1  3722 188 INHIBITION OF DNA METHYLATION DURING CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE BLADDER DISEASE (COBD) IMPROVES FUNCTION, PATHOLOGY AND EXPRESSION. PARTIAL BLADDER OUTLET OBSTRUCTION DUE TO PROSTATE HYPERPLASIA OR POSTERIOR URETHRAL VALVES, IS A WIDESPREAD CAUSE OF URINARY DYSFUNCTION, PATIENT DISCOMFORT AND ALSO RESPONSIBLE FOR IMMENSE HEALTH CARE COSTS. EVEN AFTER REMOVAL OR RELIEF OF OBSTRUCTION, THE FUNCTIONAL AND PATHOLOGIC ASPECTS OF OBSTRUCTION REMAIN AS A CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE BLADDER DISEASE (COBD). EPIGENETIC CHANGES, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, CONTRIBUTE TO THE PERSISTENT CHARACTER OF MANY CHRONIC DISEASES, AND MAY BE ALTERED IN COBD. WE TESTED WHETHER CANDIDATE GENES AND PATHWAYS AND THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF COBD WERE AFFECTED BY A HYPOMETHYLATING AGENT, DECITABINE (DAC). COBD WAS CREATED IN FEMALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS BY SURGICAL LIGATION OF THE URETHRA FOR 6 WEEKS, FOLLOWED BY REMOVAL OF THE SUTURE. SHAM LIGATIONS WERE PERFORMED BY PASSING THE SUTURE BEHIND THE URETHRA. AFTER REMOVAL OF THE OBSTRUCTION OR SHAM REMOVAL, ANIMALS WERE RANDOMIZED TO DAC TREATMENT (1 MG/KG/3-TIMES/WEEK INTRAPERITONEALLY) OR VEHICLE (NORMAL SALINE). BLADDER FUNCTION WAS NON-INVASIVELY TESTED USING METABOLIC CAGES, BOTH ONE DAY PRIOR TO DE-OBSTRUCTION AT 6 WEEKS AND PRIOR TO SACRIFICE AT 10 WEEKS. RESIDUAL VOLUME AND BLADDER MASS WERE MEASURED FOR EACH BLADDER. BLADDERS WERE EXAMINED BY IMMUNOSTAINING AS WELL AS QPCR. THE EFFECTS OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT)-3A KNOCKOUT OR OVEREXPRESSION ON SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL (SMC) FUNCTION AND PHENOTYPE WERE ALSO EXAMINED IN BLADDER SMC AND EX VIVO CULTURE. RESIDUAL VOLUMES OF THE DAC TREATED GROUP WERE NOT SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT FROM THE NS GROUP. COMPARED TO COBD NS, COBD DAC TREATMENT HELPED PRESERVE MICTURITION VOLUME WITH A SIGNIFICANT RECOVERY OF THE VOIDING EFFICIENCY (RATIO OF THE MAXIMUM VOIDED VOLUME/MAXIMUM BLADDER CAPACITY) BY ONE THIRD (FIG. 1, P > 0.05). BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) VARIANTS 1 AND 5 WERE UPREGULATED BY COBD AND SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED BY DAC TREATMENT. DEPOSITION OF COLLAGEN IN THE COBD BLADDER WAS REDUCED BY DAC, BUT GROSS HYPERTROPHY REMAINED. IN BLADDER SMC, DNMT3A OVEREXPRESSION LED TO A LOSS OF CONTRACTILE FUNCTION AND PHENOTYPE. IN BLADDERS, PERSISTENTLY ALTERED BY COBD, INHIBITION OF DNA-METHYLATION ENHANCES FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY, UNLIKE TREATMENT DURING PARTIAL OBSTRUCTION, WHICH EXACERBATES OBSTRUCTIVE PATHOLOGY. THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS MAY RELATE TO THE GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES IN BDNF AND THEIR EFFECTS ON SIGNALING IN THE BLADDER.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
2   803  34 CENTRAL CONTROL OF VISCERAL PAIN AND URINARY TRACT FUNCTION. AFFERENT INPUT FROM ADELTA AND C-FIBRES INNERVATING THE URINARY BLADDER ARE PROCESSED DIFFERENTLY BY THE BRAIN, AND HAVE DIFFERENT ROLES IN SIGNALING BLADDER SENSATION. ADELTA FIBRES THAT SIGNAL BLADDER FILLING ACTIVATE A SPINO-BULBO-SPINAL LOOP, WHICH RELAYS IN THE MIDBRAIN PERIAQUEDUCTAL GREY (PAG) AND PONTINE MICTURITION CENTRE (PMC). THE EXCITABILITY OF THIS CIRCUITRY IS REGULATED BY TONIC GABAERGIC INHIBITORY PROCESSES. IN HUMANS AND SOCIALISED ANIMALS MICTURITION IS NORMALLY UNDER VOLITIONAL CONTROL AND INFLUENCED BY A HOST OF PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS. HIGHER NERVOUS DECISION-MAKING IN A SOCIAL CONTEXT TO 'GO NOW' OR 'DO NOT GO' PROBABLY RESIDES IN FRONTAL CORTICAL AREAS, WHICH ACT AS A CENTRAL CONTROL SWITCH FOR MICTURITION. EXPOSURE TO PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS CAN HAVE PROFOUNDLY DISRUPTIVE INFLUENCE ON THE PROCESS AND LEAD TO MALADAPTIVE CHANGES IN THE BLADDER. DURING SLEEPING THE VOIDING REFLEX THRESHOLD APPEARS TO BE RESET TO A HIGHER LEVEL TO PROMOTE URINARY CONTINENCE. UNDER PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS C-FIBRE BLADDER AFFERENTS ARE NORMALLY SILENT BUT ARE ACTIVATED IN INFLAMMATORY BLADDER STATES AND BY INTENSE DISTENDING PRESSURE. FOLLOWING PROLONGED STIMULATION VISCERAL NOCICEPTORS SENSITISE, LEADING TO A LOWERED THRESHOLD AND HEIGHTENED SENSITIVITY. IN ADDITION, SENSITIZATION MAY OCCUR WITHIN THE CENTRAL PAIN PROCESSING CIRCUITRY, WHICH OUTLASTS THE ORIGINAL NOCICEPTIVE INSULT. VISCERAL NOCICEPTION MAY ALSO BE INFLUENCED BY GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES. A PERIOD OF CHRONIC STRESS CAN PRODUCE INCREASED SENSITIVITY TO VISCERAL PAIN THAT LASTS FOR MONTHS. ADVERSE EARLY LIFE EVENTS CAN PRODUCE EVEN LONGER LASTING EPIGENETIC CHANGES, WHICH INCREASE THE INDIVIDUAL'S SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEVELOPING VISCERAL PAIN STATES IN ADULTHOOD.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
3  1596  70 DNA METHYLATION REDUCES THE YES-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 1/WW DOMAIN CONTAINING TRANSCRIPTION REGULATOR 1 PATHWAY AND PREVENTS PATHOLOGIC REMODELING DURING BLADDER OBSTRUCTION BY LIMITING EXPRESSION OF BDNF. CHRONIC BLADDER OBSTRUCTION AND BLADDER SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL (SMC) STRETCH PROVIDE FIBROTIC AND MECHANICAL ENVIRONMENTS THAT CAN LEAD TO EPIGENETIC CHANGE. THEREFORE, WE EXAMINED THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION IN BLADDER PATHOLOGY AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL. SPRAGUE-DAWLEY FEMALE RATS UNDERWENT PARTIAL BLADDER OBSTRUCTION BY LIGATION OF A SILK SUTURE AROUND THE PROXIMAL URETHRA NEXT TO A 0.9-MM STEEL ROD. SHAM OPERATION COMPRISED PASSING THE SUTURE AROUND THE URETHRA. AFTER 2 WEEKS, RATS WERE RANDOMIZED TO NORMAL SALINE OR DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR, 5-AZA-2-DEOXYCYTIDINE (DAC) AT 1 MG/KG, THREE TIMES/WEEK INTRAPERITONEALLY. AFTER 6 WEEKS, BLADDERS WERE WEIGHED AND DIVIDED FOR HISTOLOGY AND RNA ANALYSIS BY HIGH-THROUGHPUT REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR ARRAYS. DAC TREATMENT DURING OBSTRUCTION IN VIVO PROFOUNDLY AUGMENTED BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) EXPRESSION COMPARED WITH THE OBSTRUCTION WITH VEHICLE GROUP, WHICH WAS STATISTICALLY CORRELATED WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC PARAMETERS. BDNF, CYSTEINE RICH ANGIOGENIC INDUCER 61 (CYR61), AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE GROWTH FACTOR (CTGF) EXPRESSION CLUSTERED TIGHTLY TOGETHER USING PEARSON'S CORRELATION ANALYSIS. THEIR PROMOTERS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH THE TEA DOMAIN FAMILY MEMBER 1 (TEAD1) AND YES-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 1/WW DOMAIN CONTAINING TRANSCRIPTION REGULATOR 1 PATHWAYS. INTERESTINGLY, DAC TREATMENT INCREASED BDNF EXPRESSION IN BLADDER SMCS (P < 0.0002). STRETCH-INDUCED BDNF WAS INHIBITED BY THE YAP/WWTR1 INHIBITOR VERTEPORFIN. VERTEPORFIN IMPROVED THE SMC PHENOTYPE (PROLIFERATIVE MARKERS AND SMC MARKER EXPRESSION), IN PART BY REDUCING BDNF. EXPRESSION OF BDNF IS LIMITED BY DNA METHYLATION AND ASSOCIATED WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES DURING PARTIAL BLADDER OUTLET OBSTRUCTION AND SMC PHENOTYPIC CHANGE IN VITRO.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
4  2779  77 EZH2 AND MATRIX CO-REGULATE PHENOTYPE AND KCNB2 EXPRESSION IN BLADDER SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS. BACKGROUND: PARTIAL BLADDER OUTLET OBSTRUCTION (PBO) IS A WIDESPREAD CAUSE OF URINARY DYSFUNCTION AND PATIENT DISCOMFORT, RESULTING IN IMMENSE HEALTH CARE COSTS. PREVIOUSLY, WE FOUND THAT OBSTRUCTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED REGULATION OF EPIGENETIC MACHINERY AND ALTERED FUNCTION. HERE WE EXAMINED IF PBO AND CHRONIC BLADDER OBSTRUCTIVE DISEASE (COBD) AFFECT EPIGENETIC MARKS IN A PROOF OF PRINCIPLE GENE AND EXPLORED MECHANISMS OF ITS EPIGENETIC REGULATION USING IN VITRO MODELS. METHODS: ARCHIVAL OBSTRUCTION TISSUES FROM COBD HAD BEEN CREATED IN 200-250 G FEMALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS BY SURGICAL LIGATION OF THE URETHRA FOR 6 WEEKS, FOLLOWED BY REMOVAL OF THE SUTURE AND FOLLOWING ANIMALS FOR 6 MORE WEEKS. OBSTRUCTION (PBO) IS THE 6-WEEK LIGATION ONLY. SHAM LIGATIONS COMPRISE PASSING THE SUTURE BEHIND THE URETHRA. HISTONE3 LYSINE27 TRIMETHYLATION (H3K27ME3) WAS STUDIED BY IMMUNOSTAINING AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP)/PCR. THE INTERACTION OF MATRIX WITH KCNB2 REGULATION WAS STUDIED IN HUMAN BLADDER SMC PLATED ON DAMAGED MATRIX AND NATIVE COLLAGEN AND TREATED WITH VEHICLE OR UNC1999. CELLS WERE ANALYZED BY IMMUNOSTAINING FOR CELL PHENOTYPE, AND WESTERN BLOTTING FOR KCNB2, H3K27ME3 AND EZH2. EFFECTS OF CONDITIONED MEDIA FROM THESE CELLS WERE ALSO EXAMINED ON CELL PHENOTYPE. SIRNA AGAINST KCNB2 WAS EXAMINED FOR EFFECTS ON CELL PHENOTYPE AND GENE EXPRESSION BY RT-QPCR. RESULTS: H3K27ME3 INCREASED BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE DURING PBO, AND BY CHIP/PCR DURING COBD IN THE CPG ISLAND (CGI) AS WELL AS 350 BP UPSTREAM. OBSTRUCTION VS. SHAM ALSO SHOWED AN INCREASE IN H3K27ME3 DEPOSITION. IN SMC IN VITRO, EZH2 INHIBITION RESTORED KCNB2 EXPRESSION AND PARTIALLY RESTORED SMC PHENOTYPE. CONCLUSIONS: REGULATION OF KCNB2 AT THE PROMOTER DEMONSTRATED DYNAMIC CHANGES IN H3K27ME3 DURING COBD AND OBSTRUCTION. IN VITRO MODELS SUGGEST THAT MATRIX PLAYS A ROLE IN REGULATION OF EZH2, H3K27ME3 AND KCNB2, WHICH MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE REGULATION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE PHENOTYPE IN VIVO.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
5  4643  30 NEUROPATHIC PAIN AS A TRIGGER FOR HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN LIMBIC CIRCUITRY. CHRONIC PAIN INVOLVES BOTH CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NEURONAL PLASTICITY THAT ENCOMPASSES CHANGES IN THE BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, AND PERIPHERAL NOCICEPTORS. WITHIN THE FOREBRAIN, MESOCORTICOLIMBIC REGIONS ASSOCIATED WITH EMOTIONAL REGULATION HAVE RECENTLY BEEN SHOWN TO EXHIBIT LASTING GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES IN MODELS OF CHRONIC PAIN. TO BETTER UNDERSTAND HOW SUCH ENDURING TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES MIGHT BE REGULATED WITHIN BRAIN STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH PROCESSING OF PAIN OR AFFECT, WE EXAMINED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INVOLVED WITH ACTIVE OR PERMISSIVE TRANSCRIPTIONAL STATES (HISTONE H3 LYSINE 4 MONO AND TRIMETHYLATION, AND HISTONE H3 LYSINE 27 ACETYLATION) IN PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY (PAG), LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS (LH), NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), AND VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA) 5 WEEKS AFTER SCIATIC NERVE INJURY IN MICE TO MODEL CHRONIC PAIN. FOR BOTH MALE AND FEMALE MICE IN CHRONIC PAIN, WE OBSERVED AN OVERALL TREND FOR A REDUCTION OF THESE EPIGENETIC MARKERS IN PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY, LH, AND NAC, BUT NOT VTA. MOREOVER, WE DISCOVERED THAT SOME EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS EXHIBITED CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN HISTORY, WHILE OTHERS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN PAIN SENSITIVITY. WHEN TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT NERVE INJURY LEADS TO CHRONIC CHROMATIN-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF TRANSCRIPTION IN KEY LIMBIC BRAIN STRUCTURES AND CIRCUITS, WHICH MAY UNDERLIE ENDURING CHANGES IN PAIN PROCESSING AND SENSITIVITY WITHIN THESE SYSTEMS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
6  2187  43 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL PAIN: RESILIENCE VERSUS VULNERABILITY IN A TWO-HIT MODEL OF EARLY LIFE STRESS AND CHRONIC ADULT STRESS. BACKGROUND: WOMEN WITH A HISTORY OF EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) HAVE A HIGHER RISK OF DEVELOPING IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS). IN ADDITION, CHRONIC STRESS IN ADULTHOOD CAN EXACERBATE IBS SYMPTOMS SUCH AS ABDOMINAL PAIN DUE TO VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. WE PREVIOUSLY SHOWED THAT SEX AND THE PREDICTABILITY OF ELS DETERMINE WHETHER RATS DEVELOP VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN ADULTHOOD. IN FEMALE RATS, UNPREDICTABLE ELS CONFERS VULNERABILITY AND RESULTS IN VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY, WHEREAS PREDICTABLE ELS INDUCES RESILIENCE AND DOES NOT INDUCE VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN ADULTHOOD. HOWEVER, THIS RESILIENCE IS LOST AFTER EXPOSURE TO CHRONIC STRESS IN ADULTHOOD LEADING TO AN EXACERBATION OF VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) AND CORTICOTROPHIN-RELEASING FACTOR (CRF) IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA (CEA) UNDERLIE STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. HERE, WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE CEA ON VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN A TWO-HIT MODEL OF ELS FOLLOWED BY CHRONIC STRESS IN ADULTHOOD. METHODS: MALE AND FEMALE NEONATAL RATS WERE EXPOSED TO UNPREDICTABLE, PREDICTABLE ELS, OR ODOR ONLY (NO STRESS CONTROL) FROM POSTNATAL DAYS 8 TO 12. IN ADULTHOOD, RATS UNDERWENT STEREOTAXIC IMPLANTATION OF INDWELLING CANNULAS. RATS WERE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS (WAS, 1 H/DAY FOR 7 DAYS) OR SHAM STRESS AND RECEIVED INFUSIONS OF VEHICLE, THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) OR THE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR GARCINOL (GAR) AFTER EACH WAS SESSION. 24 H AFTER THE FINAL INFUSION, VISCERAL SENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED AND THE CEA WAS REMOVED FOR MOLECULAR EXPERIMENTS. RESULTS: IN THE TWO-HIT MODEL (ELS + WAS), FEMALE RATS PREVIOUSLY EXPOSED TO PREDICTABLE ELS, SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 (H3K9) ACETYLATION AT THE GR PROMOTER AND A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN H3K9 ACETYLATION AT THE CRF PROMOTER. THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN GR AND CRF MRNA EXPRESSION IN THE CEA AND AN EXACERBATION OF STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN FEMALE ANIMALS. TSA INFUSIONS IN THE CEA ATTENUATED THE EXACERBATED STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY, WHEREAS GAR INFUSIONS ONLY PARTIALLY AMELIORATED ELS+WAS INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. CONCLUSION: THE TWO-HIT MODEL OF ELS FOLLOWED BY WAS IN ADULTHOOD REVEALED THAT EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION OCCURS AFTER EXPOSURE TO STRESS IN TWO IMPORTANT PERIODS OF LIFE AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. THESE ABERRANT UNDERLYING EPIGENETIC CHANGES MAY EXPLAIN THE EXACERBATION OF STRESS-INDUCED ABDOMINAL PAIN IN IBS PATIENTS.	2023	

7  3977  32 LONG-TERM EFFECT OF POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS IN ADOLESCENCE ON DENDRITE DEVELOPMENT AND H3K9ME2/BDNF EXPRESSION IN MALE RAT HIPPOCAMPUS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX. EXPOSURE TO A HARSH ENVIRONMENT IN EARLY LIFE INCREASES IN THE RISK OF POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) OF AN INDIVIDUAL. BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN NEURODEVELOPMENT IN DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES. BOTH CHRONIC AND TRAUMATIC STRESSES INDUCE A DECREASE IN THE LEVEL OF BDNF AND REDUCE NEURAL PLASTICITY, WHICH IS LINKED TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF PTSD. ALSO, STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT STRESS ALTERS THE EPIGENETIC MARKER H3K9ME2, WHICH CAN BIND TO THE PROMOTER REGION OF THE BDNF GENE AND REDUCE BDNF PROTEIN LEVEL. HOWEVER, THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF TRAUMATIC STRESS DURING ADOLESCENCE ON H3K9ME2, BDNF EXPRESSION AND DENDRITE DEVELOPMENT ARE NOT WELL-KNOWN. THE PRESENT STUDY ESTABLISHED A MODEL OF PTSD IN ADOLESCENT RATS USING AN INESCAPABLE FOOT SHOCK (IFS) PROCEDURE. ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS, SOCIAL INTERACTION BEHAVIOR AND MEMORY FUNCTION WERE ASSESSED BY THE OPEN FIELD TEST, ELEVATED PLUS MAZE TEST, THREE-CHAMBER SOCIABILITY TEST AND MORRIS WATER MAZE TEST. IN ADDITION, NEURONAL DEVELOPMENT AND H3K9ME2/BDNF EXPRESSION IN HIPPOCAMPUS (HIP) AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) WERE EVALUATED BY GOLGI STAINING, WESTERN BLOTTING, QRT-PCR ANALYSIS AND CHIP-QPCR ANALYSIS. ADDITIONALLY, THE UNC0642, A SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITOR OF HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE (EHMT2) WAS USED FOR INTERVENTION. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE IFS PROCEDURE INDUCED THE PTSD-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN RATS, RESULTED IN FEWER DENDRITE BRANCHES AND SHORTER DENDRITE LENGTH IN CA1 OF HIP AND PFC, INCREASED H3K9ME2 LEVEL AND DECREASED BDNF EXPRESSION IN HIP AND PFC. ALSO, ALTHOUGH ALL THE CHANGES CAN PERSIST TO ADULTHOOD, UNC0642 ADMINISTRATION RELIEVED MOST OF ALTERATIONS. OUR STUDY SUGGESTS THAT TRAUMATIC STRESS IN ADOLESCENCE LEADS TO IMMEDIATE AND LONG-TERM MENTAL DISORDERS, NEURONAL MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES, LOWER BDNF LEVEL AND INCREASED H3K9ME2 LEVEL IN THE HIP AND PFC, INDICATING THAT H3K9ME2/BDNF DYSFUNCTION PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN PATHOGENESIS OF PTSD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8  5651  24 SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CHRONIC VISCERAL PAIN FOLLOWING UNPREDICTABLE EARLY LIFE STRESS. BACKGROUND: WE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED THAT EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) DYSREGULATED GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) AND CORTICOTROPHIN-RELEASING HORMONE (CRH) EXPRESSION IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA (CEA). EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS SERVE AS MEMORIES OF ADVERSE EVENTS THAT OCCURRED DURING EARLY LIFE. THEREFORE, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ALTER GR AND CRH EXPRESSION IN THE CEA AND UNDERLIE CHRONIC VISCERAL PAIN AFTER ELS. METHODS: NEONATAL RATS WERE EXPOSED TO UNPREDICTABLE, PREDICTABLE ELS, OR ODOR ONLY (NO STRESS CONTROL) FROM POSTNATAL DAYS 8 TO 12. IN ADULTHOOD, VISCERAL SENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED OR THE CEA WAS ISOLATED FOR WESTERN BLOT OR CHIP-QPCR TO STUDY HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AT THE GR AND CRH PROMOTERS. FEMALE ADULT RATS UNDERWENT STEREOTAXIC IMPLANTATION OF INDWELLING CANNULAS FOR MICROINJECTIONS OF GARCINOL (HAT INHIBITOR) INTO THE CEA. AFTER 7 DAYS OF MICROINJECTIONS, VISCERAL SENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED OR THE CEA WAS ISOLATED FOR CHIP-QPCR ASSAYS. RESULTS: UNPREDICTABLE ELS INCREASED VISCERAL SENSITIVITY IN ADULT FEMALE RATS, BUT NOT IN MALE COUNTERPARTS. ELS INCREASED HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 (H3K9) ACETYLATION IN THE CEA AND H3K9 ACETYLATION LEVELS AT THE GR PROMOTER IN THE CEA OF ADULT FEMALE RATS. AFTER UNPREDICTABLE ELS, H3K9 ACETYLATION WAS INCREASED AND GR BINDING WAS DECREASED AT THE CRH PROMOTER. ADMINISTRATION OF GARCINOL IN THE CEA OF ADULT FEMALES, THAT UNDERWENT UNPREDICTABLE ELS, NORMALIZED H3K9 ACETYLATION AND RESTORED GR BINDING AT THE CRH PROMOTER. CONCLUSION: DYSREGULATED HISTONE ACETYLATION AND GR BINDING AT THE CRH PROMOTER IN THE CEA ARE AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM FOR "MEMORIZING" ELS EVENTS MEDIATING VISCERAL PAIN IN ADULTHOOD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
9  2452  34 EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE CO-TRANSPORTER 2 EXPRESSION IN INFLAMMATORY PAIN INDUCED BY COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA). BACKGROUND: MULTIPLE MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTE TO THE STIMULUS-EVOKED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY THAT MAY BE EXPERIENCED AFTER PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION. PERSISTENT PATHOLOGICAL STIMULI IN MANY PAIN CONDITIONS AFFECT THE EXPRESSION OF CERTAIN GENES THROUGH EPIGENETIC ALTERNATIONS. THE MAIN PURPOSE OF OUR STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION ON POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE CO-TRANSPORTER 2 (KCC2) GENE EXPRESSION IN THE PERSISTENCE OF INFLAMMATORY PAIN. METHODS: PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN WAS INDUCED THROUGH THE INJECTION OF COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA) IN THE LEFT HIND PAW OF RATS. ACETYL-HISTONE H3 AND H4 LEVEL WAS DETERMINED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN. PAIN BEHAVIOUR AND INHIBITORY SYNAPTIC FUNCTION OF SPINAL CORD WERE DETERMINED BEFORE AND AFTER CFA INJECTION. KCC2 EXPRESSION WAS DETERMINED BY REAL TIME RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOT. INTRATHECAL KCC2 SIRNA (2 MUG PER 10 MUL PER RAT) OR HDAC INHIBITOR (10 MUG PER 10 MUL PER RAT) WAS INJECTED ONCE DAILY FOR 3 DAYS BEFORE CFA INJECTION. RESULTS: PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN EPIGENETICALLY SUPPRESSED KCC2 EXPRESSION THROUGH HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC)-MEDIATED HISTONE HYPOACETYLATION, RESULTING IN DECREASED INHIBITORY SIGNALLING EFFICACY. KCC2 KNOCK-DOWN CAUSED BY INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF KCC2 SIRNA IN NAIVE RATS REDUCED KCC2 EXPRESSION IN THE SPINAL CORD, LEADING TO SENSITIZED PAIN BEHAVIOURS AND IMPAIRED INHIBITORY SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION IN THEIR SPINAL CORDS. MOREOVER, INTRATHECAL HDAC INHIBITOR INJECTION IN CFA RATS INCREASED KCC2 EXPRESSION, PARTIALLY RESTORING THE SPINAL INHIBITORY SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AND RELIEVING THE SENSITIZED PAIN BEHAVIOUR. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE TRANSCRIPTION OF SPINAL KCC2 IS REGULATED BY HISTONE ACETYLATION EPIGENETICALLY FOLLOWING CFA. SIGNIFICANCE: PERSISTENT PAIN SUPPRESSES KCC2 EXPRESSION THROUGH HDAC-MEDIATED HISTONE HYPOACETYLATION AND CONSEQUENTLY IMPAIRS THE INHIBITORY FUNCTION OF INHIBITORY INTERNEURONS. DRUGS SUCH AS HDAC INHIBITORS THAT SUPPRESS THE INFLUENCES OF PERSISTENT PAIN ON THE EXPRESSION OF KCC2 MAY SERVE AS A NOVEL ANALGESIC.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
10  1761  38 EARLY STRESS EVOKES AGE-DEPENDENT BIPHASIC CHANGES IN HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS, BDNF EXPRESSION, AND COGNITION. BACKGROUND: ADULT-ONSET STRESSORS EXERT OPPOSING EFFECTS ON HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS AND COGNITION, WITH ENHANCEMENT OBSERVED FOLLOWING MILD STRESS AND DYSFUNCTION FOLLOWING SEVERE CHRONIC STRESS. WHILE EARLY LIFE STRESS EVOKES PERSISTENT CHANGES IN ANXIETY, IT IS UNKNOWN WHETHER EARLY STRESS DIFFERENTIALLY REGULATES HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS, TROPHIC FACTOR EXPRESSION, AND COGNITION ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN. METHODS: HIPPOCAMPAL-DEPENDENT COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR, NEUROGENESIS, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) EXPRESSION WAS EXAMINED AT DISTINCT TIME POINTS ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN IN RATS SUBJECTED TO THE EARLY STRESS OF MATERNAL SEPARATION (ES) AND CONTROL GROUPS. WE ALSO EXAMINED THE INFLUENCE OF CHRONIC ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT ON THE NEUROGENIC, NEUROTROPHIC, AND COGNITIVE CHANGES IN MIDDLE-AGED ES ANIMALS. RESULTS: ANIMALS SUBJECTED TO EARLY STRESS OF MATERNAL SEPARATION EXAMINED DURING POSTNATAL LIFE AND YOUNG ADULTHOOD EXHIBITED ENHANCED HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS, DECREASED REPRESSIVE HISTONE METHYLATION AT THE BDNF IV PROMOTER ALONG WITH ENHANCED BDNF LEVELS, AND IMPROVED PERFORMANCE ON THE STRESS-ASSOCIATED MORRIS WATER MAZE. STRIKINGLY, OPPOSING CHANGES IN HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF IV EXPRESSION, CONCOMITANT WITH IMPAIRMENTS ON HIPPOCAMPAL-DEPENDENT COGNITIVE TASKS, WERE OBSERVED IN MIDDLE-AGED ES ANIMALS. CHRONIC ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT WITH AMITRIPTYLINE ATTENUATED THE MALADAPTIVE NEUROGENIC, EPIGENETIC, TRANSCRIPTIONAL, AND COGNITIVE EFFECTS IN MIDDLE-AGED ES ANIMALS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDY PROVIDES NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO THE SHORT- AND LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF ES, DEMONSTRATING BOTH BIPHASIC AND UNIQUE, AGE-DEPENDENT CHANGES AT THE MOLECULAR, EPIGENETIC, NEUROGENIC, AND BEHAVIORAL LEVELS. THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT EARLY STRESS MAY TRANSIENTLY ENDOW ANIMALS WITH A POTENTIAL ADAPTIVE ADVANTAGE IN STRESSFUL ENVIRONMENTS BUT ACROSS A LIFE SPAN IS ASSOCIATED WITH LONG-TERM DELETERIOUS EFFECTS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
11  3196  18 HDAC INHIBITORS RESTORE C-FIBRE SENSITIVITY IN EXPERIMENTAL NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODEL. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: HYPOESTHESIA IS A CLINICAL FEATURE OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THE FEATURE IS PARTLY EXPLAINED BY THE EVIDENCE OF EPIGENETIC REPRESSION OF NAV 1.8 SODIUM CHANNEL IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: WE INVESTIGATED THE POSSIBILITY OF TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA), VALPROIC ACID (VPA) AND SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) TO REVERSE THE UNIQUE C-FIBRE SENSITIVITY OBSERVED FOLLOWING PARTIAL LIGATION OF SCIATIC NERVE IN MICE. KEY RESULTS: NERVE INJURY-INDUCED DOWN-REGULATION OF DRG NAV 1.8 SODIUM CHANNEL AND C-FIBRE-RELATED HYPOESTHESIA WERE REVERSED BY TSA, VPA AND SAHA TREATMENTS, WHICH INHIBIT HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC), AND INCREASE HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE REGULATORY SEQUENCE OF NAV 1.8. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE STUDIES PROVIDE THE EVIDENCE THAT HYPOESTHESIA AND UNDERLYING DOWN-REGULATION OF NAV 1.8, NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS OBSERVED IN NERVE INJURY-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODELS ARE REGULATED BY AN EPIGENETIC CHROMATIN REMODELLING THROUGH HDAC-RELATED MACHINERIES.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
12  3600  39 IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN VISCERAL PAIN INDUCED BY CHRONIC WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS. EPIGENETIC MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, WHICH INCLUDE DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE DEACETYLATION, ARE IMPLICATED IN THE DYSREGULATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS. PREVIOUSLY, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT REPEATED WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS (WAS), A VALIDATED MODEL OF CHRONIC PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS, INDUCES HEIGHTENED VISCERAL PAIN BEHAVIORS IN RODENTS THAT RESEMBLE IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) SEQUELAE. HOWEVER, THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL PAIN HAS NOT BEEN EXPLORED. OUR HYPOTHESIS IS THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS WITHIN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) ARE IMPORTANT TO CHRONIC STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. ADULT MALE F-344 RATS WITH INTRACEREBROVENTRICULAR (I.C.V.) CANNULAE WERE EXPOSED TO 7 DAYS OF REPEATED WAS. CONTROLS RECEIVED A SHAM STRESS. FOLLOWING THE DAILY 1H STRESSOR, TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA; 100 NG/ML), A POTENT HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, OR VEHICLE (VEH; 0.1% DMSO/SALINE,) AS CONTROL WAS ADMINISTERED VIA THE I.C.V. CANNULA. VISCERAL SENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED 24H AFTER THE FINAL WAS AND QUANTIFIED THE VISCEROMOTOR RESPONSE (VMR) BY RECORDING THE NUMBER OF ABDOMINAL CONTRACTIONS IN RESPONSE TO GRADED PRESSURES (20-60 MMHG) OF COLORECTAL DISTENSIONS (CRD). FROM A SEPARATE GROUP OF RATS THAT WERE EXPOSED TO REPEATED WAS OR SHAM STRESS, THE AMYGDALA WAS ISOLATED TO ASSESS THE METHYLATION STATUS OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) AND CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING-FACTOR (CRF) GENES VIA BISULFITE SEQUENCING AND VERIFIED BY PYROSEQUENCING. GR AND CRF GENE EXPRESSION WAS QUANTIFIED VIA QRT-PCR. STRESSED RATS EXHIBITED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY THAT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED BY TSA. COMPARED TO SHAM CONTROLS, METHYLATION OF THE GR GENE WAS INCREASED FOLLOWING WAS WHILE EXPRESSION OF THE GR GENE WAS DECREASED. METHYLATION OF THE CRF PROMOTER WAS DECREASED WITH WAS WITH A CONCOMITANT INCREASE IN CRF EXPRESSION. THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES THE INVOLVEMENT OF CENTRAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN REGULATING STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND PROVIDES A FOUNDATION FOR EXPLORING THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO IBS-LIKE SYMPTOMATOLOGY.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
13  2473  32 EPIGENETIC TREATMENTS OF ADULT RATS PROMOTE RECOVERY FROM VISUAL ACUITY DEFICITS INDUCED BY LONG-TERM MONOCULAR DEPRIVATION. IN MAMMALS THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE VISUAL SYSTEM MAY BE ALTERED DURING A SENSITIVE PERIOD BY MODIFYING THE VISUAL INPUT TO ONE OR BOTH EYES. THESE PLASTIC PROCESSES ARE REDUCED AFTER THE END OF THE SENSITIVE PERIOD. IT HAS BEEN PROPOSED THAT REDUCED LEVELS OF PLASTICITY ARE AT THE BASIS OF THE LACK OF RECOVERY FROM EARLY VISUAL DEPRIVATION OBSERVED IN ADULT ANIMALS. A DEVELOPMENTAL DOWNREGULATION OF EXPERIENCE-DEPENDENT REGULATION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION HAS RECENTLY BEEN FOUND TO BE INVOLVED IN CLOSING THE SENSITIVE PERIOD. THEREFORE, WE TESTED WHETHER PHARMACOLOGICAL EPIGENETIC TREATMENTS INCREASING HISTONE ACETYLATION COULD BE USED TO REVERSE VISUAL ACUITY DEFICITS INDUCED BY LONG-TERM MONOCULAR DEPRIVATION INITIATED DURING THE SENSITIVE PERIOD. WE FOUND THAT CHRONIC INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF VALPROIC ACID OR SODIUM BUTYRATE (TWO DIFFERENT HISTONE DEACETYLASES INHIBITORS) TO LONG-TERM MONOCULARLY DEPRIVED ADULT RATS COUPLED WITH REVERSE LID-SUTURING CAUSED A COMPLETE RECOVERY OF VISUAL ACUITY, TESTED ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICALLY AND BEHAVIORALLY. THUS, MANIPULATIONS OF THE EPIGENETIC MACHINERY CAN BE USED TO PROMOTE FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY FROM EARLY ALTERATIONS OF SENSORY INPUT IN THE ADULT CORTEX.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
14   684  35 BRAIN STAT5 MODULATES LONG-TERM METABOLIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES INDUCED BY PREGNANCY AND LACTATION IN FEMALE MICE. SEVERAL METABOLIC AND BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATIONS THAT EMERGE DURING PREGNANCY REMAIN PRESENT AFTER WEANING. THUS, REPRODUCTIVE EXPERIENCE CAUSES LONG-LASTING METABOLIC PROGRAMMING, PARTICULARLY IN THE BRAIN. HOWEVER, THE ISOLATE EFFECTS OF PREGNANCY OR LACTATION AND THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THESE LONG-TERM MODIFICATIONS ARE CURRENTLY UNKNOWN. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF BRAIN SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION-5 (STAT5), A KEY TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR RECRUITED BY HORMONES HIGHLY SECRETED DURING GESTATION OR LACTATION, FOR THE LONG-TERM ADAPTATIONS INDUCED BY REPRODUCTIVE EXPERIENCE. IN CONTROL MICE, PREGNANCY FOLLOWED BY LACTATION LED TO INCREASED BODY ADIPOSITY AND REDUCED AMBULATORY ACTIVITY LATER IN LIFE. ADDITIONALLY, PREGNANCY+LACTATION INDUCED LONG-TERM EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE BRAIN: WE OBSERVED UPREGULATION IN HYPOTHALAMIC EXPRESSION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES AND REDUCED NUMBERS OF NEURONS WITH HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION IN THE PARAVENTRICULAR, ARCUATE, AND VENTROMEDIAL NUCLEI. REMARKABLY, BRAIN-SPECIFIC STAT5 ABLATION PREVENTED ALL METABOLIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES OBSERVED IN REPRODUCTIVELY EXPERIENCED CONTROL FEMALE MICE. NONETHELESS, BRAIN-SPECIFIC STAT5 KNOCKOUT (KO) MICE THAT HAD THE EXPERIENCE OF PREGNANCY BUT DID NOT LACTATE SHOWED INCREASED BODY WEIGHT AND REDUCED ENERGY EXPENDITURE LATER IN LIFE, WHEREAS PREGNANCY KO AND PREGNANCY+LACTATION KO MICE EXHIBITED IMPROVED INSULIN SENSITIVITY COMPARED WITH VIRGIN KO MICE. IN SUMMARY, LACTATION IS NECESSARY FOR THE LONG-LASTING METABOLIC EFFECTS OBSERVED IN REPRODUCTIVELY EXPERIENCED FEMALE MICE. IN ADDITION, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INVOLVING HISTONE ACETYLATION IN NEURONAL POPULATIONS RELATED TO ENERGY BALANCE REGULATION ARE POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH THESE LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES. FINALLY, OUR FINDINGS HIGHLIGHTED THE KEY ROLE PLAYED BY BRAIN STAT5 SIGNALING FOR THE CHRONIC METABOLIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES INDUCED BY PREGNANCY AND LACTATION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
15  3973  31 LONG-TERM BEHAVIORAL AND NEUROENDOCRINE ALTERATIONS FOLLOWING CHRONIC SOCIAL STRESS IN MICE: IMPLICATIONS FOR STRESS-RELATED DISORDERS. THE PERIOD OF ADOLESCENCE IS CHARACTERIZED BY A HIGH VULNERABILITY TO STRESS AND TRAUMA, WHICH MIGHT RESULT IN LONG-LASTING CONSEQUENCES AND AN INCREASED RISK TO DEVELOP PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS. USING A RECENTLY DEVELOPED MOUSE MODEL FOR CHRONIC SOCIAL STRESS DURING ADOLESCENCE, WE STUDIED PERSISTENT NEUROENDOCRINE AND BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF CHRONIC SOCIAL STRESS OBTAINED 12 MONTHS AFTER CESSATION OF THE STRESSOR. AS A REFERENCE, WE INVESTIGATED IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC STRESS EXPOSURE OBTAINED AT THE END OF THE CHRONIC STRESS PERIOD. IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE 7 WEEK CHRONIC STRESS PERIOD STRESSED ANIMALS SHOW SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED ADRENAL WEIGHTS, DECREASED THYMUS WEIGHT, INCREASED BASAL CORTICOSTERONE SECRETION AND A FLATTENED CIRCADIAN RHYTHM. FURTHERMORE, STRESSED ANIMALS DISPLAY AN INCREASED ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR IN THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE AND THE NOVELTY-INDUCED SUPPRESSION OF FEEDING TEST. HIPPOCAMPAL MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (MR) AND THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) MRNA LEVELS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED. TO INVESTIGATE PERSISTENT CONSEQUENCES OF THIS EARLY STRESSFUL EXPERIENCE, THE SAME PARAMETERS WERE ASSESSED IN AGED MICE 12 MONTHS AFTER THE CESSATION OF THE STRESSOR. INTERESTINGLY, WE STILL FOUND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FORMERLY STRESSED AND CONTROL MICE IN IMPORTANT STRESS-RELATED PARAMETERS. MR EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER IN STRESSED ANIMALS, SUGGESTING LASTING, POSSIBLY EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION. FURTHERMORE, WE OBSERVED LONG-TERM BEHAVIORAL ALTERATIONS IN ANIMALS STRESSED DURING ADOLESCENCE. THUS, WE COULD DEMONSTRATE THAT CHRONIC STRESS EXPOSURE DURING A CRUCIAL DEVELOPMENTAL TIME PERIOD RESULTS IN LONG-TERM, PERSISTENT EFFECTS ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL PARAMETERS THROUGHOUT LIFE, WHICH MAY CONTRIBUTE TO AN ENHANCED VULNERABILITY TO STRESS-INDUCED DISEASES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
16  6175  33 THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) ALLEVIATES DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND NORMALIZES EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS DURING ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL. WITHDRAWAL FROM CHRONIC ALCOHOL DRINKING CAN CAUSE DEPRESSION, LEADING TO AN INABILITY TO FUNCTION IN DAILY LIFE AND AN INCREASED RISK FOR RELAPSE TO HARMFUL DRINKING. UNDERSTANDING THE CAUSES OF ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL-RELATED DEPRESSION MAY LEAD TO NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR TREATMENT. EPIGENETIC FACTORS HAVE RECENTLY EMERGED AS IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORS TO BOTH DEPRESSION AND ALCOHOL USE DISORDER (AUD). SPECIFICALLY, ACETYLATION OF THE N-TERMINAL TAILS OF HISTONE PROTEINS THAT PACKAGE DNA INTO NUCLEOSOMES IS ALTERED IN STRESS-INDUCED MODELS OF DEPRESSION AND DURING ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL. THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR DURING ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL AND ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 (HDAC2) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, A BRAIN REGION CRITICAL FOR MOOD REGULATION AND DEPRESSION. MALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE TREATED WITH THE LIEBER-DECARLI ETHANOL LIQUID DIET FOR 15 DAYS AND THEN UNDERWENT WITHDRAWAL. RATS WERE TREATED WITH THE HDAC INHIBITOR, SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA), DURING WITHDRAWAL AND WERE TESTED FOR DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR. IN A SEPARATE GROUP OF RATS, THE HIPPOCAMPUS WAS ANALYZED FOR MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF HDAC2 AND LEVELS OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 9 ACETYLATION (H3K9AC) DURING CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE AND WITHDRAWAL. RATS UNDERGOING ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL EXHIBITED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND HAD INCREASED HDAC2 AND DECREASED H3K9AC LEVELS IN SPECIFIC STRUCTURES OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS. TREATMENT WITH SAHA DURING WITHDRAWAL AMELIORATED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND NORMALIZED CHANGES IN HIPPOCAMPAL HDAC2 AND H3K9AC LEVELS. THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL CAUSES AN ALTERED EPIGENETIC STATE IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. TREATMENT WITH AN HDAC INHIBITOR CAN CORRECT THIS STATE AND ALLEVIATE DEPRESSION-LIKE SYMPTOMS DEVELOPED DURING WITHDRAWAL. TARGETING HISTONE ACETYLATION MAY BE A NOVEL STRATEGY TO REDUCE ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED DEPRESSION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
17   219  36 ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS FOLLOWING CONTEXTUAL FEAR CONDITIONING REDUCES FEAR MEMORY: TIMING IS ESSENTIAL. BACKGROUND: HISTONE ACETYLATION IS REGULATED IN RESPONSE TO STRESS AND PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN LEARNING AND MEMORY. CHRONIC STRESS IS KNOWN TO DETERIORATE COGNITION, WHEREAS ACUTE STRESS FACILITATES MEMORY FORMATION. HOWEVER, WHETHER ACUTE STRESS FACILITATES MEMORY FORMATION WHEN IT IS APPLIED AFTER FEAR STIMULATION IS NOT YET KNOWN. THEREFORE, THIS STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF ACUTE STRESS APPLIED AFTER FEAR TRAINING ON MEMORY FORMATION, MRNA EXPRESSION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF), EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION, AND CORTICOSTERONE LEVEL IN MICE IN VIVO. METHODS: MICE WERE SUBJECTED TO ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS FOR 30 MIN AT 60 OR 90 MIN AFTER CONTEXTUAL FEAR CONDITIONING TRAINING, AND ACETYLATION OF HISTONE 3 AT LYSINE 14 (H3K14) AND LEVEL OF CORTICOSTERONE WERE MEASURED USING WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS AND ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA), RESPECTIVELY. A FREEZING BEHAVIOR TEST WAS PERFORMED 24 H AFTER TRAINING, AND MRNA EXPRESSION OF BDNF WAS MEASURED USING REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTIONS. DIFFERENT GROUPS OF MICE WERE USED FOR EACH TEST. RESULTS: FREEZING BEHAVIOR SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED WITH THE DOWN-REGULATION OF BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION CAUSED BY ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS AT 60 MIN AFTER FEAR CONDITIONING TRAINING OWING TO THE REDUCTION OF H3K14 ACETYLATION. HOWEVER, BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION AND H3K14 ACETYLATION WERE NOT REDUCED IN ANIMALS SUBJECTED TO IMMOBILIZATION STRESS AT 90 MIN AFTER THE TRAINING. FURTHER, THE CORTICOSTERONE LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGH IN MICE SUBJECTED TO IMMOBILIZATION STRESS AT 60 MIN AFTER THE TRAINING. CONCLUSION: ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS FOR 30 MIN AT 60 MIN AFTER FEAR CONDITIONING TRAINING IMPAIRED MEMORY FORMATION AND REDUCED BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION AND H3K14 ACETYLATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF MICE OWING TO THE HIGH LEVEL OF CORTICOSTERONE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
18  1753  32 EARLY LIFE STRESS TRIGGERS SUSTAINED CHANGES IN HISTONE DEACETYLASE EXPRESSION AND HISTONE H4 MODIFICATIONS THAT ALTER RESPONSIVENESS TO ADOLESCENT ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT. EARLY LIFE STRESS CAN ELICIT LONG-LASTING CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AND BEHAVIOR. RECENT STUDIES ON RODENTS SUGGEST THAT THESE LASTING EFFECTS DEPEND ON THE GENETIC BACKGROUND. WHETHER EPIGENETIC FACTORS ALSO PLAY A ROLE REMAINS TO BE INVESTIGATED. HERE WE EXPOSED THE STRESS-SUSCEPTIBLE MOUSE STRAIN BALB/C AND THE MORE RESILIENT STRAIN C57BL/6 TO A POWERFUL EARLY LIFE STRESS PARADIGM, INFANT MATERNAL SEPARATION. IN BALB/C MICE, INFANT MATERNAL SEPARATION LED TO DECREASED EXPRESSION OF MRNA ENCODING THE HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) 1, 3, 7, 8, AND 10 IN THE FOREBRAIN NEOCORTEX IN ADULTHOOD, AN EFFECT ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED EXPRESSION OF ACETYLATED HISTONE H4 PROTEINS, ESPECIALLY ACETYLATED H4K12 PROTEIN. THESE CHANGES IN HDAC EXPRESSION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS WERE NOT DETECTED IN C57BL/6 MICE EXPOSED TO EARLY LIFE STRESS. MOREOVER, A REVERSAL OF THE H4K12 HYPERACETYLATION DETECTED IN INFANT MATERNALLY SEPARATED BALB/C MICE (ACHIEVED WITH CHRONIC ADOLESCENT TREATMENT WITH A LOW DOSE OF THEOPHYLLINE THAT ONLY ACTIVATES HDACS) WORSENED THE ABNORMAL EMOTIONAL PHENOTYPE RESULTING FROM THIS EARLY LIFE STRESS EXPOSURE. IN CONTRAST, FLUOXETINE, A DRUG WITH POTENT ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFICACY IN INFANT MATERNALLY SEPARATED BALB/C MICE, POTENTIATED ALL HISTONE MODIFICATIONS TRIGGERED BY EARLY LIFE STRESS. MOREOVER, IN NON-STRESSED BALB/C MICE, CO-ADMINISTRATION OF AN HDAC INHIBITOR AND FLUOXETINE, BUT NOT FLUOXETINE ALONE, ELICITED ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECTS AND ALSO TRIGGERED CHANGES IN HISTONE H4 EXPRESSION THAT WERE SIMILAR TO THOSE PROVOKED BY FLUOXETINE TREATMENT OF MICE EXPOSED TO EARLY LIFE STRESS. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT BALB/C MICE DEVELOP EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AFTER EARLY LIFE STRESS EXPOSURE THAT, IN TERMS OF THE EMOTIVE PHENOTYPE, ARE OF ADAPTIVE NATURE, AND THAT ENHANCE THE EFFICACY OF ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
19  1800  26 EFFECT OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR ON ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA IN RATS. BACKGROUND: INCREASED PAIN SENSITIVITY IS OBSERVED FOLLOWING ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL, AND ATTEMPTS TO ALLEVIATE THIS HYPERALGESIA CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE CYCLE OF ADDICTION. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE IF ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA WAS OBSERVED IN A CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE MODEL AND IF THIS PAIN WAS AFFECTED BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS, THUS REVEALING AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. METHODS: ADULT MALE SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS RECEIVED LIEBER-DECARLI LIQUID CONTROL OR ETHANOL (9% V/V) DIET FOR 15 DAYS. MECHANICAL SENSITIVITY WAS MEASURED WITH VON FREY HAIR STIMULATION OF THE HINDPAW DURING ETHANOL ADMINISTRATION AND 24- AND 72-HOUR WITHDRAWAL. RESULTS: ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL PRODUCED SEVERE AND SUSTAINED MECHANICAL HYPERALGESIA, AN EFFECT NOT OBSERVED IN THE CONTROL OR ETHANOL-MAINTAINED GROUPS. FURTHERMORE, THIS HYPERALGESIA WAS ATTENUATED BY THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID TREATMENT. CONCLUSIONS: HEIGHTENED PAIN SENSITIVITY WAS OBSERVED FOLLOWING WITHDRAWAL FROM CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE, AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS COULD BE NOVEL TREATMENTS FOR THIS ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
20  4544  43 MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY IN HYPOXIA WITH INFLAMMATION IS CONTROLLED BY BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN PROTEINS. SOME OF THE CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) PATIENTS ENGAGED IN EXERCISE-BASED MUSCLE REHABILITATION PROGRAMS ARE UNRESPONSIVE. TO UNRAVEL THE RESPECTIVE ROLE OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA AND PULMONARY INFLAMMATION ON SOLEUS MUSCLE HYPERTROPHIC CAPACITIES, WE CHALLENGED MALE WISTAR RATS TO REPEATED LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE INSTILLATIONS, ASSOCIATED OR NOT WITH A CHRONIC HYPOXIA EXPOSURE. MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY WAS INITIATED BY BILATERAL ABLATION OF SOLEUS AGONISTS 1 WEEK BEFORE SACRIFICE. TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE PLAYED BY THE HISTONE ACETYLATION, WE ALSO TREATED OUR ANIMALS WITH AN INHIBITOR OF BROMODOMAINS AND EXTRA TERMINAL PROTEINS (I-BET) DURING THE WEEK AFTER SURGERY. PULMONARY INFLAMMATION TOTALLY INHIBITED THIS HYPERTROPHY RESPONSE UNDER BOTH NORMOXIC AND HYPOXIC CONDITIONS (26% LOWER THAN CONTROL SURGERY, P < 0.05), CONSISTENT WITH THE S6K1 AND MYOGENIN MEASUREMENTS. CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND CLASS IIA HISTONE DEACETYLASES EXPRESSION, FOLLOWING PULMONARY INFLAMMATION, SUGGESTED A PUTATIVE ROLE FOR HISTONE ACETYLATION SIGNALING IN THE ALTERED HYPERTROPHY RESPONSE. THE I-BET DRUG RESTORED THE HYPERTROPHY RESPONSE SUGGESTING THAT THE NON-RESPONSE OF MUSCLE TO A HYPERTROPHIC STIMULUS COULD BE MODULATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, INCLUDING HISTONE-ACETYLATION DEPENDANT PATHWAYS. DRUGS TARGETING SUCH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY OPEN THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVES FOR COPD PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION WHO ARE UNRESPONSIVE TO REHABILITATION.	2017