1  5224 202 PRIORITIZED RESEARCH FOR THE PREVENTION, TREATMENT, AND REVERSAL OF CHRONIC DISEASE: RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE LIFESTYLE MEDICINE RESEARCH SUMMIT. DECLINING LIFE EXPECTANCY AND INCREASING ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY IN THE UNITED STATES HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH UNHEALTHY BEHAVIORS, SOCIOECOLOGICAL FACTORS, AND PREVENTABLE DISEASE. A GROWING BODY OF BASIC SCIENCE, CLINICAL RESEARCH, AND POPULATION HEALTH EVIDENCE POINTS TO THE BENEFITS OF HEALTHY BEHAVIORS, ENVIRONMENTS AND POLICIES TO MAINTAIN HEALTH AND PREVENT, TREAT, AND REVERSE THE ROOT CAUSES OF COMMON CHRONIC DISEASES. SIMILARLY, INNOVATIONS IN RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES, STANDARDS OF EVIDENCE, EMERGENCE OF UNIQUE STUDY COHORTS, AND BREAKTHROUGHS IN DATA ANALYTICS AND MODELING CREATE NEW POSSIBILITIES FOR PRODUCING BIOMEDICAL KNOWLEDGE AND CLINICAL TRANSLATION. TO UNDERSTAND THESE ADVANCES AND INFORM FUTURE DIRECTIONS RESEARCH, THE LIFESTYLE MEDICINE RESEARCH SUMMIT WAS CONVENED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH ON DECEMBER 4-5, 2019. THE SUMMIT'S GOAL WAS TO REVIEW CURRENT STATUS AND DEFINE RESEARCH PRIORITIES IN THE SIX CORE AREAS OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE: PLANT-PREDOMINANT NUTRITION, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SLEEP, STRESS, ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS, AND POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY/SOCIAL CONNECTION. FORTY INVITED SUBJECT MATTER EXPERTS (1) REVIEWED EXISTING KNOWLEDGE AND GAPS RELATING LIFESTYLE BEHAVIORS TO COMMON CHRONIC DISEASES, SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, DIABETES, MANY CANCERS, INFLAMMATORY- AND IMMUNE-RELATED DISORDERS AND OTHER CONDITIONS; AND (2) DISCUSSED THE POTENTIAL FOR APPLYING CUTTING-EDGE MOLECULAR, CELLULAR, EPIGENETIC AND EMERGING SCIENCE KNOWLEDGE AND COMPUTATIONAL METHODOLOGIES, RESEARCH DESIGNS, AND STUDY COHORTS TO ACCELERATE CLINICAL APPLICATIONS ACROSS ALL SIX DOMAINS OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE. NOTABLY, FEDERAL HEALTH AGENCIES, SUCH AS THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND VETERANS ADMINISTRATION HAVE BEGUN TO ADOPT "WHOLE-PERSON HEALTH AND PERFORMANCE" MODELS THAT ADDRESS THESE LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ROOT CAUSES OF CHRONIC DISEASE AND ASSOCIATED MORBIDITY, MORTALITY, AND COST. RECOMMENDATIONS STRONGLY SUPPORT LEVERAGING EMERGING RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES, SYSTEMS BIOLOGY, AND COMPUTATIONAL MODELING IN ORDER TO ACCELERATE EFFECTIVE CLINICAL AND POPULATION SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE HEALTH AND REDUCE SOCIETAL COSTS. NEW AND ALTERNATIVE HIERARCHIES OF EVIDENCE ARE ALSO BE NEEDED IN ORDER TO ASSESS THE QUALITY OF EVIDENCE AND DEVELOP EVIDENCE-BASED GUIDELINES ON LIFESTYLE MEDICINE. CHILDREN AND UNDERSERVED POPULATIONS WERE IDENTIFIED AS PRIORITIZED GROUPS TO STUDY. THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC, WHICH DISPROPORTIONATELY IMPACTS PEOPLE WITH CHRONIC DISEASES THAT ARE AMENABLE TO EFFECTIVE LIFESTYLE MEDICINE INTERVENTIONS, MAKES THE SUMMIT'S FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH PARTICULARLY TIMELY AND RELEVANT.	2020	

2  6169  26 THE GUT MICROBIOTA AND HEALTHY AGING: A MINI-REVIEW. THE GUT MICROBIOTA SHOWS A WIDE INTER-INDIVIDUAL VARIATION, BUT ITS WITHIN-INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IS RELATIVELY STABLE OVER TIME. A FUNCTIONAL CORE MICROBIOME, PROVIDED BY ABUNDANT BACTERIAL TAXA, SEEMS TO BE COMMON TO VARIOUS HUMAN HOSTS REGARDLESS OF THEIR GENDER, GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION, AND AGE. WITH ADVANCING CHRONOLOGICAL AGE, THE GUT MICROBIOTA BECOMES MORE DIVERSE AND VARIABLE. HOWEVER, WHEN MEASURES OF BIOLOGICAL AGE ARE USED WITH ADJUSTMENT FOR CHRONOLOGICAL AGE, OVERALL RICHNESS DECREASES, WHILE A CERTAIN GROUP OF BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH FRAILTY INCREASES. THIS HIGHLIGHTS THE IMPORTANCE OF CONSIDERING BIOLOGICAL OR FUNCTIONAL MEASURES OF AGING. STUDIES USING MODEL ORGANISMS INDICATE THAT AGE-RELATED GUT DYSBIOSIS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO UNHEALTHY AGING AND REDUCED LONGEVITY. THE GUT MICROBIOME DEPENDS ON THE HOST NUTRIENT SIGNALING PATHWAYS FOR ITS BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON HOST HEALTH AND LIFESPAN, AND GUT DYSBIOSIS DISRUPTING THE INTERDEPENDENCE MAY DIMINISH THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OR EVEN HAVE REVERSE EFFECTS. GUT DYSBIOSIS CAN TRIGGER THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND CHRONIC LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION, LEADING TO MANY AGE-RELATED DEGENERATIVE PATHOLOGIES AND UNHEALTHY AGING. THE GUT MICROBIOTA COMMUNICATES WITH THE HOST THROUGH VARIOUS BIOMOLECULES, NUTRIENT SIGNALING-INDEPENDENT PATHWAYS, AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. DISTURBANCE OF THESE COMMUNICATIONS BY AGE-RELATED GUT DYSBIOSIS CAN AFFECT THE HOST HEALTH AND LIFESPAN. THIS MAY EXPLAIN THE IMPACT OF THE GUT MICROBIOME ON HEALTH AND AGING.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
3  2699  34 EXCESS BODY WEIGHT: NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO ITS ROLES IN OBESITY COMORBIDITIES. EXCESS BODY WEIGHT IS A GLOBAL HEALTH PROBLEM DUE TO SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE AND UNHEALTHY DIET, AFFECTING 2 BILLION POPULATION WORLDWIDE. OBESITY IS A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR METABOLIC DISEASES. NOTABLY, THE METABOLIC RISK OF OBESITY LARGELY DEPENDS ON BODY WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION, OF WHICH VISCERAL ADIPOSE TISSUES BUT NOT SUBCUTANEOUS FATS ARE CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY COMORBIDITIES, INCLUDING TYPE 2 DIABETES, NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND CERTAIN TYPES OF CANCER. LATEST MULTI-OMICS AND MECHANISTICAL STUDIES REPORTED THE CRUCIAL INVOLVEMENT OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, ADIPOKINES DYSREGULATION, IMMUNITY CHANGES, IMBALANCE OF WHITE AND BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUES, AND GUT MICROBIAL DYSBIOSIS IN MEDIATING THE PATHOGENIC ASSOCIATION BETWEEN VISCERAL ADIPOSE TISSUES AND COMORBIDITIES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE EXPLORE THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF EXCESS BODY WEIGHT AND THE UP-TO-DATE MECHANISM OF HOW EXCESS BODY WEIGHT AND OBESITY LEAD TO CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS. WE ALSO EXAMINE THE UTILIZATION OF VISCERAL FAT MEASUREMENT AS AN ACCURATE CLINICAL PARAMETER FOR RISK ASSESSMENT IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS AND CLINICAL OUTCOME PREDICTION IN OBESE SUBJECTS. IN ADDITION, CURRENT APPROACHES FOR THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF EXCESS BODY WEIGHT AND ITS RELATED METABOLIC COMORBIDITIES ARE FURTHER DISCUSSED.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
4  4080  25 MATERNAL LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS: TARGETING PRECONCEPTION HEALTH. ABOUT ONE-THIRD OF WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE ARE OBESE, PREDISPOSING BOTH MOTHER AND BABY TO UNFAVOURABLE PREGNANCY OUTCOMES AND INITIATING AN INTERGENERATIONAL CYCLE OF CHRONIC METABOLIC DISORDERS. HERE WE SUMMARISE RECENT RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF MATERNAL METABOLIC HEALTH ON OFFSPRING SUSCEPTIBILITY TO FUTURE CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES. CURRENT PRIMARY LIFESTYLE APPROACHES (I.E., DIET AND EXERCISE INTERVENTIONS) TO HALT THE SUCCESSION OF INHERITED AND EPIGENETIC METABOLIC ABNORMALITIES HAVE MET WITH LIMITED SUCCESS DUE TO LATE IMPLEMENTATION, POOR ADHERENCE, AND/OR GENERIC GUIDELINES. IN OUR OPINION, SUCH INTERVENTIONS MUST COMMENCE PRIOR TO CONCEPTION TO IMPROVE BOTH MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH OUTCOMES, WITH NEW APPROACHES URGENTLY NEEDED TO INCREASE ADHERENCE TO PRIMARY LIFESTYLE CHANGES AMONG REPRODUCTIVE-AGE WOMEN.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
5  1417  39 DIETARY TRENDS AND THE DECLINE IN MALE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH. OVER THE TWENTIETH CENTURY, MALE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH HAS SUFFERED A SUBSTANTIAL DECLINE, AS EVIDENCED BY DECREASES IN SPERM COUNTS AND TESTOSTERONE LEVELS AND INCREASES IN REPRODUCTIVE PATHOLOGIES. AT THE SAME TIME, THE PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS OBESITY, DIABETES, AND METABOLIC SYNDROME HAS RISEN DRAMATICALLY. METABOLIC AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ARE HIGHLY INTERCONNECTED, SUGGESTING THAT THEIR RESPECTIVE TRENDS ARE INTERTWINED AND, GIVEN THE TIMEFRAME OF SUCH TRENDS, ENVIRONMENTAL AND NOT GENETIC FACTORS ARE MOST LIKELY TO BE THE PRIMARY CAUSES. INDUSTRIALIZATION, WHICH BEGAN IN EUROPE IN THE MID-EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, HAS RESULTED IN PROFOUND CHANGES TO OUR DIET, LIFESTYLE, AND ENVIRONMENT, MANY OF WHICH ARE CAUSAL FACTORS IN THE RISE IN CHRONIC DISEASES. INDUSTRIALIZATION RESULTS IN A NUTRITION TRANSITION FROM AN AGRICULTURAL UNPROCESSED TO A MODERN PROCESSED DIET, INCORPORATING INCREASES IN SUGAR, VEGETABLE OILS, ULTRA-PROCESSED FOODS, LINOLEIC ACID, TRANS-FATS, AND TOTAL ENERGY. THIS DIETARY SHIFT HAS INCURRED NUMEROUS ADVERSE EFFECTS ON METABOLIC AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND INSULIN RESISTANCE. MOREOVER, THESE EFFECTS APPEAR TO MULTIPLY ACROSS SUBSEQUENT GENERATIONS VIA EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE. MEN'S FERTILITY IS MARKEDLY AFFECTED BY OBESITY AND DIABETES, WITH AN INCREASE IN TOTAL ENERGY VIA PROCESSED FOOD INTAKE ARGUABLY BEING THE KEY FACTOR DRIVING THE DIABESITY PANDEMIC. IN CONTRAST, WHOLEFOODS RICH IN MICRONUTRIENTS AND PHYTONUTRIENTS SUPPORT MALE FERTILITY AND A HEALTHY BODY WEIGHT. THEREFORE, MEN WANTING TO MAXIMIZE THEIR FERTILITY SHOULD CONSIDER MAKING POSITIVE DIETARY CHANGES, SUCH AS REPLACING PROCESSED FOODS WITH UNPROCESSED FOODS THAT SUPPORT METABOLIC AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
6  4062  42 MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICES AND AN INTEGRATED, LIFE-CYCLE APPROACH TO THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. DESCRIBED AS THE 'INVISIBLE EPIDEMIC', NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) ARE THE WORLD'S LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH. MOST ARE CAUSED BY PREVENTABLE FACTORS, INCLUDING POOR DIET, TOBACCO USE, HARMFUL USE OF ALCOHOL AND PHYSICAL INACTIVITY. DIABETES, CANCER AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR 38 MILLION (68%) OF GLOBAL DEATHS IN 2012. SINCE 1990, PROPORTIONATE NCD MORTALITY HAS INCREASED SUBSTANTIALLY AS POPULATIONS HAVE AGED AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASES DECLINE. THE MAJORITY OF NCD DEATHS, ESPECIALLY PREMATURE NCD DEATHS (<70 YEARS, 82%), OCCUR IN LOW-INCOME AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, AND AMONG POOR COMMUNITIES WITHIN THEM. ADDRESSING NCDS IS RECOGNISED AS CENTRAL TO THE POST-2015 AGENDA; ACCORDINGLY, NCDS HAVE A SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE AND TARGET IN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS. WHILE DEATHS FROM NCDS OCCUR MAINLY IN ADULTHOOD, MANY HAVE THEIR ORIGINS IN EARLY LIFE, INCLUDING THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OPERATING BEFORE CONCEPTION. GOOD NUTRITION BEFORE CONCEPTION AND INTERVENTIONS AIMED AT PREVENTING NCDS DURING THE FIRST 1000 DAYS (FROM CONCEPTION TO AGE 2 YEARS), CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE MAY BE MORE COST-EFFECTIVE THAN MANAGING ESTABLISHED NCDS IN LATER LIFE WITH COSTLY TESTS AND DRUGS. FOLLOWING A LIFE-COURSE APPROACH, MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, BEFORE DELIVERY AND DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE, CAN PREVENT NCDS AND SHOULD INFLUENCE GLOBAL HEALTH AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES HOW SUCH AN APPROACH MAY BE PURSUED, INCLUDING THROUGH THE ENGAGEMENT OF NON-HEALTH SECTORS. IT ALSO EMPHASISES EVALUATING AND DOCUMENTING RELATED INITIATIVES TO UNDERWRITE SYSTEMATIC AND EVIDENCE-BASED CROSS-SECTORAL ENGAGEMENT ON NCD PREVENTION IN THE FUTURE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
7  4786  46 NUTRITION AND HEALTH DURING MID-LIFE: SEARCHING FOR SOLUTIONS AND MEETING CHALLENGES FOR THE AGING POPULATION. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GENETIC (GENOME) AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (EPIGENOME) OPERATE DURING A PERSON'S ENTIRE LIFESPAN. THE AGING PROCESS IS ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERAL CELLULAR AND ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL ALTERATIONS THAT, AT THE END, CAUSE MULTI-ORGANIC CELL FAILURE. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF AGING ARE MODIFIABLE BY APPROPRIATE PREVENTIVE ACTIONS MEDIATED BY SIRTUINS, CALORIC INPUT, DIET COMPONENTS, ADIPOSE TISSUE-RELATED INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS, AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. THE MEDITERRANEAN LIFESTYLE HAS BEEN FOR MANY MILLENNIA A DAILY HABIT FOR PEOPLE IN WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS LIVING AROUND THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA WHO WORKED INTENSIVELY AND SURVIVED WITH VERY FEW SEASONAL FOODS. A HIGH ADHERENCE TO THE TRADITIONAL MEDITERRANEAN DIET IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW MORTALITY (HIGHER LONGEVITY) AND REDUCED RISK OF DEVELOPING CHRONIC DISEASES, INCLUDING CANCER, THE METABOLIC SYNDROME, DEPRESSION AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. REPORTS INDICATE THAT SOME DIETARY COMPONENTS, SUCH AS OLIVE OIL, ANTIOXIDANTS, OMEGA-3 AND -6 POLYUNSATURATED ACIDS, POLYPHENOLS AND FLAVONOIDS, MEDIATE BENEFICIAL ANTI-AGING EFFECTS (ANTI-CHRONIC DISEASES AND INCREASED LONGEVITY). EQUALLY, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DISPLAYS A POSITIVE EFFECT, PRODUCING CALORIC CONSUMPTION AND REGULATION OF ADIPOSE AND PANCREATIC FUNCTION. THE PREDICTIVE STRENGTH OF SOME FOOD PATTERNS MAY BE A WAY OF DEVELOPING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FOOD AND HEALTH POLICIES. THIS PAPER WILL DISCUSS SEVERAL WAYS OF IMPROVING HEALTH DURING MID-LIFE, FOCUSING ON CERTAIN GROUPS OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS AND HEALTHY HABITS WHICH MAY REDUCE OR PREVENT AGE-RELATED CHRONIC DISEASES.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
8  4796  48 NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTION AS AN ESSENTIAL PART OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS TREATMENT? MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY AND DEMYELINATING DISEASE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. IN ADDITION TO THE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND IMMUNOLOGICAL COMPONENTS, VARIOUS OTHER FACTORS, E.G. UNHEALTHY DIETARY HABITS, PLAY A ROLE IN THE MS PATHOGENESIS. DIETARY INTERVENTION IS A HIGHLY APPEALING APPROACH, AS IT PRESENTS A SIMPLE AND RELATIVELY LOW RISK METHOD TO POTENTIALLY IMPROVE OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH BRAIN DISORDERS IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE REMISSION AND IMPROVEMENT OF CLINICAL STATUS, WELL-BEING AND LIFE EXPECTANCY OF PATIENTS WITH MS. THE IMPORTANCE OF SATURATED FAT INTAKE RESTRICTION FOR THE CLINICAL STATUS IMPROVEMENT OF MS PATIENTS WAS POINTED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN 1950S. RECENTLY, DECREASED RISK OF FIRST CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF CNS DEMYELINATION ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER INTAKE OF OMEGA-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS PARTICULARLY ORIGINATING FROM FISH WAS REPORTED. ONLY FEW CLINICAL TRIALS HAVE BEEN PERFORMED TO ADDRESS THE QUESTION OF THE ROLE OF DIETARY INTERVENTION, SUCH IS E.G. LOW SATURATED FAT DIET IN MS TREATMENT. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DIETARY APPROACHES (DIETS LOW IN SATURATED FAT AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS SUCH AS FISH OIL, LIPOIC ACID, OMEGA-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS, SEEDS OILS, HIGH FIBER DIET, VITAMIN D, ETC.) ON NEUROLOGICAL SIGNS, PATIENT'S WELL-BEING, PHYSICAL AND INFLAMMATORY STATUS. SO FAR THE RESULTS ARE NOT CONCLUSIVE, THEREFORE MUCH MORE RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO CONFIRM AND TO UNDERSTAND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THESE DIETARY INTERVENTIONS IN THE LONG TERM AND WELL DEFINED STUDIES.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
9  2801  29 FEMALE OBESITY: SHORT- AND LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES ON THE OFFSPRING. THE WORLDWIDE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY HAS RISEN OVER THE PAST FEW DECADES AND WOMEN ARE CURRENTLY MORE LIKELY THAN EVER TO ENTER PREGNANCY OBESE. PRE-PREGNANCY OBESITY AND EXCESSIVE GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN INCREASE MISCARRIAGE RATES AND OBSTETRIC AND NEONATAL COMPLICATIONS, WHICH RESULT IN A LOWER HEALTHY LIVE BIRTH RATE. IN ADDITION TO ITS NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES FOR THE MOTHER, OBESITY HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR CHRONIC ILLNESSES, SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, METABOLIC SYNDROME AND TYPE 2 DIABETES IN THE ADOLESCENCE AND ADULTHOOD OF THE OFFSPRING. MOREOVER, MATERNAL OBESITY CAUSES PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS, PHYSICAL DISABILITIES AND HIGHER HEALTHCARE COSTS. FETAL PROGRAMMING OF METABOLIC FUNCTION INDUCED BY OBESITY, THROUGH PHYSIOLOGICAL AND/OR EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, MAY HAVE AN INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECT AND COULD, THUS, PERPETUATE OBESITY IN THE NEXT GENERATION. IN ORDER TO BREAK THIS VICIOUS CIRCLE AND AVOID SERIOUS SHORT- AND LONG-TERM NEGATIVE OUTCOMES FOR BOTH MOTHERS AND FETUSES, THE PREVENTION AND ADEQUATE MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY AND GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN ARE ESSENTIAL.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
10  3559  41 IMPACT OF CHRONIC CONDITIONS AND DEMENTIA IN RURAL WEST TEXAS: A HEALTHY AGING STUDY. ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD) IS A DEVASTATING ILLNESS IN ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS, THAT CURRENTLY HAS NO KNOWN CURE. CAUSAL GENETIC FACTORS ONLY ACCOUNT FOR 1-2% OF AD PATIENTS. HOWEVER, OTHER CAUSAL FACTORS ARE STILL UNKNOWN FOR A MAJORITY OF AD PATIENTS. CURRENTLY, MULTIPLE FACTORS ARE IMPLICATED IN LATE-ONSET AD, INCLUDING UNHEALTHY DIET, PHYSICAL INACTIVITY, TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY, CHRONIC CONDITIONS, EPIGENETIC FACTORS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES. ALTHOUGH CLINICAL SYMPTOMS OF DEMENTIA ARE COMMON TO ALL RACES AND ETHNIC GROUPS, CONDITIONS THAT LEAD TO DEMENTIA ARE DIFFERENT IN TERMS OF LIFESTYLE, GENETIC PROFILE, AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS. INCREASING EVIDENCE ALSO SUGGESTS THAT SOME ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS AGE WITHOUT COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS IN THEIR 60-90S AS SEEN IN RURAL WEST TEXAS, WHILE SOME INDIVIDUALS PROGRESS WITH CHRONIC CONDITIONS AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS INTO THEIR 60S. TO UNDERSTAND THESE DISCRIMINATIONS, WE ASSESSED CURRENT LITERATURE ON DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF HEALTH IN RURAL WEST TEXAS. THIS PAPER ALSO OUTLINES OUR INITIATED CLINICAL STUDY WITH A PURPOSE OF UNDERSTANDING THE FACTORS THAT ALLOW SOME INDIVIDUALS TO LIVE WITHOUT COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS AT THE AGE OF 60-90 YEARS, WHEREAS OTHERS DEVELOP DEFICITS IN COGNITIVE FUNCTION AROUND OR ABOVE 60 YEARS. OUR ONGOING STUDY HOPES TO DETERMINE THE FACTORS THAT DELAY AGING IN SOME INDIVIDUALS BY INVESTIGATING VARIOUS ASPECTS INCLUDING GENETICS, EPIGENETICS, ETHNICITY, BIOLOGY, CULTURE, AND LIFESTYLE. THIS WILL BE ACHIEVED BY GATHERING INFORMATION ABOUT PARTICIPANTS' ETHNOGRAPHIC PROFILES, COGNITIVE ASSESSMENTS, BLOOD-PROFILES, BRAIN SCANS, AND BLOOD-BASED GENOMIC ANALYSES IN RELATION TO LIFESTYLE. THE OUTCOMES OF OUR STUDY WILL PROVIDE INSIGHTS INTO HEALTHY AGING IN RURAL WEST TEXAS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
11  1098  39 COLLATERAL DAMAGE: MATERNAL OBESITY DURING PREGNANCY CONTINUES TO RISE. IMPORTANCE: THE PANDEMIC OF OBESITY DURING PREGNANCY NOW AFFLICTS 1 OUT OF EVERY 2 PREGNANT WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES. EVEN THOUGH UNINTENDED PREGNANCY HAS DECREASED TO 45% OF ALL PREGNANCIES, 50% OF THOSE UNINTENDED PREGNANCIES OCCUR IN OBESE WOMEN. OBJECTIVE: THIS STUDY AIMS TO IDENTIFY WHY CURRENT LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS FOR OBESE PREGNANCY ARE NOT EFFECTIVE AND WHAT THE NEWER COMPLICATIONS ARE FOR OBESITY DURING PREGNANCY. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: AVAILABLE LITERATURES ON CURRENT TREATMENTS FOR MATERNAL OBESITY WERE REVIEWED FOR EFFECTIVENESS. EMERGING MATERNAL AND INFANT COMPLICATIONS FROM OBESITY DURING PREGNANCY WERE EXAMINED FOR SIGNIFICANCE. RESULTS: LIMITATIONS IN SUCCESSFUL INTERVENTIONS FELL INTO 3 BASIC CATEGORIES TO INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: (1) PRECONCEPTION WEIGHT LOSS; (2) BARIATRIC SURGERY BEFORE PREGNANCY; AND (3) PREVENTION OF EXCESSIVE GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY. EMERGING SIGNIFICANT PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES FROM MATERNAL OBESITY IS COMPOSED OF INFLAMMATION (PLACENTA AND HUMAN MILK), METABOLISM (HORMONES, MICROBIOME, FATTY ACIDS), AND OFFSPRING OUTCOMES (BODY COMPOSITION, CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, ASTHMA, NEURODEVELOPMENT, AND BEHAVIOR). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: ARE CURRENT PREPREGNANCY LIFESTYLE AND BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS FEASIBLE TO PREVENT MATERNAL OBESITY COMPLICATIONS? EPIGENETIC AND METABOLOMIC RESEARCH WILL BE CRITICAL TO DETERMINE WHAT IS NEEDED TO BLUNT THE EFFECTS OF MATERNAL OBESITY AND TO DISCOVER SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12  1398  43 DIET, GUT MICROBIOME AND EPIGENETICS: EMERGING LINKS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES AND PROSPECTS FOR MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBD) REPRESENT A GROWING PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN DUE TO INCREASING INCIDENCE WORLDWIDE. THE CURRENT NOTION ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF IBD IS THAT GENETICALLY SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS DEVELOP INTOLERANCE TO DYSREGULATED GUT MICROFLORA (DYSBIOSIS) AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION DEVELOPS AS A RESULT OF ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS. AMONG THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH IBD, DIET PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MODULATING THE GUT MICROBIOME, INFLUENCING EPIGENETIC CHANGES, AND, THEREFORE, COULD BE APPLIED AS A THERAPEUTIC TOOL TO IMPROVE THE DISEASE COURSE. NEVERTHELESS, THE CURRENT DIETARY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DISEASE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT ARE SCARCE AND HAVE WEAK EVIDENCE. THIS REVIEW SUMMARISES THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE COMPLEX INTERACTIONS BETWEEN DIET, MICROBIOME AND EPIGENETICS IN IBD. WHEREAS AN OVERABUNDANCE OF CALORIES AND SOME MACRONUTRIENTS INCREASE GUT INFLAMMATION, SEVERAL MICRONUTRIENTS HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO MODULATE IT. IMMUNONUTRITION HAS EMERGED AS A NEW CONCEPT PUTTING FORWARD THE IMPORTANCE OF VITAMINS SUCH AS VITAMINS A, C, E, AND D, FOLIC ACID, BETA CAROTENE AND TRACE ELEMENTS SUCH AS ZINC, SELENIUM, MANGANESE AND IRON. HOWEVER, WHEN ASSESSED IN CLINICAL TRIALS, SPECIFIC MICRONUTRIENTS EXERTED A LIMITED BENEFIT. BEYOND NUTRIENTS, AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DIETARY PATTERN AS A COMPLEX INTERVENTION APPROACH HAS BECOME POPULAR IN RECENT YEARS. HENCE, EXCLUSIVE ENTERAL NUTRITION IN PAEDIATRIC CROHN'S DISEASE IS THE ONLY NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTION CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED AS A FIRST-LINE THERAPY. OTHER NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS OR SPECIFIC DIETS INCLUDING THE SPECIFIC CARBOHYDRATE DIET (SCD), THE LOW FERMENTABLE OLIGOSACCHARIDES, DISACCHARIDES, MONOSACCHARIDES, AND POLYOL (FODMAP) DIET AND, MOST RECENTLY, THE MEDITERRANEAN DIET HAVE SHOWN STRONG ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES AND SHOW PROMISE FOR IMPROVING DISEASE SYMPTOMS. MORE WORK IS REQUIRED TO EVALUATE THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL FOOD COMPOUNDS AND COMPLEX NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS WITH THE POTENTIAL TO DECREASE INFLAMMATION AS A MEANS OF PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF IBD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
13  4711  35 NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE IN OBESE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: A ROLE FOR NUTRITION? NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) HAS BECOME THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE IN CHILDREN, PARALLELING THE INCREASING PREVALENCE OF OBESITY WORLDWIDE. THE PATHOGENESIS OF PAEDIATRIC NAFLD IS NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD, BUT IT IS KNOWN THAT OBESITY, NUTRITION, LIFESTYLE VARIABLES, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS MAY BE CAUSALLY INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS COMMON METABOLIC LIVER DISEASE. IN PARTICULAR, OBESITY AND NUTRITION ARE AMONG THE STRONGEST RISK FACTORS FOR PAEDIATRIC NAFLD, WHICH MAY EXERT THEIR ADVERSE HEPATIC EFFECTS ALREADY BEFORE BIRTH. EXCESS ENERGY INTAKE INDUCES HYPERTROPHY AND HYPERPLASIA OF ADIPOSE TISSUE WITH SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEMIC INSULIN RESISTANCE, WHICH IS ANOTHER IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR NAFLD. DIET COMPOSITION AND IN PARTICULAR SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE (ESPECIALLY HIGH FRUCTOSE INTAKE) MAY PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT OF NAFLD, WHEREAS NON-DIGESTIBLE CARBOHYDRATES (DIETARY FIBER), BY AFFECTING GUT MICROBIOTA, MAY FAVOUR THE INTEGRITY OF GUT WALL AND REDUCE INFLAMMATION, OPPOSING THIS PROCESS. SATURATED FAT INTAKE MAY ALSO PROMOTE NAFLD DEVELOPMENT, WHEREAS UNSATURATED FAT INTAKE HAS SOME BENEFICIAL EFFECTS. PROTEIN INTAKE DOES NOT SEEM TO AFFECT THE DEVELOPMENT OF NAFLD, BUT FURTHER INVESTIGATION IS NEEDED. IN CONCLUSION, LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS TO INDUCE WEIGHT LOSS, THROUGH DIET AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, REMAIN THE MAINSTAY OF TREATMENT FOR PAEDIATRIC NAFLD. THE USE OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS, SUCH AS OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS AND PROBIOTICS, NEEDS FURTHER STUDY BEFORE RECOMMENDATION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
14  2835  36 FOOD AS MEDICINE: TARGETING THE URAEMIC PHENOTYPE IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. THE OBSERVATION THAT UNHEALTHY DIETS (THOSE THAT ARE LOW IN WHOLE GRAINS, FRUITS AND VEGETABLES, AND HIGH IN SUGAR, SALT, SATURATED FAT AND ULTRA-PROCESSED FOODS) ARE A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR POOR HEALTH OUTCOMES HAS BOOSTED INTEREST IN THE CONCEPT OF 'FOOD AS MEDICINE'. THIS CONCEPT IS ESPECIALLY RELEVANT TO METABOLIC DISEASES, SUCH AS CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), IN WHICH DIETARY APPROACHES ARE ALREADY USED TO AMELIORATE METABOLIC AND NUTRITIONAL COMPLICATIONS. INCREASED AWARENESS THAT TOXIC URAEMIC METABOLITES ORIGINATE NOT ONLY FROM INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM BUT ALSO FROM GUT MICROBIAL METABOLISM, WHICH IS DIRECTLY INFLUENCED BY DIET, HAS FUELLED INTEREST IN THE POTENTIAL OF 'FOOD AS MEDICINE' APPROACHES IN CKD BEYOND THE CURRENT STRATEGIES OF PROTEIN, SODIUM AND PHOSPHATE RESTRICTION. BIOACTIVE NUTRIENTS CAN ALTER THE COMPOSITION AND METABOLISM OF THE MICROBIOTA, ACT AS MODULATORS OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS, MITIGATE MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, ACT AS SENOLYTICS AND IMPACT THE EPIGENOME BY ALTERING ONE-CARBON METABOLISM. AS GUT DYSBIOSIS, INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, PREMATURE AGEING AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE COMMON FEATURES OF CKD, THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT TAILORED, HEALTHY DIETS THAT INCLUDE BIOACTIVE NUTRIENTS AS PART OF THE FOODOME COULD POTENTIALLY BE USED TO PREVENT AND TREAT CKD AND ITS COMPLICATIONS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
15  6197  35 THE IMPACT OF TRADITIONAL FOOD AND LIFESTYLE BEHAVIOR ON EPIGENETIC BURDEN OF CHRONIC DISEASE. NONCOMMUNICABLE CHRONIC DISEASES (NCCDS) ARE THE LEADING CAUSES OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY GLOBALLY. THE MISMATCH BETWEEN PRESENT DAY DIETS AND ANCESTRAL GENOME IS SUGGESTED TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE NCCDS BURDEN, WHICH IS PROMOTED BY TRADITIONAL RISK FACTORS LIKE UNHEALTHY DIETS, PHYSICAL INACTIVITY, ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO. HOWEVER, EPIGENETIC EVIDENCE NOW SUGGESTS THAT CUMULATIVELY INHERITED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS MAY HAVE MADE HUMANS MORE PRONE TO THE EFFECTS OF PRESENT DAY LIFESTYLE FACTORS. PERINATAL STARVATION WAS WIDESPREAD IN THE 19TH CENTURY. THIS TOGETHER WITH MORE RECENT EVENTS LIKE INCREASING CONSUMPTION OF WESTERN AND LOW FIBER DIETS, SMOKING, HARMFUL USE OF ALCOHOL, PHYSICAL INACTIVITY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS MAY HAVE PROGRAMED THE HUMAN EPIGENOME FOR HIGHER NCCDS RISK. IN THIS REVIEW, ON THE BASIS OF AVAILABLE EPIGENETIC DATA IT IS HYPOTHESIZED THAT TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS OF LIFESTYLE FACTORS MAY BE CONTRIBUTING TO THE CURRENT GLOBAL BURDEN OF NCCDS. THUS, THERE IS A NEED TO RECONSIDER PREVENTION STRATEGIES SO THAT THE SUBSEQUENT GENERATIONS WILL NOT HAVE TO PAY FOR OUR SINS AND THOSE OF OUR ANCESTORS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
16   805  39 CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES OF THE DOUBLE BURDEN OF MALNUTRITION IN LATIN AMERICA. NUTRITION IS A KEY FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NON-COMMUNICABLE CHRONIC DISEASES (NCCDS), ESPECIALLY CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD) AND THEIR RISK FACTORS. THE "DOUBLE BURDEN OF MALNUTRITION" (DBM) IS THE COEXISTENCE OF UNDERNUTRITION AND OVERNUTRITION IN THE SAME POPULATION ACROSS THE LIFE-COURSE. IN LATIN AMERICA, THE TRANSITION FROM A PREDOMINANTLY UNDERWEIGHT TO AN OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE POPULATION HAS INCREASED MORE RAPIDLY THAN IN OTHER REGIONS IN THE WORLD. UNDERNUTRITION AND THE MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES PARTICULARLY IRON, ZINC, AND VITAMINS A AND D, PRESENT HIGH HETEROGENEITY IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES, AND ARE CURRENTLY CONSIDERED IMPORTANT PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEMS. IN THIS REGION, NCCDS ACCOUNT FOR 50% OF THE DISABILITY-ADJUSTED LIFE-YEARS, LED BY CVD. THE MOST PREVALENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS ARE OVERWEIGHT, OBESITY, HYPERTENSION, DYSLIPIDEMIA AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. BECAUSE OF THE COST OF TREATMENT AND THE POTENTIAL YEARS OF LIFE LOST DUE TO PREMATURE DEATH, CVD IS KNOWN TO AFFECT THE POOREST SEGMENTS OF THE POPULATION, AFFECTING COMMUNITIES, AND GOVERNMENTS. MORE THAN 80% OF CVD DEATHS OCCUR IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES. THE PERSISTENCE OF DAMAGE IN SOME CELLS DUE TO UNDERNUTRITION MAY EXPLAIN CERTAIN FINDINGS REGARDING THE INCREASE IN NCCD. THESE ASPECTS TOGETHER WITH EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAVE HIGHLIGHTED THE IMPORTANCE OF A LIFELONG APPROACH TO NUTRITIONAL POLICY DEVELOPMENT. REDUCING DBM REQUIRES MAJOR SOCIETAL INTERVENTIONS IN PUBLIC HEALTH AND NUTRITION TO ACHIEVE HOLISTIC CHANGE THAT CAN BE SUSTAINED OVER THE LONG TERM AND SPREAD THROUGHOUT THE GLOBAL FOOD SYSTEM. THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EFFECTIVE STATE POLICIES OF DOUBLE IMPACT ACTIONS SHOULD INFLUENCE BOTH SIDES OF THE BURDEN AND BE CONSIDERED AN URGENT PRIORITY, CONSIDERING COUNTRY-SPECIFIC INEQUALITIES AND SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC DIFFERENCES IN THE LATIN AMERICAN REGION, USING DIVERSE AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY STRATEGIES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
17  6873  33 [PREVENTION OF OBESITY FROM PERINATAL STAGE]. OBESITY IS ONE OF THE MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEMS AND A DETERMINING FACTOR IN THE PREVALENCE OF DISEASES SUCH AS METABOLIC SYNDROME, ASTHMA, SLEEP APNEA, INFERTILITY AND VARIOUS TYPES OF CANCER. ITS ORIGIN IS MULTIFACTORIAL, INVOLVING GENETIC, SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THESE LAST ONES CONTRIBUTE MOSTLY TO EXPLAIN THE CURRENT EPIDEMIC GROWTH OF THIS DISEASE. THE SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE, INADEQUATE DIET, LACK OF SLEEP, ALTERATIONS IN INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA AND STRESS ARE FACTORS RELATED TO ITS DEVELOPMENT. SINCE BARKER PRESENTED HIS HYPOTHESIS ABOUT THE "FETAL ORIGIN OF ADULT DISEASES", THERE ARE INCREASING NUMBER OF STUDIES THAT SHOW THE INFLUENCE OF AN INADEQUATE NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND MATERNAL WEIGHT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES, AS OBESITY IN OFFSPRING. THE NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES OF THE PREGNANT MOTHER CAUSE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND ABNORMAL PROGRAMMING OF THE DEVELOPMENT OFORGANS AND DEVICES, ADAPTING THE FETUS TO THIS SITUATION OF DEFICIENCY AND BEING ABLE TO ADAPT TO AN OBESOGENIC ENVIRONMENT AFTER BIRTH, INCREASING ITS PROPENSITY TO OBESITY. ALSO, POOR MATERNAL NUTRITIONAL STATUS IS RELATED TO INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS, WITH A HIGHER RISK OF CHILDHOOD AND ADULT CENTRAL OBESITY. CURRENTLY, DEFICIENT INTAKE OF MICRONUTRIENTS AND OVERWEIGHT OR MATERNAL OBESITY TEND TO OVERLAP, AND THIS COMBINATION MAY EXACERBATE THE INCREASE IN OBESITY IN THE OFFSPRING. IT IS IMPORTANT TO IDENTIFY PREGNANT MOTHERS AT RISK OF SUFFERING NUTRITIONAL ALTERATIONS AND ESTABLISH THEIR IMPROVEMENT AS A PRIMARY PREVENTION STRATEGY FOR OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
18  2226  41 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INDUCED BY NUTRIENTS IN EARLY LIFE PHASES: GENDER DIFFERENCES IN METABOLIC ALTERATION IN ADULTHOOD. METABOLIC CHRONIC DISEASES, ALSO NAMED NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS), ARE CONSIDERED MULTIFACTORIAL PATHOLOGIES, WHICH ARE DRAMATICALLY INCREASED DURING THE LAST DECADES. NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, OBESITY, DIABETES MELLITUS, CANCERS, AND CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASES MARKEDLY INCREASE MORBIDITY, MORTALITY, AND SOCIOECONOMIC COSTS. MOREOVER, NCDS INDUCE SEVERAL AND COMPLEX CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS THAT LEAD TO A GRADUAL DETERIORATION OF HEALTH STATUS AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS. MULTIPLE FACTORS ARE INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF THESE DISEASES SUCH AS SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR, SMOKING, POLLUTION, AND UNHEALTHY DIET. INDEED, NUTRITION HAS A PIVOTAL ROLE IN MAINTAINING HEALTH, AND DIETARY IMBALANCES REPRESENT MAJOR DETERMINANTS FAVORING CHRONIC DISEASES THROUGH METABOLIC HOMEOSTASIS ALTERATIONS. IN PARTICULAR, IT APPEARS THAT SPECIFIC NUTRIENTS AND ADEQUATE NUTRITION ARE IMPORTANT IN ALL PERIODS OF LIFE, BUT THEY ARE ESSENTIAL DURING SPECIFIC TIMES IN EARLY LIFE SUCH AS PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL PHASES. INDEED, EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES REPORT THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF AN INCORRECT NUTRITION ON HEALTH STATUS SEVERAL DECADES LATER IN LIFE. DURING THE LAST DECADE, A GROWING INTEREST ON THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AS LINK BETWEEN NUTRITIONAL IMBALANCES AND NCDS DEVELOPMENT HAS BEEN OBSERVED. FINALLY, BECAUSE OF THE PIVOTAL ROLE OF THE HORMONES IN FAT, CARBOHYDRATE, AND PROTEIN METABOLISM REGULATION THROUGHOUT LIFE, IT IS EXPECTED THAT ANY HORMONAL MODIFICATION OF THESE PROCESSES CAN IMBALANCE METABOLISM AND FAT STORAGE. THEREFORE, A PARTICULAR INTEREST TO SEVERAL CHEMICALS ABLE TO ACT AS ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS HAS BEEN RECENTLY DEVELOPED. IN THIS REVIEW, WE WILL PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW AND DISCUSS THE EPIGENETIC ROLE OF SOME SPECIFIC NUTRIENTS AND CHEMICALS IN THE MODULATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
19  1395  32 DIET AND MICROBIOME IN THE BEGINNING OF THE SEQUENCE OF GUT INFLAMMATION. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITION OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT DUE, AT LEAST PARTIALLY, TO AN ABERRANT AND EXCESSIVE MUCOSAL IMMUNE RESPONSE TO GUT BACTERIA IN GENETICALLY-PREDISPOSED INDIVIDUALS UNDER CERTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THE INCIDENCE OF IBD IS RISING IN WESTERN AND NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES, PARALLELING THE INCREASE OF WESTERNIZED DIETARY PATTERNS, THROUGH NEW ANTIGENS, EPITHELIAL FUNCTION AND PERMEABILITY, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS (E.G., DNA METHYLATION), AND ALTERATION OF THE GUT MICROBIOME. ALTERATION IN THE COMPOSITION AND FUNCTIONALITY OF THE GUT MICROBIOME (INCLUDING BACTERIA, VIRUSES AND FUNGI) SEEMS TO BE A NUCLEAR PATHOGENIC FACTOR. THE MICROBIOME ITSELF IS DYNAMIC, AND THE CHANGES IN FOOD QUALITY, DIETARY HABITS, LIVING CONDITIONS AND HYGIENE OF THESE WESTERN SOCIETIES, COULD INTERACT IN A COMPLEX MANNER AS MODULATORS OF DYSBIOSIS, THEREBY INFLUENCING THE ACTIVATION OF IMMUNE CELLS' PROMOTING INFLAMMATION. THE MICROBIOME PRODUCES DIVERSE SMALL MOLECULES VIA SEVERAL METABOLIC WAYS, WITH THE FIBER-DERIVED SHORT-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS (I.E., BUTYRATE) AS MAIN ELEMENTS AND HAVING ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS. THESE METABOLITES AND SOME MICRONUTRIENTS OF THE DIET (I.E., VITAMINS, FOLIC ACID, BETA CAROTENE AND TRACE ELEMENTS) ARE REGULATORS OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE INTESTINAL IMMUNE HOMEOSTASIS. AN EXCESSIVE AND UNHEALTHY CONSUMPTION OF SUGAR, ANIMAL FAT AND A LOW-VEGETABLE AND -FIBER DIET ARE RISK FACTORS FOR IBD APPEARANCE. FURTHERMORE, METABOLISM OF NUTRIENTS IN INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM AND IN GUT MICROBIOTA IS ALTERED BY INFLAMMATION, CHANGING THE DEMAND FOR NUTRIENTS NEEDED FOR HOMEOSTASIS. THIS ROLE OF FOOD AND A REDUCED GUT MICROBIAL DIVERSITY IN CAUSING IBD MIGHT ALSO HAVE A PROPHYLACTIC OR THERAPEUTIC ROLE FOR IBD. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIETARY INTAKE, SYMPTOMS, AND BOWEL INFLAMMATION COULD LEAD TO DIETARY AND LIFESTYLE RECOMMENDATIONS, INCLUDING DIETS WITH ABUNDANT FRUITS, VEGETABLES, OLIVE OIL AND OILY FISH, WHICH HAVE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS AND COULD PREVENT DYSBIOSIS AND IBD. DIETARY MODULATION AND APPROPRIATE EXCLUSION DIETS MIGHT BE A NEW COMPLEMENTARY MANAGEMENT FOR TREATMENT AT DISEASE FLARES AND IN REFRACTORY PATIENTS, EVEN REDUCING COMPLICATIONS, HOSPITALIZATIONS AND SURGERY, THROUGH MODIFYING THE LUMINAL INTESTINAL ENVIRONMENT.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
20  3578  31 IMPACT OF PARENTAL OVER- AND UNDERWEIGHT ON THE HEALTH OF OFFSPRING. PARENTAL EXCESS WEIGHT AND ESPECIALLY PREGESTATIONAL MATERNAL OBESITY AND EXCESSIVE WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY HAVE BEEN RELATED TO AN INCREASED RISK OF METABOLIC (OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, METABOLIC SYNDROME) AND NONMETABOLIC (CANCER, OSTEOPOROSIS, ASTHMA, NEUROLOGIC ALTERATIONS) DISEASES IN THE OFFSPRING, PROBABLY MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF FETAL PROGRAMMING. MATERNAL UNDERWEIGHT IS LESS COMMON IN DEVELOPED SOCIETIES, BUT THE DISCREPANCY BETWEEN A POOR NUTRITIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN UTERO AND A NORMAL OR EXCESSIVE POSTNATAL FOOD SUPPLY WITH RAPID GROWTH CATCH-UP APPEARS TO BE THE MAIN CANDIDATE MECHANISM OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES DURING THE OFFSPRING'S ADULTHOOD. THE ROLE OF THE POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENT IN BOTH SCENARIOS (PARENTAL OVERWEIGHT OR UNDERWEIGHT) ALSO SEEMS TO INFLUENCE THE OFFSPRING'S HEALTH. LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS BEFORE AND DURING PREGNANCY IN BOTH PARENTS, BUT ESPECIALLY IN THE MOTHER, AS WELL AS IN CHILDREN AFTER BIRTH, ARE ADVISABLE TO COUNTERACT THE MANY UNDESIRABLE CHRONIC CONDITIONS DESCRIBED.	2019