1  2426 134 EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF LONG NON-CODING RNA BM742401 IN MULTIPLE MYELOMA: IMPACT ON PROGNOSIS AND MYELOMA DISSEMINATION. BACKGROUND: LONG NON-CODING RNA (LNCRNA) BM742401 IS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR IN GASTRIC CANCER AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. AS THE PROMOTER AND CODING REGION OF BM742401 ARE FULLY EMBEDDED IN A CPG ISLAND, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT BM742401 IS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR LNCRNA EPIGENETICALLY SILENCED BY PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION IN MULTIPLE MYELOMA. METHODS: METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR AND QUANTITATIVE BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING WERE PERFORMED TO DETECT THE METHYLATION OF BM742401 IN NORMAL PLASMA CELLS, MYELOMA CELL LINES AND PRIMARY MYELOMA SAMPLES. THE EXPRESSION OF BM742401 WAS MEASURED BY QRT-PCR. THE FUNCTION OF BM742401 IN MULTIPLE MYELOMA CELLS WAS ANALYZED BY LENTIVIRUS TRANSDUCTION FOLLOWED BY MIGRATION ASSAY. RESULTS: BM742401 METHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN 10 (66.7%) MYELOMA CELL LINES BUT NOT NORMAL PLASMA CELLS, AND INVERSELY CORRELATED WITH EXPRESSION OF BM742401. IN PRIMARY SAMPLES, BM742401 METHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN 3 (12.5%) MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHY OF UNDETERMINED SIGNIFICANCE, 9 (15.8%) MYELOMA AT DIAGNOSIS AND 8 (17.0%) MYELOMA AT RELAPSE/PROGRESSION. MOREOVER, BM742401 METHYLATION AT DIAGNOSIS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH INFERIOR OVERALL SURVIVAL (MEDIAN OS: 25 VS. 39 MONTHS; P = 0.0496). IN MYELOMA CELL LINE JJN-3, STABLE OVEREXPRESSION OF BM742401 BY LENTIVIRUS TRANSDUCTION RESULTED IN REDUCED CELL MIGRATION (P = 0.0001) BUT NOT IMPACTING CELL DEATH OR PROLIFERATION. CONCLUSIONS: THIS IS THE FIRST REPORT OF TUMOR-SPECIFIC METHYLATION-MEDIATED SILENCING OF BM742401 IN MYELOMA, WHICH IS LIKELY AN EARLY EVENT IN MYELOMAGENESIS WITH ADVERSE IMPACT ON OVERALL SURVIVAL. MOREOVER, BM742401 IS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR LNCRNA BY INHIBITING MYELOMA CELL MIGRATION, HENCE IMPLICATED IN MYELOMA PLASMA CELL HOMING, METASTASIS AND DISEASE PROGRESSION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
2    32  36 A CASE OF TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR-RESISTANT CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC PHASE WITH ASXL1 MUTATION. HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML), EXHIBIT ASXL1 MUTATIONS; HOWEVER, THE FUNCTION AND MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF THESE MUTATIONS REMAIN UNCLEAR. ASXL1 WAS ORIGINALLY IDENTIFIED AS TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE, IN WHICH LOSS OF FUNCTION CAUSES MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS). ASXL1 MUTATIONS ARE COMMON AND ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES INCLUDING MDS, ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA, AND SIMILARLY IN CML. IN MDS, ASXL1 MUTATIONS HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH POOR PROGNOSIS; HOWEVER, THE IMPACT OF ASXL1 MUTATIONS IN CML HAS NOT BEEN WELL DESCRIBED. A 31-YEAR-OLD MALE WAS DIAGNOSED AS CML-CHRONIC PHASE (CP). LABORATORY FINDINGS SHOWED A WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT OF 187,200/MICROL, WITH ASYMPTOMATIC SPLENOMEGALY. BLAST COUNT WAS 5.0% IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD AND 7.3% IN BONE MARROW. THERE WAS NO ADDITIONAL CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY EXCEPT FOR T(9;22)(Q34;Q11.2) BY CHROMOSOMAL ANALYSIS. AT ONSET, THE SOKAL SCORE WAS 1.4, INDICATING HIGH RISK. THE PATIENT RECEIVED TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR (TKI) THERAPY, COMPRISING NILOTINIB APPROXIMATELY 600 MG/DAY, BOSUTINIB APPROXIMATELY 600 MG/DAY, PONATINIB APPROXIMATELY 45 MG/DAY, AND DASATINIB APPROXIMATELY 100 MG/DAY. NEVERTHELESS, AFTER 1.5 YEARS OF CONTINUOUS TKI THERAPY, THE BEST OUTCOME WAS A HEMATOLOGICAL RESPONSE. ALTHOUGH ADDITIONAL CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS AND ABL1 KINASE MUTATIONS WERE ANALYZED REPEATEDLY BEFORE AND DURING TKI THERAPY, KNOWN GENETIC ABNORMALITIES WERE NOT DETECTED. THEREAFTER, THE PATIENT UNDERWENT BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION FROM AN HLA 7/8 MATCHED UNRELATED DONOR (HLA-CW 1 LOCUS MISMATCH, GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DIRECTION). THE PATIENT ACHIEVED NEUTROPHIL ENGRAFTMENT, 18 DAYS AFTER TRANSPLANTATION, LEADING TO COMPLETE REMISSION WITH AN UNDETECTABLE LEVEL OF BCR-ABL1 MRNA. THE PATIENT, HOWEVER, DIED FROM GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE AND THROMBOTIC MICROANGIOPATHY AFTER 121 DAYS. GENE SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF HIS CML CELL BEFORE STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION REVEALED ASXL1 MUTATIONS. PHYSIOLOGICALLY, ASXL1 CONTRIBUTES TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION. IN THE CML-CP PATIENT IN THIS CASE REPORT, ASXL1 MUTATION CONFERRED RESISTANCE TO TKI THROUGH OBSCURE RESISTANCE MECHANISMS. EVEN THOUGH A MOLECULAR MECHANISM FOR TKI RESISTANCE IN ASXL1 MUTATION IN CML HAS REMAINED OBSCURE, EPIGENETIC MODULATION IS A PLAUSIBLE MODE OF CML DISEASE PROGRESSION. THE CLINICAL IMPACT INCLUDING PROGNOSIS OF ASXL1 FOR CML IS UNDERSCORED. AND THE TREATMENT STRATEGY OF CML WITH ASXL1 MUTATION HAS NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED. A DISCUSSION OF THIS CASE WAS EXPECTED TO FACILITATE TREATMENT OPTIONS.	2020	

3  2326  38 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HOTAIR IN ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. PURPOSE: CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) ACCOUNTS FOR ~10% OF LEUKEMIA CASES, AND ITS PROGRESSION INVOLVES EPIGENETIC GENE REGULATION. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HOTAIR AND ITS TARGET MICRORNA, MIR-143, IN ADVANCED CML. PATIENTS AND METHODS: WE FIRST ISOLATED BONE MARROW MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM 70 PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT PHASES OF CML AND FROM HEALTHY DONORS AS NORMAL CONTROL; WE ALSO CULTURED K562 AND KCL22 CELLS, TREATED WITH DEMETHYLATION DRUG; MTT ASSAY, FLOW CYTOMETRY, QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QPCR), METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP), WESTERN BLOT, LUCIFERASE ASSAY, RNA PULL-DOWN ASSAY AND RNA-BINDING PROTEIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (RIP) ASSAY WERE PERFORMED. RESULT: AS MEASURED BY QPCR, HOTAIR EXPRESSION IN K562 CELLS, KCL22 CELLS, AND SAMPLES FROM CASES OF ADVANCED-STAGE CML INCREASED WITH LEVELS OF SEVERAL DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEACETYLATES, INCLUDING DNMT1, DNMT3A, HDAC1, EZH2, AND LSD1, AND MIR-143 LEVELS WERE DECREASED AND HOTAIR LEVELS WERE INCREASED. TREATMENT WITH 5-AZACYTIDINE, A DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR, DECREASED DNMT1, DNMT3A, HDAC1, EZH2, LSD1 MRNA, PROTEIN LEVELS, AND HOTAIR MRNA LEVELS BUT INCREASED MIR-143 LEVELS. HOTAIR KNOCKDOWN AND MIR-143 OVEREXPRESSION BOTH INHIBITED PROLIFERATION AND PROMOTED APOPTOSIS IN KCL22 AND K562 CELLS THROUGH THE PI3K/AKT PATHWAY. RNA PULL-DOWN, MASS SPECTROMETRY, AND RIP ASSAYS SHOWED THAT HOTAIR INTERACTED WITH EZH2 AND LSD1. A DUAL-LUCIFERASE ASSAY DEMONSTRATED THAT HOTAIR INTERACTED WITH MIR-143. CONCLUSION: OUR FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THE KEY EPIGENETIC INTERACTIONS OF HOTAIR RELATED TO CML PROGRESSION AND SUGGEST HOTAIR AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR ADVANCED CML. FURTHERMORE, OUR RESULTS SUPPORT THE USE OF DEMETHYLATION DRUGS AS A CML TREATMENT STRATEGY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
4  2132  41 EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF THE MIR-124-1 IN HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. MIR-124-1 IS A TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR MICRORNA (MIR). EPIGENETIC DEREGULATION OF MIRS IS IMPLICATED IN CARCINOGENESIS. PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATION OF MIR-124-1 WAS STUDIED IN 5 NORMAL MARROW CONTROLS, 4 LYMPHOMA, 8 MULTIPLE MYELOMA (MM) CELL LINES, 230 DIAGNOSTIC PRIMARY SAMPLES OF ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML), ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKAEMIA (ALL), CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML), CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CLL), MM, AND NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA (NHL), AND 53 MM SAMPLES AT STABLE DISEASE OR RELAPSE. PROMOTER OF MIR-124-1 WAS UNMETHYLATED IN NORMAL CONTROLS BUT HOMOZYGOUSLY METHYLATED IN 4 OF 4 LYMPHOMA AND 4 OF 8 MYELOMA CELL LINES. TREATMENT OF 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE LED TO MIR-124-1 DEMETHYLATION AND RE-EXPRESSION OF MATURE MIR-124, WHICH ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH EMERGENCE OF EUCHROMATIC TRIMETHYL H3K4 AND CONSEQUENT DOWNREGULATION OF CDK6 IN MYELOMA CELLS HARBORING HOMOZYGOUS MIR-124-1 METHYLATION. IN PRIMARY SAMPLES AT DIAGNOSIS, MIR-124-1 METHYLATION WAS ABSENT IN CML BUT DETECTED IN 2% EACH OF MM AT DIAGNOSIS AND RELAPSE/PROGRESSION, 5% ALL, 15% AML, 14% CLL AND 58.1% OF NHL (P<0.001). AMONGST LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES, MIR-124-1 WAS PREFERENTIALLY METHYLATED IN NHL THAN MM, CLL OR ALL. IN PRIMARY LYMPHOMA SAMPLES, MIR-124-1 WAS PREFERENTIALLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN B- OR NK/T-CELL LYMPHOMAS AND ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED MIR-124 EXPRESSION. IN CONCLUSION, MIR-124-1 WAS HYPERMETHYLATED IN A TUMOUR-SPECIFIC MANNER, WITH A HETEROCHROMATIC HISTONE CONFIGURATION. HYPOMETHYLATION LED TO PARTIAL RESTORATION OF EUCHROMATIC HISTONE CODE AND MIR RE-EXPRESSION. INFREQUENT MIR-124-1 METHYLATION DETECTED IN DIAGNOSTIC AND RELAPSE MM SAMPLES SHOWED AN UNIMPORTANT ROLE IN MM PATHOGENESIS, DESPITE FREQUENT METHYLATION FOUND IN CELL LINES. AMONGST HAEMATOLOGICAL CANCERS, MIR-124-1 WAS MORE FREQUENTLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN NHL, AND HENCE WARRANTS FURTHER STUDY.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
5  6793  34 [DOWN-REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PU.1 VIA ABNORMAL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA]. OBJECTIVE: TO INVESTIGATE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PU.1 DOWN-EXPRESSION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) PATIENTS. METHODS: DIFFERENT METHYLATION STATUS OF PU.1 PROMOTER REGION CONTAINING 20 CPG ISLANDS IN NORMAL INDIVIDUALS, CML CHRONIC PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS PATIENTS, COMPLETE CYTOGENETIC REMISSION PATIENTS AFTER IMATINIB TREATMENT, AND BLAST CRISIS BONE MARROW K562 CML CELLS WAS DETECTED BY BISULFITE SEQUENCING. SEMI-QUANTITATIVE PCR WAS USED TO DETECT THE PU.1 MRNA EXPRESSION IN NORMAL CONTROLS, CML CHRONIC PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS PATIENTS, AND BLAST CRISIS BONE MARROW K562 CML CELLS. INDIRECT IMMUNE FLUORESCENCE AND WESTERN BLOT WERE USED TO ANALYZE THE EXPRTESSION OF PU.1 PROTEIN IN NORMAL INDIVIDUALS, CML CHRONIC PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS PATIENTS, AND BLAST CRISIS BONE MARROW K562 CML CELLS. RESULTS: ABERRANT METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PU.1 WAS FOUND IN BOTH CML CHRONIC PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS PHASE BONE MARROW CELLS, AS WELL AS IN CML BLAST K562 CELLS. DOWN-EXPRESSION OF PU.1 MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS WAS FOUND IN ABOVE CELLS. NO METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF PU.1 WAS OBSERVED IN NORMAL INDIVIDUALS, AND THE PU.1 MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSIONS WERE NOT REDUCED AT ALL. FURTHERMORE, HIGH METHYLATION STATUS OF BONE MARROW CELLS WAS EVEN OBSERVED IN THE CML PATIENTS WHO ACQUIRED COMPLETE CYTOGENETIC REMISSION. CONCLUSIONS: THE RESULTS OF OUR STUDY INDICATE THAT THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF PU.1 IN CML PATIENTS AND K562 CELL LINE MIGHT BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DOWN-EXPRESSION OF PU.1. THE DATA SUGGEST THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION OF PU.1 PLAYS A ROLE IN CML PATHOGENESIS, THEREFORE, IT MIGHT SERVE AS A USEFUL BIOMARKER AND POTENTIAL TARGET IN THERAPY FOR CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
6  4361  38 MIR-96 ACTS AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR VIA TARGETING THE BCR-ABL1 ONCOGENE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION. MICRORNA-MEDIATED POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION IS AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC REGULATORY MECHANISM OF GENE EXPRESSION, AND ITS DYSREGULATION IS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF A VARIETY OF MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). THE BCR-ABL1 FUSION GENE IS NOT ONLY THE INITIATING FACTOR OF CML, BUT IT IS ALSO AN IMPORTANT DRIVING FACTOR FOR BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION. TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) TARGETING BCR-ABL1 TYROSINE KINASE ACTIVITY, REPRESENTED BY IMATINIB, ARE CURRENTLY THE FIRST-LINE TREATMENT FOR CML. HOWEVER, DUE TO PRIMARY RESISTANCE OR SECONDARY RESISTANCE CAUSED BY MUTATIONS IN THE BCR-ABL1 KINASE DOMAIN, TKIS CANNOT COMPLETELY PREVENT THE PROGRESSION OF CML; THUS, THE STUDY OF BCR-ABL1 GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION IS OF GREAT SIGNIFICANCE. IN THIS STUDY, BIOINFORMATICS ANALYSIS AND OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT MIR-96 COULD DIRECTLY BIND TO THE 3'UTR REGION OF BCR-ABL1 TO REGULATE FUSION PROTEIN EXPRESSION, THEREBY REGULATING ITS DOWNSTREAM SIGNALING PATHWAY ACTIVITY. WE ALSO FOUND THAT MIR-96 WAS DOWNREGULATED DURING THE PROGRESSION FROM THE CHRONIC PHASE (CML-CP) TO THE BLAST CRISIS (CML-BC). DOWNREGULATION OF MIR-96 COULD PROMOTE THE PROLIFERATION AND PARTICIPATE IN THE CELL DIFFERENTIATION OF CML-BC CELLS. ADDITIONALLY, WE FOUND THAT THE NOVEL HISTONE DEACETYLASE DRUG CHIDAMIDE AND THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR DECITABINE COULD RESTORE THE LOW EXPRESSION OF MIR-96 IN CML CELLS, AND THERE WERE TWO ABNORMAL HYPERMETHYLATED SITES IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF MIR-96 IN CML, SUGGESTING THAT ITS LOW EXPRESSION MIGHT BE AT LEAST PARTIALLY REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. IN ADDITION, RE-EXPRESSION OF MIR-96 COULD INCREASE THE SENSITIVITY OF CML-BC CELLS TO IMATINIB. THUS, MIR-96 FUNCTIONS AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR, AND RE-EXPRESSION OF THIS MICRORNA MIGHT HAVE THERAPEUTIC BENEFITS IN CML BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
7  2719  25 EXOME SEQUENCING REVEALS DNMT3A AND ASXL1 VARIANTS ASSOCIATE WITH PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA AFTER TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR THERAPY. OBJECTIVE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) HAS SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). HOWEVER, APPROXIMATELY ONE THIRD OF PATIENTS ARE RESISTANT TO TKI AND/OR PROGRESS TO ADVANCED DISEASE STAGES. TKI THERAPY FAILURE HAS A WELL-KNOWN ASSOCIATION WITH ABL1 KINASE DOMAIN (KD) MUTATIONS, BUT ONLY AROUND HALF OF TKI NON-RESPONDERS HAVE DETECTABLE ABL1 KD MUTATIONS. METHOD: WE ATTEMPT TO IDENTIFY GENETIC MARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH TKI THERAPY FAILURE IN 13 PATIENTS (5 RESISTANT, 8 PROGRESSED) WITHOUT ABL1 KD MUTATIONS USING WHOLE-EXOME SEQUENCING. RESULTS: IN 6 PATIENTS, WE DETECTED MUTATIONS IN 6 GENES COMMONLY MUTATED IN OTHER MYELOID NEOPLASMS: ABL1, ASXL1, DNMT3A, IDH1, SETBP1, AND TP63. WE THEN USED TARGETED DEEP SEQUENCING TO VALIDATE OUR FINDING IN AN INDEPENDENT COHORT CONSISTING OF 100 CML PATIENTS WITH VARYING DRUG RESPONSES (74 RESPONSIVE, 18 RESISTANT, AND 8 PROGRESSED PATIENTS). MUTATIONS IN GENES ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS SUCH AS DNMT3A AND ASXL1 SEEM TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CML PROGRESSION AND TKI-RESISTANCE INDEPENDENT OF ABL1 KD MUTATIONS. CONCLUSION: THIS STUDY SUGGESTS THE INVOLVEMENT OF OTHER SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TKI RESISTANT PROGRESSION TO ADVANCED DISEASE STAGES IN CML, PARTICULARLY IN PATIENTS LACKING ABL1 KD MUTATIONS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
8  2848  27 FREQUENT SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN EPIGENETIC REGULATORS IN NEWLY DIAGNOSED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. ALTHOUGH TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED THE PROGNOSIS OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML), THE ABILITY OF TKIS TO ERADICATE CML REMAINS UNCERTAIN AND PATIENTS MUST CONTINUE TKI THERAPY FOR INDEFINITE PERIODS. IN THIS STUDY, WE PERFORMED WHOLE-EXOME SEQUENCING TO IDENTIFY SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN 24 PATIENTS WITH NEWLY DIAGNOSED CHRONIC PHASE CML WHO WERE REGISTERED IN THE JALSG CML212 STUDY. WE IDENTIFIED 191 SOMATIC MUTATIONS OTHER THAN THE BCR-ABL1 FUSION GENE (MEDIAN 8, RANGE 1-17). AGE, HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION AND WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNTS WERE CORRELATED WITH THE NUMBER OF MUTATIONS. PATIENTS WITH MUTATIONS ?6 SHOWED HIGHER RATE OF ACHIEVING MAJOR MOLECULAR RESPONSE THAN THOSE<6 (P=0.0381). MUTATIONS IN EPIGENETIC REGULATOR, ASXL1, TET2, TET3, KDM1A AND MSH6 WERE FOUND IN 25% OF PATIENTS. TET2 OR TET3, AKT1 AND RUNX1 WERE MUTATED IN ONE PATIENT EACH. ASXL1 WAS MUTATED WITHIN EXON 12 IN THREE CASES. MUTATED GENES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED WITH CELL SIGNALING AND CELL DIVISION PATHWAYS. FURTHERMORE, DNA COPY NUMBER ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT 2 OF 24 PATIENTS HAD UNIPARENTAL DISOMY OF CHROMOSOME 1P OR 3Q, WHICH DISAPPEARED MAJOR MOLECULAR RESPONSE WAS ACHIEVED. THESE MUTATIONS MAY PLAY SIGNIFICANT ROLES IN CML PATHOGENESIS IN ADDITION TO THE STRONG DRIVER MUTATION BCR-ABL1.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
9  6231  33 THE LONG NONCODING RNA MEG3 AND ITS TARGET MIR-147 REGULATE JAK/STAT PATHWAY IN ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. BACKGROUND: LONG NON-CODING (LNC) RNAS PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). IN THIS STUDY, WE AIMED TO UNCOVER THE MECHANISM OF THE LNCRNA MATERNALLY EXPRESSED 3 (MEG3) AND ITS TARGET MICRORNA-147 (MIR-147) IN CML. METHODS: SIXTY CML PATIENTS AND 10 HEALTHY DONORS WERE INCLUDED IN THE STUDY. THE METHYLATION OF MEG3 AND MIR-147 PROMOTER WAS DETERMINED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR. THE RELATIONSHIP OF MEG3 AND MIR-147 WAS EXPLORED BY LUCIFERASE ASSAY. THE INTERACTIONS OF PROTEINS WERE STUDIED BY RNA PULL-DOWN ASSAY, RNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND CO-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION. FINDINGS: PATIENTS IN ACCELERATED PHASE CML (CML-AP) AND BLAST PHASE CML (CML-BP) SHOWED LOWER EXPRESSIONS OF MEG3 AND MIR-147 AND HIGHER EXPRESSIONS OF DNMT1, DNMT3B, MBD2, MECP2 AND HDAC1 COMPARED TO THE CONTROLS. THESE PATIENTS ALSO SHOWED A HIGHER DEGREE OF METHYLATION OF MEG3 AND MIR-147 WHILE THERE WAS A REDUCTION AFTER CHIDAMIDE TREATMENT. FURTHERMORE, THE OVEREXPRESSION OF MEG3 AND MIR-147 INHIBITED CELL PROLIFERATION BOTH IN VIVO AND IN VITRO, PROMOTED APOPTOSIS AND DECREASED THE EXPRESSIONS OF DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, MBD2, HDAC1 AND MECP2. WE ALSO FOUND MEG3 INTERACTED WITH DNMT1, JAK2, STAT3, HDAC1, AND TYK2, AND JAK2 WAS BOUND TO STAT3, STAT5 AND MYC. MORE INTERESTINGLY, JAK2 WAS BOUND TO TYK2 BY THE BRIDGE OF MEG3. INTERPRETATION: LNCRNA MEG3 AND ITS TARGET MIR-147 MAY SERVE AS A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR CML BLAST CRISIS, AND CHIDAMIDE MIGHT HAVE A POTENTIAL CLINICAL APPLICATION IN TREATING CML BLAST CRISIS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
10  3877  36 KDM6A PROMOTES IMATINIB RESISTANCE THROUGH YY1-MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL UPREGULATION OF TRKA INDEPENDENTLY OF ITS DEMETHYLASE ACTIVITY IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA. RATIONALE: DESPITE LANDMARK THERAPY OF CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML) WITH TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS), DRUG RESISTANCE REMAINS PROBLEMATIC. CANCER PATHOGENESIS INVOLVES EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION AND IN PARTICULAR, HISTONE LYSINE DEMETHYLASES (KDMS) HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN TKI RESISTANCE. WE SOUGHT TO IDENTIFY KDMS WITH ALTERED EXPRESSION IN CML AND DEFINE THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO IMATINIB RESISTANCE. METHODS: BIOINFORMATICS SCREENING COMPARED KDM EXPRESSION IN CML VERSUS NORMAL BONE MARROW WITH SHRNA KNOCKDOWN AND FLOW CYTOMETRY USED TO MEASURE EFFECTS ON IMATINIB-INDUCED APOPTOSIS IN K562 CELLS. TRANSCRIPTOMIC ANALYSES WERE PERFORMED AGAINST KDM6A CRISPR KNOCKOUT/SHRNA KNOCKDOWN K562 CELLS ALONG WITH GENE RESCUE EXPERIMENTS USING WILDTYPE AND MUTANT DEMETHYLASE-DEAD KDM6A CONSTRUCTS. CO-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION, LUCIFERASE REPORTER AND CHIP WERE EMPLOYED TO ELUCIDATE MECHANISMS OF KDM6A-DEPENDENT RESISTANCE. RESULTS: AMONGST FIVE KDMS UPREGULATED IN CML, ONLY KDM6A DEPLETION SENSITIZED CML CELLS TO IMATINIB-INDUCED APOPTOSIS. RE-INTRODUCTION OF DEMETHYLASE-DEAD KDM6A AS WELL AS WILD-TYPE KDM6A RESTORED IMATINIB RESISTANCE. RNA-SEQ IDENTIFIED NTRK1 GENE DOWNREGULATION AFTER DEPLETION OF KDM6A. MOREOVER, NTRK1 EXPRESSION POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH KDM6A IN A SUBSET OF CLINICAL CML SAMPLES AND KDM6A KNOCKDOWN IN FRESH CML ISOLATES DECREASED NTRK1 ENCODED PROTEIN (TRKA) EXPRESSION. MECHANISTICALLY, KDM6A WAS RECRUITED TO THE NTRK1 PROMOTER BY THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR YY1 WITH SUBSEQUENT TRKA UPREGULATION ACTIVATING DOWN-STREAM SURVIVAL PATHWAYS TO INVOKE IMATINIB RESISTANCE. CONCLUSION: CONTRARY TO ITS REPORTED ROLE AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR AND INDEPENDENT OF ITS DEMETHYLASE FUNCTION, KDM6A PROMOTES IMATINIB-RESISTANCE IN CML CELLS. THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE KDM6A/YY1/TRKA AXIS AS A NOVEL IMATINIB-RESISTANCE MECHANISM REPRESENTS AN UNEXPLORED AVENUE TO OVERCOME TKI RESISTANCE IN CML.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
11  1968  34 EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF THE SOCS1 GENE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. THE EXPRESSION OF THE SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALLING-1 (SOCS1) PROTEIN IS INDUCED IN RESPONSE TO STIMULATION BY SEVERAL CYTOKINES. THE INDUCED SOCS1 INHIBITS THE SIGNALLING PATHWAY THROUGH THE ASSOCIATION WITH A VARIETY OF TYROSINE KINASE PROTEINS. IN THIS STUDY, THE MUTATION ANALYSES, CPG ISLAND METHYLATION STATUS, AND THE EXPRESSION OF THE SOCS1 GENE IN 112 CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML) SAMPLES, FIVE LEUKAEMIA CELL LINES, AND 30 NORMAL CONTROLS WERE ANALYSED. NO GENETIC MUTATIONS OF SOCS1 GENE WERE NOTED IN THE CML SAMPLES. THE SOCS1 GENE WAS HYPERMETHYLATED IN 67% AND 46% OF THE BLASTIC AND CHRONIC PHASE CML SAMPLES RESPECTIVELY (P < 0.0001). HOWEVER, THERE WAS NO METHYLATION OF THE SOCS1 GENE IN NORMAL CONTROLS OR CML IN MOLECULAR REMISSION. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE SOCS1 GENE IS CONSISTENT WITH THE RESULTS OF THE REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY STAINING. OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT THE SOCS1 GENE SILENCING IS CAUSED BY THE METHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS IN CML AND IS REVERSED TO AN UNMETHYLATED STATUS IN MOLECULAR REMISSION. AS SOCS1 HAS UNIVERSAL ACTIVITY TO NEGATIVELY REGULATE SEVERAL CYTOKINE SIGNALLING PATHWAYS, THE LOSS OF THE NEGATIVE REGULATION OF CYTOKINE SIGNALLING BY THE SOCS1 MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CML PROGRESSION.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
12  2133  34 EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF THE MIR-34A IN HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. MIR-34A IS A TRANSCRIPTIONAL TARGET OF P53 AND IMPLICATED IN CARCINOGENESIS. WE STUDIED THE ROLE OF MIR-34A METHYLATION IN A PANEL OF HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES INCLUDING ACUTE LEUKEMIA [ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) AND ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL)], CHRONIC LEUKEMIA [CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) AND CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML)], MULTIPLE MYELOMA (MM) AND NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA (NHL). THE METHYLATION STATUS OF MIR-34A PROMOTER WAS STUDIED IN 12 CELL LINES AND 188 DIAGNOSTIC SAMPLES BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. MIR-34A PROMOTER WAS UNMETHYLATED IN NORMAL CONTROLS BUT METHYLATED IN 75% LYMPHOMA AND 37% MYELOMA CELL LINES. HYPOMETHYLATING TREATMENT LED TO RE-EXPRESSION OF PRI-MIR-34A TRANSCRIPT IN LYMPHOMA CELLS WITH HOMOZYGOUS MIR-34A METHYLATION. IN PRIMARY SAMPLES AT DIAGNOSIS, MIR-34A METHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN 4% CLL, 5.5% MM SAMPLES AND 18.8% OF NHL AT DIAGNOSIS BUT NONE OF ALL, AML AND CML (P = 0.011). IN MM PATIENTS WITH PAIRED SAMPLES, MIR-34A METHYLATION STATUS REMAINED UNCHANGED AT PROGRESSION. AMONGST LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES, MIR-34A WAS PREFERENTIALLY METHYLATED IN NHL (P = 0.018), IN PARTICULAR NATURAL KILLER (NK)/T-CELL LYMPHOMA. IN CONCLUSION, AMONGST HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES, MIR-34A METHYLATION IS PREFERENTIALLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN NHL, IN PARTICULAR NK/T-CELL LYMPHOMA, IN A TUMOR-SPECIFIC MANNER, THEREFORE THE ROLE OF MIR-34A IN LYMPHOMAGENESIS WARRANTS FURTHER STUDY.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
13  2971  24 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF MICRORNA-203 ENHANCES ABL1 AND BCR-ABL1 ONCOGENE EXPRESSION. THE MAMMALIAN GENOME CONTAINS SEVERAL HUNDRED MICRORNAS THAT REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH MODULATION OF TARGET MRNAS. HERE, WE REPORT A FRAGILE CHROMOSOMAL REGION LOST IN SPECIFIC HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES. THIS 7 MB REGION ENCODES ABOUT 12% OF ALL GENOMIC MICRORNAS, INCLUDING MIR-203. THIS MICRORNA IS ADDITIONALLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN SEVERAL HEMATOPOIETIC TUMORS, INCLUDING CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIAS AND SOME ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIAS. A PUTATIVE MIR-203 TARGET, ABL1, IS SPECIFICALLY ACTIVATED IN THESE HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES IN SOME CASES AS A BCR-ABL1 FUSION PROTEIN (PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME). RE-EXPRESSION OF MIR-203 REDUCES ABL1 AND BCR-ABL1 FUSION PROTEIN LEVELS AND INHIBITS TUMOR CELL PROLIFERATION IN AN ABL1-DEPENDENT MANNER. THUS, MIR-203 FUNCTIONS AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR, AND RE-EXPRESSION OF THIS MICRORNA MIGHT HAVE THERAPEUTIC BENEFITS IN SPECIFIC HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
14  5319  39 PTEN IS FUNDAMENTAL FOR ELIMINATION OF LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS MEDIATED BY GSK126 TARGETING EZH2 IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA. PURPOSE: LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS (LSCS) ARE AN IMPORTANT SOURCE OF TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR RESISTANCE AND DISEASE RELAPSE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML). TARGETING LSCS MAY BE AN ATTRACTIVE STRATEGY TO OVERRIDE THIS THORNY PROBLEM. GIVEN THAT EZH2 WAS OVEREXPRESSED IN PRIMARY CML CD34(+) CELLS, OUR PURPOSE IN THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF TARGETING EZH2 ON CML LSCS AND CLARIFY ITS UNDERLYING MECHANISM.EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: HUMAN PRIMARY CML CD34(+) CELLS AND RETROVIRALLY BCR-ABL-DRIVEN CML MOUSE MODELS WERE EMPLOYED TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF SUPPRESSION OF EZH2 BY GSK126- OR EZH2-SPECIFIC SHRNA IN VITRO AND IN VIVO RECRUITMENT OF EZH2 AND H3K27ME3 ON THE PROMOTER OF TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE PTEN IN CML CELLS WAS MEASURED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY.RESULTS: OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT PHARMACOLOGIC INHIBITION OF EZH2 BY GSK126 NOT ONLY ELICITED APOPTOSIS AND RESTRICTED CELL GROWTH IN CML BULK LEUKEMIA CELLS, BUT ALSO DECREASED LSCS IN CML CD34(+) CELLS WHILE SPARING THOSE FROM NORMAL BONE MARROW CD34(+) CELLS. SUPPRESSION OF EZH2 BY GSK126 OR SPECIFIC SHRNA PROLONGED SURVIVAL OF CML MICE AND REDUCED THE NUMBER OF LSCS IN MICE. EZH2 KNOCKDOWN RESULTED IN ELEVATION OF PTEN AND LED TO IMPAIRED RECRUITMENT OF EZH2 AND H3K27ME3 ON THE PROMOTER OF PTEN GENE. THE EFFECT OF EZH2 KNOCKDOWN IN THE CML MICE WAS AT LEAST PARTIALLY REVERSED BY PTEN KNOCKDOWN.CONCLUSIONS: THESE FINDINGS IMPROVE THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF STEMNESS IN CML LSCS AND WARRANT CLINICAL TRIAL OF GSK126 IN REFRACTORY PATIENTS WITH CML. CLIN CANCER RES; 24(1); 145-57. (C)2017 AACR.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
15  6529  34 TRANSCRIPTIONAL DOWN-REGULATION OF THE WNT ANTAGONIST SFRP1 IN HAEMATOPOIETIC CELLS OF PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT RISK TYPES OF MDS. SECRETED FRIZZLED RELATED PROTEIN 1 (SFRP1) IS AN EXTRACELLULAR ANTAGONIST OF THE WNT SIGNALLING PATHWAY THAT PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF SOLID TUMOURS AND HAEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES. SFRP1 HAS BEEN OBSERVED TO BE TRANSCRIPTIONALLY DOWN-REGULATED DUE TO HYPERMETHYLATION IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC LEUKAEMIA, BUT SO FAR NOT IN MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS). MOREOVER, IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT THE EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF SFRP1 CORRELATES WITH AN OVEREXPRESSION OF THE WNT RECEPTOR FRIZZLED 3 (FZD3) IN ACUTE LEUKAEMIA. USING REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (RT-PCR) WE EXAMINED MRNA EXPRESSION OF SFRP1 AND FZD3 IN BONE MARROW CELLS DERIVED FROM 121 PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT RISK TYPES OF MDS, ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML) AND ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKAEMIA (ALL). WE EMPLOYED PYROSEQUENCING TO QUANTIFY PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION IN MDS AND ACUTE LEUKAEMIA. WE DETECTED SIGNIFICANT LOWER MRNA TRANSCRIPTION OF SFRP1 IN MDS COMPARED TO HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. HOWEVER, DNA SEQUENCE MUTATIONS OR FREQUENT ELEVATED DNA METHYLATION LEVELS OF THE SFRP1 PROMOTER COULD NOT BE OBSERVED IN MDS BUT IN AML AND ALL AS PREVIOUSLY REPORTED. THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF FZD3 WERE UP-REGULATED IN BOTH ACUTE LEUKAEMIA AND MDS. OUR DATA SHOW A SIGNIFICANT TRANSCRIPTIONAL DOWN-REGULATION OF SFRP1 AS A COMMON EVENT IN AML, ALL AND - AS DEMONSTRATED FOR THE FIRST TIME - IN MDS. AN INACTIVATION OF SFRP1 AND THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL UP-REGULATION OF FZD3 SEEM TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH AN ACTIVATION OF THE WNT SIGNALLING PATHWAY IN THESE HAEMATOPOIETIC DISEASES.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
16  6831  36 [HYPERMETHYLATION OF DAP-KINASE GENE CPG ISLAND IN MALIGNANT LYMPHOMA WITH B-CELL PHENOTYPE]. DEATH-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN-KINASE(DAP-KINASE) IS A PRO-APOPTOTIC SERINE/THREONINE KINASE WITH A DEATH DOMAIN, WHICH IS INVOLVED IN APOPTOSIS INDUCED BY INTERFERON-GAMMA, TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA, AND FAS LIGAND. EPIGENETIC DOWN-REGULATION OF DAP-KINASE GENE EXPRESSION BY HYPERMETHYLATION OF ITS PROMOTER REGION WAS REPORTED IN CERTAIN KINDS OF MALIGNANCIES. PREVIOUS PATHO-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES INDICATED THAT THYROID LYMPHOMA(TL) EVOLVES AMONG ACTIVE LYMPHOID CELLS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC THYROIDITIS(CLTH). WITH THE USE OF METHYLATION SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, METHYLATION STATUS OF DAP-KINASE CPG ISLAND WAS EXAMINED IN THYROID LESIONS OF 19 CASES WITH TL AND 9 WITH CLTH. FREQUENCY OF METHYLATION WAS HIGHER IN TL CASES(16 OF 19, 84.2%) THAN IN CLTH CASES(2 OF 9, 22.2%) (P < 0.01). DNA EXTRACTED FROM PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEUKOCYTES FROM TL AND CLTH CASES NEVER SHOWED METHYLATION, INDICATING THAT THE METHYLATION OCCURRED SOMATICALLY IN LESIONAL LYMPHOCYTES IN THE THYROID. WE ALSO EXAMINED THE METHYLATION STATUS OF DAP-KINASE GENE IN 16 CASES OF T-CELL MALIGNANCIES INCLUDING EIGHT ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA AND 24 NK/T-CELL, 34 B-CELL, AND TWO IMMUNOPHENOTYPICALLY UNDETERMINED LYMPHOMAS. FREQUENCY OF METHYLATION WAS HIGHER IN B-CELL(27 OF 34, 79.4%) THAN IN T-CELL MALIGNANCIES(EIGHT OF 16, 50%) (P < 0.05). FIFTEEN OF 24(62.5%) NK/T-CELL LYMPHOMAS SHOWED DNA METHYLATION. HEMATOPOIETIC CELL LINES WITH A METHYLATED GENE WERE RESISTANT TO APOPTOSIS. TREATMENT OF THE CELLS WITH A DEMETHYLATING AGENT RESTORED APOPTOTIC CELL DEATH IN ONE B-CELL LYMPHOMA CELL LINE WITH DNA METHYLATION. OUR RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT SUPPRESSION OF DAP-KINASE EXPRESSION BY DNA METHYLATION MIGHT PLAY A ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF B-CELL MALIGNANCIES.	2001	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
17  2765  34 EXPRESSION, EPIGENETIC REGULATION, AND HUMORAL IMMUNOGENICITY OF CANCER-TESTIS ANTIGENS IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. OBJECTIVE: CANCER-TESTIS (CT) ANTIGENS REPRESENT ATTRACTIVE TARGETS FOR TUMOR IMMUNOTHERAPY BASED ON THEIR TUMOR-RESTRICTED EXPRESSION AND IMMUNOGENICITY. HOWEVER, A BROAD PICTURE OF THE EXPRESSION OF CT ANTIGENS AND ASSOCIATED HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS STILL MISSING. METHODS: WE SCREENED CML CELL LINES AND BONE MARROW (BM) SAMPLES FROM HEALTHY DONORS BY RT-PCR FOR THE EXPRESSION OF 31 CT ANTIGENS BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT WITH EPIGENETIC AGENTS. EXPRESSION OF TUMOR-RESTRICTED ANTIGENS WAS FURTHER EXAMINED IN 60 CML PATIENTS AND HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES AGAINST 15 CT ANTIGENS WERE SCREENED BY ELISA. RESULTS: IN UNTREATED CELL LINES WE DETECTED THE EXPRESSION OF 17 CT ANTIGENS THAT WERE ABSENT FROM NORMAL BM. EXPRESSION OF MOST ANTIGENS INCREASED FOLLOWING DEMETHYLATING TREATMENT WITH 5'-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE. IN THESE SAMPLES, ONLY PRAME WAS REPEATEDLY DETECTED AND EXPRESSION CORRELATED WITH SEVERAL CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND DECREASED OVERALL SURVIVAL. WE FURTHER SHOW THAT A LOWER FREQUENCY OF PRAME-POSITIVE SAMPLES DURING IMATINIB TREATMENT WAS NOT CAUSED BY GENE-SPECIFIC DOWNREGULATION. ANALYZING THE PATIENTS' ANTIBODY RESPONSES WE FOUND THAT THE VAST MAJORITY OF PATIENTS LACKED SPONTANEOUS IMMUNITY AGAINST CT ANTIGENS INCLUDING PRAME. CONCLUSIONS: CT ANTIGEN EXPRESSION CAN BE INCREASED BY THE APPLICATION OF EPIGENETIC AGENTS AND THE EXPRESSION OF PRAME CORRELATES WITH CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND OVERALL SURVIVAL IN PATIENTS WITH CML, BUT DOES NOT LEAD TO HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES. PRAME-SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPY MIGHT REPRESENT A PROMISING APPROACH FOR THE ERADICATION OF RESIDUAL THERAPY-RESISTANT LEUKEMIC CELLS DUE TO ITS FREQUENT EXPRESSION AND STABILITY UNDER IMATINIB TREATMENT.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
18  3781  27 INTERFERON SIGNATURE IN PATIENTS WITH STAT1 GAIN-OF-FUNCTION MUTATION IS EPIGENETICALLY DETERMINED. STAT1 GAIN-OF-FUNCTION (GOF) VARIANTS LEAD TO DEFECTIVE TH17 CELL DEVELOPMENT AND CHRONIC MUCOCUTANEOUS CANDIDIASIS (CMC), BUT FREQUENTLY ALSO TO AUTOIMMUNITY. STIMULATION OF CELLS WITH STAT1 INDUCING CYTOKINES LIKE INTERFERONS (IFN) RESULT IN HYPERPHOSPHORYLATION AND DELAYED DEPHOSPHORYLATION OF GOF STAT1. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM HOW THE DELAYED DEPHOSPHORYLATION EXACTLY CAUSES THE INCREASED EXPRESSION OF STAT1-DEPENDENT GENES, AND HOW THE INTRACELLULAR SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION FROM CYTOKINE RECEPTORS IS AFFECTED, REMAINS UNKNOWN. IN THIS STUDY WE SHOW THAT THE CIRCULATING LEVELS OF IFN-ALPHA WERE NOT PERSISTENTLY ELEVATED IN STAT1 GOF PATIENTS. NEVERTHELESS, THE EXPRESSION OF INTERFERON SIGNATURE GENES WAS EVIDENT EVEN IN THE PATIENT WITH LOW OR UNDETECTABLE SERUM IFN-ALPHA LEVELS. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) EXPERIMENTS REVEALED THAT THE ACTIVE CHROMATIN MARK TRIMETHYLATION OF LYSINE 4 OF HISTONE 3 (H3K4ME3), WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED IN AREAS ASSOCIATED WITH INTERFERON-STIMULATED GENES IN STAT1 GOF CELLS IN COMPARISON TO CELLS FROM HEALTHY DONORS. THIS SUGGESTS THAT THE CHROMATIN BINDING OF GOF STAT1 VARIANT PROMOTES EPIGENETIC CHANGES COMPATIBLE WITH HIGHER GENE EXPRESSION AND ELEVATED REACTIVITY TO TYPE I INTERFERONS, AND POSSIBLY PREDISPOSES FOR INTERFERON-RELATED AUTOIMMUNITY. THE RESULTS ALSO SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC REWIRING MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR TREATMENT FAILURE OF JANUS KINASE 1/2 (JAK1/2) INHIBITORS IN CERTAIN PATIENTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
19  6574  23 TREATMENT OF CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA WITH 5-AZACYTIDINE: CASE REPORTS. EPIGENETIC THERAPY WITH HYPOMETHYLATING AGENT (5-AZACYTIDINE; AZA) IS COMMON IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC SUBTYPES OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS), BUT THERE ARE ONLY FEW STUDIES IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) PATIENTS. IN THIS PAPER OUR EXPERIENCE WITH 3 CMML PATIENTS TREATED WITH AZA IS DESCRIBED. IN ONE PATIENT TRANSFUSION INDEPENDENCY WAS OBSERVED AFTER 4 TREATMENT CYCLES; IN ONE CASE A PARTIAL RESPONSE WAS RECORDED, BUT A PROGRESSION TO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) AFTER 13 AZA CYCLES HAS APPEARED. IN ONE PATIENT, AZA IN REDUCED DOSAGE WAS ADMINISTERED AS A BRIDGING TREATMENT BEFORE ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION (ASCT), BUT IN THE CONTROL BONE MARROW ASPIRATE (BEFORE ASCT) A PROGRESSION TO AML WAS RECORDED. FUTURE STUDIES ARE MANDATORY FOR EVALUATION OF NEW MOLECULAR AND CLINICAL FEATURES WHICH COULD PREDICT THE EFFICIENCY OF HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS IN CMML THERAPY WITH RESPECT TO OVERALL SURVIVAL, EVENT-FREE SURVIVAL, QUALITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEAR, AND PHARMACOECONOMY.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
20   960  30 CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA: 2016 UPDATE ON DIAGNOSIS, RISK STRATIFICATION, AND MANAGEMENT. CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) IS A CLONAL HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY OVERLAPPING FEATURES OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES AND MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. DIAGNOSIS IS BASED ON THE PRESENCE OF PERSISTENT (>3 MONTHS) PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONOCYTOSIS (>1 X 10(9) /L), ALONG WITH BONE MARROW DYSPLASIA. CLONAL CYTOGENETIC ABNORMALITIES OCCUR IN APPROXIMATELY 20-30% OF PATIENTS, WHILE >90% HAVE GENE MUTATIONS. MUTATIONS INVOLVING TET2 ( APPROXIMATELY 60%), SRSF2 ( APPROXIMATELY 50%), ASXL1 ( APPROXIMATELY 40%), AND RAS ( APPROXIMATELY 30%) ARE FREQUENT; WITH ONLY ASXL1 MUTATIONS NEGATIVELY IMPACTING OVERALL SURVIVAL. TWO MOLECULARLY INTEGRATED, CMML-SPECIFIC PROGNOSTIC MODELS INCLUDE; THE GROUPE FRANCAIS DES MYELODYSPLASIES (GFM) AND THE MOLECULAR MAYO MODEL (MMM). THE GFM MODEL SEGREGATES PATIENTS INTO 3 GROUPS BASED ON: AGE >65 YEARS, WBC >15 X 10(9) /L, ANEMIA, PLATELETS <100 X 10(9) /L, AND ASXL1 MUTATION STATUS, WITH RESPECTIVE MEDIAN SURVIVALS OF 56 (LOW), 27.4 (INTERMEDIATE), AND 9.2 (HIGH) MONTHS. THE MMM IS BASED ON ASXL1 MUTATIONAL STATUS, ABSOLUTE MONOCYTE COUNT >10 X 10(9) /L, HEMOGLOBIN <10 G/DL, PLATELETS <100 X 109/L AND CIRCULATING IMMATURE MYELOID CELLS. THIS MODEL STRATIFIES PATIENTS INTO FOUR GROUPS; HIGH (>/=3 RISK FACTORS), INTERMEDIATE-2 (2 RISK FACTORS), INTERMEDIATE-1 (1 RISK FACTOR) AND LOW (NO RISK FACTORS), WITH MEDIAN SURVIVALS OF 16, 31, 59, AND 97 MONTHS, RESPECTIVELY. HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS SUCH AS 5-AZACITIDINE AND DECITABINE ARE COMMONLY USED, WITH OVERALL RESPONSE RATES OF APPROXIMATELY 30-40% AND COMPLETE REMISSION RATES OF APPROXIMATELY 7-17%. ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT IS THE ONLY POTENTIALLY CURATIVE OPTION, BUT IS ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANT MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPY, INCLUDING EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS AND SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS, ARE EXCITING PROSPECTS. AM. J. HEMATOL. 91:632-642, 2016. (C) 2016 WILEY PERIODICALS, INC.	2016