1  3786 235 INTERGENERATIONAL INFLUENCES ON CHILD GROWTH AND UNDERNUTRITION. INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS ON LINEAR GROWTH ARE WELL DOCUMENTED. SEVERAL GENERATIONS ARE NECESSARY IN ANIMAL MODELS TO 'WASH OUT' EFFECTS OF UNDERNUTRITION, CONSISTENT WITH THE UNFOLDING OF THE SECULAR TREND IN HEIGHT IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA. BIRTHWEIGHT IS CORRELATED ACROSS GENERATIONS AND SHORT MATERNAL STATURE, WHICH REFLECTS INTRAUTERINE AND INFANT GROWTH FAILURE, IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW BIRTHWEIGHT, CHILD STUNTING, DELIVERY COMPLICATIONS AND INCREASED CHILD MORTALITY, EVEN AFTER ADJUSTING FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS. A NUTRITION INTERVENTION IN GUATEMALA REDUCED CHILDHOOD STUNTING; IT ALSO IMPROVED GROWTH OF THE NEXT GENERATION, BUT ONLY IN THE OFFSPRING OF GIRLS. POSSIBLE MECHANISMS EXPLAINING INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS ON LINEAR GROWTH ARE NOT MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE AND INCLUDE, AMONG OTHERS, SHARED GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS, EPIGENETIC EFFECTS, PROGRAMMING OF METABOLIC CHANGES, AND THE MECHANICS OF A REDUCED SPACE FOR THE FETUS TO GROW. THERE ARE ALSO SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS AT PLAY THAT ARE IMPORTANT SUCH AS THE INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF POVERTY AND THE FEAR OF BIRTHING A LARGE BABY, WHICH LEADS TO 'EATING DOWN' DURING PREGNANCY. IT IS NOT CLEAR WHETHER THERE IS AN UPPER LIMIT FOR IMPACT ON INTRAUTERINE AND INFANT LINEAR GROWTH THAT PROGRAMMES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES COULD ACHIEVE THAT IS SET BY EARLY CHILDHOOD MALNUTRITION IN THE MOTHER. SUBSTANTIAL IMPROVEMENTS IN LINEAR GROWTH CAN BE ACHIEVED THROUGH ADOPTION AND MIGRATION, AND IN A FEW SELECTED COUNTRIES, FOLLOWING RAPID ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT. IT WOULD SEEM, DESPITE CLEAR DOCUMENTATION OF INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS, THAT NEARLY NORMAL LENGTHS CAN BE ACHIEVED IN CHILDREN BORN TO MOTHERS WHO WERE MALNOURISHED IN CHILDHOOD WHEN PROFOUND IMPROVEMENTS IN HEALTH, NUTRITION AND THE ENVIRONMENT TAKE PLACE BEFORE CONCEPTION. TO ACHIEVE SIMILAR LEVELS OF IMPACT THROUGH PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAMMES ALONE IN POOR COUNTRIES IS HIGHLY UNLIKELY. THE REALITY IN POOR COUNTRIES LIMITS THE SCOPE, QUALITY AND COVERAGE OF PROGRAMMES THAT CAN BE IMPLEMENTED AND MODEST IMPACT SHOULD BE EXPECTED INSTEAD. THE LANCET SERIES ON MATERNAL AND CHILD UNDERNUTRITION ESTIMATED THAT IMPLEMENTATION TO SCALE OF PROVEN INTERVENTIONS IN HIGH BURDEN COUNTRIES WOULD REDUCE STUNTING BY ONE-THIRD; THIS IS PERHAPS A REALISTIC UPPER BOUND FOR IMPACT FOR HIGH QUALITY PROGRAMMES, UNLESS ACCOMPANIED BY SWEEPING IMPROVEMENTS IN SOCIAL SERVICES AND MARKED REDUCTIONS IN POVERTY. FINALLY, BECAUSE SO MUCH CAN BE ACHIEVED IN A SINGLE GENERATION, INTERGENERATIONAL INFLUENCES ARE UNLIKELY TO BE AN IMPORTANT EXPLANATION FOR LACK OF PROGRAMME IMPACT AIMED AT THE WINDOW OF THE FIRST 1000 DAYS. FAILURE TO PREVENT LINEAR GROWTH FAILURE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES HAS SERIOUS CONSEQUENCES FOR SHORT- AND LONG-TERM HEALTH AS WELL AS FOR THE FORMATION OF HUMAN CAPITAL. THE NUTRITION TRANSITION HAS CREATED A DOUBLE BURDEN BY ADDING OBESITY AND RELATED CHRONIC DISEASES TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH AGENDA OF COUNTRIES STILL STRUGGLING WITH THE 'OLD' PROBLEMS OF MATERNAL AND CHILD UNDERNUTRITION. THE CHALLENGE AHEAD IS TO INCREASE EFFORTS TO PREVENT LINEAR GROWTH FAILURE WHILE KEEPING CHILD OVERWEIGHT AT BAY.	2012	

2  3700  33 INFLAMMATORY MEMORY AND TISSUE ADAPTATION IN SICKNESS AND IN HEALTH. OUR BODY HAS A REMARKABLE ABILITY TO REMEMBER ITS PAST ENCOUNTERS WITH ALLERGENS, PATHOGENS, WOUNDS AND IRRITANTS, AND TO REACT MORE QUICKLY TO THE NEXT EXPERIENCE. THIS ACCENTUATED SENSITIVITY ALSO HELPS US TO COPE WITH NEW THREATS. DESPITE MAINTAINING A STATE OF READINESS AND BROADENED RESISTANCE TO SUBSEQUENT PATHOGENS, MEMORIES CAN ALSO BE MALADAPTIVE, LEADING TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS AND CANCERS. WITH THE EVER-INCREASING EMERGENCE OF NEW PATHOGENS, ALLERGENS AND POLLUTANTS IN OUR WORLD, THE URGENCY TO UNRAVEL THE MOLECULAR UNDERPINNINGS OF THESE PHENOMENA HAS RISEN TO NEW HEIGHTS. HERE WE REFLECT ON HOW THE FIELD OF INFLAMMATORY MEMORY HAS EVOLVED, SINCE 2007, WHEN RESEARCHERS REALIZED THAT NON-SPECIFIC MEMORY IS CONTAINED IN THE NUCLEUS AND PROPAGATED AT THE EPIGENETIC LEVEL. WE REVIEW THE FLURRY OF RECENT DISCOVERIES REVEALING THAT MEMORY IS NOT JUST A PRIVILEGE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM BUT ALSO EXTENDS TO EPITHELIA OF THE SKIN, LUNG, INTESTINE AND PANCREAS, AND TO NEURONS. ALTHOUGH STILL UNFOLDING, EPIGENETIC MEMORIES OF INFLAMMATION HAVE NOW BEEN LINKED TO POSSIBLE BRAIN DISORDERS SUCH AS ALZHEIMER DISEASE, AND TO AN ELEVATED RISK OF CANCER. IN THIS REVIEW, WE CONSIDER THE CONSEQUENCES-GOOD AND BAD-OF THESE EPIGENETIC MEMORIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
3  4871  35 OUR GENES ARE NOT OUR DESTINY: INCORPORATING MOLECULAR MEDICINE INTO CLINICAL PRACTICE. IN MANY DEVELOPED NATIONS, THE STATE OF PUBLICLY ADMINISTERED HEALTH CARE IS INCREASINGLY PRECARIOUS AS A RESULT OF ESCALATING NUMBERS OF CHRONICALLY ILL PATIENTS, INADEQUATE MEDICAL PERSONNEL AND HOSPITAL FACILITIES, AS WELL AS SPARSE FUNDING FOR ONGOING UPGRADES TO STATE-OF-THE-ART DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC TECHNOLOGY - AN INCREASED EMPHASIS ON AETIOLOGY-CENTRED MEDICINE SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE IMPROVED HEALTH FOR PATIENTS AND POPULATIONS. MEDICAL PRACTICE PATTERNS WHICH ARE DESIGNED TO PROVIDE QUICK AND EFFECTIVE AMELIORATION OF SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS ARE FREQUENTLY NOT AN ENDURING SOLUTION TO MANY HEALTH AFFLICTIONS AND CHRONIC DISEASE STATES. RECENT SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY HAS RENDERED THE DRUG-ORIENTED ALGORITHMIC PARADIGM COMMONLY FOUND IN CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE TO BE A REDUCTIONIST APPROACH TO CLINICAL PRACTICE. UNFOLDING EVIDENCE APPEARS TO SUPPORT A GENETIC PREDISPOSITION MODEL OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS RATHER THAN A FATALISTIC PREDESTINATION CONSTRUCT - MODIFIABLE EPIGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS HAVE ENORMOUS POTENTIAL TO INFLUENCE CLINICAL OUTCOMES. BY UNDERSTANDING AND APPLYING FUNDAMENTAL CLINICAL PRINCIPLES RELATING TO THE EMERGING FIELDS OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE, NUTRIGENOMICS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT, DOCTORS WILL BE EMPOWERED TO ADDRESS CAUSALITY OF AFFLICTION WHEN POSSIBLE AND ACHIEVE SUSTAINED REPRIEVE FOR MANY SUFFERING PATIENTS.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
4  5060  26 PHENYLBUTYRATE AND BETA-CELL FUNCTION: CONTRIBUTION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES AND ER STRESS INHIBITION. INCIDENCES OF DIABETES ARE INCREASING GLOBALLY DUE TO INVOLVEMENT OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS. PHENYLBUTYRATE (PBA) IS A US FDA APPROVED DRUG FOR TREATMENT OF UREA CYCLE DISORDER IN CHILDREN. PBA REDUCES ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) STRESS AND IS PROVEN AS A POTENT HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) INHIBITOR. CHRONIC ER STRESS RESULTS IN UNFOLDING PROTEIN RESPONSE, WHICH TRIGGERS APOPTOSIS. ABNORMAL ER HOMOEOSTASIS IS RESPONSIBLE FOR DEFECTIVE PROCESSING OF SEVERAL GENES/PROTEINS AND CONTRIBUTES TO BETA-CELL DEATH/FAILURE. ACCUMULATED EVIDENCES INDICATED THAT HDACS MODULATE KEY BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS AND HDAC INHIBITORS IMPROVE BETA-CELL FUNCTION AND INSULIN RESISTANCE BY MODULATING MULTIPLE TARGETS. THIS REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS THE ROLE OF PBA ON BETA-CELL FUNCTIONS, INSULIN RESISTANCE FOR POSSIBLE TREATMENT OF DIABETES THROUGH INHIBITION OF ER STRESS AND HDACS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
5  4080  31 MATERNAL LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS: TARGETING PRECONCEPTION HEALTH. ABOUT ONE-THIRD OF WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE ARE OBESE, PREDISPOSING BOTH MOTHER AND BABY TO UNFAVOURABLE PREGNANCY OUTCOMES AND INITIATING AN INTERGENERATIONAL CYCLE OF CHRONIC METABOLIC DISORDERS. HERE WE SUMMARISE RECENT RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF MATERNAL METABOLIC HEALTH ON OFFSPRING SUSCEPTIBILITY TO FUTURE CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES. CURRENT PRIMARY LIFESTYLE APPROACHES (I.E., DIET AND EXERCISE INTERVENTIONS) TO HALT THE SUCCESSION OF INHERITED AND EPIGENETIC METABOLIC ABNORMALITIES HAVE MET WITH LIMITED SUCCESS DUE TO LATE IMPLEMENTATION, POOR ADHERENCE, AND/OR GENERIC GUIDELINES. IN OUR OPINION, SUCH INTERVENTIONS MUST COMMENCE PRIOR TO CONCEPTION TO IMPROVE BOTH MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH OUTCOMES, WITH NEW APPROACHES URGENTLY NEEDED TO INCREASE ADHERENCE TO PRIMARY LIFESTYLE CHANGES AMONG REPRODUCTIVE-AGE WOMEN.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
6  4281  55 MICRONUTRIENTS IN PREGNANCY IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES. PREGNANCY IS ONE OF THE MORE IMPORTANT PERIODS IN LIFE WHEN INCREASED MICRONUTRIENTS, AND MACRONUTRIENTS ARE MOST NEEDED BY THE BODY; BOTH FOR THE HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OF THE MOTHER AND FOR THE GROWING FOETUS AND NEWBORN CHILD. THIS BRIEF REVIEW AIMS TO IDENTIFY THE MICRONUTRIENTS (VITAMINS AND MINERALS) LIKELY TO BE DEFICIENT IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES (LMIC), ESPECIALLY DURING PREGNANCY, AND THE IMPACT OF SUCH DEFICIENCIES. A GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF SOME TWO BILLION PEOPLE AT RISK OF MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES, AND MULTIPLE MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES OF MANY PREGNANT WOMEN IN LMIC UNDERLINE THE URGENCY TO ESTABLISHING THE OPTIMAL RECOMMENDATIONS, INCLUDING FOR DELIVERY. IT HAS LONG BEEN RECOGNIZED THAT ADEQUATE IRON IS IMPORTANT FOR BEST REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES, INCLUDING GESTATIONAL COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT. SIMILARLY, IODINE AND CALCIUM HAVE BEEN RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR ROLES IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOETUS/NEONATE. LESS CLEAR EFFECTS OF DEFICIENCIES OF ZINC, COPPER, MAGNESIUM AND SELENIUM HAVE BEEN REPORTED. FOLATE SUFFICIENCY PERICONCEPTIONALLY IS RECOGNIZED BOTH BY THE PRACTICE OF PROVIDING FOLIC ACID IN ANTENATAL IRON/FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENTATION AND BY INCREASING NUMBERS OF COUNTRIES FORTIFYING FLOURS WITH FOLIC ACID. OTHER VITAMINS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTANT INCLUDE VITAMINS B12, D AND A WITH THE WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS GENERALLY LESS LIKELY TO BE A PROBLEM. EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES AND THE LIKELY INFLUENCE OF MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES ON FOETAL ORIGINS OF ADULT CHRONIC DISEASES ARE CURRENTLY BEING CLARIFIED. MICRONUTRIENTS MAY HAVE OTHER MORE SUBTLE, UNRECOGNIZED EFFECTS. THE NECESSITY FOR IMPROVED DIETS AND HEALTH AND SANITATION ARE CONSISTENTLY RECOMMENDED, ALTHOUGH THESE ARE NOT ALWAYS AVAILABLE TO MANY OF THE WORLD'S PREGNANT WOMEN. CONSEQUENTLY, SUPPLEMENTATION PROGRAMMES, FORTIFICATION OF STAPLES AND CONDIMENTS, AND NUTRITION AND HEALTH SUPPORT NEED TO BE SCALED-UP, SUPPORTED BY SOCIAL AND CULTURAL MEASURES. BECAUSE OF THE LIFE-LONG INFLUENCES ON REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES, INCLUDING INTER-GENERATIONAL ONES, BOTH CLINICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES NEED TO ENSURE ADEQUATE MICRONUTRIENT INTAKES DURING PREGNANCY, BUT ALSO DURING ADOLESCENCE, THE FIRST FEW YEARS OF LIFE, AND DURING LACTATION. MANY ANTENATAL PROGRAMMES ARE NOT CURRENTLY ACHIEVING THIS. WE AIM TO ADDRESS THE NEED FOR MICRONUTRIENTS DURING PREGNANCY, THE IMPORTANCE OF MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES DURING GESTATION AND BEFORE, AND PROPOSE THE SCALING-UP OF CLINICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH APPROACHES THAT ACHIEVE HEALTHIER PREGNANCIES AND IMPROVED PREGNANCY OUTCOMES.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
7  6792  34 [DOHAD AND EPIGENETIC INFORMATION: SOCIETAL CHALLENGES]. THE CONCEPT OF THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE (DOHAD) ALTERS OUR UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT CONSTITUTES "HEALTH" OR "DISEASE" INTENDED AS CHRONIC, NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, WHICH DEVELOP OVER THE LIFE COURSE IN HIGH INCOME AND EMERGING COUNTRIES. IT IMPLIES A CHANGE IN PARADIGM FORMING A BASIS FOR PREVENTION POLICIES ACROSS THE GLOBE. IT ALSO IMPACTS PSYCHOLOGICAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, ETHICAL AND LEGAL SCIENCES. IN LINE WITH THE UNANTICIPATED UNDERPINNING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE ALSO THE SOCIAL ISSUES (INCLUDING PUBLIC POLICIES) THAT COULD BE PRODUCED BY THE KNOWLEDGE RELATED TO DOHAD THAT OPENS A WIDE FIELD OF INQUIRY. THE INFORMATION UNVEILED BY EPIGENETICS COUPLED WITH INFORMATION ON LIFESTYLE INCLUDING DURING THE DEVELOPMENT PHASE, IS OF UNFORESEEN NATURE, RAISING ISSUES OF DIFFERENT NATURE. THEREFORE IT REQUIRES SPECIFIC ATTENTION AND RESEARCH, AND A SPECIFIC SUPPORT BY A PLURIDISCIPLINARY REFLECTION SINCE THE VERY BEGINNING OF ITS PRODUCTION, TO ANTICIPATE THE QUESTIONS THAT MIGHT BE RAISED IN THE FUTURE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
8  4067  36 MATERNAL AND PEDIATRIC HEALTH AND DISEASE: INTEGRATING BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODELS AND EPIGENETICS. THE CONCEPTS OF ALLOSTASIS (STABILITY THROUGH ADAPTATION) AND ACCUMULATED LIFE STRESS (MCEWEN'S ALLOSTATIC LOAD) AIM TO UNDERSTAND CHILDHOOD AND ADULT OUTCOMES. CHRONIC MALNUTRITION, CHANGES IN SOCIAL CONDITION, AND ADVERSE EARLY-LIFE EXPERIENCES MAY PROGRAM PHENOTYPES AND CONTRIBUTE TO LONG-LASTING DISEASE RISK. HOWEVER, INTEGRATION OF LIFE COURSE APPROACHES, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONTEXTS, AND COMPARISON AMONG DIFFERENT BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODELS HAS NOT GENERALLY BEEN EXPLORED. THIS REVIEW CRITICALLY EXAMINES THE LITERATURE AND EVALUATES RECENT INSIGHTS INTO HOW ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS CAN ALTER LIFELONG HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS AND IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSIVENESS AND INDUCE METABOLIC AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL MALADAPTATION. MODELS OF BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS OVERLAP BUT MAY CONSIDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS. CONCEPTS INCLUDE ALLOSTASIS, WHICH INCORPORATES HORMONAL RESPONSES TO PREDICTABLE ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES, AND GERONIMUS'S "WEATHERING," WHICH AIMS TO EXPLAIN HOW SOCIALLY STRUCTURED, REPEATED STRESS CAN ACCUMULATE AND INCREASE DISEASE VULNERABILITY. WEATHERING EMPHASIZES ROLES OF INTERNALIZED/INTERPERSONAL RACISM IN OUTCOMES DISPARITIES. FOR MEXICAN IMMIGRANTS AND MEXICAN AMERICANS, THE "ACCULTURATION" FRAMEWORK HAS PROVEN ESPECIALLY USEFUL TO EXPLORE DISPARITIES, INCLUDING PRETERM BIRTH AND NEUROPSYCHIATRIC RISKS IN CHILDHOOD. COMPLEXITIES OF STRESS ASSESSMENTS AND RECENT RESEARCH INTO EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MEDIATING EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL, NUTRITIONAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND SOCIAL STRESS ARE REVIEWED.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
9  5179  54 PREGNANCY: AN UNDERUTILIZED WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY TO IMPROVE LONG-TERM MATERNAL AND INFANT HEALTH-AN APPEAL FOR CONTINUOUS FAMILY CARE AND INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION. PHYSIOLOGIC ADAPTATIONS DURING PREGNANCY UNMASK A WOMAN'S PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASES. COMPLICATIONS ARE INCREASINGLY PREDICTED BY FIRST-TRIMESTER ALGORITHMS, AMPLIFY A PRE-EXISTING MATERNAL PHENOTYPE AND ACCELERATE RISKS FOR CHRONIC DISEASES IN THE OFFSPRING UP TO ADULTHOOD (BARKER HYPOTHESIS). RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT VICE VERSA, PREGNANCY DISEASES ALSO INDICATE MATERNAL AND EVEN GRANDPARENT'S RISKS FOR CHRONIC DISEASES (REVERSE BARKER HYPOTHESIS). PUB-MED AND EMBASE WERE REVIEWED FOR MESH TERMS "FETAL PROGRAMMING" AND "PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS COMBINED WITH MATERNAL DISEASE" UNTIL JANUARY 2017. STUDIES LINKING PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS TO FUTURE CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, AND THROMBOTIC RISKS FOR MOTHER AND OFFSPRING WERE REVIEWED. WOMEN WITH A HISTORY OF MISCARRIAGE, FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION, PREECLAMPSIA, PRETERM DELIVERY, OBESITY, EXCESSIVE GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN, GESTATIONAL DIABETES, SUBFERTILITY, AND THROMBOPHILIA MORE FREQUENTLY DEMONSTRATE WITH ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ABNORMALITIES, HIGHER FASTING INSULIN, DEVIATING LIPIDS OR CLOTTING FACTORS AND SHOW DEFECTIVE ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION. THROMBOPHILIA HINTS TO THROMBOTIC RISKS IN LATER LIFE. PREGNANCY ABNORMALITIES CORRELATE WITH FUTURE CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC COMPLICATIONS AND EARLIER MORTALITY. CONVERSELY, WOMEN WITH A NORMAL PREGNANCY HAVE LOWER RATES OF SUBSEQUENT DISEASES THAN THE GENERAL FEMALE POPULATION CREATING THE TERM: "PREGNANCY AS A WINDOW FOR FUTURE HEALTH." ALTHOUGH THE PLACENTA WORKS AS A GATEKEEPER, MANY PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS MAY LEAD TO SICKNESS AND EARLIER DEATH IN LATER LIFE WHEN THE CHILD BECOMES AN ADULT. THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND THE MISMATCH BETWEEN PRE- AND POSTNATAL LIFE HAVE CREATED THE TERM "FETAL ORIGIN OF ADULT DISEASE." UP TO NOW, THE IMPACT OF CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, OR THROMBOTIC RISK PROFILES HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED SEPARATELY FOR MOTHER AND CHILD. IN THIS MANUSCRIPT, WE STRIVE TO ILLUSTRATE THE CONSEQUENCES FOR BOTH, FETUS AND MOTHER WITHIN A COHESIVE PERSPECTIVE AND THUS TRY TO DEMONSTRATE THE COMPLEX INTERRELATIONSHIP OF GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS FOR LONG-TERM HEALTH OF SOCIETIES AND FUTURE GENERATIONS. MATERNAL-FETAL MEDICINE SPECIALISTS SHOULD HAVE A KEY ROLE IN THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES BY IMPLEMENTING A FRAMEWORK FOR PATIENT CONSULTATION AND INTERDISCIPLINARY NETWORKS. HEALTH-CARE PROVIDERS AND POLICY MAKERS SHOULD INCREASINGLY INVEST IN A STRATIFIED PRIMARY PREVENTION AND FOLLOW-UP TO REDUCE THE INCREASING NUMBER OF MANIFEST CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASES AND TO PREVENT WASTE OF HEALTH-CARE RESOURCES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
10  6894  30 [SOCIAL INEQUALITY AND MENTAL HEALTH]. SOCIAL INEQUALITY REFERS TO THE INEQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF SOCIAL PROSPERITY INCLUDING THE RESOURCE OF HEALTH. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL INEQUALITY AND MENTAL HEALTH CAN BE ESTABLISHED BY MEANS OF INDICATORS OF SOCIAL INEQUALITY THROUGHOUT ALL AGE GROUPS IN GERMANY. THERE ARE SOCIAL GRADIENTS OF MENTAL HEALTH ON THE POPULATION LEVEL, I.E. THE LINEAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL CLASSES OR STATUS AND STATE OF HEALTH. FUNDAMENTAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH DISPARITY ARE CULTURAL, SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS, WHICH INTERACT WITH THE GENETIC MAKE-UP AND EPIGENETIC PROCESSES. THESE DETERMINANTS ALSO INFLUENCE THE MANAGEMENT OF DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS DURING THE LIFE COURSE AND ARE OF UTMOST IMPORTANCE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MENTAL DISORDERS. THE MALADAPTATION TO CHRONIC STRESS IS AT THE CORE OF HEALTH DISPARITY. INTERVENTIONS AT THE INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIORAL LEVEL SHOULD COMPRISE THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRESS MANAGEMENT AND COPING STRATEGIES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
11  4826  28 OF PLEIOTROPY AND TRAJECTORIES: DOES THE TGF-BETA PATHWAY LINK CHILDHOOD ASTHMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE? THE STUDY OF DEVELOPMENTAL TRAJECTORIES IS WHERE EPIGENETICS TRULY SHINES. THE "EPI" IN EPIGENETICS CAPTURES THE FACT THAT ALTHOUGH EPIGENETIC PROCESSES ALSO PRESIDE OVER THE MAINTENANCE AND TERMINATION OF GENE EXPRESSION, THE UNFOLDING AND REMODELING OF CHROMATIN ARCHITECTURE ARE ESPECIALLY CRITICAL TO PREPARE GENES FOR REGULATED TRANSCRIPTION. THESE PROPERTIES IMPLY BEING ON A PATH, A TRAJECTORY TO EVENTS THAT WILL OCCUR LATER THANKS TO EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING. THUS EPIGENETICS IS ABOUT TIMED AND TIMELY EVENTS. IN THIS ARTICLE WE DISCUSS EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC EVIDENCE FROM SEVERAL INDEPENDENT STUDIES OF ASTHMA, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, AND LUNG FUNCTION, WHICH CONVERGE TO HIGHLIGHT A POTENTIAL ROLE OF THE TGF-BETA GENE PATHWAY IN THESE PROCESSES. THESE RESULTS RAISE THE POSSIBILITY THAT AT LEAST IN A SUBSET OF SUBJECTS, THESE CONDITIONS MIGHT BE FUNCTIONALLY CONNECTED IN WAYS THAT NEED TO BE FURTHER DEFINED BUT THAT LIKELY REFLECT THE UNIQUELY PLEIOTROPIC NATURE OF TGF-BETA PATHWAY GENES, PARTICULARLY THEIR ABILITY TO CONTROL BOTH LUNG DEVELOPMENT AND IMMUNE RESPONSES ESSENTIAL FOR REGULATION AND INFLAMMATION. FURTHER CHARACTERIZATION OF THIS PATHWAY IN LONGITUDINALLY PHENOTYPED POPULATIONS MIGHT UNMASK NOVEL TRAJECTORIES TO LUNG DISEASE THAT BEGIN IN UTERO AND UNFOLD INTO OLD AGE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
12  2801  42 FEMALE OBESITY: SHORT- AND LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES ON THE OFFSPRING. THE WORLDWIDE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY HAS RISEN OVER THE PAST FEW DECADES AND WOMEN ARE CURRENTLY MORE LIKELY THAN EVER TO ENTER PREGNANCY OBESE. PRE-PREGNANCY OBESITY AND EXCESSIVE GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN INCREASE MISCARRIAGE RATES AND OBSTETRIC AND NEONATAL COMPLICATIONS, WHICH RESULT IN A LOWER HEALTHY LIVE BIRTH RATE. IN ADDITION TO ITS NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES FOR THE MOTHER, OBESITY HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR CHRONIC ILLNESSES, SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, METABOLIC SYNDROME AND TYPE 2 DIABETES IN THE ADOLESCENCE AND ADULTHOOD OF THE OFFSPRING. MOREOVER, MATERNAL OBESITY CAUSES PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS, PHYSICAL DISABILITIES AND HIGHER HEALTHCARE COSTS. FETAL PROGRAMMING OF METABOLIC FUNCTION INDUCED BY OBESITY, THROUGH PHYSIOLOGICAL AND/OR EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, MAY HAVE AN INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECT AND COULD, THUS, PERPETUATE OBESITY IN THE NEXT GENERATION. IN ORDER TO BREAK THIS VICIOUS CIRCLE AND AVOID SERIOUS SHORT- AND LONG-TERM NEGATIVE OUTCOMES FOR BOTH MOTHERS AND FETUSES, THE PREVENTION AND ADEQUATE MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY AND GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN ARE ESSENTIAL.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
13  4062  61 MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICES AND AN INTEGRATED, LIFE-CYCLE APPROACH TO THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. DESCRIBED AS THE 'INVISIBLE EPIDEMIC', NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) ARE THE WORLD'S LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH. MOST ARE CAUSED BY PREVENTABLE FACTORS, INCLUDING POOR DIET, TOBACCO USE, HARMFUL USE OF ALCOHOL AND PHYSICAL INACTIVITY. DIABETES, CANCER AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR 38 MILLION (68%) OF GLOBAL DEATHS IN 2012. SINCE 1990, PROPORTIONATE NCD MORTALITY HAS INCREASED SUBSTANTIALLY AS POPULATIONS HAVE AGED AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASES DECLINE. THE MAJORITY OF NCD DEATHS, ESPECIALLY PREMATURE NCD DEATHS (<70 YEARS, 82%), OCCUR IN LOW-INCOME AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, AND AMONG POOR COMMUNITIES WITHIN THEM. ADDRESSING NCDS IS RECOGNISED AS CENTRAL TO THE POST-2015 AGENDA; ACCORDINGLY, NCDS HAVE A SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE AND TARGET IN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS. WHILE DEATHS FROM NCDS OCCUR MAINLY IN ADULTHOOD, MANY HAVE THEIR ORIGINS IN EARLY LIFE, INCLUDING THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OPERATING BEFORE CONCEPTION. GOOD NUTRITION BEFORE CONCEPTION AND INTERVENTIONS AIMED AT PREVENTING NCDS DURING THE FIRST 1000 DAYS (FROM CONCEPTION TO AGE 2 YEARS), CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE MAY BE MORE COST-EFFECTIVE THAN MANAGING ESTABLISHED NCDS IN LATER LIFE WITH COSTLY TESTS AND DRUGS. FOLLOWING A LIFE-COURSE APPROACH, MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, BEFORE DELIVERY AND DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE, CAN PREVENT NCDS AND SHOULD INFLUENCE GLOBAL HEALTH AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES HOW SUCH AN APPROACH MAY BE PURSUED, INCLUDING THROUGH THE ENGAGEMENT OF NON-HEALTH SECTORS. IT ALSO EMPHASISES EVALUATING AND DOCUMENTING RELATED INITIATIVES TO UNDERWRITE SYSTEMATIC AND EVIDENCE-BASED CROSS-SECTORAL ENGAGEMENT ON NCD PREVENTION IN THE FUTURE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
14  5457  41 RESEARCH AND THE PROMOTION OF CHILD HEALTH: A POSITION PAPER OF THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY, HEPATOLOGY, AND NUTRITION. CHILDREN COMPRISE ONE-FIFTH OF EUROPE'S POPULATION. PROMOTING CHILD HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT IS OF KEY IMPORTANCE FOR SOCIETY AND ITS FUTURE. THIS POSITION PAPER HIGHLIGHTS OPPORTUNITIES OF INVESTING IN GASTROINTESTINAL, LIVER, AND NUTRITIONAL RESEARCH TO PROMOTE CHILD HEALTH AND DELINEATES PRIORITIES FOR RESEARCH. INVESTING IN CHILD HEALTH PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN THE PROMOTION OF POPULATION HEALTH, WELL-BEING, AND DISEASE PREVENTION LIFELONG, WITH LARGE HEALTH ECONOMIC BENEFITS. MAJOR OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPROVING KNOWLEDGE AND TRANSLATIONAL APPLICATION ARISE FROM RECENT SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS, FOR EXAMPLE, THE LONG-TERM IMPACT OF EARLY ENVIRONMENTAL CUES INTERACTING WITH GENES. PERSONALISED APPROACHES TO THERAPY AND PREVENTION SHOULD BE ENHANCED. DECIPHERING THE MICROBIOME AND ITS EFFECTS ON FUNCTIONS CAN HELP IN PROMOTING LONG-TERM HEALTH. EPIGENETIC RESEARCH CAN HELP TO UNDERSTAND HOW EARLY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCE LATER GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATIC HEALTH AND DISEASE. A LINKED NUTRITION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY STRATEGY CAN PROMOTE HEALTH AND PREVENT NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES, INACTIVITY, AND CHRONIC NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES, SUCH AS DIABETES, TO ENSURE OPTIMAL HEALTH AND COGNITION. SPECIAL ATTENTION SHOULD BE DEVOTED TO POPULATIONS WITH LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, MIGRANT BACKGROUND, AND ETHNIC MINORITIES, AND TO CRITICAL LIFE PERIODS, INCLUDING PREGNANCY, LACTATION, INFANCY, AND CHILDHOOD. IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF OPTIMAL NUTRITION AND ON MAINTAINING GUT AND LIVER HOMEOSTASIS THROUGHOUT CHILDHOOD WILL HELP PREVENT CHRONIC DISEASES IN LATER LIFE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
15   363  45 AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION: HEALTH HAZARDS TO CHILDREN. AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION IS PRODUCED BY SOURCES INCLUDING VEHICULAR TRAFFIC, COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS, HYDRAULIC FRACTURING, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AND FOREST FIRES. IT CONSISTS OF PRIMARY POLLUTANTS GENERATED BY COMBUSTION AND SECONDARY POLLUTANTS FORMED IN THE ATMOSPHERE FROM PRECURSOR GASES. AIR POLLUTION CAUSES AND EXACERBATES CLIMATE CHANGE, AND CLIMATE CHANGE WORSENS HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. INFANTS AND CHILDREN ARE UNIQUELY SENSITIVE TO AIR POLLUTION, BECAUSE THEIR ORGANS ARE DEVELOPING AND THEY HAVE HIGHER AIR PER BODY WEIGHT INTAKE. HEALTH EFFECTS LINKED TO AIR POLLUTION INCLUDE NOT ONLY EXACERBATIONS OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES BUT ALSO REDUCED LUNG FUNCTION DEVELOPMENT AND INCREASED ASTHMA INCIDENCE. ADDITIONAL OUTCOMES OF CONCERN INCLUDE PRETERM BIRTH, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS, IQ LOSS, PEDIATRIC CANCERS, AND INCREASED RISKS FOR ADULT CHRONIC DISEASES. THESE EFFECTS ARE MEDIATED BY OXIDATIVE STRESS, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN. NATURAL EXPERIMENTS DEMONSTRATE THAT WITH INITIATIVES SUCH AS INCREASED USE OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION, BOTH AIR QUALITY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH IMPROVE. SIMILARLY, THE CLEAN AIR ACT HAS IMPROVED AIR QUALITY, ALTHOUGH EXPOSURE INEQUITIES PERSIST. OTHER EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING AIR POLLUTION INCLUDE ENDING RELIANCE ON COAL, OIL, AND GAS; REGULATING INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS; REDUCING EXPOSURE WITH ATTENTION TO PROXIMITY OF RESIDENCES, SCHOOLS, AND CHILD CARE FACILITIES TO TRAFFIC; AND A GREATER AWARENESS OF THE AIR QUALITY INDEX. THIS POLICY REVIEWS BOTH SHORT- AND LONG-TERM HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION, ESPECIALLY IN RELATION TO DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURES. IT EXAMINES INDIVIDUAL, COMMUNITY, AND LEGISLATIVE STRATEGIES TO MITIGATE AIR POLLUTION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
16  6483  39 TOXIC STRESS, EPIGENETICS AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT. OBJECTIVES: TO DESCRIBE THE CONCEPT OF TOXIC STRESS, PRESENT THE BASICS OF EPIGENETICS AND DISCUSS THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH CHILD DEVELOPMENT. DATA SOURCE: NARRATIVE LITERATURE REVIEW THROUGH A SEARCH IN THE SCIELO, LILACS, MEDLINE DATABASES USING THE TERMS ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCE OR EARLY LIFE STRESS, EPIGENOMIC OR EPIGENETIC, CHILD DEVELOPMENT OR INFANT DEVELOPMENT. DATA SYNTHESIS: CONTINUING STRESS RESPONSE, KNOWN AS TOXIC STRESS, CAN OCCUR WHEN A CHILD EXPERIENCES INTENSE, FREQUENT, AND/OR PROLONGED ADVERSITY-SUCH AS PHYSICAL OR EMOTIONAL ABUSE, CHRONIC NEGLECT, FOR EXAMPLE-WITHOUT ADEQUATE ADULT SUPPORT. THIS TOXIC STRESS CAN HAVE HARMFUL EFFECTS ON LEARNING, BEHAVIOR, AND HEALTH THROUGHOUT LIFE. EPIGENETICS, AN EMERGING SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AREA?, SHOWS HOW ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES AFFECT GENE EXPRESSIONS AND EXPLAINS HOW EARLY EXPERIENCES CAN IMPACT THROUGHOUT LIFE. CONCLUSIONS: TOXIC STRESS CAUSES CHANGES IN THE HUMAN BODY RESPONSE SYSTEMS THAT CAN BE EXPLAINED IN PART BY EPIGENETIC CHANGES, WHICH CAN BE TEMPORARY OR LONG-LASTING. PEDIATRICIANS MUST BE AWARE OF THESE MECHANISMS AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES, SEEKING TO PREVENT THEM AND THUS PROMOTE THE HEALTH, WELL-BEING, AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF CHILDREN, CONTRIBUTING TO THEIR FULL DEVELOPMENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
17  4168  31 MEDITERRANEAN DIET AS A TOOL TO COMBAT INFLAMMATION AND CHRONIC DISEASES. AN OVERVIEW. SINCE ANCIENT TIMES, THE QUALITY OF NOURISHMENT IS A MILESTONE FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF HEALTH AND AS IT IS STATED 'PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE', AMONGST THE SO-CALLED 'HEALTHY' DIETS MEDITERRANEAN DIET (MD) CLAIMS THE LION'S SHARE. IT STANDS IN GOOD STEAD BECAUSE OF A VARIETY OF VALUABLE MACRO- AND MICRONUTRIENTS. SO, ADHERENCE TO A MD IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE REDUCTION OF INFLAMMATION AND NON-COMMUNICABLE (NCD) OR CHRONIC DISEASES. NUMEROUS STUDIES TRY TO SCRUTINIZE THE ROLE OF MD COMPONENTS AS REGARDS REDUCING INFLAMMATION, LOWERING RATE, AND MORTALITY FOR DISORDERS AND ILLNESSES, AND PREVENTING NCD. MD REGIME OF THE INHABITANTS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN INCLUDES A VARIETY OF ETHNIC NUTRITIONAL HABITS AND REGULATES AN ARRAY OF EFFECTS AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT AFFECT HUMAN WELLBEING. THE RESEARCH IS STILL ONGOING AND ENDEAVORS TO ELUCIDATE EVERY ASPECT OF THIS ISSUE. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE IMPACT OF MD ON INFLAMMATION HIGHLIGHTS POSITIVE RESULTS REGARDING NCD AND INDICATES THE NEED FOR MORE HIGH-QUALITY EXPERIMENTS AND TRIALS IN ORDER TO OVERCOME ANY DISCREPANCIES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
18  3594  49 IMPLICATIONS OF EARLY LIFE STRESS ON FETAL METABOLIC PROGRAMMING OF SCHIZOPHRENIA: A FOCUS ON EPIPHENOMENA UNDERLYING MORBIDITY AND EARLY MORTALITY. THE FETAL ORIGIN OF ADULT DISEASE HYPOTHESIS POSTULATES THAT A STRESSFUL IN UTERO ENVIRONMENT CAN HAVE DELETERIOUS CONSEQUENCES ON FETAL PROGRAMMING, POTENTIALLY LEADING TO CHRONIC DISEASE IN LATER LIFE. FACTORS KNOWN TO IMPACT FETAL PROGRAMMING INCLUDE THE TIMING, INTENSITY, DURATION AND NATURE OF THE EXTERNAL STRESSOR DURING PREGNANCY. AS SUCH, DYNAMIC MODULATION OF FETAL PROGRAMMING IS HEAVILY INVOLVED IN SHAPING HEALTH THROUGHOUT THE LIFE COURSE, POSSIBLY BY INFLUENCING METABOLIC PARAMETERS INCLUDING INSULIN ACTION, HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL ACTIVITY AND IMMUNE FUNCTION. THE ABILITY OF PRENATAL INSULTS TO PROGRAM ADULT DISEASE IS LIKELY TO OCCUR AS A RESULT OF REDUCED FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY IN KEY ORGANS-A "THRIFTY" PHENOTYPE-WHERE MORE RESOURCES ARE RE-ALLOCATED TO PRESERVE CRITICAL ORGANS SUCH AS THE BRAIN. NOTABLY, IT HAS BEEN POSTULATED THAT THE MANIFESTATION OF NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN INDIVIDUALS PRIORLY EXPOSED TO PRENATAL STRESS MAY ARISE FROM THE INTERACTION BETWEEN HEREDITARY FACTORS AND THE INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT, WHICH TOGETHER PRECIPITATE DISEASE ONSET BY DISRUPTING THE TRAJECTORY OF NORMAL BRAIN DEVELOPMENT. IN THIS REVIEW WE DISCUSS THE EVIDENCE LINKING PRENATAL PROGRAMMING TO NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, MAINLY SCHIZOPHRENIA, VIA A "THRIFTY PSYCHIATRIC PHENOTYPE" CONCEPT. WE START BY OUTLINING THE CONCEPTION OF THE THRIFTY PSYCHIATRIC PHENOTYPE. NEXT, WE DISCUSS THE CONVERGENCE OF POTENTIAL MECHANISTIC PATHWAYS THROUGH WHICH PRENATAL INSULTS MAY TRIGGER EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE INCREASED MORBIDITY AND EARLY MORTALITY OBSERVED IN NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS. FINALLY, WE TOUCH ON THE PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE OF FETAL PROGRAMMING FOR THESE DISORDERS. WE CONCLUDE BY PROVIDING A BRIEF OUTLOOK ON THE FUTURE OF THIS EVOLVING FIELD OF RESEARCH.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
19  1417  45 DIETARY TRENDS AND THE DECLINE IN MALE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH. OVER THE TWENTIETH CENTURY, MALE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH HAS SUFFERED A SUBSTANTIAL DECLINE, AS EVIDENCED BY DECREASES IN SPERM COUNTS AND TESTOSTERONE LEVELS AND INCREASES IN REPRODUCTIVE PATHOLOGIES. AT THE SAME TIME, THE PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS OBESITY, DIABETES, AND METABOLIC SYNDROME HAS RISEN DRAMATICALLY. METABOLIC AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ARE HIGHLY INTERCONNECTED, SUGGESTING THAT THEIR RESPECTIVE TRENDS ARE INTERTWINED AND, GIVEN THE TIMEFRAME OF SUCH TRENDS, ENVIRONMENTAL AND NOT GENETIC FACTORS ARE MOST LIKELY TO BE THE PRIMARY CAUSES. INDUSTRIALIZATION, WHICH BEGAN IN EUROPE IN THE MID-EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, HAS RESULTED IN PROFOUND CHANGES TO OUR DIET, LIFESTYLE, AND ENVIRONMENT, MANY OF WHICH ARE CAUSAL FACTORS IN THE RISE IN CHRONIC DISEASES. INDUSTRIALIZATION RESULTS IN A NUTRITION TRANSITION FROM AN AGRICULTURAL UNPROCESSED TO A MODERN PROCESSED DIET, INCORPORATING INCREASES IN SUGAR, VEGETABLE OILS, ULTRA-PROCESSED FOODS, LINOLEIC ACID, TRANS-FATS, AND TOTAL ENERGY. THIS DIETARY SHIFT HAS INCURRED NUMEROUS ADVERSE EFFECTS ON METABOLIC AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND INSULIN RESISTANCE. MOREOVER, THESE EFFECTS APPEAR TO MULTIPLY ACROSS SUBSEQUENT GENERATIONS VIA EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE. MEN'S FERTILITY IS MARKEDLY AFFECTED BY OBESITY AND DIABETES, WITH AN INCREASE IN TOTAL ENERGY VIA PROCESSED FOOD INTAKE ARGUABLY BEING THE KEY FACTOR DRIVING THE DIABESITY PANDEMIC. IN CONTRAST, WHOLEFOODS RICH IN MICRONUTRIENTS AND PHYTONUTRIENTS SUPPORT MALE FERTILITY AND A HEALTHY BODY WEIGHT. THEREFORE, MEN WANTING TO MAXIMIZE THEIR FERTILITY SHOULD CONSIDER MAKING POSITIVE DIETARY CHANGES, SUCH AS REPLACING PROCESSED FOODS WITH UNPROCESSED FOODS THAT SUPPORT METABOLIC AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
20  5466  39 RESILIENCE: SAFETY IN THE AFTERMATH OF TRAUMATIC STRESSOR EXPERIENCES. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ADVERSE EXPERIENCES AND THE EMERGENCE OF PATHOLOGY HAS OFTEN FOCUSED ON CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STRESSOR OR OF THE INDIVIDUAL (STRESSOR APPRAISALS, COPING STRATEGIES). THESE FEATURES ARE THOUGHT TO INFLUENCE MULTIPLE BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES THAT FAVOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MENTAL AND PHYSICAL ILLNESSES. LESS OFTEN HAS ATTENTION FOCUSED ON THE AFTERMATH OF TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES, AND THE IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY AND REASSURANCE THAT IS NECESSARY FOR LONGER-TERM WELL-BEING. IN SOME CASES (E.G., POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER) THIS MAY BE REFLECTED BY A FAILURE OF FEAR EXTINCTION, WHEREAS IN OTHER INSTANCES (E.G., HISTORICAL TRAUMA), THE UNCERTAINTY ABOUT THE FUTURE MIGHT FOSTER CONTINUED ANXIETY. IN ESSENCE, THE QUESTION BECOMES ONE OF HOW INDIVIDUALS ATTAIN FEELINGS OF SAFETY WHEN IT IS FULLY UNDERSTOOD THAT THE WORLD IS NOT NECESSARILY A SAFE PLACE, UNCERTAINTIES ABOUND, AND FEELINGS OF AGENCY ARE OFTEN ILLUSORY. WE CONSIDER HOW INDIVIDUALS ACQUIRE RESILIENCE IN THE AFTERMATH OF TRAUMATIC AND CHRONIC STRESSORS. IN THIS RESPECT, WE REVIEW CHARACTERISTICS OF STRESSORS THAT MAY TRIGGER PARTICULAR BIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL COPING RESPONSES, AS WELL AS FACTORS THAT UNDERMINE THEIR EFFICACY. TO THIS END, WE EXPLORE STRESSOR DYNAMICS AND SOCIAL PROCESSES THAT FOSTER RESILIENCE IN RESPONSE TO SPECIFIC TRAUMATIC, CHRONIC, AND UNCONTROLLABLE STRESSOR CONTEXTS (INTIMATE PARTNER ABUSE; REFUGEE MIGRATION; COLLECTIVE HISTORICAL TRAUMA). WE POINT TO RESILIENCE FACTORS THAT MAY COMPRISE NEUROBIOLOGICAL CHANGES, SUCH AS THOSE RELATED TO VARIOUS STRESSOR-PROVOKED HORMONES, NEUROTROPHINS, INFLAMMATORY IMMUNE, MICROBIAL, AND EPIGENETIC PROCESSES. THESE BEHAVIORAL AND BIOLOGICAL STRESS RESPONSES MAY INFLUENCE, AND BE INFLUENCED BY, FEELINGS OF SAFETY THAT COME ABOUT THROUGH RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHERS, SPIRITUAL AND PLACE-BASED CONNECTIONS.	2020