1  5179 205 PREGNANCY: AN UNDERUTILIZED WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY TO IMPROVE LONG-TERM MATERNAL AND INFANT HEALTH-AN APPEAL FOR CONTINUOUS FAMILY CARE AND INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION. PHYSIOLOGIC ADAPTATIONS DURING PREGNANCY UNMASK A WOMAN'S PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASES. COMPLICATIONS ARE INCREASINGLY PREDICTED BY FIRST-TRIMESTER ALGORITHMS, AMPLIFY A PRE-EXISTING MATERNAL PHENOTYPE AND ACCELERATE RISKS FOR CHRONIC DISEASES IN THE OFFSPRING UP TO ADULTHOOD (BARKER HYPOTHESIS). RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT VICE VERSA, PREGNANCY DISEASES ALSO INDICATE MATERNAL AND EVEN GRANDPARENT'S RISKS FOR CHRONIC DISEASES (REVERSE BARKER HYPOTHESIS). PUB-MED AND EMBASE WERE REVIEWED FOR MESH TERMS "FETAL PROGRAMMING" AND "PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS COMBINED WITH MATERNAL DISEASE" UNTIL JANUARY 2017. STUDIES LINKING PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS TO FUTURE CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, AND THROMBOTIC RISKS FOR MOTHER AND OFFSPRING WERE REVIEWED. WOMEN WITH A HISTORY OF MISCARRIAGE, FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION, PREECLAMPSIA, PRETERM DELIVERY, OBESITY, EXCESSIVE GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN, GESTATIONAL DIABETES, SUBFERTILITY, AND THROMBOPHILIA MORE FREQUENTLY DEMONSTRATE WITH ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ABNORMALITIES, HIGHER FASTING INSULIN, DEVIATING LIPIDS OR CLOTTING FACTORS AND SHOW DEFECTIVE ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION. THROMBOPHILIA HINTS TO THROMBOTIC RISKS IN LATER LIFE. PREGNANCY ABNORMALITIES CORRELATE WITH FUTURE CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC COMPLICATIONS AND EARLIER MORTALITY. CONVERSELY, WOMEN WITH A NORMAL PREGNANCY HAVE LOWER RATES OF SUBSEQUENT DISEASES THAN THE GENERAL FEMALE POPULATION CREATING THE TERM: "PREGNANCY AS A WINDOW FOR FUTURE HEALTH." ALTHOUGH THE PLACENTA WORKS AS A GATEKEEPER, MANY PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS MAY LEAD TO SICKNESS AND EARLIER DEATH IN LATER LIFE WHEN THE CHILD BECOMES AN ADULT. THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND THE MISMATCH BETWEEN PRE- AND POSTNATAL LIFE HAVE CREATED THE TERM "FETAL ORIGIN OF ADULT DISEASE." UP TO NOW, THE IMPACT OF CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, OR THROMBOTIC RISK PROFILES HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED SEPARATELY FOR MOTHER AND CHILD. IN THIS MANUSCRIPT, WE STRIVE TO ILLUSTRATE THE CONSEQUENCES FOR BOTH, FETUS AND MOTHER WITHIN A COHESIVE PERSPECTIVE AND THUS TRY TO DEMONSTRATE THE COMPLEX INTERRELATIONSHIP OF GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS FOR LONG-TERM HEALTH OF SOCIETIES AND FUTURE GENERATIONS. MATERNAL-FETAL MEDICINE SPECIALISTS SHOULD HAVE A KEY ROLE IN THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES BY IMPLEMENTING A FRAMEWORK FOR PATIENT CONSULTATION AND INTERDISCIPLINARY NETWORKS. HEALTH-CARE PROVIDERS AND POLICY MAKERS SHOULD INCREASINGLY INVEST IN A STRATIFIED PRIMARY PREVENTION AND FOLLOW-UP TO REDUCE THE INCREASING NUMBER OF MANIFEST CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASES AND TO PREVENT WASTE OF HEALTH-CARE RESOURCES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
2  1358  22 DEVELOPMENT OF RATIOMETRIC ELECTROCHEMICAL MOLECULAR SWITCHES TO ASSAY ENDOGENOUS FORMALDEHYDE IN LIVE CELLS, WHOLE BLOOD AND CREATININE IN SALIVA. FORMALDEHYDE IS A REACTIVE CARBONYL SPECIES (RCS) THAT IS PRODUCED NATURALLY IN THE HUMAN BODY VIA METABOLIC AND EPIGENETIC BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES, YET IN HIGH CONCENTRATIONS IS HIGHLY TOXIC TO THE ENVIRONMENT AS WELL AS TO LIVING ORGANISMS. THEREFORE, WE DESIGNED TWO RATIOMETRIC ELECTROCHEMICAL MOLECULAR REDOX PROBES, FORMALDEHYDE OXIDATIVE LATENT PROBE (FOLP) AND DIHYDROXY-FORMALDEHYDE OXIDATIVE LATENT PROBE (HFOLP), FOR THE SELECTIVE PROFILING OF ENDOGENOUS FORMALDEHYDE. FOLP AND HFOLP EACH UNDERWENT THE AZA-COPE REACTION WITH FORMALDEHYDE FOLLOWED BY HYDROLYSIS TO ELIMINATE UNMASK REDOX REPORTER N-ALKYLATED AMINOFERROCENE (AAF) TO MONITOR THEIR RESPONSE CURRENT. THE FOLP AND HFOLP SENSORS SHOWED BROAD DYNAMIC RANGES OF 0.12-1000 MUM AND 0.09-3 MM FOR FORMALDEHYDE WITH DETECTION LIMITS OF 48.2 NM AND 31.6 MUM, RESPECTIVELY. ALSO, SINCE FORMALDEHYDE IS THE BYPRODUCT OF BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS FOR DETECTING CREATININE AND CREATININE IS AN IMPORTANT BIOMARKER FOR CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), WE TESTED THE FOLP PROBE FOR ITS ABILITY TO MONITOR CREATININE. IT SUCCESSFULLY DID SO, AND THIS ABILITY WAS USED TO DEVELOP AN ELECTROCHEMICAL PLATFORM FOR THE QUANTIFICATION OF CREATININE; IT SHOWED A DYNAMIC RANGE OF 3.25-200 MUM AND A LIMIT OF DETECTION (1.3 MUM). IN ADDITION, THE FOLP-BASED ASSAY PLATFORM DELIVERED A RELIABLE ANALYTICAL PERFORMANCE FOR THE QUANTIFICATION OF FORMALDEHYDE IN HUMAN WHOLE BLOOD AND OF CREATININE IN SALIVA, AND ALSO FOR THE REAL-TIME MONITORING OF ENDOGENOUS FORMALDEHYDE SECRETION IN HELA CELLS. MOREOVER, THE CONCENTRATIONS DETERMINED USING OUR METHOD WERE FOUND TO BE CONSISTENT WITH THOSE DETERMINED USING FORMALDEHYDE AND CREATININE FLUOROMETRIC ASSAY KITS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
3  4826  27 OF PLEIOTROPY AND TRAJECTORIES: DOES THE TGF-BETA PATHWAY LINK CHILDHOOD ASTHMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE? THE STUDY OF DEVELOPMENTAL TRAJECTORIES IS WHERE EPIGENETICS TRULY SHINES. THE "EPI" IN EPIGENETICS CAPTURES THE FACT THAT ALTHOUGH EPIGENETIC PROCESSES ALSO PRESIDE OVER THE MAINTENANCE AND TERMINATION OF GENE EXPRESSION, THE UNFOLDING AND REMODELING OF CHROMATIN ARCHITECTURE ARE ESPECIALLY CRITICAL TO PREPARE GENES FOR REGULATED TRANSCRIPTION. THESE PROPERTIES IMPLY BEING ON A PATH, A TRAJECTORY TO EVENTS THAT WILL OCCUR LATER THANKS TO EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING. THUS EPIGENETICS IS ABOUT TIMED AND TIMELY EVENTS. IN THIS ARTICLE WE DISCUSS EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC EVIDENCE FROM SEVERAL INDEPENDENT STUDIES OF ASTHMA, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, AND LUNG FUNCTION, WHICH CONVERGE TO HIGHLIGHT A POTENTIAL ROLE OF THE TGF-BETA GENE PATHWAY IN THESE PROCESSES. THESE RESULTS RAISE THE POSSIBILITY THAT AT LEAST IN A SUBSET OF SUBJECTS, THESE CONDITIONS MIGHT BE FUNCTIONALLY CONNECTED IN WAYS THAT NEED TO BE FURTHER DEFINED BUT THAT LIKELY REFLECT THE UNIQUELY PLEIOTROPIC NATURE OF TGF-BETA PATHWAY GENES, PARTICULARLY THEIR ABILITY TO CONTROL BOTH LUNG DEVELOPMENT AND IMMUNE RESPONSES ESSENTIAL FOR REGULATION AND INFLAMMATION. FURTHER CHARACTERIZATION OF THIS PATHWAY IN LONGITUDINALLY PHENOTYPED POPULATIONS MIGHT UNMASK NOVEL TRAJECTORIES TO LUNG DISEASE THAT BEGIN IN UTERO AND UNFOLD INTO OLD AGE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
4  3786  54 INTERGENERATIONAL INFLUENCES ON CHILD GROWTH AND UNDERNUTRITION. INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS ON LINEAR GROWTH ARE WELL DOCUMENTED. SEVERAL GENERATIONS ARE NECESSARY IN ANIMAL MODELS TO 'WASH OUT' EFFECTS OF UNDERNUTRITION, CONSISTENT WITH THE UNFOLDING OF THE SECULAR TREND IN HEIGHT IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA. BIRTHWEIGHT IS CORRELATED ACROSS GENERATIONS AND SHORT MATERNAL STATURE, WHICH REFLECTS INTRAUTERINE AND INFANT GROWTH FAILURE, IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW BIRTHWEIGHT, CHILD STUNTING, DELIVERY COMPLICATIONS AND INCREASED CHILD MORTALITY, EVEN AFTER ADJUSTING FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS. A NUTRITION INTERVENTION IN GUATEMALA REDUCED CHILDHOOD STUNTING; IT ALSO IMPROVED GROWTH OF THE NEXT GENERATION, BUT ONLY IN THE OFFSPRING OF GIRLS. POSSIBLE MECHANISMS EXPLAINING INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS ON LINEAR GROWTH ARE NOT MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE AND INCLUDE, AMONG OTHERS, SHARED GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS, EPIGENETIC EFFECTS, PROGRAMMING OF METABOLIC CHANGES, AND THE MECHANICS OF A REDUCED SPACE FOR THE FETUS TO GROW. THERE ARE ALSO SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS AT PLAY THAT ARE IMPORTANT SUCH AS THE INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF POVERTY AND THE FEAR OF BIRTHING A LARGE BABY, WHICH LEADS TO 'EATING DOWN' DURING PREGNANCY. IT IS NOT CLEAR WHETHER THERE IS AN UPPER LIMIT FOR IMPACT ON INTRAUTERINE AND INFANT LINEAR GROWTH THAT PROGRAMMES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES COULD ACHIEVE THAT IS SET BY EARLY CHILDHOOD MALNUTRITION IN THE MOTHER. SUBSTANTIAL IMPROVEMENTS IN LINEAR GROWTH CAN BE ACHIEVED THROUGH ADOPTION AND MIGRATION, AND IN A FEW SELECTED COUNTRIES, FOLLOWING RAPID ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT. IT WOULD SEEM, DESPITE CLEAR DOCUMENTATION OF INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS, THAT NEARLY NORMAL LENGTHS CAN BE ACHIEVED IN CHILDREN BORN TO MOTHERS WHO WERE MALNOURISHED IN CHILDHOOD WHEN PROFOUND IMPROVEMENTS IN HEALTH, NUTRITION AND THE ENVIRONMENT TAKE PLACE BEFORE CONCEPTION. TO ACHIEVE SIMILAR LEVELS OF IMPACT THROUGH PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAMMES ALONE IN POOR COUNTRIES IS HIGHLY UNLIKELY. THE REALITY IN POOR COUNTRIES LIMITS THE SCOPE, QUALITY AND COVERAGE OF PROGRAMMES THAT CAN BE IMPLEMENTED AND MODEST IMPACT SHOULD BE EXPECTED INSTEAD. THE LANCET SERIES ON MATERNAL AND CHILD UNDERNUTRITION ESTIMATED THAT IMPLEMENTATION TO SCALE OF PROVEN INTERVENTIONS IN HIGH BURDEN COUNTRIES WOULD REDUCE STUNTING BY ONE-THIRD; THIS IS PERHAPS A REALISTIC UPPER BOUND FOR IMPACT FOR HIGH QUALITY PROGRAMMES, UNLESS ACCOMPANIED BY SWEEPING IMPROVEMENTS IN SOCIAL SERVICES AND MARKED REDUCTIONS IN POVERTY. FINALLY, BECAUSE SO MUCH CAN BE ACHIEVED IN A SINGLE GENERATION, INTERGENERATIONAL INFLUENCES ARE UNLIKELY TO BE AN IMPORTANT EXPLANATION FOR LACK OF PROGRAMME IMPACT AIMED AT THE WINDOW OF THE FIRST 1000 DAYS. FAILURE TO PREVENT LINEAR GROWTH FAILURE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES HAS SERIOUS CONSEQUENCES FOR SHORT- AND LONG-TERM HEALTH AS WELL AS FOR THE FORMATION OF HUMAN CAPITAL. THE NUTRITION TRANSITION HAS CREATED A DOUBLE BURDEN BY ADDING OBESITY AND RELATED CHRONIC DISEASES TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH AGENDA OF COUNTRIES STILL STRUGGLING WITH THE 'OLD' PROBLEMS OF MATERNAL AND CHILD UNDERNUTRITION. THE CHALLENGE AHEAD IS TO INCREASE EFFORTS TO PREVENT LINEAR GROWTH FAILURE WHILE KEEPING CHILD OVERWEIGHT AT BAY.	2012	

5  6625  42 UNDERSTANDING RACIAL DISPARITIES OF PRETERM BIRTH THROUGH THE PLACENTA. THE RACIAL DISPARITY ASSOCIATED WITH PRETERM BIRTH IS A PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN IN THE UNITED STATES. THE PLACENTA IS THE PRINCIPAL METABOLIC, RESPIRATORY, AND ENDOCRINE ORGAN OF THE FETUS AND A KEY ROUTE BY WHICH ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES ARE TRANSMITTED FROM MOTHER TO OFFSPRING. AVAILABLE AT EVERY DELIVERY, IT MAY SERVE AS A MARKER OF DIFFERENCES IN PRENATAL EXPOSURES THAT MANIFEST DIFFERENTLY BY RACE. RECENTLY, WE DESCRIBED DIFFERENCES IN PLACENTAL PATHOLOGY BETWEEN AFRICAN-AMERICAN AND WHITE PRETERM BIRTHS: THE PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION WAS HIGHER AMONG AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN'S PLACENTAS COMPARED WITH THOSE OF WHITE WOMEN. SIMILARLY, RACIAL DIFFERENCES HAVE BEEN SHOWN IN PLACENTAL MALPERFUSION AND PLACENTAL WEIGHT. SOCIAL DETERMINANTS SUCH AS POVERTY AND STRESS FROM DISCRIMINATION HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRETERM BIRTH. TO DATE, HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS, WHETHER THROUGH INFLAMMATORY, OXIDATIVE STRESS, OR OTHER PATHWAYS INVOLVING EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING, REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. THE PLACENTA, COMPLEMENTED BY MATERNAL AND UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD BIOMARKERS, MAY PROVIDE IMPORTANT INFORMATION ON THE PERINATAL ENVIRONMENT THAT EXPLAINS THE ORIGINS OF RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRETERM BIRTH RATES AND SUBSEQUENT HEALTH OUTCOMES. THIS ARTICLE REVIEWS EXISTING LITERATURE AND CURRENT RESEARCH GAPS. OPPORTUNITIES ARE DISCUSSED FOR FUTURE PLACENTAL RESEARCH THAT MAY REVEAL NOVEL MECHANISMS LEADING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW APPROACHES IN THE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF PRETERM BIRTH AND ITS OUTCOMES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
6  2801  54 FEMALE OBESITY: SHORT- AND LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES ON THE OFFSPRING. THE WORLDWIDE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY HAS RISEN OVER THE PAST FEW DECADES AND WOMEN ARE CURRENTLY MORE LIKELY THAN EVER TO ENTER PREGNANCY OBESE. PRE-PREGNANCY OBESITY AND EXCESSIVE GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN INCREASE MISCARRIAGE RATES AND OBSTETRIC AND NEONATAL COMPLICATIONS, WHICH RESULT IN A LOWER HEALTHY LIVE BIRTH RATE. IN ADDITION TO ITS NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES FOR THE MOTHER, OBESITY HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR CHRONIC ILLNESSES, SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, METABOLIC SYNDROME AND TYPE 2 DIABETES IN THE ADOLESCENCE AND ADULTHOOD OF THE OFFSPRING. MOREOVER, MATERNAL OBESITY CAUSES PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS, PHYSICAL DISABILITIES AND HIGHER HEALTHCARE COSTS. FETAL PROGRAMMING OF METABOLIC FUNCTION INDUCED BY OBESITY, THROUGH PHYSIOLOGICAL AND/OR EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, MAY HAVE AN INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECT AND COULD, THUS, PERPETUATE OBESITY IN THE NEXT GENERATION. IN ORDER TO BREAK THIS VICIOUS CIRCLE AND AVOID SERIOUS SHORT- AND LONG-TERM NEGATIVE OUTCOMES FOR BOTH MOTHERS AND FETUSES, THE PREVENTION AND ADEQUATE MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY AND GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN ARE ESSENTIAL.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
7  2605  31 EPIGENETICS-A POTENTIAL MEDIATOR BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND PRETERM BIRTH. PRETERM BIRTH IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF INFANT MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY AND A POTENTIAL RISK FACTOR FOR ADULT CHRONIC DISEASE. WITH OVER 15 MILLION INFANTS BORN PRETERM WORLDWIDE EACH YEAR, PRETERM BIRTH POSES A GLOBAL HEALTH CONCERN. THERE IS A POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND PRETERM BIRTH, THOUGH STUDIES HAVE BEEN INCONSISTENT, LIKELY DUE TO VARIATION IN STUDY DESIGN. HOW AIR POLLUTION INDUCES HEALTH EFFECTS IS UNCERTAIN; HOWEVER, STUDIES HAVE REPEATEDLY DEMONSTRATED THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. MORE RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETICS MAY, IN TURN, BE LINKED TO PRETERM BIRTH. DISCOVERY OF ENVIRONMENTALLY MODIFIABLE EPIGENETIC PROCESSES CONNECTED TO PRETERM BIRTH MAY HELP TO IDENTIFY WOMEN AT RISK OF PRETERM BIRTH, AND ULTIMATELY LEAD TO DEVELOPMENT OF NEW PRETERM BIRTH PREVENTION MEASURES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
8  4065  43 MATERNAL AND GESTATIONAL INFLUENCES ON CHILDHOOD BLOOD PRESSURE. EXPOSURES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO A SUB-OPTIMAL INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT CAN HAVE AN EFFECT ON THE DEVELOPING FETUS. IMPAIRED FETAL GROWTH THAT RESULTS IN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT IS AN ESTABLISHED RISK FACTOR FOR CARDIO-METABOLIC DISORDERS LATER IN LIFE. RECENT EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDIES THAT INCLUDE THE MATERNAL AND GESTATIONAL PERIOD HAVE IDENTIFIED MATERNAL AND GESTATIONAL CONDITIONS THAT CONFER INCREASED RISK FOR SUBSEQUENT CARDIO-METABOLIC DISORDERS IN THE ABSENCE OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT. MATERNAL PRE-CONCEPTION HEALTH STATUS, INCLUDING CHRONIC OBESITY AND TYPE 2 DIABETES, INCREASE RISK FOR CHILDHOOD OBESITY AND OBESITY-RELATED HIGHER BLOOD PRESSURE (BP) IN CHILD OFFSPRING. MATERNAL GESTATIONAL EXPOSURES, INCLUDING GESTATIONAL DIABETES, GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION, AND PREECLAMPSIA, ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER BP IN OFFSPRING. OTHER MATERNAL EXPOSURES SUCH AS CIGARETTE SMOKE AND AIR POLLUTION ALSO INCREASE RISK FOR HIGHER BP IN CHILD OFFSPRING. RECENT, BUT LIMITED, DATA INDICATE THAT ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES CAN BE ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERTENSION IN CHILDHOOD, DESPITE OTHERWISE NORMAL GESTATION AND HEALTHY NEWBORN. GESTATIONAL EXPOSURES ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER BP IN CHILDHOOD CAN BE RELATED TO FAMILIAL LIFESTYLE FACTORS, GENETICS, OR EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF FETAL DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA). THESE FACTORS, OR COMBINATION OF FACTORS, AS WELL AS OTHER ADVERSE INTRAUTERINE CONDITIONS, COULD INDUCE FETAL PROGRAMING LEADING TO HEALTH CONSEQUENCES IN LATER LIFE. CURRENT AND DEVELOPING RESEARCH WILL PROVIDE ADDITIONAL INSIGHTS ON GESTATIONAL EXPOSURES AND FETAL ADJUSTMENTS THAT INCREASE RISK FOR HIGHER BP LEVELS IN CHILDHOOD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
9  4062  49 MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICES AND AN INTEGRATED, LIFE-CYCLE APPROACH TO THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. DESCRIBED AS THE 'INVISIBLE EPIDEMIC', NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) ARE THE WORLD'S LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH. MOST ARE CAUSED BY PREVENTABLE FACTORS, INCLUDING POOR DIET, TOBACCO USE, HARMFUL USE OF ALCOHOL AND PHYSICAL INACTIVITY. DIABETES, CANCER AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR 38 MILLION (68%) OF GLOBAL DEATHS IN 2012. SINCE 1990, PROPORTIONATE NCD MORTALITY HAS INCREASED SUBSTANTIALLY AS POPULATIONS HAVE AGED AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASES DECLINE. THE MAJORITY OF NCD DEATHS, ESPECIALLY PREMATURE NCD DEATHS (<70 YEARS, 82%), OCCUR IN LOW-INCOME AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, AND AMONG POOR COMMUNITIES WITHIN THEM. ADDRESSING NCDS IS RECOGNISED AS CENTRAL TO THE POST-2015 AGENDA; ACCORDINGLY, NCDS HAVE A SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE AND TARGET IN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS. WHILE DEATHS FROM NCDS OCCUR MAINLY IN ADULTHOOD, MANY HAVE THEIR ORIGINS IN EARLY LIFE, INCLUDING THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OPERATING BEFORE CONCEPTION. GOOD NUTRITION BEFORE CONCEPTION AND INTERVENTIONS AIMED AT PREVENTING NCDS DURING THE FIRST 1000 DAYS (FROM CONCEPTION TO AGE 2 YEARS), CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE MAY BE MORE COST-EFFECTIVE THAN MANAGING ESTABLISHED NCDS IN LATER LIFE WITH COSTLY TESTS AND DRUGS. FOLLOWING A LIFE-COURSE APPROACH, MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, BEFORE DELIVERY AND DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE, CAN PREVENT NCDS AND SHOULD INFLUENCE GLOBAL HEALTH AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES HOW SUCH AN APPROACH MAY BE PURSUED, INCLUDING THROUGH THE ENGAGEMENT OF NON-HEALTH SECTORS. IT ALSO EMPHASISES EVALUATING AND DOCUMENTING RELATED INITIATIVES TO UNDERWRITE SYSTEMATIC AND EVIDENCE-BASED CROSS-SECTORAL ENGAGEMENT ON NCD PREVENTION IN THE FUTURE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
10  3429  45 HUNGRY IN THE WOMB: WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES? LESSONS FROM THE DUTCH FAMINE. AN INCREASING BODY OF EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT POOR NUTRITION AT THE VERY BEGINNING OF LIFE - EVEN BEFORE BIRTH - LEADS TO LARGE AND LONG TERM NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES FOR BOTH MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH. THIS PAPER REVIEWS THE EVIDENCE FROM STUDIES ON THE DUTCH FAMINE, WHICH INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF PRENATAL UNDERNUTRITION ON LATER HEALTH. THE EFFECTS OF FAMINE APPEARED TO DEPEND ON ITS TIMING DURING GESTATION, AND THE ORGANS AND TISSUES UNDERGOING CRITICAL PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT AT THAT TIME. EARLY GESTATION APPEARED TO BE THE MOST VULNERABLE PERIOD. PEOPLE WHO WERE CONCEIVED DURING THE FAMINE WERE AT INCREASED RISK OF SCHIZOPHRENIA AND DEPRESSION, THEY HAD A MORE ATHEROGENIC PLASMA LIPID PROFILE, WERE MORE RESPONSIVE TO STRESS AND HAD A DOUBLED RATE OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE. ALSO, THEY PERFORMED WORSE ON COGNITIVE TASKS WHICH MAY BE A SIGN OF ACCELERATED AGEING. PEOPLE EXPOSED DURING ANY PERIOD OF GESTATION HAD MORE TYPE 2 DIABETES. FUTURE INVESTIGATION WILL EXPAND ON THE FINDING THAT THE EFFECTS OF PRENATAL FAMINE EXPOSURE MAY REACH DOWN ACROSS GENERATIONS, POSSIBLY THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT SIMILAR EFFECTS OF PRENATAL UNDERNUTRITION ARE FOUND IN AFRICA, WHERE MANY ARE UNDERNOURISHED. HUNGER IS A MAJOR PROBLEM WORLDWIDE WITH ONE IN SEVEN INHABITANTS OF THIS PLANET SUFFERING FROM LACK OF FOOD. ADEQUATELY FEEDING WOMEN BEFORE AND DURING PREGNANCY MAY BE A PROMISING STRATEGY IN PREVENTING CHRONIC DISEASES WORLDWIDE.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
11  2806  51 FETAL PROGRAMMING AND THE RISK OF NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASE. THE "DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE" (DOHAD) HYPOTHESIS PROPOSES THAT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS DURING FETAL AND EARLY POST-NATAL DEVELOPMENT INFLUENCE LIFELONG HEALTH AND CAPACITY THROUGH PERMANENT EFFECTS ON GROWTH, STRUCTURE AND METABOLISM. THIS HAS BEEN CALLED 'PROGRAMMING'. THE HYPOTHESIS IS SUPPORTED BY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE IN HUMANS LINKING NEWBORN SIZE, AND INFANT GROWTH AND NUTRITION, TO ADULT HEALTH OUTCOMES, AND BY EXPERIMENTS IN ANIMALS SHOWING THAT MATERNAL UNDER- AND OVER-NUTRITION AND OTHER INTERVENTIONS (E.G., GLUCOCORTICOID EXPOSURE) DURING PREGNANCY LEAD TO ABNORMAL METABOLISM AND BODY COMPOSITION IN THE ADULT OFFSPRING. EARLY LIFE PROGRAMMING IS NOW THOUGHT TO BE IMPORTANT IN THE ETIOLOGY OF OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, OPENING UP THE POSSIBILITY THAT THESE COMMON DISEASES COULD BE PREVENTED BY ACHIEVING OPTIMAL FETAL AND INFANT DEVELOPMENT. THIS IS LIKELY TO HAVE ADDITIONAL BENEFITS FOR INFANT SURVIVAL AND HUMAN CAPITAL (E.G., IMPROVED COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE AND PHYSICAL WORK CAPACITY). FETAL NUTRITION IS INFLUENCED BY THE MOTHER'S DIET AND BODY SIZE AND COMPOSITION, BUT HARD EVIDENCE THAT THE NUTRITION OF THE HUMAN MOTHER PROGRAMMES CHRONIC DISEASE RISK IN HER OFFSPRING IS CURRENTLY LIMITED. RECENT FINDINGS FROM FOLLOW-UP OF CHILDREN BORN AFTER RANDOMISED NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS IN PREGNANCY ARE MIXED, BUT SHOW SOME EVIDENCE OF BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON VASCULAR FUNCTION, LIPID CONCENTRATIONS, GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND INSULIN RESISTANCE. WORK IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA, WHEREBY GENE EXPRESSION IS MODIFIED BY DNA METHYLATION, AND WHICH ARE SENSITIVE TO THE NUTRITIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN EARLY LIFE, MAY BE ONE MECHANISM UNDERLYING PROGRAMMING.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12  3578  48 IMPACT OF PARENTAL OVER- AND UNDERWEIGHT ON THE HEALTH OF OFFSPRING. PARENTAL EXCESS WEIGHT AND ESPECIALLY PREGESTATIONAL MATERNAL OBESITY AND EXCESSIVE WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY HAVE BEEN RELATED TO AN INCREASED RISK OF METABOLIC (OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, METABOLIC SYNDROME) AND NONMETABOLIC (CANCER, OSTEOPOROSIS, ASTHMA, NEUROLOGIC ALTERATIONS) DISEASES IN THE OFFSPRING, PROBABLY MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF FETAL PROGRAMMING. MATERNAL UNDERWEIGHT IS LESS COMMON IN DEVELOPED SOCIETIES, BUT THE DISCREPANCY BETWEEN A POOR NUTRITIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN UTERO AND A NORMAL OR EXCESSIVE POSTNATAL FOOD SUPPLY WITH RAPID GROWTH CATCH-UP APPEARS TO BE THE MAIN CANDIDATE MECHANISM OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES DURING THE OFFSPRING'S ADULTHOOD. THE ROLE OF THE POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENT IN BOTH SCENARIOS (PARENTAL OVERWEIGHT OR UNDERWEIGHT) ALSO SEEMS TO INFLUENCE THE OFFSPRING'S HEALTH. LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS BEFORE AND DURING PREGNANCY IN BOTH PARENTS, BUT ESPECIALLY IN THE MOTHER, AS WELL AS IN CHILDREN AFTER BIRTH, ARE ADVISABLE TO COUNTERACT THE MANY UNDESIRABLE CHRONIC CONDITIONS DESCRIBED.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
13  3595  39 IMPLICATIONS OF MATERNAL CONDITIONS AND PREGNANCY COURSE ON OFFSPRING'S MEDICAL PROBLEMS IN ADULT LIFE. IN THE LAST DECADE, NUMEROUS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA SHOW THAT PERICONCEPTIONAL, PERINATAL AND POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENT DETERMINES THE OFFSPRING'S RISK FOR LATER-LIFE CHRONIC DISEASE. FOR THIS PHENOMENON, THE TERM "FETAL" OR "PERINATAL PROGRAMMING" IS USED. IN EXPOSED OFFSPRING ALREADY IN CHILDHOOD AND EARLY ADULTHOOD, METABOLIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES CAN BE OBSERVED, LEADING TO OBESITY, DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION. NOWADAYS, THE MODE OF CONCEPTION (E.G., IN VITRO FERTILIZATION), MATERNAL METABOLIC CONDITIONS (E.G., UNDERNUTRITION, OVERNUTRITION, DIABETES) AND COMPLICATIONS DURING PREGNANCY (E.G., PREECLAMPSIA, INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION) ARE SUSPECTED TO BE NEGATIVE PREDICTORS FOR OFFSPRING'S LONG-TERM HEALTH. MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR THESE EFFECTS STILL REMAIN MAINLY UNCLEAR, BUT INCLUDE EPIGENETIC, TRANSCRIPTIONAL, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS, AND REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES. THIS REVIEW PRESENTS A PIECE OF THE PUZZLE WITH REGARDS TO PERICONCEPTIONAL AND EARLY PERINATAL CONDITIONS DETERMINING LATER-LIFE RISK FOR CHRONIC ADULT DISEASE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
14  4078  51 MATERNAL INFLAMMATION, GROWTH RETARDATION, AND PRETERM BIRTH: INSIGHTS INTO ADULT CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. THE "FETAL ORIGIN OF ADULT DISEASE HYPOTHESIS" ORIGINALLY DESCRIBED BY BARKER ET AL. IDENTIFIED THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IMPAIRED IN UTERO GROWTH AND ADULT CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK AND DEATH. SINCE THEN, NUMEROUS CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES HAVE CONFIRMED THAT EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL INFLUENCES CAN LEAD TO CARDIOVASCULAR, PULMONARY, METABOLIC, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISEASES DURING ADULTHOOD WITH AND WITHOUT ALTERATIONS IN BIRTH WEIGHT. THIS SO CALLED "FETAL PROGRAMMING" INCLUDES DEVELOPMENTAL DISRUPTION, IMMEDIATE ADAPTATION, OR PREDICTIVE ADAPTATION AND CAN LEAD TO EPIGENETIC CHANGES AFFECTING A SPECIFIC ORGAN OR OVERALL HEALTH. THE INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT IS DRAMATICALLY IMPACTED BY THE OVERALL MATERNAL HEALTH. BOTH PREMATURE BIRTH OR LOW BIRTH WEIGHT CAN RESULT FROM A VARIETY OF MATERNAL CONDITIONS INCLUDING UNDERNUTRITION OR DYSNUTRITION, METABOLIC DISEASES, CHRONIC MATERNAL STRESSES INDUCED BY INFECTIONS AND INFLAMMATION, AS WELL AS HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA AND SMOKING. NUMEROUS ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE SUPPORTED THE IMPORTANCE OF BOTH MATERNAL HEALTH AND MATERNAL ENVIRONMENT ON THE LONG TERM OUTCOMES OF THE OFFSPRING. WITH INCREASING RATES OF OBESITY AND DIABETES AND SURVIVAL OF PRETERM INFANTS BORN AT EARLY GESTATIONAL AGES, THE NEED TO ELUCIDATE MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR PROGRAMMING OF ADULT CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE TREATMENT OF UPCOMING GENERATIONS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
15  1755  56 EARLY NUTRITION AND LATER OUTCOMES IN PRETERM INFANTS. THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE IS AN EMERGING AREA OF INTEREST THAT AMALGAMATES MANY AREAS OF SCIENTIFIC STUDIES AND ENCOMPASSES A WIDE RANGE OF DIVERSE DISCIPLINES FROM EPIDEMIOLOGY TO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY. EVIDENCE HAS ACCUMULATED TO SHOW THAT EARLY LIFE EXPERIENCES, BOTH IN UTERO AND IN INFANCY HAVE LONG-TERM EFFECTS ON MANY BODY SYSTEMS. THERE ARE NOW GOOD DATA TO SHOW THAT SUBOPTIMAL IN UTERO GROWTH, ESPECIALLY WHEN COMBINED WITH RAPID GROWTH ACCELERATION IN EARLY POSTNATAL LIFE MAY INCREASE THE RISK OF LATER LIFE METABOLIC DISEASE. THE MECHANISMS ARE COMPLEX BUT LIKELY TO INVOLVE EPIGENETIC MARKS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION. PRETERM INFANTS FREQUENTLY EXPERIENCE SUBOPTIMAL NUTRIENT INTAKES IN EARLY POSTNATAL LIFE AND EXHIBIT GROWTH FAILURE WITHIN THE NICU. THEY ALSO RECEIVE PRODUCTS THAT MAY NOT PROVIDE EITHER AN OPTIMAL QUANTITY OR QUALITY OF NUTRIENTS. FOLLOW-UP STUDIES HAVE NOW SHOWN MUCH HIGHER RISKS FOR LONG-TERM CHRONIC DISEASE IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS WHO WERE BORN PRETERM. THERE ARE HIGHER LEVELS OF INSULIN RESISTANCE AND ABNORMAL PARTITIONING OF FAT DEPOSITION. THE ONSET OF PUBERTY SEEMS EARLIER, AVERAGE HEIGHT IS LESS AND BLOOD PRESSURE, MEASURES OF VASCULAR HEALTH AND LIPID PROFILES SUGGEST CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH IS LIKELY TO DIFFER FROM HEALTHY TERM BORN CONTROLS. DESPITE THIS, THERE ARE NO DATA TO SUGGEST AN OVERALL BENEFIT OF LIMITING NUTRIENT INTAKE, OR RESTRICTING GROWTH IN PRETERM INFANTS. THERE ARE STRONG DATA TO SHOW THAT THE PRETERM BRAIN IS EXQUISITELY VULNERABLE TO UNDERNUTRITION, AND THAT SUBOPTIMAL NUTRIENT INTAKES MAY PERMANENTLY AFFECT LATER COGNITIVE ATTAINMENT. A CLINICAL FOCUS ON EARLY NUTRIENT INTAKES AND BREAST MILK PROVISION IS KEY TO OPTIMISING LONG-TERM HEALTH OUTCOMES.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
16  4202  40 METABOLIC SYNDROME IN CHILDREN BORN SMALL-FOR-GESTATIONAL AGE. BEING BORN SMALL-FOR-GESTATIONAL AGE AND A RAPID INCREASE IN WEIGHT DURING EARLY CHILDHOOD AND INFANCY HAS BEEN STRONGLY LINKED WITH CHRONIC DISEASES, INCLUDING METABOLIC SYNDROME, WHICH HAS BEEN RELATED TO INTRAUTERINE LIFE ENVIRONMENT AND LINKED TO EPIGENETIC FETAL PROGRAMMING. METABOLIC SYNDROME INCLUDES WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE >/= 90(TH) PERCENTILE FOR AGE, SEX AND RACE, HIGHER LEVELS OF BLOOD PRESSURE, TRIGLYCERIDES AND FASTING GLUCOSE, AND LOW LEVELS OF HDL-CHOLESTEROL. INSULIN RESISTANCE MAY BE PRESENT AS EARLY AS 1 YEAR OF AGE, AND OBESITY AND/OR TYPE 2 DIABETES ARE MORE PREVALENT IN THOSE BORN SGA THAN THOSE BORN AGA. THE PROGRAMMING OF ADAPTIVE RESPONSES IN CHILDREN BORN SGA INCLUDES AN ASSOCIATION WITH INCREASED BLOOD PRESSURE, CHANGES IN ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION, ARTERIAL PROPERTIES AND CORONARY DISEASE. EARLY INTERVENTIONS SHOULD BE DIRECTED TO APPROPRIATE MATERNAL NUTRITION, BEFORE AND DURING PREGNANCY, PROMOTION OF BREAST FEEDING, AND PREVENTION OF RAPID WEIGHT GAIN DURING INFANCY, AND TO PROMOTE A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
17  1370  49 DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE THEORY IN CARDIOLOGY. NUMEROUS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND ANIMAL STUDIES DISCLOSED THAT BIRTH WEIGHT IS INVERSELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE INCIDENCE OF THE LIFESTYLE-RELATED DISORDERS IN ADULT LIFE, SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, DIABETES, AND /OR CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. LOWER BIRTH WEIGHT OCCURS IN NUMEROUS UNDESIRED INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENTS INCLUDING MALNUTRITION, SMOKING, ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, OR STRESS. THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGIN OF HEALTH AND DISEASE (DOHAD) THEORY IS BASED ON THE CONCEPT THAT THE ORIGINS OF LIFESTYLE-RELATED DISEASE IS FORMED AT THE TIME OF FERTILIZATION, EMBRYONIC, FETAL, AND NEONATAL STAGES BY THE INTERRELATION BETWEEN GENES AND THE ENVIRONMENTS (NUTRITION, STRESS, OR ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS). ADULT DISEASE DEVELOPS AFTER DELIVERY FACING TO ABNORMAL ENVIRONMENTS SUCH AS OVER-NUTRITION, MUCH STRESS, OR LACK OF EXERCISE. DISEASE DEVELOPS THROUGH THESE TWO INSULTS. THIS CONCEPT WAS FIRST PROPOSED AS THE "BARKER HYPOTHESIS." DAVID BARKER HAD DISCOVERED THE RELATION BETWEEN THE LOWER BIRTH WEIGHT AND THE HIGHER PREVALENCE OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE MORTALITY. PREVIOUS EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES HAVE FOUND THE PEOPLE EXPOSED TO FAMINE DURING EARLY LIFE HAD HIGHER RISKS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN ADULTHOOD. YET, THE EXACT MECHANISMS THAT PERMANENTLY CHANGE THE STRUCTURE, PHYSIOLOGY, AND ENDOCRINE STATUS OF AN INDIVIDUAL ACROSS THEIR LIFESPAN FOLLOWING ALTERED GROWTH DURING FETAL LIFE ARE NOT ENTIRELY CLEAR. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES INCLUDING PROSPECTIVE COHORT AND OBSERVATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE PEOPLE EXPOSED TO MALNUTRITION DURING FETAL OR INFANCY HAVE DISCLOSED THE STRONG RELATION BETWEEN THE LOWER BIRTH WEIGHT AND THE HIGHER CARDIOVASCULAR RISKS IN ADULTS. RECENT PROGRESS OF EPIGENETIC STUDIES UNVEILED STRONG GENETIC ASSOCIATION. HORMONAL REGULATION AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS HAVE AN IMPORTANT ROLE FOR PROPER ORGAN DEVELOPMENT AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS. THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF PREDISPOSITION IS SUPPOSED TO BE THE EPIGENETICS MODIFICATIONS. THEIR DYSREGULATION IS RELATED TO THE ACQUISITION OF THE DISEASE-SUSCEPTIBLE TRAIT. IN THIS REVIEW, WE OVERVIEW THE CONCEPT OF DOHAD AND INTRODUCE RELATED CLINICAL AND BASIC RESEARCH.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
18  5962  46 TELOMERES, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND TIMING FOR SPONTANEOUS TERM AND PRETERM LABOR. TELOMERES ARE NUCLEOPROTEIN COMPLEXES LOCATED AT THE DISTAL ENDS OF CHROMOSOMES. IN ADULTS, PROGRESSIVE TELOMERE SHORTENING OCCURS THROUGHOUT THE LIFETIME AND IS THOUGHT TO CONTRIBUTE TO PROGRESSIVE AGING, PHYSIOLOGICAL SENESCENCE, MULTIORGAN DYSFUNCTION, AND ULTIMATELY, DEATH. AS DISCUSSED IN THIS REVIEW, MULTIPLE LINES OF EVIDENCE PROVIDE SUPPORT FOR THE BIOLOGICAL PLAUSIBILITY THAT A TELOMERE-BASED CLOCK MECHANISM ALSO DETERMINES THE LENGTH OF GESTATION, LEADING TO THE ONSET OF LABOR (PARTURITION). AFTER TELOMERE EXPANSION AT THE BEGINNING OF PREGNANCY, THE TELOMERE LENGTHS IN THE GESTATIONAL TISSUES (IE, THE PLACENTA AND FETAL MEMBRANES) PROGRESSIVELY SHORTEN THROUGHOUT THE REMAINDER OF PREGNANCY. THE RATE OF TELOMERE SHORTENING CAN BE ACCELERATED BY CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT THE MOTHER AND RESULT IN OXIDATIVE STRESS. PRETERM BIRTHS IN THE UNITED STATES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIPLE RISK FACTORS THAT ARE LINKED WITH INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS. ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS (IE, VITAMINS E AND C) MITIGATE THE EFFECTS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DELAY OR PREVENT TELOMERE SHORTENING. CLINICAL TRIALS WITH VITAMINS E AND C AND WITH MULTIVITAMINS STARTED DURING THE PERICONCEPTION PERIOD HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED RATES OF PRETERM BIRTHS. IN THE UNITED STATES, AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN HAVE A 2-3-FOLD HIGHER RATE OF PRETERM BIRTH. AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN HAVE MULTIPLE RISK FACTORS FOR PREMATURE BIRTH, ALL OF WHICH ARE DISTINCT AND POTENTIALLY ADDITIVE WITH REGARD TO EPIGENETIC TELOMERE SHORTENING. THE "WEATHERING EFFECT" IS THE HYPOTHESIS TO EXPLAIN THE INCREASED RATES OF CHRONIC ILLNESS, DISABILITIES, AND EARLY DEATH OBSERVED IN AFRICAN-AMERICANS. WITH REGARD TO PREGNANCY, ACCELERATED WEATHERING WITH THE ASSOCIATED TELOMERE SHORTENING IN THE GESTATIONAL TISSUES WOULD NOT ONLY EXPLAIN THE PRETERM BIRTH DISPARITY BUT COULD ALSO EXPLAIN WHY HIGHLY EDUCATED, AFFLUENT AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN CONTINUE TO HAVE AN INCREASED RATE OF PRETERM BIRTH. THESE STUDIES SUGGEST THAT THE RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRETERM BIRTH ARE POTENTIALLY MEDIATED BY TELOMERE SHORTENING PRODUCED BY LIFETIME OR EVEN GENERATIONAL EXPOSURE TO THE EFFECTS OF SYSTEMIC RACISM AND SOCIOECONOMIC MARGINALIZATION. IN CONCLUSION, THIS REVIEW PRESENTS MULTIPLE LINES OF EVIDENCE SUPPORTING A NOVEL HYPOTHESIS REGARDING THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK MECHANISM THAT DETERMINES THE LENGTH OF PREGNANCY, AND IT OPENS THE POSSIBILITY OF NEW APPROACHES TO PREVENT OR REDUCE THE RATE OF SPONTANEOUS PRETERM BIRTH.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
19  6066  39 THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: CURRENT STATUS AND PRACTICES IN JAPAN. THE CONCEPT OF THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE (DOHAD) VIEWS UNFAVORABLE PERINATAL CIRCUMSTANCES AS CONTRIBUTING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASES IN LATER LIFE. IT IS WELL KNOWN THAT SUCH UNFAVORABLE CIRCUMSTANCES PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE AS A RISK FACTOR FOR CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) IN INFANTS BORN WITH PREMATURITY. LOW BIRTHWEIGHT (LBW) IS BELIEVED TO BE A POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTOR TO CKD IN ADULTHOOD. PRETERM AND/OR LBW INFANTS ARE BORN WITH INCOMPLETE NEPHROGENESIS. AS A RESULT, THE NUMBER OF NEPHRONS IS LOW. THE POOR INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT ALSO CAUSES EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT ADVERSELY AFFECT POSTNATAL RENAL FUNCTION. AFTER BIRTH, HYPERFILTRATION OF INDIVIDUAL NEPHRONS DUE TO LOW NEPHRON NUMBERS CAUSES PROTEINURIA AND SECONDARY GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS. FURTHERMORE, THE RISK OF CKD INCREASES AS RENAL DAMAGE TAKES A SECOND HIT FROM EXPOSURE TO NEPHROTOXIC SUBSTANCES AND ACQUIRED INSULTS SUCH AS ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY AFTER BIRTH AMONG INFANTS IN NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE. MEANWHILE, UNFORTUNATELY, RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT THE NUMBER OF NEPHRONS IN HEALTHY JAPANESE INDIVIDUALS IS APPROXIMATELY TWO-THIRDS LOWER THAN THAT IN PREVIOUS REPORTS. THIS MEANS THAT JAPANESE PREMATURE INFANTS ARE CLEARLY AT A HIGH RISK OF DEVELOPING CKD IN LATER LIFE. RECENTLY, SEVERAL DOHAD-RELATED CKD STUDIES FROM JAPANESE RESEARCHERS HAVE BEEN REPORTED. HERE, WE SUMMARIZE THE RELEVANCE OF CKD IN CONJUNCTION WITH DOHAD AND REVIEW RECENT STUDIES THAT HAVE EXAMINED THE IMPACT OF THE UPWARD LBW TREND IN JAPAN ON RENAL HEALTH.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
20  2805  54 FETAL MALNUTRITION AND LONG-TERM OUTCOMES. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT LOWER BIRTHWEIGHT IS ASSOCIATED WITH A WIDE RANGE OF ADVERSE OUTCOMES IN LATER LIFE, INCLUDING POORER 'HUMAN CAPITAL' (SHORTER STATURE, LOWER COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE), INCREASED RISK FACTORS FOR LATER DISEASE (HIGHER BLOOD PRESSURE AND REDUCED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE, AND LUNG, KIDNEY AND IMMUNE FUNCTION), CLINICAL DISEASE (DIABETES, CORONARY HEART DISEASE, CHRONIC LUNG AND KIDNEY DISEASE), AND INCREASED ALL-CAUSE AND CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY. HIGHER BIRTHWEIGHT IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF CANCER AND (IF CAUSED BY GESTATIONAL DIABETES) OBESITY AND DIABETES. THE 'DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE' HYPOTHESIS PROPOSES THAT FETAL NUTRITION HAS PERMANENT EFFECTS ON GROWTH, STRUCTURE AND METABOLISM ('PROGRAMMING'). THIS IS SUPPORTED BY STUDIES IN ANIMALS SHOWING THAT MATERNAL UNDER- AND OVERNUTRITION DURING PREGNANCY CAN PRODUCE SIMILAR ABNORMALITIES IN THE ADULT OFFSPRING. COMMON CHRONIC DISEASES COULD POTENTIALLY BE PREVENTED BY ACHIEVING OPTIMAL FETAL NUTRITION, AND THIS COULD HAVE ADDITIONAL BENEFITS FOR SURVIVAL AND HUMAN CAPITAL. RECENT FOLLOW-UP OF CHILDREN BORN AFTER RANDOMIZED NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS IN PREGNANCY PROVIDES WEAK EVIDENCE OF BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON GROWTH, VASCULAR FUNCTION, LIPID CONCENTRATIONS, GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND INSULIN RESISTANCE. ANIMAL STUDIES INDICATE THAT EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA MAY BE AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM UNDERLYING PROGRAMMING, AND THAT NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS MAY NEED TO START PRECONCEPTIONALLY.	2013