1  6413 78 THE STATE OF ART OF REGENERATIVE THERAPY IN CARDIOVASCULAR ISCHEMIC DISEASE: BIOLOGY, SIGNALING PATHWAYS, AND EPIGENETICS OF ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITOR CELLS. ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE IS CURRENTLY A MAJOR CAUSE OF MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY WORLDWIDE. NEVERTHELESS, THE ACTUAL THERAPEUTIC SCENARIO DOES NOT TARGET MYOCARDIAL CELL REGENERATION AND CONSEQUENTLY, THE PROGRESSION TOWARD THE LATE STAGE OF CHRONIC HEART FAILURE IS COMMON. ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITOR CELLS (EPCS) ARE BONE MARROW-DERIVED STEM CELLS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE HOMEOSTASIS OF THE ENDOTHELIAL WALL IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC ISCHEMIC DISEASE. CALCIUM MODULATION AND OTHER MOLECULAR PATHWAYS (NOTCH, VEGFR, AND CXCR4) CONTRIBUTE TO EPC PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. THE PRESENT REVIEW PROVIDES A SUMMARY OF EPC BIOLOGY WITH A PARTICULAR FOCUS ON THE REGULATORY PATHWAYS OF EPCS AND DESCRIBES PROMISING APPLICATIONS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR CELL THERAPY.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
2  5944 26 TARGETING SMALL MOLECULE TYROSINE KINASES BY POLYPHENOLS: NEW MOVE TOWARDS ANTI-TUMOR DRUG DISCOVERY. BACKGROUND: CANCER IS A COMPLEX DISEASE INVOLVING GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATION THAT ALLOWS CELLS TO ESCAPE NORMAL HOMEOSTASIS. KINASES PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN SIGNALING PATHWAYS THAT REGULATE CELL FUNCTIONS. DEREGULATION OF KINASES LEADS TO A VARIETY OF PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES, ACTIVATING CANCER CELL PROLIFERATION AND METASTASES. THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF CANCER IS COMPLEX AND THE DYSREGULATION OF TYROSINE KINASES LIKE ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE (ALK), BCR-ABL (FUSION GENE FOUND IN PATIENT WITH CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML), JAK (JANUS ACTIVATED KINASE), SRC FAMILY KINASES (SFKS), ALK (ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE), C-MET (MESENCHYMAL- EPITHELIAL TRANSITION), EGFR (EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR), PDGFR (PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR), RET (REARRANGED DURING TRANSFECTION) AND VEGFR (VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR) PLAYS MAJOR ROLE IN THE PROCESS OF CARCINOGENESIS. RECENTLY, KINASE INHIBITORS HAVE OVERCOME MANY PROBLEMS OF TRADITIONAL CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY AS THEY EFFECTIVELY SEPARATE OUT NORMAL, NON-CANCER CELLS AS WELL AS RAPIDLY MULTIPLYING CANCER CELLS. METHODS: ELECTRONIC DATABASES WERE SEARCHED TO EXPLORE THE SMALL MOLECULE TYROSINE KINASES BY POLYPHENOLS WITH THE HELP OF DOCKING STUDY (GLIDE-7.6 PROGRAM INTERFACED WITH MAESTRO-V11.3 OF SCHRODINGER 2017) TO SHOW THE BINDING ENERGIES OF POLYPHENOLS INHIBITOR WITH DIFFERENT TYROSINE KINASES IN ORDER TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THE TARGETS. RESULTS: FROM THE LITERATURE SURVEY, IT WAS OBSERVED THAT THE NUMBER OF POLYPHENOLS DERIVED FROM NATURAL SOURCES ALTERS THE EXPRESSION AND SIGNALING CASCADE OF TYROSINE KINASE IN VARIOUS TUMOR MODELS. THEREFORE, THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLYPHENOLS AS A TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR AGAINST TARGETED PROTEINS IS REGARDED AS AN UPCOMING TREND FOR CHEMOPREVENTION. CONCLUSION: IN THIS REVIEW, WE HAVE DISCUSSED THE ROLE OF POLYPHENOLS AS CHEMORECEPTIVE WHICH WILL HELP IN FUTURE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND DISCOVERY OF NOVEL SEMISYNTHETIC ANTICANCER AGENTS COUPLED WITH POLYPHENOLS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
3   749 22 CARDIAC EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN VEGF SIGNALING GENES ASSOCIATE WITH MYOCARDIAL MICROVASCULAR RAREFACTION IN EXPERIMENTAL CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) IS COMMON IN PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE AND OFTEN RESULTS IN LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION (LVDD). HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR CARDIAC DAMAGE IN CKD-LVDD REMAIN TO BE ELUCIDATED. EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS MAY IMPOSE LONG-LASTING EFFECTS ON CELLULAR TRANSCRIPTION AND FUNCTION, BUT THEIR EXACT ROLE IN CKD-LVDD IS UNKNOWN. WE INVESTIGATE WHETHER CHANGES IN CARDIAC SITE-SPECIFIC DNA METHYLATION PROFILES MIGHT BE IMPLICATED IN CARDIAC ABNORMALITIES IN CKD-LVDD. CKD-LVDD AND NORMAL CONTROL PIGS (N = 6 EACH) WERE STUDIED FOR 14 WK. RENAL AND CARDIAC HEMODYNAMICS WERE QUANTIFIED BY MULTIDETECTOR CT AND ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY. IN RANDOMLY SELECTED PIGS (N = 3/GROUP), CARDIAC SITE-SPECIFIC 5-METHYLCYTOSINE (5MC) IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (MEDIP)- AND MRNA-SEQUENCING (SEQ) WERE PERFORMED, FOLLOWED BY INTEGRATED (MEDIP-SEQ/MRNA-SEQ ANALYSIS), AND CONFIRMATORY EX VIVO STUDIES. MEDIP-SEQ ANALYSIS REVEALED 261 GENES WITH HIGHER (FOLD CHANGE > 1.4; P < 0.05) AND 162 GENES WITH LOWER (FOLD CHANGE < 0.7; P < 0.05) 5MC LEVELS IN CKD-LVDD VERSUS NORMAL PIGS, WHICH WERE PRIMARILY IMPLICATED IN VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF)-RELATED SIGNALING AND ANGIOGENESIS. INTEGRATED MEDIP-SEQ/MRNA-SEQ ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED A SELECT GROUP OF VEGF-RELATED GENES IN WHICH 5MC LEVELS WERE HIGHER, BUT MRNA EXPRESSION WAS LOWER IN CKD-LVDD VERSUS NORMAL PIGS. CARDIAC VEGF SIGNALING GENE AND VEGF PROTEIN EXPRESSION WERE BLUNTED IN CKD-LVDD COMPARED WITH CONTROLS AND WERE ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED SUBENDOCARDIAL MICROVASCULAR DENSITY. CARDIAC EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN VEGF-RELATED GENES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH IMPAIRED ANGIOGENESIS AND CARDIAC MICROVASCULAR RAREFACTION IN SWINE CKD-LVDD. THESE OBSERVATIONS MAY ASSIST IN DEVELOPING NOVEL THERAPIES TO AMELIORATE CARDIAC DAMAGE IN CKD-LVDD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) OFTEN LEADS TO LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION (LVDD) AND HEART FAILURE. USING A NOVEL TRANSLATIONAL SWINE MODEL OF CKD-LVDD, WE CHARACTERIZE THE CARDIAC EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE, IDENTIFYING SITE-SPECIFIC 5-METHYLCYTOSINE CHANGES IN VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF)-RELATED GENES ASSOCIATED WITH IMPAIRED ANGIOGENESIS AND CARDIAC MICROVASCULAR RAREFACTION. THESE OBSERVATIONS SHED LIGHT ON THE MECHANISMS OF CARDIAC MICROVASCULAR DAMAGE IN CKD-LVDD AND MAY ASSIST IN DEVELOPING NOVEL THERAPIES FOR THESE PATIENTS.	2023	

4  4474 24 MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF GALLBLADDER CANCER: AN UPDATE. GALLBLADDER CARCINOMA (GBC) IS THE MOST AGGRESSIVE GASTROINTESTINAL MALIGNANCY THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, WITH WIDE GEOGRAPHICAL VARIANCE. IT IS THE SUBTYPE OF BILIARY TRACT MALIGNANCY THAT HAS THE POOREST PROGNOSIS AND LOWER SURVIVAL AMONG ALL BILIARY TRACT MALIGNANCIES. VARIOUS FACTORS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH GBC PATHOGENESIS SUCH AS ENVIRONMENTAL, MICROBIAL, METABOLIC AND MOLECULAR. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF GALLBLADDER DUE TO PRESENCE OF GALLSTONE OR MICROBIAL INFECTION (EG. SALMONELLA OR H. PYLORI) RESULTS IN SUSTAINED PRODUCTION OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS IN THE TISSUE MICROENVIRONMENT, WHICH CAN CAUSE GENOMIC CHANGES LINKED TO CARCINOGENESIS. GENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE ONE OF THE MAJOR FACTORS, ASSOCIATED WITH AGGRESSIVENESS AND PROGNOSIS. RESEARCHES HAVE BEEN DONE TO EXPLORE SUITABLE BIOMARKER FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND IDENTIFY ALTERED MOLECULAR PATHWAYS TO DEVELOP APPROPRIATE BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS, THERAPY AND PREDICTING PROGNOSIS. DIFFERENT AGENTS FOR TARGETED THERAPY AGAINST ACTIONABLE MUTATIONS OF MOLECULES LIKE EGFR, VEGF, MTOR, HER2, PDL-1, PD-1, MET, PI3K, N-CADHERIN, VEGFR, MEK1 AND MEK2 ARE BEING TRIED. DESPITE THESE ADVANCEMENTS, THERE IS DISMAL IMPROVEMENT IN THE SURVIVAL OF GBC PATIENTS. GENETIC ABERRATIONS OTHER THAN ACTIONABLE MUTATIONS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION INCLUDING ABERRANT EXPRESSIONS OF MICRO-RNAS, ARE ALSO BEING STUDIED BOTH AS DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKER AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. COMPLEX PATHOGENESIS OF GBC STILL NEEDS TO BE UNFOLDED. IN THIS REVIEW WE FOCUS ON THE MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF GBC ELUCIDATED TILL DATE ALONG WITH FUTURE DIRECTIONS THAT CAN BE EXPLORED TO ACHIEVE BETTER MANAGEMENT OF GBC PATIENTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
5  4480 27 MOLECULAR PATHWAYS AND ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN THE IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS. IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS (IPF) IS A FATAL LUNG DISEASE WITH UNKNOWN ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS THAT CAN PROGRESS TO OTHER DANGEROUS DISEASES LIKE LUNG CANCER. ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC PREDISPOSITION ARE THE TWO MAJOR ETIOLOGICAL OR RISK FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOLOGY OF THE IPF. AMONG THE ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS, SMOKING IS ONE OF THE MAJOR CAUSES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF IPF. EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS LIKE NUCLEOSOMES REMODELING, DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND MIRNA MEDIATED GENES PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT OF IPF. MUTATIONS IN THE GENES MAKE THE EPIGENETIC FACTORS AS IMPORTANT DRUG TARGETS IN IPF. TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES DUE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE ALSO INVOLVED IN THE PROGRESSION OF IPF. THE MUTATIONS IN HUMAN TELOMERASE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE (HTERT) HAVE SHOWN DECREASED LIFE EXPECTANCY IN IPF PATIENTS. THE TERT-GENE IS HIGHLY EXPRESSED IN CHRONIC SMOKERS AND MAKES THE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS EVIDENT. DRUG LIKE NINTEDANIB ACTS THROUGH VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTORS (VEGFR), WHILE DRUG PIRFENIDONE ACTS THROUGH TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF), WHICH IS USEFUL IN IPF. GEFITINIB, A TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR OF EGFR, IS USEFUL AS AN ANTI-FIBROSIS AGENT IN PRECLINICAL MODELS. NEWER DRUGS SUCH AS CELGENE-CC90001 AND FIBROGEN-FG-3019 ARE CURRENTLY UNDER INVESTIGATIONS ACTS THROUGH THE MODULATING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. THUS, THE STUDY ON EPIGENETICS OPENS A WIDE WINDOW FOR THE DISCOVERY OF NEWER DRUGS. THIS STUDY PROVIDES AN ELEMENTARY ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE REGULATORS OF EPIGENETICS AND THEIR ROLES ASSOCIATED WITH THE PATHOLOGY OF IPF. FURTHER, THIS REVIEW ALSO INCLUDES EPIGENETIC DRUGS UNDER DEVELOPMENT IN PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL STAGES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
6  5068 32 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND PROGENITOR CELL-MEDIATED ENDOTHELIAL REPAIR IN CHRONIC HEART FAILURE: IS THERE A ROLE FOR EPIGENETICS? CHRONIC HEART FAILURE (CHF) IS THE MOST COMMON CARDIAC DISEASE AMONG THE ELDERLY AND A LEADING CAUSE OF MORTALITY IN ELDERLY PATIENTS. ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION IS HELD TO HAVE A MAJOR ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF CHF, WHICH RESULTS IN PROGRESSIVELY IMPAIRED FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY. ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITOR CELLS (EPCS) AND CIRCULATING ANGIOGENIC CELLS (CACS) ARE THE MAIN PLAYERS INVOLVED IN THE ENDOGENOUS REPAIR MECHANISMS THAT CAN COUNTERACT ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION. A MOUNTING BODY OF DATA INDICATES THAT EXERCISE ENHANCES ENDOTHELIAL RENEWAL THROUGH MOBILIZATION OF BONE MARROW-DERIVED EPCS AND CACS, MAKING IT AN EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC TOOL FOR CHF. INTERESTINGLY, EMERGING EVIDENCE HAS BEEN SHOWING THAT EXERCISE TRAINING CAN ALSO PROMOTE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, E.G. DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, AND DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF SPECIFIC NON-CODING RNAS LIKE MICRORNA (MIRNAS). SINCE DEREGULATION OF THE MIRNAS INVOLVED IN ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION MODULATION HAS WIDELY BEEN DOCUMENTED IN CIRCULATING CELLS AND PLASMA OF CHF PATIENTS, DEREGULATION OF EPIGENETIC FEATURES COULD PLAY A KEY ROLE IN DISEASE PROGRESSION. HERE, WE REVIEW CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF EPCS AND CACS TO ENDOTHELIAL REPAIR MECHANISMS IN CHF PATIENTS, FOCUSING ON THE EFFECTS INDUCED BY EXERCISE TRAINING AND HYPOTHESIZING THAT SOME OF THESE EFFECTS CAN BE MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
7  4573 15 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION-ASSOCIATED TRANSCRIPT, A LONG NONCODING RNA, IS OVEREXPRESSED DURING DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY DUE TO CHRONIC CHAGAS DISEASE. LONG NONCODING RNAS (LNCRNAS) MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION AT THE EPIGENETIC, TRANSCRIPTIONAL, AND POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVELS. DYSREGULATION OF THE LNCRNA KNOWN AS MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION-ASSOCIATED TRANSCRIPT (MIAT) HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. CHAGAS DISEASE CAUSES A SEVERE INFLAMMATORY DILATED CHRONIC CARDIOMYOPATHY (CCC). WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF MIAT IN CCC. A WHOLE-TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS OF HEART BIOPSY SPECIMENS AND FORMALIN-FIXED, PARAFFIN-EMBEDDED SAMPLES REVEALED THAT MIAT WAS OVEREXPRESSED IN PATIENTS WITH CCC, COMPARED WITH SUBJECTS WITH NONINFLAMMATORY DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY AND CONTROLS. THESE RESULTS WERE CONFIRMED IN A MOUSE MODEL. RESULTS SUGGEST THAT MIAT IS A SPECIFIC BIOMARKER OF CCC.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
8  5441 18 RENAL ISCHEMIA ALTERS THE TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND EPIGENETIC PROFILE OF INFLAMMATORY GENES IN SWINE SCATTERED TUBULAR-LIKE CELLS. BACKGROUND: SCATTERED TUBULAR-LIKE CELLS (STCS) ARE DIFFERENTIATED RENAL TUBULAR CELLS THAT DURING RECOVERY FROM ISCHEMIC INJURY DEDIFFERENTIATE TO REPAIR OTHER INJURED RENAL CELLS. RENAL ARTERY STENOSIS (RAS), OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY INJURY, COMPROMISES THE INTEGRITY AND FUNCTION OF STCS, BUT THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS REMAIN UNKNOWN. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT RAS ALTERS THE TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND EPIGENETIC PROFILE OF INFLAMMATORY GENES IN SWINE STCS. METHODS: STCS WERE HARVESTED FROM PIG KIDNEYS AFTER 10 WEEKS OF RAS OR SHAM (N=6 EACH). STC MRNA PROFILES OF INFLAMMATORY GENES WERE ANALYZED USING HIGH-THROUGHPUT MRNA-SEQUENCING (SEQ) AND THEIR DNA METHYLATION (5MC) AND HYDROXYMETHYLATION (5HMC) PROFILES BY DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING (MEDIP-SEQ) (N=3 EACH), FOLLOWED BY AN INTEGRATED (MRNA-SEQ/MEDIP-SEQ) ANALYSIS. STC PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF CANDIDATE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED (DE) GENES AND COMMON PROINFLAMMATORY PROTEINS WERE SUBSEQUENTLY ASSESSED IN VITRO BEFORE AND AFTER EPIGENETIC (BOBCAT339) MODULATION. RESULTS: MRNA-SEQ IDENTIFIED 57 INFLAMMATORY GENES UP-REGULATED IN RAS-STCS VERSUS NORMAL-STCS (>1.4 OR <0.7-FOLD, P<0.05), OF WHICH 14% EXHIBITED LOWER 5MC AND 5% HIGHER 5HMC LEVELS IN RAS-STCS VERSUS NORMAL-STCS, RESPECTIVELY. INFLAMMATORY GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION WAS HIGHER IN RAS-STCS COMPARED WITH NORMAL-STCS BUT NORMALIZED AFTER EPIGENETIC MODULATION. CONCLUSIONS: THESE OBSERVATIONS HIGHLIGHT A NOVEL MODULATORY MECHANISM OF THIS RENAL ENDOGENOUS REPAIR SYSTEM AND SUPPORT DEVELOPMENT OF EPIGENETIC OR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY THERAPIES TO PRESERVE THE REPARATIVE CAPACITY OF STCS IN INDIVIDUALS WITH RAS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
9  4450 24 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND CELLULAR CONTRIBUTION FROM LUNG FIBROSIS TO LUNG CANCER DEVELOPMENT. IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS (IPF) IS A CHRONIC, PROGRESSIVE, FIBROSING INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE (ILD) OF UNKNOWN AETIOLOGY, WITH A MEDIAN SURVIVAL OF 2-4 YEARS FROM THE TIME OF DIAGNOSIS. ALTHOUGH IPF HAS UNKNOWN AETIOLOGY BY DEFINITION, THERE HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED SEVERAL RISKS FACTORS INCREASING THE PROBABILITY OF THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF THE DISEASE IN IPF PATIENTS SUCH AS CIGARETTE SMOKING AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH DOMESTIC AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE. AMONG THEM, CIGARETTE SMOKING TOGETHER WITH CONCOMITANT EMPHYSEMA MIGHT PREDISPOSE IPF PATIENTS TO LUNG CANCER (LC), MOSTLY TO NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER (NSCLC), INCREASING THE RISK OF LUNG CANCER DEVELOPMENT. TO THIS PURPOSE, IPF AND LC SHARE SEVERAL CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PROCESSES DRIVING THE PROGRESSION OF BOTH PATHOLOGIES SUCH AS FIBROBLAST TRANSITION PROLIFERATION AND ACTIVATION, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND MANY GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MARKERS THAT PREDISPOSE IPF PATIENTS TO LC DEVELOPMENT. NINTEDANIB, A TYROSINE-KINASE INHIBITOR, WAS FIRSTLY DEVELOPED AS AN ANTICANCER DRUG AND THEN RECOGNIZED AS AN ANTI-FIBROTIC AGENT BASED ON THE COMMON TARGET MOLECULAR PATHWAY. IN THIS REVIEW OUR AIM IS TO DESCRIBE THE UPDATED STUDIES ON COMMON CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BETWEEN IPF AND LUNG CANCER, KNOWLEDGE OF WHICH MIGHT HELP TO FIND NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR THIS DISEASE COMBINATION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
10  6700 29 VASCULAR CALCIFICATION MECHANISMS: UPDATES AND RENEWED INSIGHT INTO SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN HIGH PHOSPHATE-MEDIATED VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL CALCIFICATION. VASCULAR CALCIFICATION (VC) IS ASSOCIATED WITH AGING, CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL DISEASES AND RESULTS IN POOR MORBIDITY AND INCREASED MORTALITY. VC OCCURS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), A CONDITION THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH SERUM PHOSPHATE (PI) AND SEVERE CARDIOVASCULAR CONSEQUENCES. HIGH SERUM PI LEVEL IS RELATED TO SOME PATHOLOGIES WHICH AFFECT THE BEHAVIOUR OF VASCULAR CELLS, INCLUDING PLATELETS, ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (ECS) AND SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS (SMCS), AND PLAYS A CENTRAL ROLE IN PROMOTING VC. VC IS A COMPLEX, ACTIVE AND CELL-MEDIATED PROCESS INVOLVING THE TRANSDIFFERENTIATION OF VASCULAR SMCS TO A BONE-LIKE PHENOTYPE, SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION, DECREASED ANTI-CALCIFIC EVENTS (LOSS OF CALCIFICATION INHIBITORS), LOSS IN SMC LINEAGE MARKERS AND ENHANCED PRO-CALCIFIC MICRORNAS (MIRS), AN INCREASED INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM LEVEL, APOPTOSIS, ABERRANT DNA DAMAGE RESPONSE (DDR) AND SENESCENCE OF VASCULAR SMCS. THIS REVIEW GIVES A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF VC MECHANISMS WITH A PARTICULAR FOCUS ON PI-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE VASCULAR WALL IMPORTANT IN PROMOTING CALCIFICATION. IN ADDITION TO REVIEWING THE MAIN FINDINGS, THIS REVIEW ALSO SHEDS LIGHT ON DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH IN THIS AREA AND DISCUSSES EMERGING PATHWAYS SUCH AS PI-REGULATED INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM SIGNALING, EPIGENETICS, OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE AND SENESCENCE-MEDIATED MECHANISMS THAT MAY PLAY CRITICAL, YET TO BE EXPLORED, REGULATORY AND DRUGGABLE ROLES IN LIMITING VC.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
11   246 35 ADULT STEM CELL THERAPY FOR CARDIAC REPAIR IN PATIENTS AFTER ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION LEADING TO ISCHEMIC HEART FAILURE: AN OVERVIEW OF EVIDENCE FROM THE RECENT CLINICAL TRIALS. BACKGROUND: CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD) STILL REPRESENT THE LEADING CAUSE OF MORTALITY WORLDWIDE, DESPITE THE REMARKABLE ADVANCES IN INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY, CARDIAC SURGERY, AND MODERN PHARMACOTHERAPY, PARTICULARLY IN THE SETTING OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (AMI), CHRONIC ISCHEMIC HEART FAILURE (HF), CARDIOMYOPATHY (CM), AND THE ASSOCIATED LEFT VENTRICULAR (LV) DYSFUNCTION. A SIGNIFICANT LOSS OF CARDIOMYOCYTES THAT UNDERLIES ALL OF THESE CONDITIONS WAS PREVIOUSLY CONSIDERED IRREVERSIBLE. HOWEVER, CURRENT EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT THE HUMAN HEART HAS SOME POTENTIAL FOR REPAIR, AND OVER THE PAST DECADE, MANY RESEARCH STUDIES HAVE BEEN EXPLORING THE USE OF STEM CELLS (SCS) TO FACILITATE RESTORATION OF MYOCARDIUM. CONSEQUENTLY, THE SAFETY, FEASIBILITY, AND EFFECTIVENESS OF SC THERAPY HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN MANY RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS (RCTS), USING DIFFERENT LINEAGES OF ADULT SCS. NEVERTHELESS, THE CLINICAL BENEFITS OF SC THERAPY ARE NOT YET WELL ESTABLISHED. IN THE NEAR FUTURE, UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMPLEX INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN SCS, PARACRINE FACTORS, GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS, AND MYOCARDIAL MICROENVIRONMENT, IN THE CONTEXT OF AN INDIVIDUAL PATIENT, WILL BE CRUCIAL FOR TRANSLATION OF THIS KNOWLEDGE INTO PRACTICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SUCCESSFUL, LONG-TERM REGENERATIVE SC THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS, IN A GROWING POPULATION OF PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM PREVIOUS MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI) LEADING TO CHRONIC ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY. CONCLUSION: THIS OVERVIEW HIGHLIGHTS THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF ADULT SCS IN TERMS OF THEIR POSSIBLE REGENERATIVE CAPACITY, SAFETY, AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES, IN PATIENTS WITH AMI, AND/OR SUBSEQUENT HF (DUE TO CHRONIC ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY). THIS REVIEW WAS BASED UPON PUBMED DATABASE SEARCH FOR TRIALS ON SC THERAPY, IN PATIENTS WITH AMI AND HF, AND THE MAIN TIMEFRAME WAS SET FROM 2006 TO 2016.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
12  6824 19 [GENETIC ALTERATIONS IN PRENEOPLASTIC AND NEOPLASTIC INJURIES OF THE GALLBLADDER]. THIS ARTICLE AIMS TO REVIEW THE MOST RELEVANT MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR ASPECTS INVOLVED IN GALLBLADDER (GB) CANCER. IN CHILE, GALLBLADDER CANCER IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF DEATH DUE TO CANCER, AMONG WOMEN OLDER THAN 40 YEARS. HOWEVER, THERE IS ALMOST NONE INFORMATION ABOUT THE MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES AND THE GENETIC ALTERATIONS INVOLVED IN THE BEGINNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF THIS NEOPLASIA. TWO CARCINOGENIC WAYS HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED. THE SEQUENCE ADENOMA-CARCINOMA IS ACCEPTED TO BE LESS FREQUENT AND IMPORTANT. THE MOST IMPORTANT IS THE SEQUENCE WHERE A METAPLASIA EVOLVES TO DISPLASIA THAT PROGRESSES TO CARCINOMA IN SITU AND FINALLY IT BECOMES INVASIVE. THIS PROGRESS REQUIRES 10 TO 15 YEARS APPROXIMATELY. DURING THIS TIME, A CONTINUE PROGRESSION OF INJURIES HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED. MOLECULAR RESEARCH STUDIES SHOW GENETIC ANOMALIES IN SOME GENES WHICH ARE TEMPORARY EVENTS IN PRENEOPLASTIC INJURIES OF THE GALLBLADDER. SOME OF THEM EVEN EXIST BEFORE THE FIRST MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES, WHILE THE EXPRESSION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES LIKE P53, ADHESION MOLECULES AND ONCOGENES, AMONG OTHERS, CAN BE RELATED TO LATE GB CARCINOGENESIS. THE K-RAS GENE SEEMS TO PLAY A ROLE IN THIS NEOPLASIA, MAINLY IN THOSE THAT PRESENT AN ABNORMAL BILIOPANCREATIC UNION. THE MICROSATELITAL INSTABILITY HAS BEEN FOUND IN A SMALL SUBSET OF PRENEOPLASTIC AND NEOPLASTIC LESIONS. THE EXISTENCE OF METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTOR GENE AREAS HAS BEEN RELATED TO THE CELLULAR PROLIFERATION, INVASION AND METASTASIS AND ALSO IN CASES OF CHRONIC CHOLECYSTITIS, SUGGESTING THAT THIS EPIGENETIC PHENOMENON REPRESENTS A CRUCIAL EARLY EVENT IN GB CARCINOGENESIS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
13  4677 21 NEW LNCRNAS IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS C PROGRESSION: FROM FIBROSIS TO HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE THIRD LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED DEATH IN THE WORLD, AND ABOUT 80% OF THE CASES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATITIS B OR C. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE ACCUMULATED OVER DECADES OF CHRONIC INJURY AND MAY AFFECT THE FUNCTIONING OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AND PROTOONCOGENES. STUDIES HAVE EVIDENCED THE ROLE OF LONG NON-CODING RNAS (LNCRNA) WITH ONCOGENIC OR TUMOR SUPPRESSOR ACTIVITIES, SUGGESTING A GREAT POTENTIAL IN THE TREATMENT, DIAGNOSIS OR INDICATOR OF PROGNOSIS IN CANCER. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE GLOBAL EXPRESSION PROFILE LNCRNA IN HEPATIC TISSUE SAMPLES WITH DIFFERENT STAGES OF FIBROSIS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C, HCC AND NORMAL LIVER, IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY NEW LNCRNAS THAT COULD CONTRIBUTE TO STUDY THE PROGRESSION OF HEPATIC FIBROSIS TO HCC ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C. RNA-SEQ WAS PERFORMED ON ILLUMINA NEXTSEQ PLATFORM TO IDENTIFY LNCRNAS EXPRESSED DIFFERENTLY IN 15 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C, THREE PATIENTS WITH HCC AND THREE NORMAL LIVER SPECIMENS. WHEN THE PATHOLOGICAL TISSUES (FIBROSIS AND CARCINOMA) WERE COMPARED TO NORMAL HEPATIC TISSUE, WERE IDENTIFIED 2, 6 E 34 DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED LNCRNAS IN MODERATE FIBROSIS, ADVANCED FIBROSIS AND HCC, RESPECTIVELY. THE CARCINOMA GROUP HAD THE HIGHEST PROPORTION OF DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED LNCRNA (34) AND OF THESE, 29 WERE EXCLUSIVE IN THIS TYPE OF TISSUE. A HEAT MAP OF THE DEREGULATED LNCRNA REVEALED DIFFERENT EXPRESSION PATTERNS ALONG THE PROGRESSION OF FIBROSIS TO HCC. THE RESULTS SHOWED THE DEREGULATION OF SOME LNCRNA ALREADY CLASSIFIED AS TUMOR SUPPRESSORS IN HCC AND OTHER CANCERS, AS WELL AS SOME UNPUBLISHED LNCRNA WHOSE FUNCTION IS UNKNOWN. SOME OF THESE LNCRNAS ARE DYSREGULATED SINCE THE EARLY STAGES OF LIVER INJURY IN PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS C, OTHERS OVEREXPRESSED ONLY IN TUMOR TISSUE, INDICATING THEMSELVES AS CANDIDATES OF MARKERS OF FIBROSIS PROGRESSION OR TUMOR, WITH POTENTIAL CLINICAL APPLICATIONS IN PROGNOSIS AS WELL AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET. ALTHOUGH THERE ARE ALREADY STUDIES ON LNCRNA IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA, THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY CONDUCTED IN SAMPLES EXCLUSIVELY OF HCV-RELATED LIVER AND HCV HCC.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
14    42 20 A COMPREHENSIVE GENOME-WIDE PROFILING COMPARISON BETWEEN HBV AND HCV INFECTED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. BACKGROUND: HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON CANCERS WORLDWIDE, ESPECIALLY IN EAST ASIA. EVEN WITH THE PROGRESS IN THERAPY, 5-YEAR SURVIVAL RATES REMAIN UNSATISFIED. CHRONIC INFECTION WITH THE HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) OR HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) HAS BEEN EPIDEMIOLOGICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH HCC AND IS THE MAJOR ETIOLOGY IN THE EAST ASIAN POPULATION. THE DETAILED MECHANISM, ESPECIALLY THE CHANGES OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION BETWEEN THE TWO TYPES OF VIRUS-RELATED HCC, AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HCC DEVELOPMENT, METASTASIS, AND RECURRENCE REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. METHODS: IN THIS INTEGRATED ANALYSIS, WE CHARACTERIZED GENOME-SCALE PROFILES OF HBV AND HCV INFECTED HCC BY COMPARING THEIR GENE EXPRESSION PATTERN, METHYLATION PROFILES, AND COPY NUMBER VARIATIONS FROM THE PUBLICLY ACCESSIBLE DATA OF THE CANCER GENOME ATLAS PROGRAM (TCGA). RESULTS: THE HLA-A, STAT1, AND OAS2 GENES WERE HIGHLY ENRICHED AND UP-REGULATED DISCOVERED IN THE HCV-INFECTED HCC. HYPOMETHYLATION BUT NOT COPY NUMBER VARIATIONS MIGHT BE THE MAJOR FACTOR FOR THE UP-REGULATION OF THESE IMMUNE-RELATED GENES IN HCV-INFECTED HCC. CONCLUSIONS: THE RESULTS INDICATED THE DIFFERENT EPIGENETIC CHANGES OF HBV/HCV RELATED HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. THE TOP UP-REGULATED GENES IN HCV GROUP WERE SIGNIFICANTLY CLUSTERED IN THE IMMUNE-RELATED AND DEFENSE RESPONSE PATHWAYS. THESE FINDINGS WILL HELP US TO UNDERSTAND THE PATHOGENESIS OF HBV/HCV ASSOCIATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
15  1484 23 DLEU2: A MEANINGFUL LONG NONCODING RNA IN ONCOGENESIS. BACKGROUND: LONG NON-CODING RNA (LNCRNA) WITH LITTLE OR NO CODING ABILITY HAS SHOWN A VARIETY OF BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS IN CANCER, INCLUDING EPIGENETIC REGULATION, DNA DAMAGE, REGULATION OF MICRORNAS, AND PARTICIPATION IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. LNCRNA CAN BE USED AS AN ONCOGENE AND TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE THROUGH TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION IN CANCER. FOR EXAMPLE, THE OVER-EXPRESSED LNCRNA DLEU2 PROMOTES THE OCCURRENCE OF LARYNGEAL CANCER, LUNG CANCER, HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA, ETC., AND INHIBITS THE PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. DELETED IN LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA 2 (DLEU2), AS ONE OF THE LONG NON-CODING RNAS, WAS FIRST FOUND IN CHRONIC LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA AND DRAWN INTO THE PROGRESS OF INNUMERABLE CANCERS. THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF DLEU2 IN MULTIPLE TUMORS WILL BE REVEALED. METHODS: IN THIS REVIEW, CURRENT STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS AND MECHANISMS OF DLEU2 IN TUMORS ARE SUMMARIZED AND ANALYZED; RELATED RESEARCHES ARE SYSTEMATICALLY RETRIEVED AND COLLECTED THROUGH PUBMED. RESULTS: DLEU2, A NOVEL CANCER-RELATED LNCRNA, HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO BE ABNORMALLY EXPRESSED IN VARIOUS MALIGNANT TUMORS, INCLUDING LEUKEMIA, ESOPHAGEAL CANCER, LUNG CANCER, GLIOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA, MALIGNANT PLEURAL MESOTHELIOMA, BLADDER CANCER, PANCREATIC CANCER, PHARYNX AND THROAT CANCER, RENAL CLEAR CELL CARCINOMA, BREAST CANCER, OSTEOSARCOMA. BESIDES, LNCRNA DLEU2 HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS OF PROLIFERATION, MIGRATION, INVASION AND INHIBITION OF APOPTOSIS OF CANCER CELLS. CONCLUSION: DUE TO THE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS AND MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN DLEU2, IT MAY REPRESENT AN AVAILABLE BIOMARKER OR POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET IN A VARIETY OF MALIGNANT TUMORS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
16   261 26 ADVANCES IN TARGET THERAPY FOR LUNG CANCER. RECENT PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY HAS SHOWN THAT CANCER CELLS ACQUIRE COMMON PHENOTYPES SUCH AS SELF-SUFFICIENCY OF GROWTH SIGNALS, RESISTANCE TO ANTI-PROLIFERATIVE AND APOPTOTIC SIGNALS THROUGH THE ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES. RECENTLY DEVELOPED ANTICANCER DRUGS TARGET THESE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND GOOD RESULTS HAVE BEEN REPORTED FOR VARIOUS CANCER TYPES. IN LUNG CANCER, TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS SPECIFIC FOR THE EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR SUCH AS GEFITINIB AND ERLOTINIB HAVE CHANGED CLINICAL PRACTICE DRAMATICALLY. ABOUT HALF OF THE JAPANESE PATIENTS WITH LUNG CANCERS HARBOR AN ACTIVATING MUTATION OF THE EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR GENE AND THEY ARE VERY SENSITIVE TO EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS. PROGRESSION-FREE SURVIVAL OF SUCH PATIENTS IS APPROXIMATELY 10 MONTHS WHEN TREATED WITH GEFITINIB, WHEREAS THE SURVIVAL FOR THOSE TREATED WITH PLATINUM DOUBLET THERAPY IS APPROXIMATELY 6 MONTHS. TARGET THERAPIES AGAINST ECHINODERM MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN-LIKE 4-ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE FUSION PROTEIN OR A MUTATED ERBB2 (V-ERB-B AVIAN ERYTHROBLASTIC LEUKEMIA VIRAL ONCOGENE HOMOLOGUE 2) PRESENT IN APPROXIMATELY 5% AND APPROXIMATELY 3% OF THE JAPANESE PATIENTS WITH ADENOCARCINOMAS, RESPECTIVELY, ARE CURRENTLY UNDER DEVELOPMENT. ADDITION OF AN ANTI-EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR ANTIBODY, CETUXIMAB, OR ANTI-VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR ANTIBODY, BEVACIZUMAB, TO PLATINUM DOUBLET THERAPY SIGNIFICANTLY BUT MODESTLY PROLONGED THE SURVIVAL IN RECENT CLINICAL TRIALS. HOWEVER, CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL MOLECULE MULTI-KINASE INHIBITORS INCLUDING THOSE TARGETING VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTORS, SUCH AS VANDETANIB, SUNITINIB AND SORAFENIB, HAS NOT BEEN VERY SUCCESSFUL. THROUGH THESE COLLABORATIONS AMONG CLINICIANS, BASIC RESEARCHERS AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES, IT SHOULD BE POSSIBLE TO INDIVIDUALIZE LUNG CANCER TREATMENT TO TURN THIS FATAL DISEASE INTO A CHRONIC DISORDER AND, EVENTUALLY, TO CURE IT.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
17   750 21 CARDIAC INVOLVEMENT IN PATIENTS WITH HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES. AUTHORS HAVE REVIEWED LITERATURE ABOUT THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH CARDIOLOGIC DISEASE OCCURRING SECONDARY TO HEMATOLOGIC PATHOLOGY ITSELF OR ITS THERAPY, WITH A FOCUS ON INFILTRATION OF MYOCARDIUM IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC LEUKEMIA, LYMPHOMA, MULTIPLE MYELOMA, AND HYPEREOSINOPHILIC SYNDROME. MOREOVER, THEY EVALUATED CHEMOTHERAPY-ASSOCIATED TOXICITY, PARTICULARLY FOR NEW DRUGS SUCH AS MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY THERAPY, TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS, ARSENIC TRIOXIDE, BORTEZOMIB, AND EPIGENETIC THERAPY. IN FACT, CARDIAC TOXICITY MAY RANGE FROM ASYMPTOMATIC SUBCLINICAL ABNORMALITIES, SUCH AS ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC CHANGES AND LEFT VENTRICULAR EJECTION DECLINE, TO LIFE-THREATENING EVENTS AND LEAD TO CHEMOTHERAPY DOSE REDUCTION AND DELAY AND, IN SOME CASES, FOR PATIENTS WITH SEVERE SIDE EFFECTS, DISCONTINUATION OF TREATMENT. FINALLY, THEY DISCUSSED ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF EARLY MARKERS OF CARDIAC INJURY AND ON CARDIAC STEM CELL THERAPY AS A PROMISING APPROACH TO FACILITATE MYOCARDIAL REGENERATION.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
18  5921 20 TARGETING CLINICAL EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING FOR CHEMOPREVENTION OF METABOLIC AND VIRAL HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. OBJECTIVE: HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE FASTEST-GROWING CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED MORTALITY WITH CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS AND NON-ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH) AS MAJOR AETIOLOGIES. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR HCC ARE UNSATISFACTORY AND CHEMOPREVENTIVE APPROACHES ARE ABSENT. CHRONIC HEPATITIS C (CHC) RESULTS IN EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS DRIVING HCC RISK AND PERSISTING FOLLOWING CURE. HERE, WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AS TARGETS FOR LIVER CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION. DESIGN: LIVER TISSUES FROM PATIENTS WITH NASH AND CHC WERE ANALYSED BY CHIP-SEQ (H3K27AC) AND RNA-SEQ. THE LIVER DISEASE-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPROGRAMMING IN PATIENTS WAS MODELLED IN A LIVER CELL CULTURE SYSTEM. PERTURBATION STUDIES COMBINED WITH A TARGETED SMALL MOLECULE SCREEN FOLLOWED BY IN VIVO AND EX VIVO VALIDATION WERE USED TO IDENTIFY CHROMATIN MODIFIERS AND READERS FOR HCC CHEMOPREVENTION. RESULTS: IN PATIENTS, CHC AND NASH SHARE SIMILAR EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC MODIFICATIONS DRIVING CANCER RISK. USING A CELL-BASED SYSTEM MODELLING EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN PATIENTS, WE IDENTIFIED CHROMATIN READERS AS TARGETS TO REVERT LIVER GENE TRANSCRIPTION DRIVING CLINICAL HCC RISK. PROOF-OF-CONCEPT STUDIES IN A NASH-HCC MOUSE MODEL SHOWED THAT THE PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITION OF CHROMATIN READER BROMODOMAIN 4 INHIBITED LIVER DISEASE PROGRESSION AND HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS BY RESTORING TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPROGRAMMING OF THE GENES THAT WERE EPIGENETICALLY ALTERED IN PATIENTS. CONCLUSION: OUR RESULTS UNRAVEL THE FUNCTIONAL RELEVANCE OF METABOLIC AND VIRUS-INDUCED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS FOR PATHOGENESIS OF HCC DEVELOPMENT AND IDENTIFY CHROMATIN READERS AS TARGETS FOR CHEMOPREVENTION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
19  5233 21 PROFIBROTIC SIGNALING AND HCC RISK DURING CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS: BIOMARKER DEVELOPMENT. DESPITE BREAKTHROUGHS IN ANTIVIRAL THERAPIES, CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS B AND C ARE STILL THE MAJOR CAUSES OF LIVER FIBROSIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). IMPORTANTLY, EVEN IN PATIENTS WITH CONTROLLED INFECTION OR VIRAL CURE, THE CANCER RISK CANNOT BE FULLY ELIMINATED, HIGHLIGHTING A PERSISTING ONCOGENIC PRESSURE IMPOSED BY EPIGENETIC IMPRINTING AND ADVANCED LIVER DISEASE. RELIABLE AND MINIMALLY INVASIVE BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY FIBROSIS AND FOR RESIDUAL HCC RISK IN HCV-CURED PATIENTS ARE URGENTLY NEEDED. CHRONIC INFECTION WITH HBV AND/OR HCV DYSREGULATES ONCOGENIC AND PROFIBROGENIC SIGNALING WITHIN THE HOST, ALSO DISPLAYED IN THE SECRETION OF SOLUBLE FACTORS TO THE BLOOD. THE STUDY OF VIRUS-DYSREGULATED SIGNALING PATHWAYS MAY, THEREFORE, CONTRIBUTE TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF RELIABLE MINIMALLY INVASIVE BIOMARKERS FOR THE DETECTION OF PATIENTS AT EARLY-STAGE LIVER DISEASE POTENTIALLY COMPLEMENTING EXISTING NONINVASIVE METHODS IN CLINICS. WITH A FOCUS ON VIRUS-INDUCED SIGNALING EVENTS, THIS REVIEW PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF CANDIDATE BLOOD BIOMARKERS FOR LIVER DISEASE AND HCC RISK ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS AND EPIGENETIC VIRAL FOOTPRINTS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
20  3271 25 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA RISK AFTER VIRAL RESPONSE IN HEPATITIS C VIRUS-ADVANCED FIBROSIS: WHO TO SCREEN AND FOR HOW LONG? HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) CHRONIC INFECTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH FIBROSIS PROGRESSION, END-STAGE LIVER COMPLICATIONS AND HCC. NOT SURPRISINGLY, HCV INFECTION IS A LEADING CAUSE OF LIVER-RELATED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WORLDWIDE. AFTER SUSTAINED VIROLOGICAL RESPONSE (SVR), THE RISK OF DEVELOPING HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IS NOT COMPLETELY ELIMINATED IN PATIENTS WITH ESTABLISHED CIRRHOSIS OR WITH ADVANCED FIBROSIS. THEREFORE, LIFELONG SURVEILLANCE IS CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED. THIS STRATEGY IS LIKELY NOT UNIVERSALLY COST-EFFECTIVE AND HARMLESS, CONSIDERING THAT NOT ALL PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED FIBROSIS HAVE THE SAME RISK OF DEVELOPING HCC. FACTORS RELATED TO THE SEVERITY OF LIVER DISEASE AND ITS POTENTIAL TO IMPROVE AFTER SVR, THE MOLECULAR AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING INFECTION AND OTHER ASSOCIATED COMORBIDITIES MIGHT ACCOUNT FOR DIFFERENT RISK LEVELS AND ARE LIKELY ESSENTIAL FOR IDENTIFYING PATIENTS WHO WOULD BENEFIT FROM SCREENING PROGRAMS AFTER SVR. EFFORTS TO DEVELOP PREDICTIVE MODELS AND RISK CALCULATORS, BIOMARKERS AND GENETIC PANELS AND EVEN DEEP LEARNING MODELS TO ESTIMATE THE INDIVIDUAL RISK OF HCC HAVE BEEN MADE IN THE DIRECT-ACTING ANTIVIRAL AGENTS ERA, WHEN THOUSANDS OF PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED FIBROSIS AND CIRRHOSIS HAVE REACHED SVR. THESE TOOLS COULD HELP TO IDENTIFY PATIENTS WITH VERY LOW HCC RISK IN WHOM SURVEILLANCE MIGHT NOT BE JUSTIFIED. IN THIS REVIEW, FACTORS AFFECTING THE PROBABILITY OF HCC DEVELOPMENT AFTER SVR, THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF SURVEILLANCE, SUGGESTED STRATEGIES TO ESTIMATE INDIVIDUALIZED HCC RISK AND THE CURRENT EVIDENCE TO RECOMMEND LIFELONG SURVEILLANCE ARE DISCUSSED.	2021