1  5559 125 ROLE OF HIPPOCAMPAL CIRCKCNK9 IN VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY COMORBIDITY OF IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME. IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) IS A COMMON GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY RECURRENT VISCERAL PAIN AND ALTERED BOWEL HABITS (DIARRHEA OR CONSTIPATION). HOWEVER, THE MOLECULAR AND PATHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. THIS STUDY FOUND NEONATAL COLORECTAL DISTENSION TO INDUCE VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY. THE EXPRESSION OF HIPPOCAMPAL CIRCKCNK9, A NOVEL CIRCRNA, WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN IBS-LIKE RATS. INTERESTINGLY, CA1 SHCIRCKCNK9 TREATMENT INHIBITED LONG-TERM POTENTIATION (LTP) AND ALLEVIATED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY IN IBS-LIKE RATS, WHEREAS OVEREXPRESSION OF CA1 CIRCKCNK9 INDUCED LTP, VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY, AND ANXIETY IN CONTROLS. SEVERAL EXPERIMENTS INDICATED THAT INCREASED CA1 CIRCKCNK9 ACTED AS A MIR-124-3P SPONGE, WHICH RESULTED IN THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF MIR-124-3P ON GENE SILENCING. THERE WAS A NEGATIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN CIRCKCNK9 AND MIR-124-3P EXPRESSION. AS EXPECTED, CA1 ADMINISTRATION OF AGOMIR-124-3P DECREASED CA1 LTP, VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY, AND ANXIETY IN THE IBS-LIKE RATS. IN CONTRAST, CA1 TREATMENT WITH ANTAGOMIR-124-3P INDUCED LTP, VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY, AND ANXIETY IN THE CONTROLS. FURTHERMORE, BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA SHOWED THAT EZH2 IS A CIRCKCNK9/MIR-124-3P TARGET GENE, AND INCREASED EZH2 EXPRESSION WAS INVOLVED IN VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY IN IBS-LIKE RATS BY ENHANCING HIPPOCAMPAL SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY. IN CONCLUSION, EARLY LIFE STRESS INDUCES INCREASED EXPRESSION OF CIRCKCNK9 IN THE CA1 OF IBS-LIKE RATS. INCREASED CIRCKCNK9 EXPRESSION REGULATES SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AND ENHANCES LTP, LEADING TO VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY IN IBS-LIKE RATS. THE UNDERLYING CIRCKCNK9 SIGNALING PATHWAY IS MIR124-3P/EZH2. INCREASED CIRCKCNK9 REINFORCES ITS SPONGING OF MIR124-3P AND STRONGLY SUPPRESSES MIR124-3P ACTIVITY, RESULTING IN INCREASED EXPRESSION OF THE TARGET GENE EZH2. THIS STUDY PROVIDES A NEW EPIGENETIC MECHANISM FOR VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY IN IBS-LIKE RATS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
2  2745  40 EXPRESS: HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION MODULATES SPINAL TYPE II METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR ALLEVIATING STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN FEMALE RATS. STRESS IS OFTEN A TRIGGER TO EXACERBATE CHRONIC PAIN INCLUDING VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY ASSOCIATED WITH IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME, A FEMALE PREDOMINANT FUNCTIONAL BOWEL DISORDER. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT MEDIATE STRESS RESPONSES ARE A POTENTIAL TARGET TO INTERFERE WITH VISCERAL PAIN. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE THE EFFECT OF A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID, ON VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY INDUCED BY A SUBCHRONIC STRESSOR IN FEMALE RATS AND TO INVESTIGATE THE INVOLVEMENT OF SPINAL GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS. THREE DAILY SESSIONS OF FORCED SWIM INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. INTRATHECAL SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID PREVENTED OR REVERSED THE STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY, INCREASED SPINAL HISTONE 3 ACETYLATION AND INCREASED MGLUR2 AND MGLUR3 EXPRESSION. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ANALYSIS REVEALED ENRICHMENT OF H3K9AC AND H3K18AC AT SEVERAL PROMOTER GRM2 AND GRM3 REGIONS. THE MGLUR2/3 ANTAGONIST LY341495 REVERSED THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID ON THE STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. IN SURPRISING CONTRAST, STRESS AND/OR SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID HAD NO EFFECT ON SPINAL NMDA RECEPTOR EXPRESSION OR FUNCTION. THESE DATA REVEAL HISTONE MODIFICATION MODULATES MGLUR2/3 EXPRESSION IN THE SPINAL CORD TO ATTENUATE STRESSINDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. HDAC INHIBITORS MAY PROVIDE A POTENTIAL APPROACH TO RELIEVE VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY ASSOCIATED WITH IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
3  2187  45 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL PAIN: RESILIENCE VERSUS VULNERABILITY IN A TWO-HIT MODEL OF EARLY LIFE STRESS AND CHRONIC ADULT STRESS. BACKGROUND: WOMEN WITH A HISTORY OF EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) HAVE A HIGHER RISK OF DEVELOPING IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS). IN ADDITION, CHRONIC STRESS IN ADULTHOOD CAN EXACERBATE IBS SYMPTOMS SUCH AS ABDOMINAL PAIN DUE TO VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. WE PREVIOUSLY SHOWED THAT SEX AND THE PREDICTABILITY OF ELS DETERMINE WHETHER RATS DEVELOP VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN ADULTHOOD. IN FEMALE RATS, UNPREDICTABLE ELS CONFERS VULNERABILITY AND RESULTS IN VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY, WHEREAS PREDICTABLE ELS INDUCES RESILIENCE AND DOES NOT INDUCE VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN ADULTHOOD. HOWEVER, THIS RESILIENCE IS LOST AFTER EXPOSURE TO CHRONIC STRESS IN ADULTHOOD LEADING TO AN EXACERBATION OF VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) AND CORTICOTROPHIN-RELEASING FACTOR (CRF) IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA (CEA) UNDERLIE STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. HERE, WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE CEA ON VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN A TWO-HIT MODEL OF ELS FOLLOWED BY CHRONIC STRESS IN ADULTHOOD. METHODS: MALE AND FEMALE NEONATAL RATS WERE EXPOSED TO UNPREDICTABLE, PREDICTABLE ELS, OR ODOR ONLY (NO STRESS CONTROL) FROM POSTNATAL DAYS 8 TO 12. IN ADULTHOOD, RATS UNDERWENT STEREOTAXIC IMPLANTATION OF INDWELLING CANNULAS. RATS WERE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS (WAS, 1 H/DAY FOR 7 DAYS) OR SHAM STRESS AND RECEIVED INFUSIONS OF VEHICLE, THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) OR THE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR GARCINOL (GAR) AFTER EACH WAS SESSION. 24 H AFTER THE FINAL INFUSION, VISCERAL SENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED AND THE CEA WAS REMOVED FOR MOLECULAR EXPERIMENTS. RESULTS: IN THE TWO-HIT MODEL (ELS + WAS), FEMALE RATS PREVIOUSLY EXPOSED TO PREDICTABLE ELS, SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 (H3K9) ACETYLATION AT THE GR PROMOTER AND A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN H3K9 ACETYLATION AT THE CRF PROMOTER. THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN GR AND CRF MRNA EXPRESSION IN THE CEA AND AN EXACERBATION OF STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN FEMALE ANIMALS. TSA INFUSIONS IN THE CEA ATTENUATED THE EXACERBATED STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY, WHEREAS GAR INFUSIONS ONLY PARTIALLY AMELIORATED ELS+WAS INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. CONCLUSION: THE TWO-HIT MODEL OF ELS FOLLOWED BY WAS IN ADULTHOOD REVEALED THAT EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION OCCURS AFTER EXPOSURE TO STRESS IN TWO IMPORTANT PERIODS OF LIFE AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. THESE ABERRANT UNDERLYING EPIGENETIC CHANGES MAY EXPLAIN THE EXACERBATION OF STRESS-INDUCED ABDOMINAL PAIN IN IBS PATIENTS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
4  5777  44 SPINAL CIRCKCNK9 REGULATES CHRONIC VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY OF IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME. DYSREGULATION OF CIRCULAR RNAS (CIRCRNAS) HAS BEEN REPORTED TO BE FUNCTIONALLY ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN, BUT IT IS UNKNOWN WHETHER AND HOW CIRCRNAS PARTICIPATE IN VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. THE EXPRESSION OF CIRCKCNK9 WAS INCREASED IN SPINAL NEURONS OF IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS)-LIKE RATS. SHCIRCKCNK9 ATTENUATED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND INHIBITED C-FOS EXPRESSION IN IBS-LIKE RATS, WHEREAS OVEREXPRESSION OF SPINAL CIRCKCNK9 INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND INCREASED C-FOS EXPRESSION IN CONTROL RATS. FURTHERMORE, CIRCKCNK9 WAS FOUND TO ACT AS A MIR-124-3P SPONGE. MIR-124-3P ANTAGOMIR RESTORED PAIN RESPONSES DOWNREGULATED BY SHCIRCKCNK9 IN IBS-LIKE RATS. FINALLY, THE SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION 3 (STAT3), VALIDATED AS A TARGET OF MIR-124-3P, COULD PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY BY REGULATING NSF/GLUR2. PERSPECTIVE: SPINAL CIRCKCNK9 FUNCTIONS AS A MIR-124-3P SPONGE TO PROMOTE VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY BY REGULATING THE STAT3/NSF/GLUR2 PATHWAY. THIS PATHWAY MIGHT PROVIDE A NOVEL EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND A POTENTIAL CIRCRNA THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR IBS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
5  1163  49 CONTRIBUTION OF AMYGDALA HISTONE ACETYLATION IN EARLY LIFE STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND EMOTIONAL COMORBIDITY. PATIENTS WITH IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) EXPERIENCE NOT ONLY ENHANCED VISCERAL PAIN BUT ALSO EMOTIONAL COMORBIDITIES, SUCH AS ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION. EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) IS A HIGH-RISK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF IBS. LITERATURES HAVE REPORTED AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC MODULATION IN SUSTAINING EXTRINSIC PHENOTYPES. THE AMYGDALA IS CLOSELY RELATED TO THE REGULATION OF VISCERAL FUNCTIONS AND EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCES. IN THIS STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT ELS-INDUCED REPROGRAMMING INAPPROPRIATE ADAPTATION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION MODIFICATION IN THE AMYGDALA MAY RESULT IN VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN ELS RATS. TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, THE MODEL OF ELS RATS WAS ESTABLISHED BY NEONATAL COLORECTAL DILATATION (CRD). VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED BASED ON THE ELECTROMYOGRAPHY RESPONSE OF THE ABDOMINAL EXTERNAL OBLIQUE MUSCLE TO CRD. EMOTIONAL COMORBIDITIES WERE EXAMINED USING THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE TEST, OPEN FIELD TEST, AND SUCROSE PREFERENCE TEST. TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) AND C646 WERE MICROINJECTED INTO THE CENTRAL AMYGDALA (CEA) INDIVIDUALLY TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION MODIFICATION ON VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND EMOTION. WE FOUND NEONATAL CRD RESULTED IN VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS AFTER ADULTHOOD. INHIBITING HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) IN THE CEA BY TSA ENHANCED VISCERAL SENSITIVITY BUT DID NOT AFFECT ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS, WHEREAS INHIBITING HAT BY C646 ATTENUATED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN ELS RATS. INTERESTINGLY, CEA TREATMENT WITH TSA INDUCED VISCERAL SENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN THE CONTROL RATS. WESTERN BLOT SHOWED THAT THE EXPRESSIONS OF ACETYLATED 9 RESIDUE OF HISTONE 3 (H3K9) AND PROTEIN KINASE C ZETA TYPE (PKMZETA) WERE HIGHER IN THE ELS RATS COMPARED TO THOSE OF THE CONTROLS. THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE PKMZETA INHIBITOR ZIP INTO THE CEA ATTENUATED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY OF ELS RATS. FURTHERMORE, THE EXPRESSION OF AMYGDALA PKMZETA WAS ENHANCED BY TSA TREATMENT IN CONTROL RATS. FINALLY, WESTERN BLOT AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE RESULTS INDICATED THE DECREASE OF HDAC1 AND HDAC2 EXPRESSIONS, BUT NOT HDAC3 EXPRESSION, CONTRIBUTED TO THE ENHANCEMENT OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN ELS RATS. OUR RESULTS SUPPORT OUR HYPOTHESIS THAT AMYGDALA-ENHANCED HISTONE ACETYLATION INDUCED BY STRESS IN EARLY LIFE RESULTS IN VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN ELS RATS, AND REVERSING THE ABNORMAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY BE CRUCIAL TO RELIEVE CHRONIC SYMPTOMS IN ELS RATS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
6  5651  28 SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CHRONIC VISCERAL PAIN FOLLOWING UNPREDICTABLE EARLY LIFE STRESS. BACKGROUND: WE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED THAT EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) DYSREGULATED GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) AND CORTICOTROPHIN-RELEASING HORMONE (CRH) EXPRESSION IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA (CEA). EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS SERVE AS MEMORIES OF ADVERSE EVENTS THAT OCCURRED DURING EARLY LIFE. THEREFORE, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ALTER GR AND CRH EXPRESSION IN THE CEA AND UNDERLIE CHRONIC VISCERAL PAIN AFTER ELS. METHODS: NEONATAL RATS WERE EXPOSED TO UNPREDICTABLE, PREDICTABLE ELS, OR ODOR ONLY (NO STRESS CONTROL) FROM POSTNATAL DAYS 8 TO 12. IN ADULTHOOD, VISCERAL SENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED OR THE CEA WAS ISOLATED FOR WESTERN BLOT OR CHIP-QPCR TO STUDY HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AT THE GR AND CRH PROMOTERS. FEMALE ADULT RATS UNDERWENT STEREOTAXIC IMPLANTATION OF INDWELLING CANNULAS FOR MICROINJECTIONS OF GARCINOL (HAT INHIBITOR) INTO THE CEA. AFTER 7 DAYS OF MICROINJECTIONS, VISCERAL SENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED OR THE CEA WAS ISOLATED FOR CHIP-QPCR ASSAYS. RESULTS: UNPREDICTABLE ELS INCREASED VISCERAL SENSITIVITY IN ADULT FEMALE RATS, BUT NOT IN MALE COUNTERPARTS. ELS INCREASED HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 (H3K9) ACETYLATION IN THE CEA AND H3K9 ACETYLATION LEVELS AT THE GR PROMOTER IN THE CEA OF ADULT FEMALE RATS. AFTER UNPREDICTABLE ELS, H3K9 ACETYLATION WAS INCREASED AND GR BINDING WAS DECREASED AT THE CRH PROMOTER. ADMINISTRATION OF GARCINOL IN THE CEA OF ADULT FEMALES, THAT UNDERWENT UNPREDICTABLE ELS, NORMALIZED H3K9 ACETYLATION AND RESTORED GR BINDING AT THE CRH PROMOTER. CONCLUSION: DYSREGULATED HISTONE ACETYLATION AND GR BINDING AT THE CRH PROMOTER IN THE CEA ARE AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM FOR "MEMORIZING" ELS EVENTS MEDIATING VISCERAL PAIN IN ADULTHOOD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
7  5834  34 STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL PAIN IN FEMALE RATS IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC REMODELING IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA. STRESS AND ANXIETY CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS), A FEMALE-PREDOMINANT DISORDER OF THE GUT-BRAIN AXIS, CHARACTERIZED BY ABDOMINAL PAIN DUE TO HEIGHTENED VISCERAL SENSITIVITY. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE AIMED TO EVALUATE IN FEMALE RATS WHETHER EPIGENETIC REMODELING IN THE LIMBIC BRAIN, SPECIFICALLY IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA (CEA), IS A CONTRIBUTING FACTOR IN STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT 1 H EXPOSURE TO WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS (WAS) FOR 7 CONSECUTIVE DAYS DECREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE GR PROMOTER AND INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE CRH PROMOTER IN THE CEA. CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION WERE MEDIATED BY THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) SIRT-6 AND THE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE CBP, RESPECTIVELY. ADMINISTRATION OF THE HDAC INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) INTO THE CEA PREVENTED STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY THROUGH BLOCKADE OF SIRT-6 MEDIATED HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE GR PROMOTER. IN ADDITION, HDAC INHIBITION WITHIN THE CEA PREVENTED STRESS-INDUCED HISTONE ACETYLATION OF THE CRH PROMOTER. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT, IN FEMALES, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE LIMBIC BRAIN REGULATING GR AND CRH EXPRESSION CONTRIBUTE TO STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND OFFER A POTENTIAL EXPLANATION OF HOW STRESS CAN TRIGGER SYMPTOMS IN IBS PATIENTS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
8  3600  48 IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN VISCERAL PAIN INDUCED BY CHRONIC WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS. EPIGENETIC MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, WHICH INCLUDE DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE DEACETYLATION, ARE IMPLICATED IN THE DYSREGULATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS. PREVIOUSLY, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT REPEATED WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS (WAS), A VALIDATED MODEL OF CHRONIC PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS, INDUCES HEIGHTENED VISCERAL PAIN BEHAVIORS IN RODENTS THAT RESEMBLE IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) SEQUELAE. HOWEVER, THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL PAIN HAS NOT BEEN EXPLORED. OUR HYPOTHESIS IS THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS WITHIN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) ARE IMPORTANT TO CHRONIC STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. ADULT MALE F-344 RATS WITH INTRACEREBROVENTRICULAR (I.C.V.) CANNULAE WERE EXPOSED TO 7 DAYS OF REPEATED WAS. CONTROLS RECEIVED A SHAM STRESS. FOLLOWING THE DAILY 1H STRESSOR, TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA; 100 NG/ML), A POTENT HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, OR VEHICLE (VEH; 0.1% DMSO/SALINE,) AS CONTROL WAS ADMINISTERED VIA THE I.C.V. CANNULA. VISCERAL SENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED 24H AFTER THE FINAL WAS AND QUANTIFIED THE VISCEROMOTOR RESPONSE (VMR) BY RECORDING THE NUMBER OF ABDOMINAL CONTRACTIONS IN RESPONSE TO GRADED PRESSURES (20-60 MMHG) OF COLORECTAL DISTENSIONS (CRD). FROM A SEPARATE GROUP OF RATS THAT WERE EXPOSED TO REPEATED WAS OR SHAM STRESS, THE AMYGDALA WAS ISOLATED TO ASSESS THE METHYLATION STATUS OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) AND CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING-FACTOR (CRF) GENES VIA BISULFITE SEQUENCING AND VERIFIED BY PYROSEQUENCING. GR AND CRF GENE EXPRESSION WAS QUANTIFIED VIA QRT-PCR. STRESSED RATS EXHIBITED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY THAT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED BY TSA. COMPARED TO SHAM CONTROLS, METHYLATION OF THE GR GENE WAS INCREASED FOLLOWING WAS WHILE EXPRESSION OF THE GR GENE WAS DECREASED. METHYLATION OF THE CRF PROMOTER WAS DECREASED WITH WAS WITH A CONCOMITANT INCREASE IN CRF EXPRESSION. THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES THE INVOLVEMENT OF CENTRAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN REGULATING STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND PROVIDES A FOUNDATION FOR EXPLORING THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO IBS-LIKE SYMPTOMATOLOGY.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
9  5831  51 STRESS-INDUCED CHRONIC VISCERAL PAIN OF GASTROINTESTINAL ORIGIN. VISCERAL PAIN IS GENERALLY POORLY LOCALIZED AND CHARACTERIZED BY HYPERSENSITIVITY TO A STIMULUS SUCH AS ORGAN DISTENSION. IN CONCERT WITH CHRONIC VISCERAL PAIN, THERE IS A HIGH COMORBIDITY WITH STRESS-RELATED PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS INCLUDING ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION. THE MECHANISMS LINKING VISCERAL PAIN WITH THESE OVERLAPPING COMORBIDITIES REMAIN TO BE ELUCIDATED. EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT LONG TERM STRESS FACILITATES PAIN PERCEPTION AND SENSITIZES PAIN PATHWAYS, LEADING TO A FEED-FORWARD CYCLE PROMOTING CHRONIC VISCERAL PAIN DISORDERS SUCH AS IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS). EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) IS A RISK-FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF IBS, HOWEVER THE MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PERSISTENT EFFECTS OF ELS ON VISCERAL PERCEPTION IN ADULTHOOD REMAIN INCOMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. IN RODENT MODELS, STRESS IN ADULT ANIMALS INDUCED BY RESTRAINT AND WATER AVOIDANCE HAS BEEN EMPLOYED TO INVESTIGATE THE MECHANISMS OF STRESS-INDUCE PAIN. ELS MODELS SUCH AS MATERNAL SEPARATION, LIMITED NESTING, OR ODOR-SHOCK CONDITIONING, WHICH ATTEMPT TO MODEL EARLY CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES SUCH AS NEGLECT, POVERTY, OR AN ABUSIVE CAREGIVER, CAN PRODUCE CHRONIC, SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC INCREASES IN VISCERAL SENSITIVITY IN ADULTHOOD. CHRONIC VISCERAL PAIN IS A CLASSIC EXAMPLE OF GENE X ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION WHICH RESULTS FROM MALADAPTIVE CHANGES IN NEURONAL CIRCUITRY LEADING TO NEUROPLASTICITY AND ABERRANT NEURONAL ACTIVITY-INDUCED SIGNALING. ONE POTENTIAL MECHANISM UNDERLYING THE PERSISTENT EFFECTS OF STRESS ON VISCERAL SENSITIVITY COULD BE EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. WHILE THERE ARE RELATIVELY FEW STUDIES EXAMINING EPIGENETICALLY MEDIATED MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN VISCERAL NOCICEPTION, STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL PAIN HAS BEEN LINKED TO ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS WITHIN THE BRAIN, LEADING TO INCREASED EXPRESSION OF PRO-NOCICEPTIVE NEUROTRANSMITTERS. THIS REVIEW WILL DISCUSS THE POTENTIAL NEURONAL PATHWAYS AND MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR STRESS-INDUCED EXACERBATION OF CHRONIC VISCERAL PAIN. ADDITIONALLY, WE WILL REVIEW THE IMPORTANCE OF SPECIFIC EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF ADULT STRESS AND ELS IN ENHANCING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE BASIC MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF PAIN PROCESSING.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
10  1920  44 ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT PREVENTS STRESS-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR AND CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA TO INHIBIT VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. INTRODUCTION: STRESS IS A KNOWN TRIGGER FOR THE SYMPTOMS OF IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS), A GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) DISORDER THAT PRESENTS WITH ABNORMAL BOWEL HABITS AND ABDOMINAL PAIN DUE TO VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. WHILE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES HAVE BEEN USED TO ATTENUATE IBS SYMPTOMS, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS BY WHICH THESE THERAPIES INTERACT WITH STRESS-INDUCED PATHOLOGY REMAINS TO BE DELINEATED. HERE WE USE A RAT MODEL TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT (EE) INHIBITS STRESS-INDUCED CHANGES WITHIN THE BRAIN-GUT AXIS TO PREVENT VISCERAL AND SOMATIC HYPERSENSITIVITY AND COLONIC HYPERPERMEABILITY. METHODS: FEMALE RATS (N = 8/GROUP) WERE HOUSED IN EE ONE WEEK BEFORE AND ONE WEEK DURING EXPOSURE TO WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS (WAS) WHILE CONTROLS WERE HOUSED IN STANDARD CAGES (SH). ONE DAY AFTER THE FINAL WAS EXPOSURE, COLONIC AND SOMATIC SENSITIVITY WERE ASSESSED BY THE VISCEROMOTOR RESPONSE (VMR) TO COLORECTAL DISTENSION (CRD) AND WITHDRAWAL THRESHOLD ELICITED BY AN ELECTRONIC VON FREY ON THE HIND PAW OF THE RATS RESPECTIVELY. ALL RATS WERE RETURNED TO SH FOR 3 WEEKS BEFORE COLONIC AND SOMATIC SENSITIVITY WERE REASSESSED ON DAY 28. THE RATS WERE THEN IMMEDIATELY EUTHANIZED AND THE SPINAL CORD WAS COLLECTED TO ASSESS CHANGES IN NEURONAL ACTIVATION (ASSESSED VIA ERK PHOSPHORYLATION) IN RESPONSE TO NOXIOUS CRD. A SEPARATE COHORT OF ANIMALS (N = 8/GROUP) THAT DID NOT UNDERGO BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENTS WAS EUTHANIZED THE DAY AFTER THE FINAL WAS EXPOSURE AND THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA (CEA) WAS COLLECTED TO INVESTIGATE WAS AND EE INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) AND CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE (CRH) PROMOTER. THE COLON FROM THESE RATS WAS ALSO COLLECTED TO ASSESS COLONIC PERMEABILITY VIA CHANGES IN TRANSEPITHELIAL ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE (TEER) IN VITRO. RESULTS: EXPOSURE TO STRESS PERSISTENTLY INCREASED VMR TO CRD (P < 0.01) AND DECREASED THE HIND PAW WITHDRAWAL THRESHOLD (P < 0.001) IN FEMALE RATS. WAS ALSO DECREASED TEER IN THE COLON TISSUE OF FEMALE RATS (P = 0.05). IN THE CEA, WAS INDUCED A DECREASE IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE GR PROMOTER BUT INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE CRH PROMOTER AND REDUCED GR-CRH INTERACTIONS IN THE CEA. ANALYSIS OF THE SPINAL CORD SHOWED THAT WAS INCREASED CRD-EVOKED ERK PHOSPHORYLATION IN THE DORSAL HORN. EXPOSURE TO EE PREVENTED WAS-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE CEA, DORSAL HORN AND COLON RESPECTIVELY TO PREVENT VISCERAL AND SOMATIC HYPERSENSITIVITY. CONCLUSION: OUR DATA REVEALS THAT BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES CAN PRODUCE LONG LASTING MOLECULAR AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT CAN PREVENT STRESS-INDUCED PATHOLOGIES EVEN AFTER COMPLETION OF THE THERAPY. THESE RESULTS HIGHLIGHT THE POTENTIAL MECHANISMS BY WHICH BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES MAY AMELIORATE VISCERAL PAIN ASSOCIATED STRESS-RELATED PATHOLOGIES SUCH AS THE IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME.	2021	

11  1773  36 EARLY-LIFE STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY BEHAVIOR IS REVERSED BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITION. STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS, ESPECIALLY IN CHILDHOOD, CAN HAVE DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS ON HEALTH AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A HOST OF PSYCHIATRIC AND GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS INCLUDING IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS). EARLY-LIFE STRESS CAN BE RECAPITULATED IN ANIMALS USING THE MATERNAL SEPARATION (MS) MODEL, EXHIBITING MANY KEY PHENOTYPIC OUTCOMES INCLUDING VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MS ARE UNCLEAR, BUT RECENT STUDIES POINT TO A ROLE FOR EPIGENETICS. HISTONE ACETYLATION IS A KEY EPIGENETIC MARK THAT IS ALTERED IN NUMEROUS STRESS-RELATED DISEASE STATES. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN EARLY-LIFE STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. INTERESTINGLY, INCREASED NUMBER OF PAIN BEHAVIORS AND REDUCED THRESHOLD OF VISCERAL SENSATION WERE ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERATIONS IN HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE LUMBOSACRAL SPINAL CORD, A KEY REGION IN VISCERAL PAIN PROCESSING. MOREOVER, WE ALSO INVESTIGATED WHETHER THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR, SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA), COULD REVERSE EARLY-LIFE STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND STRESS-INDUCED FECAL PELLET OUTPUT IN THE MS MODEL. SIGNIFICANTLY, SAHA REVERSED BOTH OF THESE PARAMETERS. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE DATA DESCRIBE, FOR THE FIRST TIME, A KEY ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF EARLY-LIFE STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN A WELL-ESTABLISHED MODEL OF IBS. THESE FINDINGS WILL INFORM NEW RESEARCH AIMED AT THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL PHARMACEUTICAL APPROACHES TARGETING THE EPIGENETIC MACHINERY FOR NOVEL ANTI-IBS DRUGS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
12  2482  33 EPIGENETIC UPREGULATION OF METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR 2 IN THE SPINAL CORD ATTENUATES OESTROGEN-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. OBJECTIVE: EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE POTENTIAL TARGETS TO RELIEVE SOMATIC PAIN. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN WHETHER EPIGENETIC REGULATION INTERFERES WITH VISCERAL PAIN. PREVIOUS STUDIES SHOW THAT OESTROGEN FACILITATES VISCERAL PAIN. THIS STUDY AIMED TO DETERMINE WHETHER HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION IN THE SPINAL CORD COULD ATTENUATE OESTROGEN-FACILITATED VISCERAL PAIN. DESIGN: THE EFFECT OF THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) ON THE MAGNITUDE OF THE VISCEROMOTOR RESPONSE (VMR) TO COLORECTAL DISTENTION WAS EXAMINED IN OVARIECTOMISED RATS WITH/WITHOUT OESTROGEN REPLACEMENT. AN ADDITIONAL INTERACTION WITH THE METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR 2/3 (MGLUR2/3) ANTAGONIST LY341495 WAS TESTED. THE LEVELS OF ACETYLATED HISTONE AND MGLUR2 MRNA AND PROTEIN WERE ANALYSED. THE BINDING OF ACETYLATED H3 AND OESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA (ERALPHA) TO THE GRM2 PROMOTER WAS MEASURED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION COUPLED WITH QPCR. RESULTS: IN OVARIECTOMISED RATS, 17BETA-ESTRADIOL (E2), BUT NOT SAFFLOWER OIL, INCREASED THE MAGNITUDE OF THE VMR TO COLORECTAL DISTENTION. SAHA ATTENUATED THE E2-FACILITATED VMR, BUT HAD NO EFFECT IN SAFFLOWER OIL-TREATED RATS. SUBSEQUENT SPINAL ADMINISTRATION OF LY341495 REVERSED THE ANTINOCICEPTIVE EFFECT OF SAHA IN E2 RATS. IN ADDITION, SAHA INCREASED MGLUR2 MRNA AND PROTEIN IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN FOLLOWING E2, BUT NOT VEHICLE, TREATMENT. IN CONTRAST, NEITHER E2 NOR SAHA ALONE ALTERED MGLUR2 MRNA. SAHA INCREASED BINDING OF H3K9AC AND ERALPHA TO THE SAME REGIONS OF THE GRM2 PROMOTER IN E2-SAHA-TREATED ANIMALS. CONCLUSIONS: HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION IN THE SPINAL CORD ATTENUATES THE PRONOCICEPTIVE EFFECTS OF OESTROGEN ON VISCERAL SENSITIVITY, SUGGESTING THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION MAY BE A POTENTIAL APPROACH TO RELIEVE VISCERAL PAIN.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
13  4428  36 MOLECULAR BASIS OF THE IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME. IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) IS A FUNCTIONAL DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY ABDOMINAL PAIN, DISCOMFORT AND BLOATING. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF IBS IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD, BUT THE PRESENCE OF PSYCHOSOCIAL BASIS IS NOW KNOWN. THERE IS AN INCREASING NUMBER OF PUBLICATIONS SUPPORTING THE ROLE OF GENETICS IN IBS. MOST OF THE VARIATIONS ARE FOUND IN GENES ASSOCIATED WITH THE BRAIN-GUT AXIS, REVEALING THE STRONG CORRELATION OF BRAIN-GUT AXIS AND IBS. MIRNAS, WHICH PLAY CRITICAL ROLES IN PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, ARE NOT WELL STUDIED IN IBS. HOWEVER, SO FAR THERE IS FOUND AN INVOLVEMENT OF ALTERATIONS IN MIRNA EXPRESSION OR SEQUENCE, IN IBS SYMPTOMS. IBS PHENOTYPE IS AFFECTED BY EPIGENETIC ALTERATION AND ENVIRONMENT. CHANGES IN DNA AND HISTONE METHYLATION ARE OBSERVED IN PATIENTS WHO SUFFERED CHILDHOOD TRAUMA OR ABUSE, RESULTING IN ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION, SUCH AS THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR GENE. FINALLY, DIET IS ANOTHER FACTOR ASSOCIATED WITH IBS, WHICH MAY CONTRIBUTE TO SYMPTOM ONSET. CERTAIN FOODS MAY AFFECT ON BACTERIAL METABOLISM AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, PREDISPOSING TO IBS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
14  4144  36 MECHANISMS OF STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL PAIN. EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT LONG-TERM STRESS FACILITATES VISCERAL PAIN THROUGH SENSITIZATION OF PAIN PATHWAYS AND PROMOTES CHRONIC VISCERAL PAIN DISORDERS SUCH AS THE IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS). THIS REVIEW WILL DESCRIBE THE IMPORTANCE OF STRESS IN EXACERBATING IBS-INDUCED ABDOMINAL PAIN. ADDITIONALLY, WE WILL BRIEFLY REVIEW OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE ACTIVATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS BY BOTH CHRONIC ADULT STRESS AND FOLLOWING EARLY LIFE STRESS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF IBS. THE REVIEW WILL FOCUS ON THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR AND CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE-MEDIATED MECHANISMS IN THE AMYGDALA INVOLVED IN STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. ONE POTENTIAL MECHANISM UNDERLYING PERSISTENT EFFECTS OF STRESS ON VISCERAL SENSITIVITY COULD BE EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. WHILE THERE ARE RELATIVELY FEW STUDIES EXAMINING EPIGENETICALLY MEDIATED MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL NOCICEPTION, ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS WITHIN THE BRAIN, HAVE BEEN LINKED TO ALTERATIONS IN NOCICEPTIVE SIGNALING VIA INCREASED EXPRESSION OF PRO-NOCICEPTIVE NEUROTRANSMITTERS. THIS REVIEW WILL DISCUSS THE LATEST STUDIES INVESTIGATING THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF STRESS ON VISCERAL SENSITIVITY. ADDITIONALLY, WE WILL CRITICALLY REVIEW THE IMPORTANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF ADULT STRESS AND EARLY LIFE STRESS IN ENHANCING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE BASIC MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF NOCICEPTIVE PROCESSING.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
15  2321  26 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENES THAT MODULATE CHRONIC STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL PAIN IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. BACKGROUND & AIMS: CHRONIC STRESS ALTERS THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS, INCREASES GUT MOTILITY, AND INCREASES THE PERCEPTION OF VISCERAL PAIN. WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATE CHRONIC STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL PAIN IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS OF RATS. METHODS: MALE RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO 1 HOUR OF WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS EACH DAY, OR GIVEN DAILY SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTIONS OF CORTICOSTERONE, FOR 10 CONSECUTIVE DAYS. L4-L5 AND L6-S2 DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG) WERE COLLECTED AND COMPARED BETWEEN STRESSED AND CONTROL RATS (PLACED FOR 1 HOUR EACH DAY IN A TANK WITHOUT WATER). LEVELS OF CANNABINOID RECEPTOR 1 (CNR1), DNA (CYTOSINE-5-)-METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (DNMT1), TRANSIENT RECEPTOR POTENTIAL VANILLOID TYPE 1 (TRPV1), AND EP300 WERE KNOCKED DOWN IN DRG NEURONS IN SITU WITH SMALL INTERFERING RNAS. WE MEASURED DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION AT GENES ENCODING THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (NR3C1), CNR1, AND TRPV1. VISCERAL PAIN WAS MEASURED IN RESPONSE TO COLORECTAL DISTENTION. RESULTS: CHRONIC STRESS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED METHYLATION OF THE NR3C1 PROMOTER AND REDUCED EXPRESSION OF THIS GENE IN L6-S2, BUT NOT L4-L5, DRGS. STRESS ALSO WAS ASSOCIATED WITH UP-REGULATION IN DNMT1-ASSOCIATED METHYLATION OF THE CNR1 PROMOTER AND DOWN-REGULATION OF GLUCOCORTICOID-RECEPTOR-MEDIATED EXPRESSION OF CNR1 IN L6-S2, BUT NOT L4-L5, DRGS. CONCURRENTLY, CHRONIC STRESS INCREASED EXPRESSION OF THE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE EP300 AND INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE TRPV1 PROMOTER AND EXPRESSION OF THE TRPV1 RECEPTOR IN L6-S2 DRG NEURONS. KNOCKDOWN OF DNMT1 AND EP300 IN L6-S2 DRG NEURONS OF RATS REDUCED DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION, RESPECTIVELY, AND PREVENTED CHRONIC STRESS-INDUCED INCREASES IN VISCERAL PAIN. CONCLUSIONS: CHRONIC STRESS INCREASES DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION OF GENES THAT REGULATE VISCERAL PAIN SENSATION IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF RATS. BLOCKING EPIGENETIC REGULATORY PATHWAYS IN SPECIFIC REGIONS OF THE SPINAL CORD MIGHT BE DEVELOPED TO TREAT PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC ABDOMINAL PAIN.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
16  4611  36 NEONATAL IMMUNE CHALLENGE FOLLOWED BY ADULT IMMUNE CHALLENGE INDUCES EPIGENETIC-SUSCEPTIBILITY TO AGGRAVATED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. BACKGROUND: ABDOMINAL PAIN IS ONE OF THE MAJOR SYMPTOMS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD). THE INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS RELEASED BY COLON INFLAMMATION ARE KNOWN TO SENSITIZE THE AFFERENT NEURONS, WHICH IS ONE OF THE CONTRIBUTORS TO ABDOMINAL PAIN. HOWEVER, NOT ALL IBD PATIENTS HAVE ABDOMINAL PAIN, AND SOME PATIENTS REPORT ABDOMINAL PAIN DURING REMISSION, SUGGESTING CONTRIBUTIONS OF OTHER PATHOLOGICAL FACTORS TO ABDOMINAL PAIN IN IBD. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES FOUND EARLY-LIFE GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS A RISK FACTOR FOR IBD SYMPTOMS AND ADULT-LIFE GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS MAY TRIGGER THE ONSET OF IBD. WE INVESTIGATED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT NEONATAL COLON IMMUNE CHALLENGE FOLLOWED BY AN ADULT COLON IMMUNE CHALLENGE UPREGULATES SPINAL CORD BDNF THAT AGGRAVATES VISCERAL SENSITIVITY OVER AND ABOVE THAT INDUCED BY ADULT COLON IMMUNE CHALLENGE ALONE. METHODS: WE INDUCED NEONATAL AND ADULT COLON IMMUNE CHALLENGES BY INTRALUMINAL ADMINISTRATION OF TRINITROBENZENE SULFONIC ACID TO THE RAT COLON. KEY RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT NEONATAL IMMUNE CHALLENGE TRIGGERS EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING THAT UPREGULATES TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE IN THE LOCUS CERULEUS WHEN THESE RATS ARE SUBJECTED TO AN ADULT COLON IMMUNE CHALLENGE. THE UPREGULATION OF LOCUS CERULEUS TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE, UPREGULATES NOREPINEPHRINE IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID THAT ACTS ON ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS TO ENHANCE PCREB BINDING TO THE CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT, WHICH RECRUITS HISTONE ACETYLENE TRANSFERASE (HAT) TO THE BDNF GENE TO ENHANCE ITS TRANSCRIPTION RESULTING IN AGGRAVATED VISCEROMOTOR RESPONSE TO COLORECTAL DISTENSION. HAT AND ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS BLOCK THE AGGRAVATION OF VISCERAL SENSITIVITY. CONCLUSION & INFERENCES: HAT AND ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR INHIBITORS MAY SERVE AS ALTERNATES TO OPIOIDS AND NSAIDS IN SUPPRESSING ABDOMINAL PAIN IN IBD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
17  4673  37 NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT OF IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME. IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON FUNCTIONAL GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS (FGID), CHARACTERIZED BY ABDOMINAL PAIN AND A CHANGE IN STOOL FORM THAT CANNOT BE EXPLAINED BY STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES. ITS PREVALENCE RANGES FROM 9 TO 23% OF THE WORLDWIDE POPULATION. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF IBS IS DIVERSE AND NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD. BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL CONCEPT ASSUMES THAT THE DISEASE IS A PRODUCT OF PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS AND ALTERED AT MULTIPLE LEVELS OF GUT PHYSIOLOGY INTERACTIONS. SOME AETIOLOGICAL FACTORS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED, YET. ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT IS THE DISRUPTION OF BRAIN-GUT MUTUAL COMMUNICATION THAT LEADS TO VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. ALSO GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS ARE INVOLVED. CHRONIC STRESS MAY PREDISPOSE TO IBS AS WELL AS EXACERBATE ITS SYMPTOMS. BOTH QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISORDERS OF THE GUT MICROBIOTA ARE OBSERVED. THERE IS ALSO A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE IBS SYMPTOMS AND THE INTAKE OF A SPECIFIC TYPE OF FOOD PRODUCTS. IN THE DIARRHOEA TYPE OF IBS THE ROLE OF PREVIOUS GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTION IS DEMONSTRATED. RECENT STUDIES HAVE SUGGESTED THAT VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN PATIENTS WITH IBS MAY BE SECONDARY TO THE ACTIVATION OF THE IMMUNE CELLS AND LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION. CLINICAL SYMPTOMS OF IBS INCLUDE ABDOMINAL PAIN AND CHANGE IN BOWEL HABITS AS WELL AS SOMATIC AND PSYCHIATRIC COMORBIDITIES. IBS IS DIAGNOSED ON THE BASIS OF ROME DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA. RECENTLY, THEIR NEWEST VERSION (ROME IV) HAS BEEN PRESENTED. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO SUMMARIZE THE PAST DECADE PROGRESS IN IBS DIAGNOSIS, MAIN PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT STRATEGY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
18  2167  42 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME. IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) IS A BRAIN-GUT AXIS DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY ABDOMINAL PAIN AND ALTERED BOWEL HABITS. IBS IS A MULTIFACTORIAL, STRESS-SENSITIVE DISORDER WITH EVIDENCE FOR FAMILIAL CLUSTERING ATTRIBUTED TO GENETIC OR SHARED ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. HOWEVER, THERE ARE WEAK GENETIC ASSOCIATIONS REPORTED WITH IBS AND A LACK OF EVIDENCE TO SUGGEST THAT MAJOR GENETIC FACTOR(S) CONTRIBUTE TO IBS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY. STUDIES ON ANIMAL MODELS OF STRESS, INCLUDING EARLY LIFE STRESS, SUGGEST A ROLE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SPECIFICALLY, STRESS ASSOCIATED WITH DYSREGULATION OF CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR AND HYPOTHALAMUS-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS PATHWAYS IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF IBS. RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, WHICH CONSTITUTE MOLECULAR CHANGES NOT DRIVEN BY A CHANGE IN GENE SEQUENCE, CAN MEDIATE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL FUNCTION. EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION CHANGES, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, AND DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF NON-CODING RNAS (MICRORNA [MIRNA] AND LONG NON-CODING RNA) HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERAL DISEASES. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO ELUCIDATE THE MOLECULAR FACTORS IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF IBS WITH AN EMPHASIS ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. EMERGING EVIDENCE FOR EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN IBS INCLUDES CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION IN ANIMAL MODELS OF IBS AND PATIENTS WITH IBS, AND VARIOUS MIRNAS THAT HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH IBS AND ENDOPHENOTYPES, SUCH AS INCREASED VISCERAL SENSITIVITY AND INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY. DNA METHYLATION, IN PARTICULAR, IS AN EMERGING FIELD IN THE REALM OF COMPLEX DISEASES AND A PROMISING MECHANISM WHICH CAN PROVIDE IMPORTANT INSIGHTS INTO IBS PATHOGENESIS AND IDENTIFY POTENTIAL TARGETS FOR TREATMENT.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
19  6389  36 THE ROLE OF THE ENDOCANNABINOID SYSTEM IN THE BRAIN-GUT AXIS. THE ACTIONS OF CANNABIS ARE MEDIATED BY RECEPTORS THAT ARE PART OF AN ENDOGENOUS CANNABINOID SYSTEM. THE ENDOCANNABINOID SYSTEM (ECS) CONSISTS OF THE NATURALLY OCCURRING LIGANDS N-ARACHIDONOYLETHANOLAMINE (ANANDAMIDE) AND 2-ARACHIDONOYLGLYCEROL (2-AG), THEIR BIOSYNTHETIC AND DEGRADATIVE ENZYMES, AND THE CANNABINOID (CB) RECEPTORS CB1 AND CB2. THE ECS IS A WIDELY DISTRIBUTED TRANSMITTER SYSTEM THAT CONTROLS GUT FUNCTIONS PERIPHERALLY AND CENTRALLY. IT IS AN IMPORTANT PHYSIOLOGIC REGULATOR OF GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY. POLYMORPHISMS IN THE GENE ENCODING CB1 (CNR1) HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH SOME FORMS OF IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME. THE ECS IS INVOLVED IN THE CONTROL OF NAUSEA AND VOMITING AND VISCERAL SENSATION. THE HOMEOSTATIC ROLE OF THE ECS ALSO EXTENDS TO THE CONTROL OF INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION. WE REVIEW THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH THE ECS LINKS STRESS AND VISCERAL PAIN. CB1 IN SENSORY GANGLIA CONTROLS VISCERAL SENSATION, AND TRANSCRIPTION OF CNR1 IS MODIFIED THROUGH EPIGENETIC PROCESSES UNDER CONDITIONS OF CHRONIC STRESS. THESE PROCESSES MIGHT LINK STRESS WITH ABDOMINAL PAIN. THE ECS IS ALSO INVOLVED CENTRALLY IN THE MANIFESTATION OF STRESS, AND ENDOCANNABINOID SIGNALING REDUCES THE ACTIVITY OF HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL PATHWAYS VIA ACTIONS IN SPECIFIC BRAIN REGIONS, NOTABLY THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX, AMYGDALA, AND HYPOTHALAMUS. AGENTS THAT MODULATE THE ECS ARE IN EARLY STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT FOR TREATMENT OF GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES. INCREASING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE ECS WILL GREATLY ADVANCE OUR KNOWLEDGE OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE BRAIN AND GUT AND COULD LEAD TO NEW TREATMENTS FOR GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
20  4518  27 MULTI-OMICS FOR BIOMARKER APPROACHES IN THE DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ABDOMINAL PAIN AND IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME: WHAT LIES AHEAD. RELIABLE BIOMARKERS FOR COMMON DISORDERS OF GUT-BRAIN INTERACTION CHARACTERIZED BY ABDOMINAL PAIN, INCLUDING IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS), ARE CRITICALLY NEEDED TO ENHANCE CARE AND DEVELOP INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPIES. THE DYNAMIC AND HETEROGENEOUS NATURE OF THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS THAT UNDERLIE VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY HAVE CHALLENGED SUCCESSFUL BIOMARKER DEVELOPMENT. CONSEQUENTLY, EFFECTIVE THERAPIES FOR PAIN IN IBS ARE LACKING. HOWEVER, RECENT ADVANCES IN MODERN OMICS TECHNOLOGIES OFFER NEW OPPORTUNITIES TO ACQUIRE DEEP BIOLOGICAL INSIGHTS INTO MECHANISMS OF PAIN AND NOCICEPTION. NEWER METHODS FOR LARGE-SCALE DATA INTEGRATION OF COMPLEMENTARY OMICS APPROACHES HAVE FURTHER EXPANDED OUR ABILITY TO BUILD A HOLISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF COMPLEX BIOLOGICAL NETWORKS AND THEIR CO-CONTRIBUTIONS TO ABDOMINAL PAIN. HERE, WE REVIEW THE MECHANISMS OF VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY, FOCUSING ON IBS. WE DISCUSS CANDIDATE BIOMARKERS FOR PAIN IN IBS IDENTIFIED THROUGH SINGLE OMICS STUDIES AND SUMMARIZE EMERGING MULTI-OMICS APPROACHES FOR DEVELOPING NOVEL BIOMARKERS THAT MAY TRANSFORM CLINICAL CARE FOR PATIENTS WITH IBS AND ABDOMINAL PAIN.	2023