1  5697 135 SIMILARITIES IN PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE BIDIRECTIONAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENDOMETRIOSIS AND PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE. BACKGROUND: ENDOMETRIOSIS IS A COMMON INFLAMMATORY DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY THE PRESENCE OF ENDOMETRIAL CELLS OUTSIDE OF THE UTERINE CAVITY. ENDOMETRIOSIS AFFECTS 10% OF WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE AND SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES THEIR QUALITY OF LIFE AS A RESULT OF CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN AND INFERTILITY. BIOLOGIC MECHANISMS, INCLUDING PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION, IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, HAVE BEEN PROPOSED AS THE PATHOGENESIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. IN ADDITION, ENDOMETRIOSIS CAN POTENTIALLY BE ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE (PID). CHANGES IN THE VAGINAL MICROBIOTA ASSOCIATED WITH BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS (BV) RESULT IN PID OR A SEVERE FORM OF ABSCESS FORMATION, TUBO-OVARIAN ABSCESS (TOA). THIS REVIEW AIMS TO SUMMARIZE THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ENDOMETRIOSIS AND PID AND TO DISCUSS WHETHER ENDOMETRIOSIS MAY PREDISPOSE TO PID AND VICE VERSA. METHODS: PAPERS PUBLISHED BETWEEN 2000 AND 2022 IN THE PUBMED AND GOOGLE SCHOLAR DATABASES WERE INCLUDED. RESULTS: AVAILABLE EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THAT WOMEN WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS ARE AT INCREASED RISK OF COMORBID PID AND VICE VERSA, SUPPORTING THAT ENDOMETRIOSIS AND PID ARE LIKELY TO COEXIST. THERE IS A BIDIRECTIONAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENDOMETRIOSIS AND PID THAT SHARES A SIMILAR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, WHICH INCLUDES THE DISTORTED ANATOMY FAVORABLE TO BACTERIA PROLIFERATION, HEMORRHAGE FROM ENDOMETRIOTIC LESIONS, ALTERATIONS TO THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT MICROBIOME, AND IMPAIRED IMMUNE RESPONSE MODULATED BY ABERRANT EPIGENETIC PROCESSES. HOWEVER, WHETHER ENDOMETRIOSIS PREDISPOSES TO PID OR VICE VERSA HAS NOT BEEN IDENTIFIED. CONCLUSIONS: THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE PATHOGENESIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS AND PID AND DISCUSSES THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THEM.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
2  5169  40 PRECONCEPTIONAL STRESS AND RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRETERM BIRTH: AN OVERVIEW. OBJECTIVE: WE REVIEWED THE EVIDENCE FOR THREE THEORIES OF HOW PRECONCEPTIONAL PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS COULD ACT AS A CONTRIBUTING DETERMINANT OF EXCESS PRETERM BIRTH RISK AMONG AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN: EARLY LIFE DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY AND EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING OF ADULT NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEMS; BLUNTING, WEATHERING, OR DYSFUNCTION OF NEUROENDOCRINE AND IMMUNE FUNCTION IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC STRESS ACTIVATION THROUGH THE LIFE COURSE; INDIVIDUALS' ADOPTION OF RISKY BEHAVIORS SUCH AS SMOKING AS A RESPONSE TO STRESSFUL STIMULI. METHODS: BASIC SCIENCE, CLINICAL, AND EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES INDEXED IN MEDLINE AND WEB OF SCIENCE DATABASES ON PRECONCEPTIONAL PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS, PRETERM BIRTH AND RACE WERE REVIEWED. RESULTS: MIXED EVIDENCE LEANS TOWARDS MODEST ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PRECONCEPTIONAL CHRONIC STRESS AND PRETERM BIRTH (FOR EXAMPLE COMMON ODDS RATIOS OF 1.2-1.4), PARTICULARLY IN AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN, BUT IT IS UNCLEAR WHETHER THIS ASSOCIATION IS CAUSAL OR EXPLAINS A SUBSTANTIAL PORTION OF THE BLACK-WHITE RACIAL DISPARITY IN PRETERM BIRTH. THE STRESS-PRETERM BIRTH ASSOCIATION MAY BE MEDIATED BY HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS DYSFUNCTION AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS, ALTHOUGH THESE MECHANISMS ARE INCOMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. EVIDENCE FOR THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC OR EARLY LIFE PROGRAMMING AS A DETERMINANT OF RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRETERM BIRTH RISK IS MORE CIRCUMSTANTIAL. CONCLUSIONS: PRECONCEPTIONAL STRESS, DIRECTLY OR IN INTERACTION WITH HOST GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OR INFECTION, REMAINS AN IMPORTANT HYPOTHESIZED RISK FACTOR FOR UNDERSTANDING AND REDUCING RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRETERM BIRTH. FUTURE STUDIES THAT INTEGRATE ADEQUATELY SIZED EPIDEMIOLOGIC SAMPLES WITH MEASURES OF STRESS, INFECTION, AND GENE EXPRESSION, WILL ADVANCE OUR KNOWLEDGE AND ALLOW DEVELOPMENT OF TARGETED INTERVENTIONS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
3  2727  47 EXPLAINING THE BLACK-WHITE DISPARITY IN PRETERM BIRTH: A CONSENSUS STATEMENT FROM A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC WORK GROUP CONVENED BY THE MARCH OF DIMES. IN 2017-2019, THE MARCH OF DIMES CONVENED A WORKGROUP WITH BIOMEDICAL, CLINICAL, AND EPIDEMIOLOGIC EXPERTISE TO REVIEW KNOWLEDGE OF THE CAUSES OF THE PERSISTENT BLACK-WHITE DISPARITY IN PRETERM BIRTH (PTB). MULTIPLE DATABASES WERE SEARCHED TO IDENTIFY HYPOTHESIZED CAUSES EXAMINED IN PEER-REVIEWED LITERATURE, 33 HYPOTHESIZED CAUSES WERE REVIEWED FOR WHETHER THEY PLAUSIBLY AFFECT PTB AND EITHER OCCUR MORE/LESS FREQUENTLY AND/OR HAVE A LARGER/SMALLER EFFECT SIZE AMONG BLACK WOMEN VS. WHITE WOMEN. WHILE DEFINITIVE PROOF IS LACKING FOR MOST POTENTIAL CAUSES, MOST ARE BIOLOGICALLY PLAUSIBLE. NO SINGLE DOWNSTREAM OR MIDSTREAM FACTOR EXPLAINS THE DISPARITY OR ITS SOCIAL PATTERNING, HOWEVER, MANY LIKELY PLAY LIMITED ROLES, E.G., WHILE GENETIC FACTORS LIKELY CONTRIBUTE TO PTB, THEY EXPLAIN AT MOST A SMALL FRACTION OF THE DISPARITY. RESEARCH LINKS MOST HYPOTHESIZED MIDSTREAM CAUSES, INCLUDING SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS AND STRESS, WITH THE DISPARITY THROUGH THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE HYPOTHESIZED DOWNSTREAM FACTORS. SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS ALONE CANNOT EXPLAIN THE DISPARITY'S SOCIAL PATTERNING. CHRONIC STRESS COULD AFFECT PTB THROUGH NEUROENDOCRINE AND IMMUNE MECHANISMS LEADING TO INFLAMMATION AND IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION, STRESS COULD ALTER A WOMAN'S MICROBIOTA, IMMUNE RESPONSE TO INFECTION, CHRONIC DISEASE RISKS, AND BEHAVIORS, AND TRIGGER EPIGENETIC CHANGES INFLUENCING PTB RISK. AS AN UPSTREAM FACTOR, RACISM IN MULTIPLE FORMS HAS REPEATEDLY BEEN LINKED WITH THE PLAUSIBLE MIDSTREAM/DOWNSTREAM FACTORS, INCLUDING SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE, STRESS, AND TOXIC EXPOSURES. RACISM IS THE ONLY FACTOR IDENTIFIED THAT DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY COULD EXPLAIN THE RACIAL DISPARITIES IN THE PLAUSIBLE MIDSTREAM/DOWNSTREAM CAUSES AND THE OBSERVED SOCIAL PATTERNING. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY SYSTEMIC RACISM CAN EXPLAIN THE RACIAL DISPARITIES IN SOCIOECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES THAT DIFFERENTIALLY EXPOSE AFRICAN AMERICANS TO LIFELONG FINANCIAL STRESS AND ASSOCIATED HEALTH-HARMING CONDITIONS. SEGREGATION PLACES BLACK WOMEN IN STRESSFUL SURROUNDINGS AND EXPOSES THEM TO ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS. RACE-BASED DISCRIMINATORY TREATMENT IS A PERVASIVE STRESSOR FOR BLACK WOMEN OF ALL SOCIOECONOMIC LEVELS, CONSIDERING BOTH INCIDENTS AND THE CONSTANT VIGILANCE NEEDED TO PREPARE ONESELF FOR POTENTIAL INCIDENTS. RACISM IS A HIGHLY PLAUSIBLE, MAJOR UPSTREAM CONTRIBUTOR TO THE BLACK-WHITE DISPARITY IN PTB THROUGH MULTIPLE PATHWAYS AND BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. WHILE MUCH IS UNKNOWN, EXISTING KNOWLEDGE AND CORE VALUES (EQUITY, JUSTICE) SUPPORT ADDRESSING RACISM IN EFFORTS TO ELIMINATE THE RACIAL DISPARITY IN PTB.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
4  4067  27 MATERNAL AND PEDIATRIC HEALTH AND DISEASE: INTEGRATING BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODELS AND EPIGENETICS. THE CONCEPTS OF ALLOSTASIS (STABILITY THROUGH ADAPTATION) AND ACCUMULATED LIFE STRESS (MCEWEN'S ALLOSTATIC LOAD) AIM TO UNDERSTAND CHILDHOOD AND ADULT OUTCOMES. CHRONIC MALNUTRITION, CHANGES IN SOCIAL CONDITION, AND ADVERSE EARLY-LIFE EXPERIENCES MAY PROGRAM PHENOTYPES AND CONTRIBUTE TO LONG-LASTING DISEASE RISK. HOWEVER, INTEGRATION OF LIFE COURSE APPROACHES, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONTEXTS, AND COMPARISON AMONG DIFFERENT BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODELS HAS NOT GENERALLY BEEN EXPLORED. THIS REVIEW CRITICALLY EXAMINES THE LITERATURE AND EVALUATES RECENT INSIGHTS INTO HOW ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS CAN ALTER LIFELONG HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS AND IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSIVENESS AND INDUCE METABOLIC AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL MALADAPTATION. MODELS OF BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS OVERLAP BUT MAY CONSIDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS. CONCEPTS INCLUDE ALLOSTASIS, WHICH INCORPORATES HORMONAL RESPONSES TO PREDICTABLE ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES, AND GERONIMUS'S "WEATHERING," WHICH AIMS TO EXPLAIN HOW SOCIALLY STRUCTURED, REPEATED STRESS CAN ACCUMULATE AND INCREASE DISEASE VULNERABILITY. WEATHERING EMPHASIZES ROLES OF INTERNALIZED/INTERPERSONAL RACISM IN OUTCOMES DISPARITIES. FOR MEXICAN IMMIGRANTS AND MEXICAN AMERICANS, THE "ACCULTURATION" FRAMEWORK HAS PROVEN ESPECIALLY USEFUL TO EXPLORE DISPARITIES, INCLUDING PRETERM BIRTH AND NEUROPSYCHIATRIC RISKS IN CHILDHOOD. COMPLEXITIES OF STRESS ASSESSMENTS AND RECENT RESEARCH INTO EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MEDIATING EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL, NUTRITIONAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND SOCIAL STRESS ARE REVIEWED.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
5  6478  29 TOPICAL REVIEW: THE EMERGING FIELD OF EPIGENETICS: INFORMING MODELS OF PEDIATRIC TRAUMA AND PHYSICAL HEALTH. OBJECTIVE: TRAUMA EXPERIENCED DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE HAS BEEN LINKED TO A NUMBER OF CHRONIC MEDICAL CONCERNS. WE HIGHLIGHT MAJOR FINDINGS FROM THE PEDIATRIC TRAUMA LITERATURE TO PROVIDE A MODEL FOR UNDERSTANDING THIS ASSOCIATION. METHODS: STUDIES EXAMINING THE EFFECTS OF TRAUMA WERE SYSTEMATICALLY REVIEWED AND SYNTHESIZED INTO A MODEL PROPOSING A CENTRAL ROLE FOR EPIGENETICS IN THE WAYS THAT CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES CAN AFFECT HEALTH. RESULTS: EARLY HYPOTHALAMIC PITUITARY ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS RESPONSE MAY IMPACT INITIAL TRAUMA EXPERIENCE, WITH DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS ON POSTTRAUMA ADJUSTMENT REFLECTED IN POSTTRAUMA NEUROBIOLOGY, PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH, AND PHYSICAL HEALTH. CONCLUSIONS: PROSPECTIVE RESEARCH WITH CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS EXPOSED TO TRAUMA IS NEEDED TO BETTER CHARACTERIZE THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES ON THE COURSE OF HPA AND IMMUNE PROCESSES AS RELATED TO POSTTRAUMA PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH OUTCOMES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
6  1249  39 CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON ENDOMETRIOSIS ETIOLOGY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF LITERATURE. OBJECTIVE: TO REVIEW THE MECHANISMS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING THOSE RELATED TO EPIGENETIC MUTATIONS, CELLULAR DYSREGULATION, INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES, AND OXIDATIVE STRESS. METHODS: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW REGARDING CURRENT ASPECTS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS ETIOLOGY, GENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT WAS PERFORMED USING THE PUBMED, GOOGLE SCHOLAR, AND ELIBRARY DATABASES. KEYWORDS INCLUDED ENDOMETRIOSIS, ETIOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, GENESIS, ASSOCIATIONS AND MECHANISMS. A MULTILINGUAL SEARCH WAS PERFORMED. RESULTS: SEVERAL MECHANISMS UNDERLINE THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS FOR ENDOMETRIOSIS DEVELOPMENT. EPIGENETIC MUTATIONS, EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL INFLUENCES, AND CHRONIC CONDITIONS HAVE A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON ENDOMETRIOSIS DEVELOPMENT, SURVIVAL AND REGULATION. SEVERAL HISTORICALLY VALID THEORIES ON ENDOMETRIOSIS DEVELOPMENT WERE DISCUSSED, AS WELL AS UPDATED FINDINGS. CONCLUSION: DESPITE RECENT ADVANCES, FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS IN UNDERSTANDING ENDOMETRIOSIS REMAIN UNRESOLVED. THE IDENTIFICATION OF UNKNOWN CIRCULATING EPITHELIAL PROGENITORS OR STEM CELLS THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR EPITHELIAL GROWTH IN BOTH THE ENDOMETRIUM AND ENDOMETRIOTIC FOCI SEEMS TO BE THE NEXT STEP IN SOLVING THESE QUESTIONS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
7  1151  37 CONNECTIONS AMONG BIOLOGIC EMBEDDING OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY, ADULT CHRONIC ILLNESS, AND WOUND CARE: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES (ACES) BIOLOGICALLY EMBED BY ALTERING BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND INFLUENCING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. THESE EXPERIENCES MAY GENERATE HEALTH RISK FACTORS. PURPOSE: A LITERATURE REVIEW WAS CONDUCTED TO COMPARE ACE-GENERATED HEALTH RISK FACTORS WITH RISK FACTORS FOR WOUND DEVELOPMENT AND ABERRANT HEALING, AS WELL AS TO IDENTIFY A GAP IN LITERATURE REGARDING CRITICAL CONNECTIONS BETWEEN ACES, CHRONIC ILLNESS, AND WOUND DEVELOPMENT/HEALING, WITH ASSOCIATED PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. METHODOLOGY: A LITERATURE SEARCH OF ENGLISH-LANGUAGE ARTICLES WAS CONDUCTED USING THE CUMULATIVE INDEX OF NURSING AND ALLIED HEALTH LITERATURE, MEDLINE, AND PUBMED USING THE SEARCH TERMS ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES, ADULTS, WOUNDS, CHRONIC DISEASE OR ILLNESS, AND EPIGENETICS. THE SEARCHES YIELDED 561 PUBLICATIONS REGARDING ACES, CHRONIC ILLNESS OR DISEASE, AND ADULT; 182 FOR ACES; AND 547 FOR EPIGENETICS AND WOUNDS. ABSTRACTS WERE REVIEWED TO REMOVE DUPLICATES AND STUDIES WITH PARTICIPANTS WHO WERE <18 YEARS OLD. PUBLICATIONS WERE REVIEWED FOR SALIENCE; THOSE DISCUSSING THE BIOLOGIC PLAUSIBILITY OF ACES CONTRIBUTING TO ADULT ILLNESSES AND ASSOCIATED WOUND DEVELOPMENT AND HEALING WERE REVIEWED FOR INCLUSION. RESULTS: SIXTY-EIGHT (68) PUBLICATIONS WERE FOUND APPROPRIATE FOR REVIEW AND INCLUDED POPULATION-BASED STUDIES; LITERATURE REVIEWS; EPIDEMIOLOGIC DATA; META-ANALYSES; AND SYSTEMATIC, CROSS-SECTIONAL, OBSERVATIONAL, AND PROSPECTIVE STUDIES AS SINGULAR OR MIXED METHODS DESIGNS. A SUBSTANTIAL OVERLAP WAS FOUND IN TERMS OF RISK FACTORS GENERATED BY ACE EXPOSURE AND RISK FACTORS FOR WOUND DEVELOPMENT/HEALING, AS WAS A GAP IN THE LITERATURE REGARDING THIS RELATIONSHIP. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND ALTERED BRAIN DEVELOPMENT ARE IMPLICATED IN PROCESSES THROUGH WHICH CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY ERODES HUMAN HEALTH. CONCLUSION: ADULT HEALTH RISKS AS A RESULT OF EXPOSURE TO ACES AND CRITICAL CONNECTIONS WITH RISKS FOR WOUND DEVELOPMENT AND DISRUPTED WOUND HEALING VIA EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES ARE RECOGNIZED IN THE LITERATURE. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS INCLUDE CONSIDERING SCREENING FOR THE RISK FACTOR OF ACES EXPOSURE IN ADULT PATIENTS TO IDENTIFY THIS ADDITIONAL RISK FACTOR AND PRACTICING PATIENT-CENTERED, TRAUMA-INFORMED CARE. FURTHER RESEARCH INTO THE INTEGRATIVE ROLES OF THESE FACTORS IS WARRANTED.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
8  2153  27 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ACTIVATED BY CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY. ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES (ACE) IMPAIR HEALTH AND LIFE EXPECTANCY AND MAY RESULT IN AN EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE THAT DRIVES INCREASED MORBIDITY PRIMED DURING EARLY STAGES OF LIFE. THIS LITERATURE REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE CURRENT EVIDENCE FOR EPIGENETIC-MEDIATED PROGRAMMING OF BRAIN AND IMMUNE FUNCTION RESULTING FROM ACE. TO ADDRESS THIS AIM, A TOTAL OF 88 ARTICLES INDEXED IN PUBMED BEFORE AUGUST 2019 CONCERNING ACE AND EPIGENETICS WERE SURVEYED. CURRENT EVIDENCE PARTIALLY SUPPORTS EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS, BUT CONVINCINGLY SHOWS THAT ACE IMPAIRS IMMUNE FUNCTION. ADDITIONALLY, THE NEEDS AND CHALLENGES THAT FACE THIS AREA ARE DISCUSSED IN ORDER TO PROVIDE A FRAMEWORK THAT MAY HELP TO CLARIFY THE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN THE LONG-LASTING EFFECTS OF ACE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
9  6625  36 UNDERSTANDING RACIAL DISPARITIES OF PRETERM BIRTH THROUGH THE PLACENTA. THE RACIAL DISPARITY ASSOCIATED WITH PRETERM BIRTH IS A PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN IN THE UNITED STATES. THE PLACENTA IS THE PRINCIPAL METABOLIC, RESPIRATORY, AND ENDOCRINE ORGAN OF THE FETUS AND A KEY ROUTE BY WHICH ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES ARE TRANSMITTED FROM MOTHER TO OFFSPRING. AVAILABLE AT EVERY DELIVERY, IT MAY SERVE AS A MARKER OF DIFFERENCES IN PRENATAL EXPOSURES THAT MANIFEST DIFFERENTLY BY RACE. RECENTLY, WE DESCRIBED DIFFERENCES IN PLACENTAL PATHOLOGY BETWEEN AFRICAN-AMERICAN AND WHITE PRETERM BIRTHS: THE PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION WAS HIGHER AMONG AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN'S PLACENTAS COMPARED WITH THOSE OF WHITE WOMEN. SIMILARLY, RACIAL DIFFERENCES HAVE BEEN SHOWN IN PLACENTAL MALPERFUSION AND PLACENTAL WEIGHT. SOCIAL DETERMINANTS SUCH AS POVERTY AND STRESS FROM DISCRIMINATION HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRETERM BIRTH. TO DATE, HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS, WHETHER THROUGH INFLAMMATORY, OXIDATIVE STRESS, OR OTHER PATHWAYS INVOLVING EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING, REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. THE PLACENTA, COMPLEMENTED BY MATERNAL AND UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD BIOMARKERS, MAY PROVIDE IMPORTANT INFORMATION ON THE PERINATAL ENVIRONMENT THAT EXPLAINS THE ORIGINS OF RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRETERM BIRTH RATES AND SUBSEQUENT HEALTH OUTCOMES. THIS ARTICLE REVIEWS EXISTING LITERATURE AND CURRENT RESEARCH GAPS. OPPORTUNITIES ARE DISCUSSED FOR FUTURE PLACENTAL RESEARCH THAT MAY REVEAL NOVEL MECHANISMS LEADING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW APPROACHES IN THE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF PRETERM BIRTH AND ITS OUTCOMES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
10   704  36 BUILDING RESILIENCE AGAINST THE SEQUELAE OF ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES: RISE UP, CHANGE YOUR LIFE, AND REFORM HEALTH CARE. A REFORMED APPROACH TO HEALTH CARE TACKLES HEALTH AT ITS ROOTS. ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES (ACES) IN THOSE EXPOSED TO THEM MAY CONTRIBUTE SIGNIFICANTLY TO THE ROOT CAUSES OF MANY DISEASES OF LIFESTYLE. ACES ARE TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES, SUCH AS PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL ABUSE AND EXPOSURE TO RISKY FAMILY ENVIRONMENTS. IN 1998, A GROUND-BREAKING STUDY FOUND THAT NEARLY 70% OF AMERICANS EXPERIENCE AT LEAST 1 ACE IN THEIR LIFETIME, AND GRADED EXPOSURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRESENCE OF MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS, HEART DISEASE, CANCER, AND OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES. OVER THE PAST 20 YEARS, EVIDENCE HAS DEMONSTRATED FURTHER DISEASE RISK, OUTCOMES, AND EPIGENETIC UNDERPINNINGS IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS WITH ACES. BUILDING RESILIENCE-THE CAPACITY TO ADAPT IN HEALTHY WAYS TO TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES-THROUGH LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION OFFERS POTENTIAL TO COMBAT THE NEGATIVE HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH ACES. EMERGING RESEARCH DEMONSTRATES RESILIENCE IS CULTIVATED THROUGH INDIVIDUAL SKILLS (EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE, COPING, AND FOSTERING HEALTHY LIFESTYLE CHOICES), AND NURTURING SUPPORTIVE RELATIONSHIPS. BEING MINDFUL OF THE IMPACT AND PREVALENCE OF ACES AND DIVERSITY OF INDIVIDUALS' EXPERIENCES IN SOCIETY WILL HELP BUILD RESILIENCE AND COMBAT THE ROOT CAUSE OF CHRONIC DISEASE. THIS REVIEW AIMS TO CULTIVATE THAT AWARENESS AND WILL DISCUSS 3 OBJECTIVES: TO DISCUSS THE EFFECTS AND HYPOTHESIZED PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL UNDERPINNINGS OF TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES IN CHILDHOOD ON HEALTH AND WELLBEING THROUGHOUT LIFE, TO PRESENT WAYS WE CAN PROMOTE RESILIENCE IN OUR DAILY LIVES AND PATIENT ENCOUNTERS, AND TO DEMONSTRATE HOW ADVOCACY FOR THE REDUCTION OF ACES AND PROMOTION OF RESILIENT, TRAUMA-INFORMED ENVIRONMENTS ARE FUNDAMENTAL TO HEALTH CARE REFORM.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
11  5962  38 TELOMERES, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND TIMING FOR SPONTANEOUS TERM AND PRETERM LABOR. TELOMERES ARE NUCLEOPROTEIN COMPLEXES LOCATED AT THE DISTAL ENDS OF CHROMOSOMES. IN ADULTS, PROGRESSIVE TELOMERE SHORTENING OCCURS THROUGHOUT THE LIFETIME AND IS THOUGHT TO CONTRIBUTE TO PROGRESSIVE AGING, PHYSIOLOGICAL SENESCENCE, MULTIORGAN DYSFUNCTION, AND ULTIMATELY, DEATH. AS DISCUSSED IN THIS REVIEW, MULTIPLE LINES OF EVIDENCE PROVIDE SUPPORT FOR THE BIOLOGICAL PLAUSIBILITY THAT A TELOMERE-BASED CLOCK MECHANISM ALSO DETERMINES THE LENGTH OF GESTATION, LEADING TO THE ONSET OF LABOR (PARTURITION). AFTER TELOMERE EXPANSION AT THE BEGINNING OF PREGNANCY, THE TELOMERE LENGTHS IN THE GESTATIONAL TISSUES (IE, THE PLACENTA AND FETAL MEMBRANES) PROGRESSIVELY SHORTEN THROUGHOUT THE REMAINDER OF PREGNANCY. THE RATE OF TELOMERE SHORTENING CAN BE ACCELERATED BY CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT THE MOTHER AND RESULT IN OXIDATIVE STRESS. PRETERM BIRTHS IN THE UNITED STATES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIPLE RISK FACTORS THAT ARE LINKED WITH INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS. ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS (IE, VITAMINS E AND C) MITIGATE THE EFFECTS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DELAY OR PREVENT TELOMERE SHORTENING. CLINICAL TRIALS WITH VITAMINS E AND C AND WITH MULTIVITAMINS STARTED DURING THE PERICONCEPTION PERIOD HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED RATES OF PRETERM BIRTHS. IN THE UNITED STATES, AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN HAVE A 2-3-FOLD HIGHER RATE OF PRETERM BIRTH. AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN HAVE MULTIPLE RISK FACTORS FOR PREMATURE BIRTH, ALL OF WHICH ARE DISTINCT AND POTENTIALLY ADDITIVE WITH REGARD TO EPIGENETIC TELOMERE SHORTENING. THE "WEATHERING EFFECT" IS THE HYPOTHESIS TO EXPLAIN THE INCREASED RATES OF CHRONIC ILLNESS, DISABILITIES, AND EARLY DEATH OBSERVED IN AFRICAN-AMERICANS. WITH REGARD TO PREGNANCY, ACCELERATED WEATHERING WITH THE ASSOCIATED TELOMERE SHORTENING IN THE GESTATIONAL TISSUES WOULD NOT ONLY EXPLAIN THE PRETERM BIRTH DISPARITY BUT COULD ALSO EXPLAIN WHY HIGHLY EDUCATED, AFFLUENT AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN CONTINUE TO HAVE AN INCREASED RATE OF PRETERM BIRTH. THESE STUDIES SUGGEST THAT THE RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRETERM BIRTH ARE POTENTIALLY MEDIATED BY TELOMERE SHORTENING PRODUCED BY LIFETIME OR EVEN GENERATIONAL EXPOSURE TO THE EFFECTS OF SYSTEMIC RACISM AND SOCIOECONOMIC MARGINALIZATION. IN CONCLUSION, THIS REVIEW PRESENTS MULTIPLE LINES OF EVIDENCE SUPPORTING A NOVEL HYPOTHESIS REGARDING THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK MECHANISM THAT DETERMINES THE LENGTH OF PREGNANCY, AND IT OPENS THE POSSIBILITY OF NEW APPROACHES TO PREVENT OR REDUCE THE RATE OF SPONTANEOUS PRETERM BIRTH.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
12  6483  31 TOXIC STRESS, EPIGENETICS AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT. OBJECTIVES: TO DESCRIBE THE CONCEPT OF TOXIC STRESS, PRESENT THE BASICS OF EPIGENETICS AND DISCUSS THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH CHILD DEVELOPMENT. DATA SOURCE: NARRATIVE LITERATURE REVIEW THROUGH A SEARCH IN THE SCIELO, LILACS, MEDLINE DATABASES USING THE TERMS ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCE OR EARLY LIFE STRESS, EPIGENOMIC OR EPIGENETIC, CHILD DEVELOPMENT OR INFANT DEVELOPMENT. DATA SYNTHESIS: CONTINUING STRESS RESPONSE, KNOWN AS TOXIC STRESS, CAN OCCUR WHEN A CHILD EXPERIENCES INTENSE, FREQUENT, AND/OR PROLONGED ADVERSITY-SUCH AS PHYSICAL OR EMOTIONAL ABUSE, CHRONIC NEGLECT, FOR EXAMPLE-WITHOUT ADEQUATE ADULT SUPPORT. THIS TOXIC STRESS CAN HAVE HARMFUL EFFECTS ON LEARNING, BEHAVIOR, AND HEALTH THROUGHOUT LIFE. EPIGENETICS, AN EMERGING SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AREA?, SHOWS HOW ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES AFFECT GENE EXPRESSIONS AND EXPLAINS HOW EARLY EXPERIENCES CAN IMPACT THROUGHOUT LIFE. CONCLUSIONS: TOXIC STRESS CAUSES CHANGES IN THE HUMAN BODY RESPONSE SYSTEMS THAT CAN BE EXPLAINED IN PART BY EPIGENETIC CHANGES, WHICH CAN BE TEMPORARY OR LONG-LASTING. PEDIATRICIANS MUST BE AWARE OF THESE MECHANISMS AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES, SEEKING TO PREVENT THEM AND THUS PROMOTE THE HEALTH, WELL-BEING, AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF CHILDREN, CONTRIBUTING TO THEIR FULL DEVELOPMENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
13  1776  38 ECONOMIC HARDSHIP AND BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING: THE EPIGENETICS OF AGING IN A U.S. SAMPLE OF BLACK WOMEN. BACKGROUND: PAST RESEARCH HAS LINKED LOW SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS (SES) TO INFLAMMATION, METABOLIC DYSREGULATION, AND VARIOUS CHRONIC AND AGE-RELATED DISEASES SUCH AS TYPE 2 DIABETES, CORONARY HEART DISEASE, STROKE, AND DEMENTIA. THESE STUDIES SUGGEST THAT THE CHALLENGES AND ADVERSITIES ASSOCIATED WITH LOW SES MAY RESULT IN PREMATURE AGING AND INCREASED RISK OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. OBJECTIVE: BUILDING UPON THIS RESEARCH, THE PRESENT STUDY INVESTIGATES VARIOUS AVENUES WHEREBY LOW INCOME MIGHT ACCELERATE BIOLOGICAL AGING. METHODS: STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING AND LONGITUDINAL DATA FROM A SAMPLE OF 100 BLACK, MIDDLE-AGED WOMEN RESIDING IN THE UNITED STATES WAS USED TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF INCOME ON A RECENTLY DEVELOPED EPIGENETIC MEASURE OF BIOLOGICAL AGING. THIS MEASURE CAN BE USED AS A "BIOLOGICAL CLOCK" TO ASSESS, AT ANY POINT DURING ADULTHOOD, THE EXTENT TO WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL IS EXPERIENCING ACCELERATED OR DECELERATED BIOLOGICAL AGING. RESULTS: LOW INCOME DISPLAYED A ROBUST ASSOCIATION WITH ACCELERATED AGING THAT WAS UNAFFECTED AFTER CONTROLLING FOR OTHER SES-RELATED FACTORS SUCH AS EDUCATION, MARITAL STATUS, AND CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY. FURTHER, OUR ANALYSES INDICATED THAT THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN INCOME AND BIOLOGICAL AGING WAS NOT EXPLAINED BY HEALTH-RELATED BEHAVIORS SUCH AS DIET, EXERCISE, SMOKING, ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, OR HAVING HEALTH INSURANCE. RATHER, IN LARGE MEASURE, IT WAS FINANCIAL PRESSURE (DIFFICULTY PAYING BILLS, BUYING NECESSITIES, OR MEETING DAILY EXPENSES) THAT ACCOUNTED FOR THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN LOW INCOME AND ACCELERATED AGING. CONCLUSIONS: THESE FINDINGS SUPPORT THE VIEW THAT CHRONIC FINANCIAL PRESSURES ASSOCIATED WITH LOW INCOME EXERT A WEATHERING EFFECT THAT RESULTS IN PREMATURE AGING.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
14  2605  29 EPIGENETICS-A POTENTIAL MEDIATOR BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND PRETERM BIRTH. PRETERM BIRTH IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF INFANT MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY AND A POTENTIAL RISK FACTOR FOR ADULT CHRONIC DISEASE. WITH OVER 15 MILLION INFANTS BORN PRETERM WORLDWIDE EACH YEAR, PRETERM BIRTH POSES A GLOBAL HEALTH CONCERN. THERE IS A POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND PRETERM BIRTH, THOUGH STUDIES HAVE BEEN INCONSISTENT, LIKELY DUE TO VARIATION IN STUDY DESIGN. HOW AIR POLLUTION INDUCES HEALTH EFFECTS IS UNCERTAIN; HOWEVER, STUDIES HAVE REPEATEDLY DEMONSTRATED THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. MORE RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETICS MAY, IN TURN, BE LINKED TO PRETERM BIRTH. DISCOVERY OF ENVIRONMENTALLY MODIFIABLE EPIGENETIC PROCESSES CONNECTED TO PRETERM BIRTH MAY HELP TO IDENTIFY WOMEN AT RISK OF PRETERM BIRTH, AND ULTIMATELY LEAD TO DEVELOPMENT OF NEW PRETERM BIRTH PREVENTION MEASURES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
15   734  31 CANCER HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES. A NEED EXISTS TO EXAMINE RACIAL DISPARITIES IN THE HEALTHCARE ARENA AND THE IMPACT ON PATIENTS WITH CANCER. DESPITE ONGOING EFFORTS TO INCREASE EQUITY IN PRIMARY HEALTHCARE ACCESS, RACIAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC DISPARITIES PERSIST, THUS CONTRIBUTING TO DISPROPORTIONATE TREATMENT OUTCOMES AND SURVIVORSHIP AMONG MINORITY AND LOW-INCOME PATIENTS. SUCH DISPARITIES HAVE BEEN REVEALED IN TREATMENT COHORTS OF PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE FORMS OF CANCER, INCLUDING BREAST, CERVICAL, OVARIAN, ENDOMETRIAL, PROSTATE, LUNG, COLORECTAL, GASTROINTESTINAL, AND HEPATOCELLULAR, AND HAVE BEEN ATTRIBUTED TO A RANGE OF CO-OCCURRING BEHAVIORAL, SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, UNDERLYING GENETIC FACTORS, AS WELL AS ACCESS TO EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES THAT LIMIT THE QUALITY OF INFORMED HEALTHCARE. THESE VARIOUS INTERRELATED FACTORS WIDEN CANCER HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES SYNERGISTICALLY THROUGHOUT UNDERSERVED COMMUNITIES, AND THEIR INFLUENCE HAS BEEN AMPLIFIED BY THE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) PANDEMIC. FUNDAMENTALLY, A LACK OF BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH EXISTS THAT FAILS TO ADEQUATELY REFLECT DIVERSITY AND MINORITY INVOLVEMENT IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT. ALTHOUGH OVERCOMING THE OBSTACLES RESPONSIBLE FOR CHRONIC TREATMENT DISPARITIES IS A FORMIDABLE TASK, PROMISING MEANS OF ACHIEVING MORE UNIFORM QUALITY HEALTHCARE ARE BECOMING MORE CLEARLY ELUCIDATED. TO REDUCE DISEASE PROGRESSION, INCREASE OVERALL SURVIVAL, AND IMPROVE THE HEALTH OF VULNERABLE POPULATIONS, IT IS NECESSARY TO IDENTIFY AND FULLY DISCLOSE ENVIRONMENTAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND ANCESTRAL FACTORS THAT IMPACT THE RISK FOR CANCER; HEAL HISTORICAL FRACTURES WITHIN COMMUNITIES; AND INCREASE PARTICIPATION OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES IN SCREENING EFFORTS AND RESEARCH STUDIES. THIS REQUIRES DEVELOPING A SYSTEM OF JUSTICE AND TRUST BASED ON SPECIFIC, SOLUTION-ORIENTED GRASSROOTS COMMUNITY EFFORTS WORKING IN TANDEM WITH MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL LEADERS. BY FULLY EXPLORING AND PINPOINTING THE UNDERLYING CAUSES OF HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES, IT SHOULD BE POSSIBLE TO DEFINE STRATEGIES AND INTERVENTIONS MOST LIKELY TO TRANSFORM CANCER CARE. THE ULTIMATE GOAL IS UNDERSTANDING INDIVIDUAL, CULTURAL, AND BIOLOGICAL VULNERABILITIES, INCLUDING ENVIRONMENTAL AND EPIGENETIC LIABILITIES, TO OPTIMIZE CANCER PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
16  4950  38 PATHOGENESIS OF ADENOMYOSIS: AN UPDATE ON MOLECULAR MECHANISMS. ADENOMYOSIS IS A UTERINE DISORDER BECOMING MORE COMMONLY DIAGNOSED IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE BECAUSE OF DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING ADVANCEMENTS. THE NEW EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SCENARIO AND THE CLINICAL EVIDENCE OF PELVIC PAIN, ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING AND INFERTILITY ARE CHANGING THE CLASSIC PERSPECTIVE OF ADENOMYOSIS AS A PREMENOPAUSAL DISEASE. IN THE LAST DECADE, THE EVALUATION OF MULTIPLE MOLECULAR MEDIATORS HAS IMPROVED OUR KNOWLEDGE OF PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS OF ADENOMYOSIS, SUPPORTING THAT THIS IS AN INDEPENDENT DISEASE FROM ENDOMETRIOSIS. ALTHOUGH THEY SHARE COMMON GENETIC MUTATIONS AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN SEX STEROID HORMONE RECEPTORS AND SIMILAR INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS, AN INCREASING NUMBER OF RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN PATHOGENIC PATHWAYS SPECIFIC FOR ADENOMYOSIS. A PUBMED SEARCH UP TO OCTOBER 2016 SUMMARIZES THE KEY MEDIATORS OF PAIN, ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING AND INFERTILITY IN ADENOMYOSIS, INCLUDING SEX STEROID HORMONE RECEPTORS, INFLAMMATORY MOLECULES, EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX ENZYMES, GROWTH FACTORS AND NEUROANGIOGENIC FACTORS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
17  3665  48 INFECTION AS A POTENTIAL COFACTOR IN THE GENETIC-EPIGENETIC PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ENDOMETRIOSIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. BACKGROUND: THE GENETIC-EPIGENETIC THEORY POSTULATES THAT ENDOMETRIOSIS IS TRIGGERED BY A CUMULATIVE SET OF GENETIC-EPIGENETIC (GE) INCIDENTS. PELVIC AND UPPER GENITAL TRACT INFECTION MIGHT INDUCE GE INCIDENTS AND THUS PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. THUS, THIS ARTICLE AIMS TO REVIEW THE ASSOCIATION OF ENDOMETRIOSIS WITH UPPER GENITAL TRACT AND PELVIC INFECTIONS. METHODS: PUBMED, SCOPUS AND GOOGLE SCHOLAR WERE SEARCHED FOR 'ENDOMETRIOSIS AND (INFECTION OR PID OR BACTERIA OR VIRUSES OR MICROBIOME OR MICROBIOTA)', FOR 'REPRODUCTIVE MICROBIOME' AND FOR 'REPRODUCTIVE MICROBIOME AND ENDOMETRIOSIS', RESPECTIVELY. ALL 384 ARTICLES, THE FIRST 120 'BEST MATCH' ARTICLES IN PUBMED FOR 'REPRODUCTIVE MICROBIOME' AND THE FIRST 160 HITS IN GOOGLE SCHOLAR FOR 'REPRODUCTIVE MICROBIOME AND ENDOMYTRIOSIS' WERE HAND SEARCHED FOR DATA DESCRIBING AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ENDOMETRIOSIS AND BACTERIAL, VIRAL OR OTHER INFECTIONS. ALL 31 ARTICLES FOUND WERE INCLUDED IN THIS MANUSCRIPT. RESULTS: WOMEN WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS HAVE A SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED RISK OF LOWER GENITAL TRACT INFECTION, CHRONIC ENDOMETRITIS, SEVERE PID AND SURGICAL SITE INFECTIONS AFTER HYSTERECTOMY. THEY HAVE MORE COLONY FORMING UNITS OF GARDNERELLA, STREPTOCOCCUS, ENTEROCOCCI AND ESCHERICHIA COLI IN THE ENDOMETRIUM. IN THE CERVIX ATOPOBIUM IS ABSENT, BUT GARDNERELLA, STREPTOCOCCUS, ESCHERICHIA, SHIGELLA, AND UREOPLASMA ARE INCREASED. THEY HAVE HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AND HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS IN MENSTRUAL BLOOD. A SHIGELLA/ESCHERICHIA DOMINANT STOOL MICROBIOME IS MORE FREQUENT. THE PERITONEAL FLUID OF WOMEN WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS CONTAINS HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS AND AN INCREASED INCIDENCE OF MOLLICUTES AND OF HPV VIRUSES. ENDOMETRIOSIS LESIONS HAVE A SPECIFIC BACTERIAL COLONISATION WITH MORE FREQUENTLY MOLLICUTES (54%) AND BOTH HIGH AND MEDIUM-RISK HPV INFECTIONS (11%). THEY CONTAIN DNA WITH 96% HOMOLOGY WITH SHIGELLA. IN MICE TRANSPLANTED ENDOMETRIUM CHANGES THE GUT MICROBIOME WHILE THE GUT MICROBIOME INFLUENCES THE GROWTH OF THESE ENDOMETRIOSIS LESIONS. CONCLUSIONS: ENDOMETRIOSIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH MORE UPPER GENITAL TRACT AND PERITONEAL INFECTIONS. THESE INFECTIONS MIGHT BE CO-FACTORS CAUSING GE INCIDENTS AND INFLUENCING ENDOMETRIOSIS GROWTH.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
18  1892  30 ENDOMETRIOSIS: EPIDEMIOLOGY, CLASSIFICATION, PATHOGENESIS, TREATMENT AND GENETICS (REVIEW OF LITERATURE). ENDOMETRIOSIS IS A "MYSTERIOUS" DISEASE AND ITS EXACT CAUSE HAS NOT YET BEEN ESTABLISHED. AMONG THE ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS, CONGENITAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, EPIGENETIC, AUTOIMMUNE AND ALLERGIC FACTORS ARE LISTED. IT IS BELIEVED THAT THE PRIMARY MECHANISM OF THE FORMATION OF ENDOMETRIOSIS FOCI IS RETROGRADE MENSTRUATION, I.E., THE PASSAGE OF MENSTRUAL BLOOD THROUGH THE FALLOPIAN TUBES INTO THE PERITONEAL CAVITY AND IMPLANTATION OF EXFOLIATED ENDOMETRIAL CELLS. HOWEVER, SINCE THIS MECHANISM IS ALSO OBSERVED IN HEALTHY WOMEN, OTHER FACTORS MUST ALSO BE INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION OF ENDOMETRIOSIS FOCI. ENDOMETRIOSIS IS IN MANY WOMEN THE CAUSE OF INFERTILITY, CHRONIC PAIN AND THE DETERIORATION OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE. IT ALSO REPRESENTS A SIGNIFICANT FINANCIAL BURDEN ON HEALTH SYSTEMS. THE ARTICLE PRESENTS A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON ENDOMETRIOSIS-A DISEASE AFFECTING WOMEN THROUGHOUT THE WORLD.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
19  1887  52 ENDOMETRIAL RECEPTIVITY IN WOMEN OF ADVANCED AGE: AN UNDERRATED FACTOR IN INFERTILITY. BACKGROUND: MODERN LIFESTYLE HAS LED TO AN INCREASE IN THE AGE AT CONCEPTION. ADVANCED AGE IS ONE OF THE CRITICAL RISK FACTORS FOR FEMALE-RELATED INFERTILITY. IT IS WELL KNOWN THAT MATERNAL AGE POSITIVELY CORRELATES WITH THE DETERIORATION OF OOCYTE QUALITY AND CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES IN OOCYTES AND EMBRYOS. THE EFFECT OF AGE ON ENDOMETRIAL FUNCTION MAY BE AN EQUALLY IMPORTANT FACTOR INFLUENCING IMPLANTATION RATE, PREGNANCY RATE, AND OVERALL FEMALE FERTILITY. HOWEVER, THERE ARE ONLY A FEW PUBLISHED STUDIES ON THIS TOPIC, SUGGESTING THAT THIS AREA HAS BEEN UNDER-EXPLORED. IMPROVING OUR KNOWLEDGE OF ENDOMETRIAL AGING FROM THE BIOLOGICAL (CELLULAR, MOLECULAR, HISTOLOGICAL) AND CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES WOULD BROADEN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE RISKS OF AGE-RELATED FEMALE INFERTILITY. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE: THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS NARRATIVE REVIEW IS TO CRITICALLY EVALUATE THE EXISTING LITERATURE ON ENDOMETRIAL AGING WITH A FOCUS ON SYNTHESIZING THE EVIDENCE FOR THE IMPACT OF ENDOMETRIAL AGING ON CONCEPTION AND PREGNANCY SUCCESS. THIS WOULD PROVIDE INSIGHTS INTO EXISTING GAPS IN THE CLINICAL APPLICATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS AND PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT OF TREATMENT OPTIONS IN THIS FIELD. SEARCH METHODS: THE REVIEW WAS PREPARED USING PUBMED (MEDLINE) UNTIL FEBRUARY 2023 WITH THE KEYWORDS SUCH AS 'ENDOMETRIAL AGING', 'RECEPTIVITY', 'DECIDUALIZATION', 'HORMONE', 'SENESCENCE', 'CELLULAR', 'MOLECULAR', 'METHYLATION', 'BIOLOGICAL AGE', 'EPIGENETIC', 'OOCYTE RECIPIENT', 'OOCYTE DONATION', 'EMBRYO TRANSFER', AND 'PREGNANCY RATE'. ARTICLES IN A LANGUAGE OTHER THAN ENGLISH WERE EXCLUDED. OUTCOMES: IN THE AGING ENDOMETRIUM, ALTERATIONS OCCUR AT THE MOLECULAR, CELLULAR, AND HISTOLOGICAL LEVELS SUGGESTING THAT AGING HAS A NEGATIVE EFFECT ON ENDOMETRIAL BIOLOGY AND MAY IMPAIR ENDOMETRIAL RECEPTIVITY. ADDITIONALLY, ADVANCED AGE INFLUENCES CELLULAR SENESCENCE, WHICH PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE DURING THE INITIAL PHASE OF IMPLANTATION AND IS A MAJOR OBSTACLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUITABLE SENOLYTIC AGENTS FOR ENDOMETRIAL AGING. AGING IS ALSO ACCOUNTABLE FOR CHRONIC CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMAGING, WHICH EVENTUALLY CAN LEAD TO INCREASED PRO-INFLAMMATION AND TISSUE FIBROSIS. FURTHERMORE, ADVANCED AGE INFLUENCES EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN THE ENDOMETRIUM, THUS ALTERING THE RELATION BETWEEN ITS EPIGENETIC AND CHRONOLOGICAL AGE. THE STUDIES IN OOCYTE DONATION CYCLES TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF AGE ON ENDOMETRIAL RECEPTIVITY WITH RESPECT TO THE RATES OF IMPLANTATION, CLINICAL PREGNANCY, MISCARRIAGE, AND LIVE BIRTH HAVE REVEALED CONTRADICTORY INFERENCES INDICATING THE NEED FOR FUTURE RESEARCH ON THE MECHANISMS AND CORRESPONDING CAUSAL EFFECTS OF WOMEN'S AGE ON ENDOMETRIAL RECEPTIVITY. WIDER IMPLICATIONS: INCREASING AGE CAN BE ACCOUNTABLE FOR FEMALE INFERTILITY AND IVF FAILURES. BASED ON THE COMPLIED OBSERVATIONS AND SYNTHESIZED CONCLUSIONS IN THIS REVIEW, ADVANCED AGE HAS BEEN SHOWN TO HAVE A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON ENDOMETRIAL FUNCTIONING. THIS INFORMATION CAN PROVIDE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH FOCUSING ON MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF AGE-RELATED CELLULAR SENESCENCE, CELLULAR COMPOSITION, AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC CHANGES IN RELATION TO ENDOMETRIAL AGING. ADDITIONALLY, FURTHER PROSPECTIVE RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO EXPLORE NEWLY EMERGING THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS, SUCH AS THE SENOLYTIC AGENTS THAT CAN TARGET ENDOMETRIAL AGING WITHOUT AFFECTING DECIDUALIZATION. MOREOVER, CLINICAL TRIAL PROTOCOLS, FOCUSING ON OOCYTE DONATION CYCLES, WOULD BE BENEFICIAL IN UNDERSTANDING THE DIRECT CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF ENDOMETRIAL AGING ON PREGNANCY OUTCOMES.	2023	

20  2646  35 EPIGENOMIC LINKS BETWEEN SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AND SYMPTOMS: A SCOPING REVIEW. SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH (SDOH) IMPACT HEALTH AND WELLNESS. THE LINK BETWEEN SDOH AND ADVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES, INCLUDING SYMPTOM OCCURRENCE AND SEVERITY, MAY BE EXPLAINED BY AN INDIVIDUAL'S PHYSIOLOGIC RESPONSE TO ONE OR MORE SDOH. ONE POTENTIAL MECHANISM UNDERLYING THIS PHYSIOLOGIC RESPONSE LINKING SDOH AND SYMPTOMS IS THE DYNAMIC EPIGENOME. THE PURPOSE OF THIS SCOPING REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE WAS TO EXAMINE DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY FOR SYMPTOMS BY IDENTIFYING AND SUMMARIZING RESEARCH LINKING SDOH AND SYMPTOMS THROUGH EPIGENOMIC MECHANISMS. PUBMED WAS SEARCHED TO IDENTIFY EMPIRICAL RESEARCH WHERE AT LEAST ONE SDOH WAS AN INDEPENDENT OR DEPENDENT VARIABLE, AT LEAST ONE SYMPTOM WAS INVESTIGATED, AND THE INVESTIGATION INCLUDED AN EPIGENOMIC MEASURE. OF THE 484 ARTICLES INITIALLY RETRIEVED, AFTER THOROUGH VETTING, 41 ARTICLES MET ELIGIBILITY. THE MOST STUDIED SYMPTOM WAS DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS FOLLOWED BY ANXIETY, COGNITIVE FUNCTION, SLEEP DYSFUNCTION, AND PAIN. THE MOST FREQUENTLY STUDIED SDOH WERE: 1) STRESS, PARTICULARLY EARLY LIFE STRESS AND ACCULTURATIVE STRESS; AND 2) TRAUMA, PREDOMINANTLY CHILDHOOD TRAUMA. DNA METHYLATION AND TELOMERE LENGTH WERE THE MOST STUDIED EPIGENOMIC MEASURES. FOUR GENES (SLC6A4, BDNF, NR3C1, OXTR) HAD EVIDENCE FROM MULTIPLE STUDIES AND ACROSS METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES LINKING SDOH TO SYMPTOMS. THIS REVIEW SUPPORTS THE INCLUSION OF EPIGENOMIC APPROACHES TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE LINK BETWEEN SDOH AND SYMPTOMS AND PROVIDES EVIDENCE THAT SDOH IMPACT TELOMERE LENGTH AND THE METHYLATION OF GENES INVOLVED IN NEUROTRANSMITTER SIGNALING, NEURONAL SURVIVAL, BEHAVIOR, INFLAMMATION AND STRESS RESPONSE.	2023