1  6024 129 THE BIOCHEMISTRY AND EPIGENETICS OF EPILEPSY: FOCUS ON ADENOSINE AND GLYCINE. EPILEPSY, ONE OF THE MOST PREVALENT NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS, PRESENTS AS A COMPLEX DISORDER OF NETWORK HOMEOSTASIS CHARACTERIZED BY SPONTANEOUS NON-PROVOKED SEIZURES AND ASSOCIATED COMORBIDITIES. CURRENTLY USED ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS HAVE BEEN DESIGNED TO SUPPRESS NEURONAL HYPEREXCITABILITY AND THEREBY TO SUPPRESS EPILEPTIC SEIZURES. HOWEVER, THE CURRENT ARMAMENTARIUM OF ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS IS NOT EFFECTIVE IN OVER 30% OF PATIENTS, DOES NOT AFFECT THE COMORBIDITIES OF EPILEPSY, AND DOES NOT PREVENT THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF EPILEPSY (EPILEPTOGENESIS). PREVENTION OF EPILEPSY AND ITS PROGRESSION REMAINS THE HOLY GRAIL FOR EPILEPSY RESEARCH AND THERAPY DEVELOPMENT, REQUIRING NOVEL CONCEPTUAL ADVANCES TO FIND A SOLUTION TO THIS URGENT MEDICAL NEED. THE METHYLATION HYPOTHESIS OF EPILEPTOGENESIS SUGGESTS THAT CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION ARE IMPLICATED IN THE PROGRESSION OF THE DISEASE. IN PARTICULAR, GLOBAL DNA HYPERMETHYLATION APPEARS TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC EPILEPSY. CLINICAL AS WELL AS EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE DEMONSTRATES THAT EPILEPSY AND ITS PROGRESSION CAN BE PREVENTED BY BIOCHEMICAL MANIPULATIONS AND THOSE THAT TARGET PREVIOUSLY UNRECOGNIZED EPIGENETIC FUNCTIONS CONTRIBUTING TO EPILEPSY DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF THE EPILEPTIC STATE. THIS MINI-REVIEW WILL DISCUSS, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IMPLICATED IN EPILEPTOGENESIS AND BIOCHEMICAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ADENOSINE AND GLYCINE AS A CONCEPTUAL ADVANCE TO UNDERSTAND THE CONTRIBUTION OF MALADAPTIVE CHANGES IN BIOCHEMISTRY AS A MAJOR CONTRIBUTING FACTOR TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF EPILEPSY. NEW FINDINGS BASED ON BIOCHEMICAL MANIPULATION OF THE DNA METHYLOME SUGGEST THAT: (I) EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY A FUNCTIONAL ROLE IN EPILEPTOGENESIS; AND (II) THERAPEUTIC RECONSTRUCTION OF THE EPIGENOME IS AN EFFECTIVE ANTIEPILEPTOGENIC THERAPY.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
2  1652  29 DOPAMINE SIGNALING LEADS TO LOSS OF POLYCOMB REPRESSION AND ABERRANT GENE ACTIVATION IN EXPERIMENTAL PARKINSONISM. POLYCOMB GROUP (PCG) PROTEINS BIND TO AND REPRESS GENES IN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS THROUGH LINEAGE COMMITMENT TO THE TERMINAL DIFFERENTIATED STATE. PCG REPRESSED GENES ARE COMMONLY CHARACTERIZED BY THE PRESENCE OF THE EPIGENETIC HISTONE MARK H3K27ME3, CATALYZED BY THE POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2. HERE, WE PRESENT IN VIVO EVIDENCE FOR A PREVIOUSLY UNRECOGNIZED PLASTICITY OF PCG-REPRESSED GENES IN TERMINALLY DIFFERENTIATED BRAIN NEURONS OF PARKISONIAN MICE. WE SHOW THAT ACUTE ADMINISTRATION OF THE DOPAMINE PRECURSOR, L-DOPA, INDUCES A REMARKABLE INCREASE IN H3K27ME3S28 PHOSPHORYLATION. THE INDUCTION OF THE H3K27ME3S28P HISTONE MARK SPECIFICALLY OCCURS IN MEDIUM SPINY NEURONS EXPRESSING DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTORS AND IS DEPENDENT ON MSK1 KINASE ACTIVITY AND DARPP-32-MEDIATED INHIBITION OF PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE-1. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) EXPERIMENTS SHOWED THAT INCREASED H3K27ME3S28P WAS ACCOMPANIED BY REDUCED PCG BINDING TO REGULATORY REGIONS OF GENES. AN ANALYSIS OF THE GENOME WIDE DISTRIBUTION OF L-DOPA-INDUCED H3K27ME3S28 PHOSPHORYLATION BY CHIP SEQUENCING (CHIP-SEQ) IN COMBINATION WITH EXPRESSION ANALYSIS BY RNA-SEQUENCING (RNA-SEQ) SHOWED THAT THE INDUCTION OF H3K27ME3S28P CORRELATED WITH INCREASED EXPRESSION OF A SUBSET OF PCG REPRESSED GENES. WE FOUND THAT INDUCTION OF H3K27ME3S28P PERSISTED DURING CHRONIC L-DOPA ADMINISTRATION TO PARKISONIAN MICE AND CORRELATED WITH ABERRANT GENE EXPRESSION. WE PROPOSE THAT DOPAMINERGIC TRANSMISSION CAN ACTIVATE PCG REPRESSED GENES IN THE ADULT BRAIN AND THEREBY CONTRIBUTE TO LONG-TERM MALADAPTIVE RESPONSES INCLUDING THE MOTOR COMPLICATIONS, OR DYSKINESIA, CAUSED BY PROLONGED ADMINISTRATION OF L-DOPA IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
3  2498  76 EPIGENETICS AND EPILEPSY PREVENTION: THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF ADENOSINE AND METABOLIC THERAPIES. PREVENTION OF EPILEPSY AND ITS PROGRESSION REMAINS THE MOST URGENT NEED FOR EPILEPSY RESEARCH AND THERAPY DEVELOPMENT. NOVEL CONCEPTUAL ADVANCES ARE REQUIRED TO MEANINGFULLY ADDRESS THIS FUNDAMENTAL CHALLENGE. MALADAPTIVE EPIGENETIC CHANGES, WHICH INCLUDE METHYLATION OF DNA AND ACETYLATION OF HISTONES - AMONG OTHER MECHANISMS, ARE NOW WELL RECOGNIZED TO PLAY A FUNCTIONAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EPILEPSY AND ITS PROGRESSION. THE METHYLATION HYPOTHESIS OF EPILEPTOGENESIS SUGGESTS THAT CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION ARE IMPLICATED IN THE PROGRESSION OF THE DISEASE. IN THIS CONTEXT, GLOBAL DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IS PARTICULARLY ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC EPILEPSY. LIKEWISE, ACETYLATION CHANGES OF HISTONES HAVE BEEN LINKED TO EPILEPSY DEVELOPMENT. CLINICAL AS WELL AS EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE DEMONSTRATE THAT EPILEPSY AND ITS PROGRESSION CAN BE PREVENTED BY METABOLIC AND BIOCHEMICAL MANIPULATIONS THAT TARGET PREVIOUSLY UNRECOGNIZED EPIGENETIC FUNCTIONS CONTRIBUTING TO EPILEPSY DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF THE EPILEPTIC STATE. THIS REVIEW WILL DISCUSS EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IMPLICATED IN EPILEPSY DEVELOPMENT AS WELL AS METABOLIC AND BIOCHEMICAL INTERACTIONS THOUGHT TO DRIVE EPILEPTOGENESIS. THEREFORE, METABOLIC AND BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS ARE IDENTIFIED AS NOVEL TARGETS FOR EPILEPSY PREVENTION. WE WILL SPECIFICALLY DISCUSS ADENOSINE BIOCHEMISTRY AS A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY TO RECONSTRUCT THE DNA METHYLOME AS ANTIEPILEPTOGENIC STRATEGY AS WELL AS METABOLIC MEDIATORS, SUCH AS BETA-HYDROXYBUTYRATE, WHICH AFFECT HISTONE ACETYLATION. FINALLY, METABOLIC DIETARY INTERVENTIONS (SUCH AS THE KETOGENIC DIET) WHICH HAVE THE UNIQUE POTENTIAL TO PREVENT EPILEPTOGENESIS THROUGH RECENTLY IDENTIFIED EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS WILL BE REVIEWED. THIS ARTICLE IS PART OF THE SPECIAL ISSUE ENTITLED 'NEW EPILEPSY THERAPIES FOR THE 21ST CENTURY - FROM ANTISEIZURE DRUGS TO PREVENTION, MODIFICATION AND CURE OF EPILEPSY'.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
4  1407  29 DIETARY INFLUENCES ON MUTAGENESIS--WHERE IS THIS FIELD GOING? EARLY STUDIES ON DIETARY MUTAGENESIS WERE MOSTLY OBSERVATIONAL, WITH LARGE NUMBERS OF POTENTIAL DIETARY MUTAGENS BEING IDENTIFIED FROM EVERY CONCEIVABLE DIETARY SOURCE. THESE INCLUDED KNOWN DIETARY CARCINOGENS SUCH AS AFLATOXIN B1 AND BENZO[A]PYRENE, AND HITHERTO UNRECOGNIZED DIETARY MUTAGENS, SUCH AS THE PYROLYSIS PRODUCTS FORMED DURING THE HEATING OF PROTEINACEOUS MATERIALS (HETEROCYCLIC AMINES). THE 1993 EVALUATION OF 2-AMINO-3-METHYL-3H-IMIDAZO(4,5-J)QUINOLINE AS A PROBABLE HUMAN CARCINOGEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER WAS A LANDMARK, AS THIS WAS DONE IN THE ABSENCE OF SPECIFIC HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA, AND STRONGLY INFLUENCED BY MUTAGENICITY TEST DATA. IN THE 21ST CENTURY, THE FIELD HAS MOVED FROM THE IDENTIFICATION OF MORE AND MORE MUTAGENS, TO MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGIC APPROACHES THAT NOT ONLY SHOW A MUTAGENIC EFFECT BUT ALSO SEEK TO LINK IT TO A DIETARY (OR ENVIRONMENTAL) CAUSE. EFFECTS OF DIET IN STIMULATING CHRONIC INFLAMMATION MAY LEAD TO REACTIVE SPECIES AND THEREBY MUTATION AS A SECONDARY CONSEQUENCE, WHILE DIETARY DEFICIENCIES AND NUTRIENT IMBALANCES MAY BE STRONG SOURCES OF MUTAGENESIS. RECOGNITION OF THE ROLES OF NUTRIENTS IN CELL SIGNALING PROCESSES AND CONTROL OF MICRORNAS SUGGEST MAJOR INFLUENCES ON GENE EXPRESSION, IN THE ABSENCE OF PERMANENT DNA CHANGES. GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES HAVE HIGHLIGHTED NEW PATHWAYS SUCH AS JAK/STAT SIGNALING THAT PROFOUNDLY INFLUENCE GENOMIC INSTABILITY AND RESPONSES TO DIETARY MUTAGENS. WITH IMPROVED METHODOLOGIES FOR DNA SEQUENCING AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES, IT IS TIME TO APPLY MORE SOPHISTICATED APPROACHES TO RECOGNIZING AND PROVING THE ROLE OF DIET AS A PRIMARY MODULATOR OF MUTAGENESIS IN HUMANS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
5  2026  31 EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN BONE MARROW PROGENITOR CELLS INFLUENCE THE INFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPE AND ALTER WOUND HEALING IN TYPE 2 DIABETES. CLASSICALLY ACTIVATED (M1) MACROPHAGES ARE KNOWN TO PLAY A ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION ASSOCIATED WITH IMPAIRED WOUND HEALING IN TYPE 2 DIABETES (T2D); HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DOMINANT PROINFLAMMATORY (M1) MACROPHAGE PHENOTYPE IN T2D WOUNDS IS UNKNOWN. SINCE EPIGENETIC ENZYMES CAN DIRECT MACROPHAGE PHENOTYPES, WE ASSESSED THE ROLE OF HISTONE METHYLATION IN BONE MARROW (BM) STEM/PROGENITOR CELLS IN THE PROGRAMMING OF MACROPHAGES TOWARD A PROINFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPE. WE HAVE FOUND THAT A REPRESSIVE HISTONE METHYLATION MARK, H3K27ME3, IS DECREASED AT THE PROMOTER OF THE IL-12 GENE IN BM PROGENITORS AND THIS EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE IS PASSED DOWN TO WOUND MACROPHAGES IN A MURINE MODEL OF GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE (DIET-INDUCED OBESE). THESE EPIGENETICALLY "PREPROGRAMMED" MACROPHAGES RESULT IN POISED MACROPHAGES IN PERIPHERAL TISSUE AND NEGATIVELY IMPACT WOUND REPAIR. WE FOUND THAT IN DIABETIC CONDITIONS THE H3K27 DEMETHYLASE JMJD3 DRIVES IL-12 PRODUCTION IN MACROPHAGES AND THAT IL-12 PRODUCTION CAN BE MODULATED BY INHIBITING JMJD3. USING HUMAN T2D TISSUE AND MURINE MODELS, WE HAVE IDENTIFIED A PREVIOUSLY UNRECOGNIZED MECHANISM BY WHICH MACROPHAGES ARE PROGRAMMED TOWARD A PROINFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPE, ESTABLISHING A PATTERN OF UNRESTRAINED INFLAMMATION ASSOCIATED WITH NONHEALING WOUNDS. HENCE, HISTONE DEMETHYLASE INHIBITOR-BASED THERAPY MAY REPRESENT A NOVEL TREATMENT OPTION FOR DIABETIC WOUNDS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
6   693  28 BREAKING BOUNDARIES: PAN BETI DISRUPT 3D CHROMATIN STRUCTURE, BD2-SELECTIVE BETI ARE STRICTLY EPIGENETIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORS. BACKGROUND: BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL PROTEINS (BETS) ARE MORE THAN JUST EPIGENETIC REGULATORS OF TRANSCRIPTION. HERE WE HIGHLIGHT A NEW ROLE FOR THE BET PROTEIN BRD4 IN THE MAINTENANCE OF HIGHER ORDER CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AT TOPOLOGICALLY ASSOCIATING DOMAIN BOUNDARIES (TADBS). BD2-SELECTIVE AND PAN (NON-SELECTIVE) BET INHIBITORS (BETI) DIFFERENTIALLY SUPPORT CHROMATIN STRUCTURE, SELECTIVELY AFFECTING TRANSCRIPTION AND CELL VIABILITY. METHODS: USING RNA-SEQ AND BRD4 CHIP-SEQ, THE DIFFERENTIAL EFFECT OF BETI TREATMENT ON THE TRANSCRIPTOME AND BRD4 CHROMATIN OCCUPANCY OF HUMAN AORTIC ENDOTHELIAL CELLS FROM DIABETIC PATIENTS (DHAECS) STIMULATED WITH TNFALPHA WAS EVALUATED. CHROMATIN DECONDENSATION AND DNA FRAGMENTATION WAS ASSESSED BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE IMAGING AND QUANTIFICATION. KEY DHAEC FINDINGS WERE VERIFIED IN PROLIFERATING MONOCYTE-LIKE THP-1 CELLS USING REAL TIME-PCR, BRD4 CO-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION STUDIES, WESTERN BLOTS, PROLIFERATION AND APOPTOSIS ASSAYS. FINDINGS: WE DISCOVERED THAT 1) BRD4 CO-LOCALIZES WITH YING-YANG 1 (YY1) AT TADBS, CRITICAL CHROMATIN STRUCTURE COMPLEXES PROXIMAL TO MANY DNA REPAIR GENES. 2) BD2-SELECTIVE BETI ENRICH BRD4/YY1 ASSOCIATIONS, WHILE PAN-BETI DO NOT. 3) FAILURE TO SUPPORT CHROMATIN STRUCTURES THROUGH BRD4/YY1 ENRICHMENT INHIBITS DNA REPAIR GENE TRANSCRIPTION, WHICH INDUCES DNA DAMAGE RESPONSES, AND CAUSES WIDESPREAD CHROMATIN DECONDENSATION, DNA FRAGMENTATION, AND APOPTOSIS. 4) BD2-SELECTIVE BETI MAINTAIN HIGH ORDER CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AND CELL VIABILITY, WHILE REDUCING DELETERIOUS PRO-INFLAMMATORY TRANSCRIPTION. INTERPRETATION: BRD4 PLAYS A PREVIOUSLY UNRECOGNIZED ROLE AT TADBS. BETI DIFFERENTIALLY IMPACT TADB STABILITY. OUR RESULTS PROVIDE TRANSLATIONAL INSIGHT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BETI AS THERAPEUTICS FOR A RANGE OF DISEASES INCLUDING CVD, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, CANCER, AND COVID-19.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
7  2739  27 EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION DISRUPTS CIRCADIAN RHYTHM THROUGH ALTERATIONS IN CHROMATIN DYNAMICS. PARTICULATE MATTER </=2.5MUM (PM(2.5)) AIR POLLUTION IS A LEADING ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTOR CONTRIBUTING DISPROPORTIONATELY TO THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE. WE COMPARED IMPACT OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO PM(2.5) ALONE, OR WITH LIGHT AT NIGHT EXPOSURE (LL) ON METABOLISM. PM(2.5) INDUCED PERIPHERAL INSULIN RESISTANCE, CIRCADIAN RHYTHM (CR) DYSFUNCTION, AND METABOLIC AND BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE (BAT) DYSFUNCTION, AKIN TO LL (WITH NO ADDITIVE INTERACTION BETWEEN PM(2.5) AND LL). TRANSCRIPTOMIC ANALYSIS OF LIVER AND BAT REVEALED WIDESPREAD BUT UNIQUE ALTERATIONS IN CR GENES, WITH EVIDENCE FOR DIFFERENTIALLY ACCESSIBLE PROMOTERS AND ENHANCERS OF CR GENES IN RESPONSE TO PM(2.5) BY ATAC-SEQ. THE HISTONE DEACETYLASES 2, 3, AND 4 WERE DOWNREGULATED WITH PM(2.5) EXPOSURE, WITH INCREASED PROMOTER OCCUPANCY BY THE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE P300 AS EVIDENCED BY CHIP-SEQ. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST A PREVIOUSLY UNRECOGNIZED ROLE OF PM(2.5) IN PROMOTING CR DISRUPTION AND METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION THROUGH EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CIRCADIAN TARGETS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
8  4281  29 MICRONUTRIENTS IN PREGNANCY IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES. PREGNANCY IS ONE OF THE MORE IMPORTANT PERIODS IN LIFE WHEN INCREASED MICRONUTRIENTS, AND MACRONUTRIENTS ARE MOST NEEDED BY THE BODY; BOTH FOR THE HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OF THE MOTHER AND FOR THE GROWING FOETUS AND NEWBORN CHILD. THIS BRIEF REVIEW AIMS TO IDENTIFY THE MICRONUTRIENTS (VITAMINS AND MINERALS) LIKELY TO BE DEFICIENT IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES (LMIC), ESPECIALLY DURING PREGNANCY, AND THE IMPACT OF SUCH DEFICIENCIES. A GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF SOME TWO BILLION PEOPLE AT RISK OF MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES, AND MULTIPLE MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES OF MANY PREGNANT WOMEN IN LMIC UNDERLINE THE URGENCY TO ESTABLISHING THE OPTIMAL RECOMMENDATIONS, INCLUDING FOR DELIVERY. IT HAS LONG BEEN RECOGNIZED THAT ADEQUATE IRON IS IMPORTANT FOR BEST REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES, INCLUDING GESTATIONAL COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT. SIMILARLY, IODINE AND CALCIUM HAVE BEEN RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR ROLES IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOETUS/NEONATE. LESS CLEAR EFFECTS OF DEFICIENCIES OF ZINC, COPPER, MAGNESIUM AND SELENIUM HAVE BEEN REPORTED. FOLATE SUFFICIENCY PERICONCEPTIONALLY IS RECOGNIZED BOTH BY THE PRACTICE OF PROVIDING FOLIC ACID IN ANTENATAL IRON/FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENTATION AND BY INCREASING NUMBERS OF COUNTRIES FORTIFYING FLOURS WITH FOLIC ACID. OTHER VITAMINS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTANT INCLUDE VITAMINS B12, D AND A WITH THE WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS GENERALLY LESS LIKELY TO BE A PROBLEM. EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES AND THE LIKELY INFLUENCE OF MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES ON FOETAL ORIGINS OF ADULT CHRONIC DISEASES ARE CURRENTLY BEING CLARIFIED. MICRONUTRIENTS MAY HAVE OTHER MORE SUBTLE, UNRECOGNIZED EFFECTS. THE NECESSITY FOR IMPROVED DIETS AND HEALTH AND SANITATION ARE CONSISTENTLY RECOMMENDED, ALTHOUGH THESE ARE NOT ALWAYS AVAILABLE TO MANY OF THE WORLD'S PREGNANT WOMEN. CONSEQUENTLY, SUPPLEMENTATION PROGRAMMES, FORTIFICATION OF STAPLES AND CONDIMENTS, AND NUTRITION AND HEALTH SUPPORT NEED TO BE SCALED-UP, SUPPORTED BY SOCIAL AND CULTURAL MEASURES. BECAUSE OF THE LIFE-LONG INFLUENCES ON REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES, INCLUDING INTER-GENERATIONAL ONES, BOTH CLINICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES NEED TO ENSURE ADEQUATE MICRONUTRIENT INTAKES DURING PREGNANCY, BUT ALSO DURING ADOLESCENCE, THE FIRST FEW YEARS OF LIFE, AND DURING LACTATION. MANY ANTENATAL PROGRAMMES ARE NOT CURRENTLY ACHIEVING THIS. WE AIM TO ADDRESS THE NEED FOR MICRONUTRIENTS DURING PREGNANCY, THE IMPORTANCE OF MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES DURING GESTATION AND BEFORE, AND PROPOSE THE SCALING-UP OF CLINICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH APPROACHES THAT ACHIEVE HEALTHIER PREGNANCIES AND IMPROVED PREGNANCY OUTCOMES.	2015	

9  5497  42 REVIEW: ANIMAL MODELS OF ACQUIRED EPILEPSY: INSIGHTS INTO MECHANISMS OF HUMAN EPILEPTOGENESIS. IN MANY PATIENTS WHO SUFFER FROM EPILEPSIES, RECURRENT EPILEPTIC SEIZURES DO NOT START AT BIRTH BUT DEVELOP LATER IN LIFE. THIS HOLDS PARTICULARLY TRUE FOR EPILEPSIES WITH A FOCAL SEIZURE ORIGIN INCLUDING FOCAL CORTICAL DYSPLASIAS AND TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY (TLE). TLE MOST FREQUENTLY HAS ITS SEIZURE ONSET IN THE HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION. HIPPOCAMPAL BIOPSIES OF PHARMACORESISTANT TLE PATIENTS UNDERGOING EPILEPSY SURGERY FOR SEIZURE CONTROL MOST FREQUENTLY REVEAL THE DAMAGE PATTERN OF HIPPOCAMPAL SCLEROSIS, THAT IS, SEGMENTAL NEURONAL CELL LOSS AND CONCOMITANT ASTROGLIOSIS. MANY TLE PATIENTS REPORT ON TRANSIENT BRAIN INSULTS EARLY IN LIFE, WHICH IS FOLLOWED BY A 'LATENCY' PERIOD LACKING SEIZURE ACTIVITY OF MONTHS OR EVEN YEARS BEFORE CHRONIC RECURRENT SEIZURES START. THE PLETHORA OF STRUCTURAL AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS THAT CONVERT THE HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION TO BECOME CHRONICALLY HYPEREXCITABLE AFTER A TRANSIENT INSULT TO THE BRAIN ARE SUMMARIZED UNDER THE TERM EPILEPTOGENESIS. IN CONTRAST TO THE OBSTACLES ARISING FOR EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF EPILEPTOGENESIS ASPECTS IN HUMAN SURGICAL HIPPOCAMPAL TISSUE, RECENT ANIMAL MODEL APPROACHES ALLOW INSIGHTS INTO MECHANISMS OF EPILEPTOGENESIS. RELEVANT MODELS OF TRANSIENT BRAIN INSULTS IN THIS CONTEXT COMPRISE SEVERAL DISTINCT TYPES OF LESIONS INCLUDING EXCITOXIC STATUS EPILEPTICUS (SE), ELECTRICAL SEIZURE INDUCTION, TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY, INDUCTION OF INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES BY HYPERTHERMIA AND VIRAL INFLAMMATION AND OTHERS. IN PATHOGENETIC TERMS, ABERRANT TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING, ACQUIRED CHANNEL- AND SYNAPTOPATHIES, NEURONAL NETWORK AND BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER DYSFUNCTION AS WELL AS INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY-MEDIATED DAMAGE PLAY MAJOR ROLES. IN SUBSEQUENT STEPS, RESPECTIVE ANIMAL MODELS HAVE BEEN USED IN ORDER TO TEST WHETHER THIS DYNAMIC PROCESS CAN BE EITHER RETARDED OR EVEN ABOLISHED BY INTERFERING WITH EPILEPTOGENIC MECHANISMS. WELL-CONTROLLED SUBSEQUENT ANALYSES OF EPILEPTOGENIC CASCADES CHARACTERIZED IN ANIMAL MODELS USING CAREFULLY STRATIFIED HUMAN HIPPOCAMPAL BIOPSIES TO EXPLOIT THE UNIQUE OPPORTUNITIES GIVEN BY THESE RARE AND PRECIOUS BRAIN TISSUE SAMPLES AIM TO TRANSLATE INTO NOVEL ANTIEPILEPTOGENIC APPROACHES. RESPECTIVE PRECLINICAL TESTS CAN OPEN ENTIRELY NEW PERSPECTIVES FOR TAILOR-MADE TREATMENTS IN PATIENTS WITH THE POTENTIAL TO AVOID THE EMERGENCE OF CHRONIC FOCAL SEIZURE EVENTS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                         
10   239  63 ADENOSINERGIC SIGNALING IN EPILEPSY. DESPITE THE INTRODUCTION OF AT LEAST 20 NEW ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS (AEDS) INTO CLINICAL PRACTICE OVER THE PAST DECADES, ABOUT ONE THIRD OF ALL EPILEPSIES REMAIN REFRACTORY TO CONVENTIONAL FORMS OF TREATMENT. IN ADDITION, CURRENTLY USED AEDS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED TO SUPPRESS NEURONAL HYPEREXCITABILITY, BUT NOT NECESSARILY TO ADDRESS PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN EPILEPSY DEVELOPMENT OR PROGRESSION (EPILEPTOGENESIS). FOR THOSE REASONS ENDOGENOUS SEIZURE CONTROL MECHANISMS OF THE BRAIN MAY PROVIDE ALTERNATIVE THERAPEUTIC OPPORTUNITIES. ADENOSINE IS A WELL CHARACTERIZED ENDOGENOUS ANTICONVULSANT AND SEIZURE TERMINATOR OF THE BRAIN. SEVERAL LINES OF EVIDENCE SUGGEST THAT ENDOGENOUS ADENOSINE-MEDIATED SEIZURE CONTROL MECHANISMS FAIL IN CHRONIC EPILEPSY, WHEREAS THERAPEUTIC ADENOSINE AUGMENTATION EFFECTIVELY PREVENTS EPILEPTIC SEIZURES, EVEN THOSE THAT ARE REFRACTORY TO CONVENTIONAL AEDS. NEW FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THAT DYSREGULATION OF ADENOSINERGIC MECHANISMS ARE INTRICATELY INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EPILEPSY AND ITS COMORBIDITIES, WHEREAS ADENOSINE-ASSOCIATED EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY PLAY A ROLE IN EPILEPTOGENESIS. THE FIRST GOAL OF THIS REVIEW IS TO DISCUSS HOW MALADAPTIVE CHANGES OF ADENOSINERGIC MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTE TO THE EXPRESSION OF SEIZURES (ICTOGENESIS) AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF EPILEPSY (EPILEPTOGENESIS) BY FOCUSING ON PHARMACOLOGICAL (ADENOSINE RECEPTOR DEPENDENT) AND BIOCHEMICAL (ADENOSINE RECEPTOR INDEPENDENT) MECHANISMS AS WELL AS ON ENZYMATIC AND TRANSPORT BASED MECHANISMS THAT CONTROL THE AVAILABILITY (HOMEOSTASIS) OF ADENOSINE. THE SECOND GOAL OF THIS REVIEW IS TO HIGHLIGHT INNOVATIVE ADENOSINE-BASED OPPORTUNITIES FOR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION AIMED AT RECONSTRUCTING NORMAL ADENOSINE FUNCTION AND SIGNALING FOR IMPROVED SEIZURE CONTROL IN CHRONIC EPILEPSY. NEW FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT TRANSIENT ADENOSINE AUGMENTATION CAN HAVE LASTING EPIGENETIC EFFECTS WITH DISEASE MODIFYING AND ANTIEPILEPTOGENIC OUTCOME. THIS ARTICLE IS PART OF THE SPECIAL ISSUE ENTITLED 'PURINES IN NEURODEGENERATION AND NEUROREGENERATION'.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
11  4931  36 PATERNAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE REDUCES ALCOHOL DRINKING AND INCREASES BEHAVIORAL SENSITIVITY TO ALCOHOL SELECTIVELY IN MALE OFFSPRING. ALCOHOL USE DISORDER (AUD) IS HERITABLE, BUT THE GENETIC BASIS FOR THIS DISEASE REMAINS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. ALTHOUGH NUMEROUS GENE VARIANTS HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH AUD, THESE VARIANTS ACCOUNT FOR ONLY A SMALL FRACTION OF THE TOTAL RISK. THE IDEA OF INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS, I.E. "EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE," IS RE-EMERGING AS A PROVEN ADJUNCT TO TRADITIONAL MODES OF GENETIC INHERITANCE. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT ALCOHOL DRINKING AND NEUROBIOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY TO ALCOHOL ARE INFLUENCED BY ANCESTRAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE. TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, WE EXPOSED MALE MICE TO CHRONIC VAPOR ETHANOL OR CONTROL CONDITIONS, MATED THEM TO ETHANOL-NAIVE FEMALES, AND TESTED ADULT OFFSPRING FOR ETHANOL DRINKING, ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORS, GENE EXPRESSION, AND DNA METHYLATION. WE FOUND THAT ETHANOL-SIRED MALE OFFSPRING HAD REDUCED ETHANOL PREFERENCE AND CONSUMPTION, ENHANCED SENSITIVITY TO THE ANXIOLYTIC AND MOTOR-ENHANCING EFFECTS OF ETHANOL, AND INCREASED BDNF EXPRESSION IN THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA) COMPARED TO CONTROL-SIRED MALE OFFSPRING. THERE WERE NO DIFFERENCES AMONG ETHANOL- AND CONTROL-SIRED FEMALE OFFSPRING ON THESE ASSAYS. ETHANOL EXPOSURE ALSO DECREASED DNA METHYLATION AT THE BDNFAEPROMOTER OF SIRE'S GERM CELLS AND HYPOMETHYLATION WAS MAINTAINED IN THE VTA OF BOTH MALE AND FEMALE ETHANOL-SIRED OFFSPRING. OUR FINDINGS SHOW THAT PATERNAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE IS A PREVIOUSLY UNRECOGNIZED REGULATOR OF ALCOHOL DRINKING AND BEHAVIORAL SENSITIVITY TO ALCOHOL IN MALE, BUT NOT FEMALE, OFFSPRING. PATERNAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE ALSO INDUCES EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS (DNA HYPOMETHYLATION) AND GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES THAT PERSIST IN THE VTA OF OFFSPRING. THESE RESULTS PROVIDE NEW INSIGHT INTO THE INHERITANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOL DRINKING BEHAVIORS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
12  1361  31 DEVELOPMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF TRACE MINERAL DEFICIENCIES IN RODENTS: ACUTE AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS. APPROXIMATELY 3% OF INFANTS BORN HAVE AT LEAST ONE SERIOUS CONGENITAL MALFORMATION. IN THE U.S., AN AVERAGE OF 10 INFANTS PER THOUSAND DIE BEFORE 1 Y OF LIFE; ABOUT HALF OF THESE DEATHS CAN BE ATTRIBUTED TO BIRTH DEFECTS, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT OR PREMATURITY. ALTHOUGH THE CAUSES OF DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES ARE CLEARLY MULTIFACTORIAL IN NATURE, WE SUGGEST THAT A COMMON FACTOR CONTRIBUTING TO THE OCCURRENCE OF DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES IS SUBOPTIMAL MINERAL NUTRITION DURING EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT. USING ZINC AND COPPER AS EXAMPLES, EVIDENCE IS PRESENTED THAT NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES CAN RAPIDLY AFFECT THE DEVELOPING CONCEPTUS AND RESULT IN GROSS STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES. DEFICITS OF ZINC OR COPPER CAN RESULT IN RAPID CHANGES IN CELLULAR REDOX BALANCE, TISSUE OXIDATIVE STRESS, INAPPROPRIATE PATTERNS OF CELL DEATH, ALTERATIONS IN THE MIGRATION OF NEURAL CREST CELLS AND CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF KEY PATTERNING GENES. IN ADDITION TO WELL-RECOGNIZED MALFORMATIONS, MINERAL DEFICIENCIES DURING PERINATAL DEVELOPMENT CAN RESULT IN BEHAVIORAL, IMMUNOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ABNORMALITIES THAT PERSIST INTO ADULTHOOD. ALTHOUGH THESE PERSISTENT DEFECTS CAN IN PART BE ATTRIBUTED TO SUBTLE MORPHOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES, IN OTHER CASES THEY MAY BE SECONDARY TO EPIGENETIC OR DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS. EPIGENETIC DEFECTS COMBINED WITH SUBTLE MORPHOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES CAN INFLUENCE AN INDIVIDUAL'S RISK FOR CERTAIN CHRONIC DISEASES AND THUS INFLUENCE HIS OR HER RISK FOR MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY LATER IN LIFE.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
13  6305  36 THE QUESTION IS WHETHER INTAKE OF FOLIC ACID FROM DIET ALONE DURING PREGNANCY IS SUFFICIENT. PREGNANCY AND FOLIC ACID: PREGNANCY IS THE MOST IMPORTANT PERIOD IN LIFE OF EVERY WOMAN, PARTIALLY FOR THE NUMBER OF PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS SHE IS GOING THROUGH, PARTIALLY FOR THE EXPECTANCE OF NEW LIFE. IN ADDITION, PREGNANCY IS THE "CRITICAL WINDOW" FOR DEVELOPMENT LATER IN CHILDHOOD, AS A PERIOD OF FOETAL PROGRAMMING DURING WHICH NUTRITION PLAYS ONE OF CRUCIAL ROLES. DESPITE THE GENERAL BELIEF THAT NUTRITION THROUGH PREGNANCY IS ADEQUATE AND CHARACTERIZED BY BETTER NUTRITIONAL HABITS, A NUMBER OF STUDIES DO NOT CORROBORATE THIS BELIEF. ROLE OF FOLIC ACID: AN ADEQUATE FOLATE BLOOD LEVEL IS NECESSARY FOR NORMAL CELL GROWTH, SYNTHESIS OF SEVERAL COMPOUNDS INCLUDING DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID AND RIBONUCLEIC ACID, PROPER BRAIN AND NEUROLOGIC FUNCTIONS; IT IS INCLUDED IN THE REGULATION OF HOMOCYSTEINE LEVEL, AND CLOSELY RELATED TO THE VITAMIN B12 METABOLISM. FOLATE DEFICIENCY IN PREGNANCY IS RELATED TO NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS, OTHER NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS, PRETERM DELIVERY AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT. FOOD SOURCES: A CORRELATION BETWEEN FOLATE AND THE PREVENTION OF BROAD SPECTRUM OF CHRONIC DISEASES HAS BEEN CONFIRMED. EMERGING EVIDENCE FROM THE EPIGENETIC STUDIES IS NOW BRINGING EVEN MORE LIGHT ON THE LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE OF FOLIC ACID. A WIDE RANGE OF PLANT AND ANIMAL FOODS ARE THE NATURAL SOURCES OF FOLATE; LIVER, YEAST, MUSHROOMS, AND GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES BEING THE MOST SIGNIFICANT. DIFFERENT WAYS OF FOOD PREPARATION INFLUENCE THE FOLATE STABILITY AND ITS BIOAVAILABILITY VARIES FROM 25 TO 50% FROM FOODS, 85% FROM ENRICHED FOODS OR 100% FROM SUPPLEMENTS. CONCLUSION: A GREAT AMOUNT OF SCIENTIFIC RESULTS HAS LED TO OFFICIAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENTATION IN PREGNANT WOMEN AS WELL AS IN A NUMBER OF OBLIGATORY OR VOLUNTARY FORTIFICATION PROGRAMMES IN ORDER TO PREVENT THE FOLATE DEFICIENCY ON THE LEVEL OF DIFFERENT POPULATION GROUPS. NEVERTHELESS, THERE MUST BE A CERTAIN LEVEL OF PRECAUTION FOR ELDERLY BECAUSE FOLATE CAN MASK THE VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY WITH POSSIBLE FATAL OUTCOMES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
14  1683  33 DRUG-RESISTANT EPILEPSY: DRUG TARGET HYPOTHESIS AND BEYOND THE RECEPTORS. EPILEPSY IS A CHRONIC NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER THAT AFFECTS MORE THAN 50 MILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE. DESPITE A RECENT INTRODUCTION OF ANTISEIZURE DRUGS FOR THE TREATMENT OF EPILEPTIC SEIZURES, ONE-THIRD OF THESE PATIENTS SUFFER FROM DRUG-RESISTANT EPILEPSY (DRE). THE THERAPEUTIC TARGET HYPOTHESIS IS A CITED THEORY TO EXPLAIN DRE. ACCORDING TO THE TARGET HYPOTHESIS, THE FAILURE TO ACHIEVE SEIZURE FREEDOM LEADS TO ALTERATION OF THE STRUCTURE AND/OR FUNCTION OF THE ANTISEIZURE MEDICATION (ASM) TARGET. HOWEVER, THIS HYPOTHESIS FAILS TO EXPLAIN WHY PATIENTS WITH DRE DO NOT RESPOND TO ANTISEIZURE MEDICATIONS OF DIFFERENT TARGETS. THIS REVIEW PRESENTS DIFFERENT CONDITIONS, SUCH AS EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS THAT MAY RESULT IN ALTERATIONS OF DIVERSE DRUG TARGETS USING DIFFERENT MECHANISMS. THESE NOVEL CONDITIONS REPRESENT NEW TARGETS TO CONTROL DRE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
15  2116  34 EPIGENETIC HISTONE DEACETYLATION INHIBITION PREVENTS THE DEVELOPMENT AND PERSISTENCE OF TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY. EPILEPSY IS A CHRONIC BRAIN DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY REPEATED UNPROVOKED SEIZURES. CURRENTLY, NO DRUG THERAPY EXISTS FOR CURING EPILEPSY OR DISEASE MODIFICATION IN PEOPLE AT RISK. DESPITE SEVERAL EMERGING MECHANISMS, THERE HAVE BEEN FEW STUDIES OF EPIGENETIC SIGNALING IN EPILEPTOGENESIS, THE PROCESS WHEREBY A NORMAL BRAIN BECOMES PROGRESSIVELY EPILEPTIC BECAUSE OF PRECIPITATING FACTORS. HERE, WE REPORT A NOVEL ROLE OF HISTONE DEACETYLATION AS A CRITICAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IN EPILEPTOGENESIS. EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED USING THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS KINDLING MODEL OF TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY (TLE), A CLASSIC MODEL HEAVILY USED TO APPROVE DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF EPILEPSY. DAILY TREATMENT WITH BUTYRATE SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED HDAC ACTIVITY AND RETARDED THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIMBIC EPILEPTOGENESIS WITHOUT AFFECTING AFTER-DISCHARGE SIGNAL. HDAC INHIBITION MARKEDLY IMPAIRED THE PERSISTENCE OF SEIZURE EXPRESSION MANY WEEKS AFTER EPILEPSY DEVELOPMENT. MOREOVER, SUBCHRONIC HDAC INHIBITION FOR 2 WEEKS RESULTED IN A STRIKING RETARDATION OF EPILEPTOGENESIS. HDAC INHIBITION, UNEXPECTEDLY, ALSO SHOWED ERASURE OF THE EPILEPTOGENIC STATE IN EPILEPTIC ANIMALS. FINALLY, BUTYRATE-TREATED ANIMALS EXHIBITED A POWERFUL REDUCTION IN MOSSY FIBER SPROUTING, A MORPHOLOGIC INDEX OF EPILEPTOGENESIS. TOGETHER THESE RESULTS UNDERSCORE THAT HDAC INHIBITION PREVENTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF TLE, INDICATING HDAC'S CRITICAL SIGNALING ROLE IN EPILEPTOGENESIS. THESE FINDINGS, THEREFORE, ENVISAGE A UNIQUE NOVEL THERAPY FOR PREVENTING OR CURING EPILEPSY BY TARGETING THE EPIGENETIC HDAC PATHWAY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
16  5008  29 PERIPUBERTAL STRESS WITH SOCIAL SUPPORT PROMOTES RESILIENCE IN THE FACE OF AGING. THE PERIPUBERTAL PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT IS A SENSITIVE WINDOW, DURING WHICH ADVERSE EXPERIENCES CAN INCREASE THE RISK FOR PRESENTATION OF COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE DYSFUNCTION THROUGHOUT THE LIFESPAN, ESPECIALLY IN WOMEN. HOWEVER, SUCH EXPERIENCES IN THE CONTEXT OF A SUPPORTIVE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT CAN ACTUALLY AMELIORATE THIS RISK, SUGGESTING THAT RESILIENCE CAN BE PROGRAMMED IN EARLY LIFE. AFFECTIVE DISORDERS AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS COMMONLY EMERGE DURING AGING, WITH MANY WOMEN REPORTING INCREASED DIFFICULTY WITH PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC)-DEPENDENT EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS. WE HAVE DEVELOPED A MOUSE MODEL TO EXAMINE THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PERIPUBERTAL EXPERIENCE AND AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN COGNITION AND STRESS REGULATION. FEMALE MICE WERE EXPOSED TO PERIPUBERTAL CHRONIC STRESS, DURING WHICH THEY WERE EITHER INDIVIDUALLY HOUSED OR HOUSED WITH SOCIAL INTERACTION. ONE YEAR AFTER THIS STRESS EXPERIENCE, MICE WERE EXAMINED IN TASKS TO ACCESS THEIR COGNITIVE ABILITY AND FLEXIBILITY IN STRESS REACTIVE MEASURES. IN A TEST OF SPATIAL MEMORY ACQUISITION AND REVERSAL LEARNING WHERE AGED FEMALES NORMALLY DISPLAY A DECREASED PERFORMANCE, THE FEMALES THAT HAD EXPERIENCED STRESS WITH SOCIAL INTERACTION A YEAR EARLIER SHOWED IMPROVED PERFORMANCE IN REVERSAL LEARNING, A MEASURE OF COGNITIVE FLEXIBILITY. BECAUSE PERIPUBERTY IS A TIME OF MAJOR PFC MATURATION, WE PERFORMED TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE AGED PFC, IN WHICH LONG-TERM CHANGES IN MICRORNA EXPRESSION AND IN MYELIN PROTEINS WERE FOUND. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT STRESS IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL SUPPORT EXPERIENCED OVER THE PUBERTAL WINDOW CAN PROMOTE EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING IN THE BRAIN TO INCREASE THE RESILIENCE TO AGE-RELATED COGNITIVE DECLINE IN FEMALES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
17  5804  29 STRAIN AND SEX DEPENDENT EFFECTS OF ISOLATION HOUSING RELATIVE TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT ON OPERANT SENSATION SEEKING IN MICE. SENSATION SEEKING IS A MULTIDIMENSIONAL PHENOTYPE THAT PREDICTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF DRUG ADDICTION IN HUMANS AND ADDICTION-LIKE DRUG SEEKING IN RODENTS. SEVERAL LINES OF EVIDENCE SUGGEST THAT CHRONIC STRESS INCREASES SENSATION SEEKING AND ADDICTION-LIKE DRUG SEEKING THROUGH COMMON GENETIC MECHANISMS. DISCOVERY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THESE MECHANISMS WOULD REVEAL HOW CHRONIC STRESS INTERACTS WITH THE GENOME TO INFLUENCE SENSATION SEEKING AND HOW DRUGS OF ABUSE HIJACK THESE FUNDAMENTAL REWARD MECHANISMS TO DRIVE ADDICTION. TO THIS END, WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT CHRONIC ISOLATION HOUSING STRESS (RELATIVE TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT) INFLUENCES OPERANT SENSATION SEEKING AS A FUNCTION OF STRAIN, SEX, OR THEIR INTERACTION. TO DETERMINE IF THE BXD RECOMBINANT INBRED PANEL COULD BE USED TO IDENTIFY GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING ANY IDENTIFIED GENE-BY-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS, WE USED MICE FROM THE TWO BXD FOUNDER STRAINS. FOLLOWING 10 WEEKS OF DIFFERENTIAL HOUSING, WE ASSESSED OPERANT SENSATION SEEKING USING SEVERAL REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES. THE PRIMARY FINDING FROM THIS STUDY WAS THAT DBA/2J BUT NOT C57BL/6J MICE WERE SIGNIFICANTLY VULNERABLE TO AN ISOLATION-INDUCED INCREASE (RELATIVE TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT) IN SENSATION SEEKING DURING EXTINCTION WHEN THE SENSORY REWARD WAS NO LONGER AVAILABLE; THIS EFFECT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY MORE ROBUST IN FEMALES. THESE DATA REVEAL A PREVIOUSLY UNKNOWN ISOLATION-INDUCED EFFECT ON EXTINCTION OF OPERANT SENSATION SEEKING THAT IS SEX-DEPENDENT, ADDICTION-RELEVANT, AND THAT CAN BE DISSECTED USING THE BXD RECOMBINANT INBRED PANEL.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
18   124  32 A SYSTEMS APPROACH DELIVERS A FUNCTIONAL MICRORNA CATALOG AND EXPANDED TARGETS FOR SEIZURE SUPPRESSION IN TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY. TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY IS THE MOST COMMON DRUG-RESISTANT FORM OF EPILEPSY IN ADULTS. THE REORGANIZATION OF NEURAL NETWORKS AND THE GENE EXPRESSION LANDSCAPE UNDERLYING PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC NETWORK BEHAVIOR IN BRAIN STRUCTURES SUCH AS THE HIPPOCAMPUS HAS BEEN SUGGESTED TO BE CONTROLLED, IN PART, BY MICRORNAS. TO SYSTEMATICALLY ASSESS THEIR SIGNIFICANCE, WE SEQUENCED ARGONAUTE-LOADED MICRORNAS TO DEFINE FUNCTIONALLY ENGAGED MICRORNAS IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF THREE DIFFERENT ANIMAL MODELS IN TWO SPECIES AND AT SIX TIME POINTS BETWEEN THE INITIAL PRECIPITATING INSULT THROUGH TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CHRONIC EPILEPSY. WE THEN SELECTED COMMONLY UP-REGULATED MICRORNAS FOR A FUNCTIONAL IN VIVO THERAPEUTIC SCREEN USING OLIGONUCLEOTIDE INHIBITORS. ARGONAUTE SEQUENCING GENERATED 1.44 BILLION SMALL RNA READS OF WHICH UP TO 82% WERE MICRORNAS, WITH OVER 400 UNIQUE MICRORNAS DETECTED PER MODEL. APPROXIMATELY HALF OF THE DETECTED MICRORNAS WERE DYSREGULATED IN EACH EPILEPSY MODEL. WE PRIORITIZED COMMONLY UP-REGULATED MICRORNAS THAT WERE FULLY CONSERVED IN HUMANS AND DESIGNED CUSTOM ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDES FOR THESE CANDIDATE TARGETS. ANTISEIZURE PHENOTYPES WERE OBSERVED UPON KNOCKDOWN OF MIR-10A-5P, MIR-21A-5P, AND MIR-142A-5P AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL ANALYSES INDICATED BROAD SAFETY OF THIS APPROACH. COMBINED INHIBITION OF THESE THREE MICRORNAS REDUCED SPONTANEOUS SEIZURES IN EPILEPTIC MICE. PROTEOMIC DATA, RNA SEQUENCING, AND PATHWAY ANALYSIS ON PREDICTED AND VALIDATED TARGETS OF THESE MICRORNAS IMPLICATED DEREPRESSED TGF-BETA SIGNALING AS A SHARED SEIZURE-MODIFYING MECHANISM. CORRESPONDINGLY, INHIBITION OF TGF-BETA SIGNALING OCCLUDED THE ANTISEIZURE EFFECTS OF THE ANTAGOMIRS. TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS IDENTIFY SHARED, DYSREGULATED, AND FUNCTIONALLY ACTIVE MICRORNAS DURING THE PATHOGENESIS OF EPILEPSY WHICH REPRESENT THERAPEUTIC ANTISEIZURE TARGETS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
19  2670  35 ETHANOL ACTIONS ON THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA: NOVEL POTENTIAL TARGETS ON REWARD PATHWAY NEURONS. THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA) EVALUATES SALIENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI AND PROVIDES DOPAMINERGIC INNERVATION TO MANY BRAIN AREAS AFFECTED BY ACUTE AND CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE. WHILE PRIMARILY ASSOCIATED WITH REWARDING AND REINFORCING STIMULI, RECENT EVIDENCE INDICATES A ROLE FOR THE VTA IN AVERSION AS WELL. ETHANOL ACTIONS IN THE VTA MAY TRIGGER NEUROADAPTATION RESULTING IN REDUCTION OF THE AVERSIVE RESPONSES TO ALCOHOL AND A RELATIVE INCREASE IN THE REWARDING RESPONSES. IN SEARCHING FOR EFFECTIVE PHARMACOTHERAPIES FOR THE TREATMENT OF ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM, RECOGNITION OF THIS IMBALANCE MAY REVEAL NOVEL STRATEGIES. IN ADDITION TO CONVENTIONAL RECEPTOR/ION CHANNEL PHARMACOTHERAPIES, EPIGENETIC FACTORS THAT CONTROL NEUROADAPTATION TO CHRONIC ETHANOL TREATMENT CAN BE TARGETED AS AN AVENUE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES TO RESTORE THE BALANCE. FURTHERMORE, WHEN EXPLORING THERAPIES TO ADDRESS REWARD/AVERSION IMBALANCE IN THE ACTION OF ALCOHOL IN THE VTA, SEX DIFFERENCES HAVE TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT TO ENSURE EFFECTIVE TREATMENT FOR BOTH MEN AND WOMEN. THESE PRINCIPLES APPLY TO A VTA-CENTRIC APPROACH TO THERAPIES, BUT SHOULD HOLD TRUE WHEN THINKING ABOUT THE OVERALL APPROACH IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROACTIVE DRUGS TO TREAT ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS. ALTHOUGH THE FUNCTIONS OF THE VTA ITSELF ARE COMPLEX, IT IS A USEFUL MODEL SYSTEM TO EVALUATE THE REWARD/AVERSION IMBALANCE THAT OCCURS WITH ETHANOL EXPOSURE AND COULD BE USED TO PROVIDE NEW LEADS IN THE EFFORTS TO DEVELOP NOVEL DRUGS TO TREAT ALCOHOLISM.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
20  1939  31 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND (PATHO)PHYSIOLOGY OF FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENT USE IN OBESE WOMEN BEFORE AND DURING PREGNANCY. PRECONCEPTION FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENT USE IS A WELL-KNOWN METHOD OF PRIMARY PREVENTION OF NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS (NTDS). OBESE WOMEN ARE AT A HIGHER RISK FOR HAVING A CHILD WITH A NTD. AS DIFFERENT INTERNATIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS ON FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENT USE FOR OBESE WOMEN BEFORE AND DURING PREGNANCY EXIST, THIS NARRATIVE REVIEW PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FOLATE DEFICIENCY IN OBESE (PRE)PREGNANT WOMEN, ELABORATES ON POTENTIAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING FOLATE DEFICIENCY, AND DISCUSSES CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE USAGE OF HIGHER DOSES OF FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENTS. WOMEN WITH OBESITY MORE OFTEN SUFFER FROM AN ABSOLUTE FOLATE DEFICIENCY, AS THEY ARE LESS COMPLIANT TO PERICONCEPTIONAL FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENT USE RECOMMENDATIONS. IN ADDITION, THEIR DIETARY FOLATE INTAKE IS LIMITED DUE TO AN UNBALANCED DIET (RELATIVE MALNUTRITION). THE ASSOCIATION OF OBESITY AND NTDS ALSO SEEMS TO BE INDEPENDENT OF FOLATE INTAKE, WITH STUDIES SUGGESTING AN INCREASED NEED OF FOLATE (RELATIVE DEFICIENCY) DUE TO DERANGEMENTS INVOLVED IN OTHER PATHWAYS. THE RELATIVE FOLATE DEFICIENCY, AS A RESULT OF AN INCREASED METABOLIC NEED FOR FOLATE IN OBESE WOMEN, CAN BE DUE TO: (1) LOW-GRADE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION (2) INSULIN RESISTANCE, (3) INOSITOL, AND (4) DYSBIOTIC GUT MICROBIOME, WHICH PLAYS A ROLE IN FOLATE PRODUCTION AND UPTAKE. IN ALL THESE PATHWAYS, THE FOLATE-DEPENDENT ONE-CARBON METABOLISM IS INVOLVED. IN CONCLUSION, SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE OF THE INVOLVEMENT OF SEVERAL FOLATE-RELATED PATHWAYS IMPLIES TO INCREASE THE RECOMMENDED FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENTATION IN OBESE WOMEN. HOWEVER, THE PHYSIOLOGICAL UPTAKE OF SYNTHETIC FOLIC ACID IS LIMITED AND SIDE-EFFECTS OF UNMETABOLIZED FOLIC ACID IN MOTHERS AND OFFSPRING, IN PARTICULAR VARIATIONS IN EPIGENETIC (RE)PROGRAMMING WITH LONG-TERM HEALTH EFFECTS, CANNOT BE EXCLUDED. THEREFORE, WE EMPHASIZE ON THE URGENT NEED FOR FURTHER RESEARCH AND PRECONCEPTION PERSONALIZED COUNSELING ON FOLATE STATUS, LIFESTYLE, AND MEDICAL CONDITIONS.	2021