION (HET), WHILE NO CHANGES WERE OBSERVED IN WILD-TYPE (WT) OR KO RATS. INDEED, WHILE HET MALE RATS HAVE REDUCED KDM6B AND BRD4 EXPRESSION, HET FEMALE RATS SHOWED INCREASED KDM6B AND BRD4 EXPRESSION LEVELS, HIGHLIGHTING THE IMPACT OF SEX ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN RESPONSE TO COCAINE. FINALLY, BOTH MALE AND FEMALE KO RATS SHOWED INCREASED EXPRESSION OF BRD4, BUT ONLY KO FEMALES EXHIBITED SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED KDM6B EXPRESSION IN RESPONSE TO COCAINE. ADDITIONALLY, THE MAGNITUDE OF THESE EFFECTS WAS BIGGER IN FEMALES WHEN COMPARED TO MALES FOR BOTH EPIGENETIC ENZYMES. (4) CONCLUSIONS: THIS PRELIMINARY STUDY PROVIDES ADDITIONAL SUPPORT THAT TARGETING KDM6B AND/OR BRD4 MAY POTENTIALLY BE THERAPEUTIC IN TREATING ADDICTION-RELATED BEHAVIORS IN A SEX-DEPENDENT MANNER.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
10   439  39 ANTILEUKEMIC ACTIVITY OF VALPROIC ACID IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA B CELLS DEFINED BY MICROARRAY ANALYSIS. EPIGENETIC CODE MODIFICATIONS BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS HAVE RECENTLY BEEN PROPOSED AS POTENTIAL NEW THERAPIES FOR HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) REMAINS INCURABLE DESPITE THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW TREATMENTS. CLL B CELLS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY AN APOPTOSIS DEFECT RATHER THAN EXCESSIVE PROLIFERATION, BUT PROLIFERATION CENTERS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN ORGANS SUCH AS THE BONE MARROW AND LYMPH NODES. IN THIS STUDY, WE ANALYZED GENE EXPRESSION MODIFICATIONS IN CLL B CELLS AFTER TREATMENT WITH VALPROIC ACID (VPA), A WELL-TOLERATED ANTI-EPILEPTIC DRUG WITH HDAC INHIBITORY ACTIVITY. CLL B CELLS OBTAINED FROM 14 PATIENTS WERE TREATED IN VITRO WITH A CONCENTRATION OF 1 MM VPA FOR 4 H. VPA EFFECTS ON GENE EXPRESSION WERE THEREAFTER STUDIED USING AFFYMETRIX TECHNOLOGY, AND SOME IDENTIFIED GENES WERE VALIDATED BY REAL-TIME PCR AND WESTERN BLOT. WE OBSERVED THAT VPA INDUCED APOPTOSIS BY DOWNREGULATING SEVERAL ANTI-APOPTOTIC GENES AND BY UPREGULATING PRO-APOPTOTIC GENES. FURTHERMORE, VPA SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED CHEMOSENSITIVITY TO FLUDARABINE, FLAVOPIRIDOL, BORTEZOMIB, THALIDOMIDE AND LENALIDOMIDE. VPA INHIBITED THE PROLIFERATION OF CPG/IL2-STIMULATED CLL B CELLS AND MODULATED MANY CELL CYCLE MESSENGER RNAS. IN CONCLUSION, EXPOSURE OF CLL B CELLS TO VPA INDUCED APOPTOSIS, POTENTIATED CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENT EFFECTS AND INHIBITED PROLIFERATION. THESE DATA STRONGLY SUGGEST THE USE OF VPA IN CLL TREATMENT, PARTICULARLY IN COMBINATION WITH ANTILEUKEMIA AGENTS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
11  1061  38 CLINICAL REMISSION OF SIGHT-THREATENING NON-INFECTIOUS UVEITIS IS CHARACTERIZED BY AN UPREGULATION OF PERIPHERAL T-REGULATORY CELL POLARIZED TOWARDS T-BET AND TIGIT. BACKGROUND: NON-INFECTIOUS UVEITIS CAN CAUSE CHRONIC RELAPSING AND REMITTING OCULAR INFLAMMATION, WHICH MAY REQUIRE HIGH DOSE SYSTEMIC IMMUNOSUPPRESSION TO PREVENT SEVERE SIGHT LOSS. IT HAS BEEN CLASSICALLY DESCRIBED AS AN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE, MEDIATED BY PRO-INFLAMMATORY TH1 AND TH17 T-CELL SUBSETS. STUDIES SUGGEST THAT NATURAL IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) T-REGULATORY CELLS (TREGS) ARE INVOLVED IN RESOLUTION OF INFLAMMATION AND MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE MAINTENANCE OF CLINICAL REMISSION. OBJECTIVE: TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER THERE IS A PERIPHERAL BLOOD IMMUNOREGULATORY PHENOTYPE ASSOCIATED WITH CLINICAL REMISSION OF SIGHT-THREATENING NON-INFECTIOUS UVEITIS BY COMPARING PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEVELS OF TREG, TH1, AND TH17, AND ASSOCIATED DNA METHYLATION AND CYTOKINE LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE UVEITIC DISEASE, CONTROL SUBJECTS AND PATIENTS (WITH PREVIOUSLY ACTIVE DISEASE) IN CLINICAL REMISSION INDUCED BY IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGS. METHODS: ISOLATED PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMC) FROM PERIPHERAL BLOOD SAMPLES FROM PROSPECTIVELY RECRUITED SUBJECTS WERE ANALYZED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY FOR CD3, CD4, FOXP3, TIGIT, T-BET, AND RELATED ORPHAN RECEPTOR GAMMAT. EPIGENETIC DNA METHYLATION LEVELS OF FOXP3 TREG-SPECIFIC DEMETHYLATED REGION (TSDR), FOXP3 PROMOTER, TBX21, RORC2, AND TIGIT LOCI WERE DETERMINED IN CRYOPRESERVED PBMC USING A NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING APPROACH. RELATED CYTOKINES WERE MEASURED IN BLOOD SERA. FUNCTIONAL SUPPRESSIVE CAPACITY OF TREG WAS ASSESSED USING T-CELL PROLIFERATION ASSAYS. RESULTS: FIFTY PATIENTS WITH UVEITIS (INTERMEDIATE, POSTERIOR, AND PANUVEITIS) AND 10 CONTROL SUBJECTS WERE RECRUITED. THE FREQUENCY OF CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) TREG, TIGIT(+) TREG, AND T-BET(+) TREG AND THE RATIO OF TREG TO TH1 WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN REMISSION PATIENTS COMPARED WITH PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE UVEITIC DISEASE; AND TIGIT(+) TREGS WERE A SIGNIFICANT PREDICTOR OF CLINICAL REMISSION. TREG FROM PATIENTS IN CLINICAL REMISSION DEMONSTRATED A HIGH LEVEL OF IN VITRO SUPPRESSIVE FUNCTION COMPARED WITH TREG FROM CONTROL SUBJECTS AND FROM PATIENTS WITH UNTREATED ACTIVE DISEASE. PBMC FROM PATIENTS IN CLINICAL REMISSION HAD SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER METHYLATION LEVELS AT THE FOXP3 TSDR, FOXP3 PROMOTER, AND TIGIT LOCI AND HIGHER LEVELS AT RORC LOCI THAN THOSE WITH ACTIVE DISEASE. CLINICAL REMISSION WAS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER SERUM LEVELS OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA AND IL-10, WHICH POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH TREG LEVELS, AND LOWER SERUM LEVELS OF IFNGAMMA, IL-17A, AND IL-22 COMPARED WITH PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE DISEASE. CONCLUSION: CLINICAL REMISSION OF SIGHT-THREATENING NON-INFECTIOUS UVEITIS HAS AN IMMUNOREGULATORY PHENOTYPE CHARACTERIZED BY UPREGULATION OF PERIPHERAL TREG, POLARIZED TOWARD T-BET AND TIGIT. THESE FINDINGS MAY ASSIST WITH INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPY OF UVEITIS, BY INFORMING WHETHER DRUG THERAPY HAS INDUCED PHENOTYPICALLY STABLE TREG ASSOCIATED WITH LONG-TERM CLINICAL REMISSION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
12  1107  33 COMBINING CYTOGENETIC AND EPIGENETIC APPROACHES IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IMPROVES PROGNOSIS PREDICTION FOR PATIENTS WITH ISOLATED 13Q DELETION. BACKGROUND: BOTH DEFECTIVE DNA METHYLATION AND ACTIVE DNA DEMETHYLATION PROCESSES ARE EMERGING AS IMPORTANT RISK FACTORS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). HOWEVER, ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN 5-CYTOSINE EPIGENETIC MARKERS AND THE MOST FREQUENT CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES DETECTED IN CLL REMAIN TO BE ESTABLISHED. METHODS: CLL PATIENTS WERE RETROSPECTIVELY CLASSIFIED INTO A CYTOGENETIC LOW-RISK GROUP (ISOLATED 13Q DELETION), AN INTERMEDIATE-RISK GROUP (NORMAL KARYOTYPE OR TRISOMY 12), AND A HIGH-RISK GROUP (11Q DELETION, 17P DELETION, OR COMPLEX KARYOTYPE [>/= 3 BREAKPOINTS]). THE TWO 5-CYTOSINE DERIVATIVES, 5-METHYLCYTOSINE (5-MCYT) AND 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5-HMCYT), WERE TESTED BY ELISA (N = 60), WHILE REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR WAS USED FOR DETERMINING TRANSCRIPTIONAL EXPRESSION LEVELS OF DNMT AND TET (N = 24). RESULTS: BY USING GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION/DEMETHYLATION LEVELS, IN THE LOW-RISK DISEASE GROUP, TWO SUBGROUPS WITH SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT CLINICAL OUTCOMES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED (MEDIAN TREATMENT-FREE SURVIVAL [TFS] 45 VERSUS > 120 MONTHS FOR 5-MCYT, P = 0.0008, AND 63 VERSUS > 120 MONTHS FOR 5-HMCYT, P = 0.04). A DEFECTIVE 5-MCYT STATUS WAS FURTHER ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGHER PERCENTAGE OF 13Q DELETED NUCLEI (> 80%), THUS SUGGESTING AN ACQUIRED PROCESS. WHEN CONSIDERING THE CYTOGENETIC INTERMEDIATE/HIGH-RISK DISEASE GROUPS, AN ASSOCIATION OF 5-MCYT STATUS WITH LYMPHOCYTOSIS (P = 0.0008) AND THE LYMPHOCYTE DOUBLING TIME (P = 0.04) BUT NOT WITH TFS WAS OBSERVED, AS WELL AS A REDUCTION OF DNMT3A, TET1, AND TET2 TRANSCRIPTS. CONCLUSIONS: COMBINING CYTOGENETIC STUDIES WITH 5-MCYT ASSESSMENT ADDS ACCURACY TO CLL PATIENTS' PROGNOSES AND PARTICULARLY FOR THOSE WITH 13Q DELETION AS A SOLE CYTOGENETIC ABNORMALITY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
13  2765  38 EXPRESSION, EPIGENETIC REGULATION, AND HUMORAL IMMUNOGENICITY OF CANCER-TESTIS ANTIGENS IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. OBJECTIVE: CANCER-TESTIS (CT) ANTIGENS REPRESENT ATTRACTIVE TARGETS FOR TUMOR IMMUNOTHERAPY BASED ON THEIR TUMOR-RESTRICTED EXPRESSION AND IMMUNOGENICITY. HOWEVER, A BROAD PICTURE OF THE EXPRESSION OF CT ANTIGENS AND ASSOCIATED HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS STILL MISSING. METHODS: WE SCREENED CML CELL LINES AND BONE MARROW (BM) SAMPLES FROM HEALTHY DONORS BY RT-PCR FOR THE EXPRESSION OF 31 CT ANTIGENS BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT WITH EPIGENETIC AGENTS. EXPRESSION OF TUMOR-RESTRICTED ANTIGENS WAS FURTHER EXAMINED IN 60 CML PATIENTS AND HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES AGAINST 15 CT ANTIGENS WERE SCREENED BY ELISA. RESULTS: IN UNTREATED CELL LINES WE DETECTED THE EXPRESSION OF 17 CT ANTIGENS THAT WERE ABSENT FROM NORMAL BM. EXPRESSION OF MOST ANTIGENS INCREASED FOLLOWING DEMETHYLATING TREATMENT WITH 5'-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE. IN THESE SAMPLES, ONLY PRAME WAS REPEATEDLY DETECTED AND EXPRESSION CORRELATED WITH SEVERAL CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND DECREASED OVERALL SURVIVAL. WE FURTHER SHOW THAT A LOWER FREQUENCY OF PRAME-POSITIVE SAMPLES DURING IMATINIB TREATMENT WAS NOT CAUSED BY GENE-SPECIFIC DOWNREGULATION. ANALYZING THE PATIENTS' ANTIBODY RESPONSES WE FOUND THAT THE VAST MAJORITY OF PATIENTS LACKED SPONTANEOUS IMMUNITY AGAINST CT ANTIGENS INCLUDING PRAME. CONCLUSIONS: CT ANTIGEN EXPRESSION CAN BE INCREASED BY THE APPLICATION OF EPIGENETIC AGENTS AND THE EXPRESSION OF PRAME CORRELATES WITH CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND OVERALL SURVIVAL IN PATIENTS WITH CML, BUT DOES NOT LEAD TO HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES. PRAME-SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPY MIGHT REPRESENT A PROMISING APPROACH FOR THE ERADICATION OF RESIDUAL THERAPY-RESISTANT LEUKEMIC CELLS DUE TO ITS FREQUENT EXPRESSION AND STABILITY UNDER IMATINIB TREATMENT.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
14  4303  38 MICRORNA-223 INHIBITS TISSUE FACTOR EXPRESSION IN VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. OBJECTIVE: ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PROCESS, IN WHICH VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (ECS) BECOME DYSFUNCTIONAL OWING TO THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES, SUCH AS INFLAMMATORY FACTOR AND GROWTH FACTORS. TISSUE FACTOR (TF) EXPRESSION IS INDUCED BY THE ABOVE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES IN ACTIVATED ECS. TF INITIATES THROMBOSIS ON DISRUPTED ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES WHICH PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE DURING THE ONSET OF ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES (ACS). INCREASING EVIDENCES SUGGEST THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF MICRORNAS AS EPIGENETIC REGULATORS OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC DISEASE. THE AIM OF OUR STUDY IS TO IDENTIFY IF MICRORNA-223 (MIR-223) TARGETS TF IN ECS. METHODS AND RESULTS: BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT TF IS A TARGET CANDIDATE OF MIR-223. WESTERN BLOTTING ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA) INCREASED TF EXPRESSION IN AORTA OF C57BL/6J MICE AND CULTURED ECS (EA.HY926 CELLS AND HUVEC) AFTER 4 H TREATMENT. IN TNF-ALPHA TREATED ECS, TF MRNA WAS ALSO INCREASED MEASURED BY REAL-TIME PCR. REAL-TIME PCR RESULTS SHOWED THAT MIR-223 LEVELS WERE DOWNREGULATED IN TNF-ALPHA-TREATED AORTA OF C57BL/6J MICE AND CULTURED ECS. TRANSFECTION OF ECS WITH MIR-223 MIMIC OR MIR-223 INHIBITOR MODIFIED TF EXPRESSION BOTH IN MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS. LUCIFERASE ASSAYS CONFIRMED THAT MIR-223 SUPPRESSED TF EXPRESSION BY BINDING TO THE SEQUENCE OF TF 3'-UNTRANSLATED REGIONS (3'UTR). TF PROCOAGULANT ACTIVITY WAS INHIBITED BY OVEREXPRESSING MIR-223 WITH OR WITHOUT TNF-ALPHA STIMULATION. CONCLUSIONS: MIR-223-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF TF EXPRESSION PROVIDES A NOVEL MOLECULAR MECHANISM FOR THE REGULATION OF COAGULATION CASCADE, AND SUGGESTS A CLUE AGAINST THROMBOGENESIS DURING THE PROCESS OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE RUPTURE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
15  6231  32 THE LONG NONCODING RNA MEG3 AND ITS TARGET MIR-147 REGULATE JAK/STAT PATHWAY IN ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. BACKGROUND: LONG NON-CODING (LNC) RNAS PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). IN THIS STUDY, WE AIMED TO UNCOVER THE MECHANISM OF THE LNCRNA MATERNALLY EXPRESSED 3 (MEG3) AND ITS TARGET MICRORNA-147 (MIR-147) IN CML. METHODS: SIXTY CML PATIENTS AND 10 HEALTHY DONORS WERE INCLUDED IN THE STUDY. THE METHYLATION OF MEG3 AND MIR-147 PROMOTER WAS DETERMINED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR. THE RELATIONSHIP OF MEG3 AND MIR-147 WAS EXPLORED BY LUCIFERASE ASSAY. THE INTERACTIONS OF PROTEINS WERE STUDIED BY RNA PULL-DOWN ASSAY, RNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND CO-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION. FINDINGS: PATIENTS IN ACCELERATED PHASE CML (CML-AP) AND BLAST PHASE CML (CML-BP) SHOWED LOWER EXPRESSIONS OF MEG3 AND MIR-147 AND HIGHER EXPRESSIONS OF DNMT1, DNMT3B, MBD2, MECP2 AND HDAC1 COMPARED TO THE CONTROLS. THESE PATIENTS ALSO SHOWED A HIGHER DEGREE OF METHYLATION OF MEG3 AND MIR-147 WHILE THERE WAS A REDUCTION AFTER CHIDAMIDE TREATMENT. FURTHERMORE, THE OVEREXPRESSION OF MEG3 AND MIR-147 INHIBITED CELL PROLIFERATION BOTH IN VIVO AND IN VITRO, PROMOTED APOPTOSIS AND DECREASED THE EXPRESSIONS OF DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, MBD2, HDAC1 AND MECP2. WE ALSO FOUND MEG3 INTERACTED WITH DNMT1, JAK2, STAT3, HDAC1, AND TYK2, AND JAK2 WAS BOUND TO STAT3, STAT5 AND MYC. MORE INTERESTINGLY, JAK2 WAS BOUND TO TYK2 BY THE BRIDGE OF MEG3. INTERPRETATION: LNCRNA MEG3 AND ITS TARGET MIR-147 MAY SERVE AS A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR CML BLAST CRISIS, AND CHIDAMIDE MIGHT HAVE A POTENTIAL CLINICAL APPLICATION IN TREATING CML BLAST CRISIS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
16   709  36 C-MYC ONCOPROTEIN DICTATES TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILES OF ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER GENES IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA CD34+ HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS. RESISTANCE TO CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS REMAINS ONE OF THE MAJOR IMPEDIMENTS TO A SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). MISREGULATION OF THE ACTIVITY OF A SPECIFIC GROUP OF ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS (ABC) IS RESPONSIBLE FOR REDUCING THE INTRACELLULAR CONCENTRATION OF DRUGS IN LEUKEMIC CELLS. MOREOVER, A CONSISTENT BODY OF EVIDENCE ALSO SUGGESTS THAT ABC TRANSPORTERS PLAY A ROLE IN CANCER PROGRESSION BEYOND THE EFFLUX OF CYTOTOXIC DRUGS. DESPITE A LARGE NUMBER OF STUDIES THAT INVESTIGATED THE FUNCTION OF THE ABC TRANSPORTERS, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF THE ABC GENES. HERE, WE PRESENT DATA SHOWING THAT THE ONCOPROTEIN C-MYC IS A DIRECT TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATOR OF A LARGE SET OF ABC TRANSPORTERS IN CML. FURTHERMORE, MOLECULAR ANALYSIS CARRIED OUT IN CD34+ HEMATOPOIETIC CELL PRECURSORS OF 21 CML PATIENTS REVEALS THAT THE OVEREXPRESSION OF ABC TRANSPORTERS DRIVEN BY C-MYC IS A PECULIAR CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CD34+ POPULATION IN CML AND WAS NOT FOUND EITHER IN THE POPULATION OF MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM WHICH THEY HAD BEEN PURIFIED NOR IN CD34+ CELLS ISOLATED FROM HEALTHY DONORS. FINALLY, WE DESCRIBE HOW THE METHYLATION STATE OF CPG ISLANDS MAY REGULATE THE ACCESS OF C-MYC TO ABCG2 GENE PROMOTER, A WELL-STUDIED GENE ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE IN CML, HENCE, AFFECTING ITS EXPRESSION. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUPPORT A MODEL IN WHICH C-MYC-DRIVEN TRANSCRIPTIONAL EVENTS, COMBINED WITH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, DIRECT AND REGULATE THE EXPRESSION OF ABC GENES WITH POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS IN TUMOR MALIGNANCY AND DRUG EFFLUX IN CML.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
17  1102  24 COMBINED CHEMOSENSITIVITY AND CHROMATIN PROFILING PRIORITIZES DRUG COMBINATIONS IN CLL. THE BRUTON TYROSINE KINASE (BTK) INHIBITOR IBRUTINIB HAS SUBSTANTIALLY IMPROVED THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS FOR CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). ALTHOUGH IBRUTINIB IS NOT CURATIVE, IT HAS A PROFOUND EFFECT ON CLL CELLS AND MAY CREATE NEW PHARMACOLOGICALLY EXPLOITABLE VULNERABILITIES. TO IDENTIFY SUCH VULNERABILITIES, WE DEVELOPED A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH THAT COMBINES EPIGENOME PROFILING (CHARTING THE GENE-REGULATORY BASIS OF CELL STATE) WITH SINGLE-CELL CHEMOSENSITIVITY PROFILING (QUANTIFYING CELL-TYPE-SPECIFIC DRUG RESPONSE) AND BIOINFORMATIC DATA INTEGRATION. BY APPLYING OUR METHOD TO A COHORT OF MATCHED PATIENT SAMPLES COLLECTED BEFORE AND DURING IBRUTINIB THERAPY, WE IDENTIFIED CHARACTERISTIC IBRUTINIB-INDUCED CHANGES THAT PROVIDE A STARTING POINT FOR THE RATIONAL DESIGN OF IBRUTINIB COMBINATION THERAPIES. SPECIFICALLY, WE OBSERVED AND VALIDATED PREFERENTIAL SENSITIVITY TO PROTEASOME, PLK1, AND MTOR INHIBITORS DURING IBRUTINIB TREATMENT. MORE GENERALLY, OUR STUDY ESTABLISHES A BROADLY APPLICABLE METHOD FOR INVESTIGATING TREATMENT-SPECIFIC VULNERABILITIES BY INTEGRATING THE COMPLEMENTARY PERSPECTIVES OF EPIGENETIC CELL STATES AND PHENOTYPIC DRUG RESPONSES IN PRIMARY PATIENT SAMPLES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
18  1469  24 DISTINCT EVOLUTIONARY PATHS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA DURING RESISTANCE TO THE GRAFT-VERSUS-LEUKEMIA EFFECT. LEUKEMIC RELAPSE REMAINS A MAJOR BARRIER TO SUCCESSFUL ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION (ALLO-HSCT) FOR AGGRESSIVE HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES. THE BASIS FOR RELAPSE OF ADVANCED LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES REMAINS INCOMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD AND MAY INVOLVE ESCAPE FROM THE GRAFT-VERSUS-LEUKEMIA (GVL) EFFECT. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT FOR PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) TREATED WITH ALLO-HSCT, LEUKEMIC CELL-INTRINSIC FEATURES INFLUENCE TRANSPLANT OUTCOMES BY DIRECTING THE EVOLUTIONARY TRAJECTORIES OF CLL CELLS. INTEGRATED GENETIC, TRANSCRIPTOMIC, AND EPIGENETIC ANALYSES OF CLL CELLS FROM 10 PATIENTS REVEALED THAT THE CLINICAL KINETICS OF POST-HSCT RELAPSE ARE SHAPED BY DISTINCT MOLECULAR DYNAMICS. EARLY RELAPSES AFTER ALLO-HSCT EXHIBITED NOTABLE GENETIC STABILITY; SINGLE CLL CELL TRANSCRIPTIONAL ANALYSIS DEMONSTRATED A CELLULAR HETEROGENEITY THAT WAS STATIC OVER TIME. IN CONTRAST, CLL CELLS RELAPSING LATE AFTER ALLO-HSCT DISPLAYED NOTABLE GENETIC EVOLUTION AND EVIDENCE OF NEOANTIGEN DEPLETION, CONSISTENT WITH MARKED SINGLE-CELL TRANSCRIPTIONAL SHIFTS THAT WERE UNIQUE TO EACH PATIENT. WE OBSERVED A GREATER RATE OF EPIGENETIC CHANGE FOR LATE RELAPSES NOT SEEN IN EARLY RELAPSES OR RELAPSES AFTER CHEMOTHERAPY ALONE, SUGGESTING THAT THE SELECTION PRESSURES OF THE GVL BOTTLENECK ARE UNLIKE THOSE IMPOSED BY CHEMOTHERAPY. NO SELECTIVE ADVANTAGE FOR HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN (HLA) LOSS WAS OBSERVED, EVEN WHEN PRESENT IN PRETRANSPLANT SUBPOPULATIONS. GAIN OF STEM CELL MODULES WAS A COMMON SIGNATURE ASSOCIATED WITH LEUKEMIA RELAPSE REGARDLESS OF POSTTRANSPLANT RELAPSE KINETICS. THESE DATA ELUCIDATE THE BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS THAT UNDERLIE GVL RESISTANCE AND POSTTRANSPLANT RELAPSE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
19  2081  41 EPIGENETIC DOWN-REGULATION OF BIM EXPRESSION IS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED OPTIMAL RESPONSES TO IMATINIB TREATMENT IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. BACKGROUND: EXPRESSION OF THE PRO-APOPTOTIC BCL-2-INTERACTING MEDIATOR (BIM) HAS RECENTLY BEEN IMPLICATED IN IMATINIB-INDUCED APOPTOSIS OF BCR-ABL1(+) CELLS. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF BIM IN CML AND ITS ROLE IN THE CLINICAL SETTING HAVE NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED. DESIGN AND METHODS: WE ANALYSED THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF BIM IN 100 NEWLY DIAGNOSED PATIENTS WITH CML IN CHRONIC PHASE BY Q-RT-PCR AND THE PROTEIN LEVELS BY WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS. METHYLATION STATUS WAS ANALYSED BY BISULPHITE GENOMIC SEQUENCING AND MSP. CML CELL LINES WERE TREATED WITH IMATINIB AND 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE, AND WERE TRANSFECTED WITH TWO DIFFERENT SIRNAS AGAINST BIM AND CELL PROLIFERATION AND APOPTOSIS WERE ANALYSED. RESULTS: WE DEMONSTRATED THAT DOWN-REGULATION OF BIM EXPRESSION WAS PRESENT IN 36% OF THE PATIENTS AND WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH A LACK OF OPTIMAL RESPONSE TO IMATINIB AS INDICATED BY THE DECREASE IN CYTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR RESPONSES AT 6, 12 AND 18 MONTHS IN COMPARISON WITH PATIENTS WITH NORMAL BIM EXPRESSION (P<0.05). EXPRESSION OF BIM WAS MEDIATED BY PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AS DEMONSTRATED BY RESTORATION OF BIM EXPRESSION AFTER TREATMENT OF CML CELLS WITH 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE. USING CML CELL LINES WITH LOW AND NORMAL EXPRESSION OF BIM WE FURTHER DEMONSTRATED THAT THE EXPRESSION OF BIM IS REQUIRED FOR IMATINIB-INDUCED CML APOPTOSIS. CONCLUSION: OUR DATA INDICATE THAT DOWN-REGULATION OF BIM IS EPIGENETICALLY CONTROLLED BY METHYLATION IN A PERCENTAGE OF CML PATIENTS AND HAS AN UNFAVOURABLE PROGNOSTIC IMPACT, AND THAT THE COMBINATION OF IMATINIB WITH A DE-METHYLATING AGENT MAY RESULT IN IMPROVED RESPONSES IN PATIENTS WITH DECREASED EXPRESSION OF BIM.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
20  5965  19 TEN-ELEVEN-TRANSLOCATION 2 (TET2) NEGATIVELY REGULATES HOMEOSTASIS AND DIFFERENTIATION OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS IN MICE. THE TEN-ELEVEN-TRANSLOCATION 2 (TET2) GENE ENCODES A MEMBER OF TET FAMILY ENZYMES THAT ALTERS THE EPIGENETIC STATUS OF DNA BY OXIDIZING 5-METHYLCYTOSINE TO 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5HMC). SOMATIC LOSS-OF-FUNCTION MUTATIONS OF TET2 ARE FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN PATIENTS WITH DIVERSE MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES, MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS, AND CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. BY ANALYZING MICE WITH TARGETED DISRUPTION OF THE TET2 CATALYTIC DOMAIN, WE SHOW HERE THAT TET2 IS A CRITICAL REGULATOR OF SELF-RENEWAL AND DIFFERENTIATION OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS (HSCS). TET2 DEFICIENCY LED TO DECREASED GENOMIC LEVELS OF 5HMC AND AUGMENTED THE SIZE OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC STEM/PROGENITOR CELL POOL IN A CELL-AUTONOMOUS MANNER. IN COMPETITIVE TRANSPLANTATION ASSAYS, TET2-DEFICIENT HSCS WERE CAPABLE OF MULTILINEAGE RECONSTITUTION AND POSSESSED A COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE OVER WILD-TYPE HSCS, RESULTING IN ENHANCED HEMATOPOIESIS INTO BOTH LYMPHOID AND MYELOID LINEAGES. IN VITRO, TET2 DEFICIENCY DELAYED HSC DIFFERENTIATION AND SKEWED DEVELOPMENT TOWARD THE MONOCYTE/MACROPHAGE LINEAGE. OUR DATA INDICATE THAT TET2 HAS A CRITICAL ROLE IN REGULATING THE EXPANSION AND FUNCTION OF HSCS, PRESUMABLY BY CONTROLLING 5HMC LEVELS AT GENES IMPORTANT FOR THE SELF-RENEWAL, PROLIFERATION, AND DIFFERENTIATION OF HSCS.	2011