1  2481 162 EPIGENETIC UPREGULATION OF LNCRNAS AT 13Q14.3 IN LEUKEMIA IS LINKED TO THE IN CIS DOWNREGULATION OF A GENE CLUSTER THAT TARGETS NF-KB. NON-CODING RNAS ARE MUCH MORE COMMON THAN PREVIOUSLY THOUGHT. HOWEVER, FOR THE VAST MAJORITY OF NON-CODING RNAS, THE CELLULAR FUNCTION REMAINS ENIGMATIC. THE TWO LONG NON-CODING RNA (LNCRNA) GENES DLEU1 AND DLEU2 MAP TO A CRITICAL REGION AT CHROMOSOMAL BAND 13Q14.3 THAT IS RECURRENTLY DELETED IN SOLID TUMORS AND HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES LIKE CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). WHILE NO POINT MUTATIONS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN THE PROTEIN CODING CANDIDATE GENES AT 13Q14.3, THEY ARE DEREGULATED IN MALIGNANT CELLS, SUGGESTING AN EPIGENETIC TUMOR SUPPRESSOR MECHANISM. WE THEREFORE CHARACTERIZED THE EPIGENETIC MAKEUP OF 13Q14.3 IN CLL CELLS AND FOUND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS BY CHROMATIN-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ACTIVATED TRANSCRIPTION AND SIGNIFICANT DNA-DEMETHYLATION AT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL START SITES OF DLEU1 AND DLEU2 USING 5 DIFFERENT SEMI-QUANTITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE METHODS (APRIMES, BIOCOBRA, MCIP, MASSARRAY, AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING). THESE EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS WERE CORRELATED WITH TRANSCRIPTIONAL DEREGULATION OF THE NEIGHBORING CANDIDATE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES, SUGGESTING A COREGULATION IN CIS OF THIS GENE CLUSTER. WE FOUND THAT THE 13Q14.3 GENES IN ADDITION TO THEIR PREVIOUSLY KNOWN FUNCTIONS REGULATE NF-KB ACTIVITY, WHICH WE COULD SHOW AFTER OVEREXPRESSION, SIRNA-MEDIATED KNOCKDOWN, AND DOMINANT-NEGATIVE MUTANT GENES BY USING WESTERN BLOTS WITH PREVIOUSLY UNDESCRIBED ANTIBODIES, BY A CUSTOMIZED ELISA AS WELL AS BY REPORTER ASSAYS. IN ADDITION, WE PERFORMED AN UNBIASED SCREEN OF 810 HUMAN MIRNAS AND IDENTIFIED THE MIR-15/16 FAMILY OF GENES AT 13Q14.3 AS THE STRONGEST INDUCERS OF NF-KB ACTIVITY. IN SUMMARY, THE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR MECHANISM AT 13Q14.3 IS A CLUSTER OF GENES CONTROLLED BY TWO LNCRNA GENES THAT ARE REGULATED BY DNA-METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND WHOSE MEMBERS ALL REGULATE NF-KB. THEREFORE, THE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR MECHANISM IN 13Q14.3 UNDERLINES THE ROLE BOTH OF EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS AND OF LNCRNA GENES IN HUMAN TUMORIGENESIS AND IS AN EXAMPLE OF COLOCALIZATION OF A FUNCTIONALLY RELATED GENE CLUSTER.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
2  4689  37 NEW-ONSET POSTPARTUM PREECLAMPSIA: EPIGENETIC MECHANISM AND PREDICTION. OBJECTIVE: PLACENTAL CYTOSINE (CPG) METHYLATION WAS MEASURED TO PREDICT NEW-ONSET POSTPARTUM PREECLAMPSIA (NOPP) AND INTERROGATE ITS MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS. METHODS: NOPP WAS DEFINED AS PATIENTS WITH A NEW DIAGNOSIS OF POSTPARTUM PREECLAMPSIA DEVELOPING >/=48 H TO </=6 WEEKS AFTER DELIVERY WITH NO PRIOR HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS. PLACENTAL TISSUE WAS OBTAINED FROM 12 NOPP CASES AND 12 NORMOTENSIVE CONTROLS. GENOME-WIDE INDIVIDUAL CYTOSINE (CPG) METHYLATION LEVEL WAS MEASURED WITH THE INFINIUM METHYLATIONEPIC BEADCHIP ARRAY. SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION (NOPP VS. CONTROLS) FOR INDIVIDUAL CPG LOCI WAS DEFINED AS FALSE DISCOVERY RATE (FDR) P VALUE <.05. GENE FUNCTIONAL ENRICHMENT USING QIAGEN'S INGENUITY PATHWAY ANALYSIS (IPA) WAS PERFORMED TO HELP ELUCIDATE THE MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF NOPP. A LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODEL FOR NOPP PREDICTION BASED ON THE METHYLATION LEVEL IN A COMBINATION OF CPG LOCI WAS GENERATED. THE AREA UNDER THE RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC CURVES (AUC [95% CI]) SENSITIVITY, AND SPECIFICITY FOR NOPP PREDICTION BASED ON THE CPG METHYLATION LEVEL WAS CALCULATED FOR EACH LOCUS. RESULTS: THERE WERE 537 (IN 540 SEPARATE GENES) SIGNIFICANTLY (FDR P<.05 WITH A >/= 2.0-FOLD METHYLATION DIFFERENCE) DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG LOCI BETWEEN THE GROUPS. A TOTAL OF 143 INDIVIDUAL CPG MARKERS HAD EXCELLENT INDIVIDUAL PREDICTIVE ACCURACY FOR NOPP PREDICTION (AUC >/=0.80), OF WHICH 14 MARKERS HAD OUTSTANDING ACCURACY (AUC >/=0.90). A LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODEL BASED ON FIVE CPG MARKERS YIELDED AN AUC (95% CI)=0.99 (0.95-0.99) WITH SENSITIVITY 95% AND SPECIFICITY 93% FOR NOPP PREDICTION. IPA REVEALED DYSREGULATION OF CRITICAL PATHWAYS (E.G., ANGIOGENESIS, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, AND EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION) KNOWN TO BE LINKED TO CLASSIC PREECLAMPSIA, IN ADDITION TO OTHER PREVIOUSLY UNDESCRIBED GENES/PATHWAYS. CONCLUSIONS: THERE WAS SIGNIFICANT PLACENTAL EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION IN NOPP. NOPP SHARED BOTH COMMON AND UNIQUE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS WITH CLASSIC PREECLAMPSIA. FINALLY, WE HAVE IDENTIFIED NOVEL POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS FOR THE EARLY POST-PARTUM PREDICTION OF NOPP.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
3   326  46 ALLELIC SILENCING AT THE TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR LOCUS 13Q14.3 SUGGESTS AN EPIGENETIC TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR MECHANISM. GENOMIC MATERIAL FROM CHROMOSOME BAND 13Q14.3 DISTAL TO THE RETINOBLASTOMA LOCUS IS RECURRENTLY LOST IN A VARIETY OF HUMAN NEOPLASMS, INDICATING AN AS-YET-UNIDENTIFIED TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR MECHANISM. NO PATHOGENIC MUTATIONS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN THE MINIMALLY DELETED REGION UNTIL NOW. HOWEVER, IN B CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA TUMORS WITH LOSS OF ONE COPY OF THE CRITICAL REGION, RESPECTIVE CANDIDATE TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENES ARE DOWN-REGULATED BY A FACTOR >2, WHICH WOULD BE EXPECTED BY A NORMAL GENE-DOSAGE EFFECT. THIS FINDING POINTS TO AN EPIGENETIC PATHOMECHANISM. WE FIND THAT THE TWO COPIES OF THE CRITICAL REGION REPLICATE ASYNCHRONOUSLY, SUGGESTING DIFFERENTIAL CHROMATIN PACKAGING OF THE TWO COPIES OF 13Q14.3. ALTHOUGH WE ALSO DETECT MONOALLELIC SILENCING OF GENES LOCALIZED IN THE CRITICAL REGION, MONOALLELIC EXPRESSION ORIGINATES FROM EITHER THE MATERNAL OR PATERNAL COPY, EXCLUDING AN IMPRINTING MECHANISM. DNA METHYLATION ANALYSES REVEALED ONE CPG ISLAND OF THE REGION TO BE METHYLATED. DNA DEMETHYLATION OF THIS CPG ISLAND AND GLOBAL HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION INDUCED BIALLELIC EXPRESSION, WHEREAS REPLICATION TIMING WAS NOT AFFECTED. WE PROPOSE THAT DIFFERENTIAL REPLICATION TIMING REPRESENTS AN EARLY EPIGENETIC MARK THAT DISTINGUISHES THE TWO COPIES OF 13Q14.3, RESULTING IN DIFFERENTIAL CHROMATIN PACKAGING AND MONOALLELIC EXPRESSION. ACCORDINGLY, DELETION OF THE SINGLE ACTIVE COPY OF 13Q14.3 RESULTS IN SIGNIFICANT DOWN-REGULATION OF THE CANDIDATE GENES AND LOSS OF FUNCTION, PROVIDING A MODEL FOR THE INTERACTION OF GENETIC LESIONS AND EPIGENETIC SILENCING AT 13Q14.3 IN B CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
4    66  38 A KEY ROLE FOR EZH2 IN EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF HOX GENES IN MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA. THE CHROMATIN MODIFIER EZH2 IS OVEREXPRESSED AND ASSOCIATED WITH INFERIOR OUTCOME IN MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA (MCL). RECENTLY, WE DEMONSTRATED PREFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION OF HOX GENES IN MCL COMPARED WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL), DESPITE THESE GENES NOT BEING EXPRESSED IN EITHER ENTITY. SINCE EZH2 HAS BEEN SHOWN TO REGULATE HOX GENE EXPRESSION, TO GAIN FURTHER INSIGHT INTO ITS POSSIBLE ROLE IN DIFFERENTIAL SILENCING OF HOX GENES IN MCL VS. CLL, WE PERFORMED DETAILED EPIGENETIC CHARACTERIZATION USING REPRESENTATIVE CELL LINES AND PRIMARY SAMPLES. WE OBSERVED SIGNIFICANT OVEREXPRESSION OF EZH2 IN MCL VS. CLL. CHROMATIN IMMUNE PRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAYS REVEALED THAT EZH2 CATALYZED REPRESSIVE H3 LYSINE 27 TRIMETHYLATION (H3K27ME3), WHICH WAS SUFFICIENT TO SILENCE HOX GENES IN CLL, WHEREAS IN MCL H3K27ME3 IS ACCOMPANIED BY DNA METHYLATION FOR A MORE STABLE REPRESSION. MORE IMPORTANTLY, HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE HOX GENES IN MCL RESULTED FROM EZH2 OVEREXPRESSION AND SUBSEQUENT RECRUITMENT OF THE DNA METHYLATION MACHINERY ONTO HOX GENE PROMOTERS. THE IMPORTANCE OF EZH2 UPREGULATION IN THIS PROCESS WAS FURTHER UNDERSCORED BY SIRNA TRANSFECTION AND EZH2 INHIBITOR EXPERIMENTS. ALTOGETHER, THESE OBSERVATIONS IMPLICATE EZH2 IN THE LONG-TERM SILENCING OF HOX GENES IN MCL, AND ALLUDE TO ITS POTENTIAL AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET WITH CLINICAL IMPACT.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
5  2326  33 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HOTAIR IN ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. PURPOSE: CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) ACCOUNTS FOR ~10% OF LEUKEMIA CASES, AND ITS PROGRESSION INVOLVES EPIGENETIC GENE REGULATION. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HOTAIR AND ITS TARGET MICRORNA, MIR-143, IN ADVANCED CML. PATIENTS AND METHODS: WE FIRST ISOLATED BONE MARROW MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM 70 PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT PHASES OF CML AND FROM HEALTHY DONORS AS NORMAL CONTROL; WE ALSO CULTURED K562 AND KCL22 CELLS, TREATED WITH DEMETHYLATION DRUG; MTT ASSAY, FLOW CYTOMETRY, QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QPCR), METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP), WESTERN BLOT, LUCIFERASE ASSAY, RNA PULL-DOWN ASSAY AND RNA-BINDING PROTEIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (RIP) ASSAY WERE PERFORMED. RESULT: AS MEASURED BY QPCR, HOTAIR EXPRESSION IN K562 CELLS, KCL22 CELLS, AND SAMPLES FROM CASES OF ADVANCED-STAGE CML INCREASED WITH LEVELS OF SEVERAL DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEACETYLATES, INCLUDING DNMT1, DNMT3A, HDAC1, EZH2, AND LSD1, AND MIR-143 LEVELS WERE DECREASED AND HOTAIR LEVELS WERE INCREASED. TREATMENT WITH 5-AZACYTIDINE, A DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR, DECREASED DNMT1, DNMT3A, HDAC1, EZH2, LSD1 MRNA, PROTEIN LEVELS, AND HOTAIR MRNA LEVELS BUT INCREASED MIR-143 LEVELS. HOTAIR KNOCKDOWN AND MIR-143 OVEREXPRESSION BOTH INHIBITED PROLIFERATION AND PROMOTED APOPTOSIS IN KCL22 AND K562 CELLS THROUGH THE PI3K/AKT PATHWAY. RNA PULL-DOWN, MASS SPECTROMETRY, AND RIP ASSAYS SHOWED THAT HOTAIR INTERACTED WITH EZH2 AND LSD1. A DUAL-LUCIFERASE ASSAY DEMONSTRATED THAT HOTAIR INTERACTED WITH MIR-143. CONCLUSION: OUR FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THE KEY EPIGENETIC INTERACTIONS OF HOTAIR RELATED TO CML PROGRESSION AND SUGGEST HOTAIR AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR ADVANCED CML. FURTHERMORE, OUR RESULTS SUPPORT THE USE OF DEMETHYLATION DRUGS AS A CML TREATMENT STRATEGY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
6  3940  41 LNCRNA DLEU2 REGULATES SIRTUINS AND MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CHAIN COMPLEX IV: A NOVEL PATHWAY IN OBESITY AND OFFSPRING'S HEALTH. BACKGROUND: LONG NON-CODING RNAS (LNCRNAS) HAVE EMERGED AS A RAPIDLY EXPANDING AREA OF INTEREST IN CHRONIC DISEASES. THEY ARE MOSTLY UNKNOWN FOR ROLES IN METABOLIC REGULATION. SIRTUINS, AN EPIGENETIC MODULATOR CLASS, REGULATE METABOLIC PATHWAYS. HOWEVER, HOW SIRTUINS ARE REGULATED VIA LNCRNA IS UNKNOWN. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT A HIGH-FAT HIGH-FRUCTOSE DIET (HFD-HF) DURING PREGNANCY WOULD INCREASE THE RISK FOR OBESITY VIA LNCRNA-SIRTUIN PATHWAYS. METHODS: FEMALE C57BL/6 MICE (F0) WERE FED EITHER CHOW DIET (CD) OR HFD-HF FOR 6 WEEKS TILL BIRTH. THE PUPS (F1) WERE FED EITHER CD OR HFD-HF FOR 20 WEEKS. EXPRESSION OF DLEU2, SIRTUINS, MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY COMPLEXES, AND OXIDATIVE STRESS WERE INVESTIGATED IN THE F1 LIVERS. FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE, INSULIN SENSITIVITY, GLUCOSE TOLERANCE, BODY AND TISSUES WEIGHT WERE MEASURED. A MECHANISTIC INTERACTION WAS THEN CARRIED OUT USING A DLEU2 KNOCKDOWN EXPERIMENT IN THE HEPG2 CELL. RESULTS: DLEU2 AND SIRTUINS WERE BOTH SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN THE LIVERS OF HFD-HF FED MALE F1 WHOSE MOTHERS WERE EITHER FED CD OR HFD-HF DURING REPRODUCTIVE AND PREGNANCY WINDOWS. CONFIRMING THIS CONNECTION, UPON SILENCING DLEU2, TRANSCRIPTION LEVELS OF SIRT1 THROUGH 6 AND TRANSLATIONAL LEVELS OF SIRT1, 3, 5, AND 6 WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DOWNREGULATED. KNOCKDOWN OF DLEU2 SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED THE PROTEIN LEVEL OF CYTOCHROME-C OXIDASE (COMPLEX IV, MTCO1) WITHOUT ALTERING OTHER MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEXES, DECREASED MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL, DECREASED ATP, AND INCREASED REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES. INTERESTINGLY, IN F1 LIVERS, THE PROTEIN LEVEL OF MTCO1 WAS ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED UNDER AN HFD-HF DIET OR EVEN UNDER CHOW DIET IF THE MOTHER WAS EXPOSED TO HFD-HF. CONCLUSION: OUR FINDINGS REVEAL FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT ONE LNCRNA CAN REGULATE SIRTUINS AND A SPECIFIC MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEX. FURTHERMORE, DIET OR MATERNAL DIET CAN MODULATE DLEU2 AND ITS DOWNSTREAM REGULATORS IN OFFSPRING, SUGGESTING A POTENTIAL ROLE OF DLEU2 IN METABOLIC DISORDERS OVER ONE OR MORE GENERATIONS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
7   329  33 ALPHA-OXOGLUTARATE INHIBITS THE PROLIFERATION OF IMMORTALIZED NORMAL BLADDER EPITHELIAL CELLS VIA AN EPIGENETIC SWITCH INVOLVING ARID1A. INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS (IC) IS A CHRONIC URINARY TRACT DISEASE THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY UNPLEASANT SENSATIONS, SUCH AS PERSISTENT PELVIC PAIN, IN THE ABSENCE OF INFECTION OR OTHER IDENTIFIABLE CAUSES. WE PREVIOUSLY PERFORMED COMPREHENSIVE METABOLOMICS PROFILING OF URINE SAMPLES FROM IC PATIENTS USING NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY AND FOUND THAT URINARY ALPHA-OXOGLUTARATE (ALPHA-OG), WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ELEVATED. ALPHA-OG, A TRICARBOXYLIC ACID (TCA) CYCLE INTERMEDIATE, REPORTEDLY FUNCTIONS TO SUPPRESS THE PROLIFERATION OF IMMORTALIZED NORMAL HUMAN BLADDER EPITHELIAL CELLS. HERE, WE IDENTIFIED AT-RICH INTERACTIVE DOMAIN 1 A (ARID1A), A KEY CHROMATIN REMODELER, AS BEING HYPOMETHYLATED AND UPREGULATED BY ALPHA-OG TREATMENT. THIS WAS DONE THROUGH EPIC DNA METHYLATION PROFILING AND SUBSEQUENT BIOCHEMICAL APPROACHES, INCLUDING QUANTITATIVE RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSES. FURTHERMORE, WE FOUND THAT ALPHA-OG ALMOST COMPLETELY SUPPRESSES TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION (TET) ACTIVITY, BUT DOES NOT AFFECT DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) ACTIVITY. ALTOGETHER, OUR STUDIES REVEAL THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF ALPHA-OG IN EPIGENETIC REMODELING THROUGH ITS EFFECTS ON ARID1A AND TET EXPRESSION IN THE BLADDER. THIS MAY PROVIDE A NEW POSSIBLE THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY IN TREATING IC.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
8   939  53 CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA AND 13Q14: MIRS AND MORE. LOSS OF A CRITICAL REGION IN 13Q14.3 [DEL(13Q)] IS THE MOST COMMON GENOMIC ABERRATION IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL), OCCURRING IN MORE THAN 50% OF PATIENTS (STILGENBAUER ET AL., ONCOGENE 1998;16:1891 - 1897, DOHNER ET AL., N ENGL J MED 2000;343:1910 - 1916). DESPITE EXTENSIVE INVESTIGATIONS, NO POINT MUTATIONS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN THE REMAINING ALLELE THAT WOULD INACTIVATE ONE OF THE CANDIDATE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AND EXPLAIN THE PATHOMECHANISM POSTULATED FOR THIS REGION. HOWEVER, THE GENES IN THE REGION ARE SIGNIFICANTLY DOWN-REGULATED IN CLL CELLS, MORE THAN WOULD BE EXPECTED BY GENE DOSAGE, AND RECENTLY A COMPLEX EPIGENETIC REGULATORY MECHANISM WAS IDENTIFIED FOR 13Q14.3 IN NON-MALIGNANT CELLS THAT INVOLVES ASYNCHRONOUS REPLICATION TIMING AND MONOALLELIC EXPRESSION OF CANDIDATE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES. HERE, WE PROPOSE A MODEL OF A MULTIGENIC PATHOMECHANISM IN 13Q14.3, WHERE SEVERAL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES, INCLUDING THE MIRNA GENES MIR-16-1 AND MIR-15A, ARE CO-REGULATED BY THE TWO LONG NON-CODING RNA GENES DLEU1 AND DLEU2 THAT SPAN THE CRITICAL REGION. FURTHERMORE, WE PROPOSE THESE CO-REGULATED GENES TO BE INVOLVED IN THE SAME MOLECULAR PATHWAYS, THEREBY ALSO FORMING A FUNCTIONAL GENE CLUSTER. ELUCIDATING THE MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR FUNCTION OF THE 13Q14.3 CANDIDATE GENES WILL SHED LIGHT ON THE UNDERLYING PATHOMECHANISM OF CLL.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
9  3877  44 KDM6A PROMOTES IMATINIB RESISTANCE THROUGH YY1-MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL UPREGULATION OF TRKA INDEPENDENTLY OF ITS DEMETHYLASE ACTIVITY IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA. RATIONALE: DESPITE LANDMARK THERAPY OF CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML) WITH TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS), DRUG RESISTANCE REMAINS PROBLEMATIC. CANCER PATHOGENESIS INVOLVES EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION AND IN PARTICULAR, HISTONE LYSINE DEMETHYLASES (KDMS) HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN TKI RESISTANCE. WE SOUGHT TO IDENTIFY KDMS WITH ALTERED EXPRESSION IN CML AND DEFINE THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO IMATINIB RESISTANCE. METHODS: BIOINFORMATICS SCREENING COMPARED KDM EXPRESSION IN CML VERSUS NORMAL BONE MARROW WITH SHRNA KNOCKDOWN AND FLOW CYTOMETRY USED TO MEASURE EFFECTS ON IMATINIB-INDUCED APOPTOSIS IN K562 CELLS. TRANSCRIPTOMIC ANALYSES WERE PERFORMED AGAINST KDM6A CRISPR KNOCKOUT/SHRNA KNOCKDOWN K562 CELLS ALONG WITH GENE RESCUE EXPERIMENTS USING WILDTYPE AND MUTANT DEMETHYLASE-DEAD KDM6A CONSTRUCTS. CO-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION, LUCIFERASE REPORTER AND CHIP WERE EMPLOYED TO ELUCIDATE MECHANISMS OF KDM6A-DEPENDENT RESISTANCE. RESULTS: AMONGST FIVE KDMS UPREGULATED IN CML, ONLY KDM6A DEPLETION SENSITIZED CML CELLS TO IMATINIB-INDUCED APOPTOSIS. RE-INTRODUCTION OF DEMETHYLASE-DEAD KDM6A AS WELL AS WILD-TYPE KDM6A RESTORED IMATINIB RESISTANCE. RNA-SEQ IDENTIFIED NTRK1 GENE DOWNREGULATION AFTER DEPLETION OF KDM6A. MOREOVER, NTRK1 EXPRESSION POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH KDM6A IN A SUBSET OF CLINICAL CML SAMPLES AND KDM6A KNOCKDOWN IN FRESH CML ISOLATES DECREASED NTRK1 ENCODED PROTEIN (TRKA) EXPRESSION. MECHANISTICALLY, KDM6A WAS RECRUITED TO THE NTRK1 PROMOTER BY THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR YY1 WITH SUBSEQUENT TRKA UPREGULATION ACTIVATING DOWN-STREAM SURVIVAL PATHWAYS TO INVOKE IMATINIB RESISTANCE. CONCLUSION: CONTRARY TO ITS REPORTED ROLE AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR AND INDEPENDENT OF ITS DEMETHYLASE FUNCTION, KDM6A PROMOTES IMATINIB-RESISTANCE IN CML CELLS. THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE KDM6A/YY1/TRKA AXIS AS A NOVEL IMATINIB-RESISTANCE MECHANISM REPRESENTS AN UNEXPLORED AVENUE TO OVERCOME TKI RESISTANCE IN CML.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
10  5479  31 RESVERATROL ATTENUATES CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN HUMAN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS BY REGULATING THE MIR-34A/SIRT1/NF-KAPPAB PATHWAY. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS CHARACTERIZED BY ACCELERATED LUNG AGING. SMOKING IS THE CRITICAL RISK FACTOR FOR COPD. CELLULAR SENESCENCE OF AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS IS THE CYTOLOGICAL BASIS OF ACCELERATED LUNG AGING IN COPD, AND THE REGULATION OF MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) IS THE CENTRAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF CELLULAR SENESCENCE. RESVERATROL (RES) IS A POLYPHENOL WITH ANTI-AGING PROPERTIES. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED WHETHER RES ATTENUATES CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT (CSE)-INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN HUMAN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS (BEAS-2B) THROUGH THE MIR-34A/SIRT1/NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB (NF-KAPPAB) PATHWAY. BEAS-2B CELLS WERE TREATED WITH RES, CSE AND TRANSFECTED WITH MIR-34A-5P MIMICS. CELLULAR SENESCENCE WAS EVALUATED BY SENESCENCE -RELATED BETA-GALACTOSIDASE (SA-BETA-GAL) STAINING AND EXPRESSION OF SENESCENCE-RELATED GENES (P16, P21, AND P53). THE EXPRESSIONS OF MIR-34A-5P, SIRT1, AND NF-KAPPAB P65 WERE EXAMINED USING QUANTITATIVE REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND WESTERN BLOTTING. THE SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PHENOTYPE (SASP) CYTOKINES (IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-ALPHA) WERE ASSESSED BY ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY. THE BINDING BETWEEN MIR-34A-5P AND SIRT1 WAS CONFIRMED BY DUAL-LUCIFERASE REPORTER ASSAY. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT CSE DOSE-DEPENDENTLY DECREASED CELL VIABILITY AND ELEVATED CELLULAR SENESCENCE, CHARACTERIZED BY INCREASED SA-BETA-GAL STAINING AND SENESCENCE-RELATED GENE EXPRESSIONS (P16, P21, AND P53). FURTHER, CSE DOSE-DEPENDENTLY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF MIR-34A-5P AND SASP CYTOKINES (IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-ALPHA) IN BEAS-2B CELLS. PRETREATMENT WITH RES INHIBITED CSE-INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE AND SECRETION OF SASP CYTOKINES (IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-ALPHA) IN A DOSE-DEPENDENT MANNER. MOREOVER, RES REVERSED THE CSE-INDUCED DOWN-REGULATION OF SIRT1 AND UP-REGULATION OF MIR-34A-5P AND NF-KAPPAB P65. SIRT1 IS A TARGET OF MIR-34A-5P. OVEREXPRESSION OF MIR-34A-5P VIA TRANSFECTION WITH MIR-34A-5P MIMIC IN BEAS-2B CELLS ATTENUATED THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF RES ON CELLULAR SENESCENCE, ACCOMPANIED BY REVERSING THE EXPRESSION OF SIRT1 AND NF-KAPPAB P65. IN CONCLUSION, RES ATTENUATED CSE-INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN BEAS-2B CELLS BY REGULATING THE MIR-34A/SIRT1/NF-KAPPAB PATHWAY, WHICH MAY PROVIDE A NEW APPROACH FOR COPD TREATMENT.	2022	

11  6540  34 TRANSCRIPTIONAL, EPIGENETIC, AND FUNCTIONAL REPROGRAMMING OF MONOCYTES FROM NON-HUMAN PRIMATES FOLLOWING CHRONIC ALCOHOL DRINKING. CHRONIC HEAVY DRINKING (CHD) OF ALCOHOL IS A KNOWN RISK FACTOR FOR INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BACTERIAL AND VIRAL INFECTION AS WELL AS IMPAIRED WOUND HEALING. EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THESE DEFECTS ARE MEDIATED BY A DYSREGULATED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ORIGINATING FROM MYELOID CELLS, NOTABLY MONOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES, BUT THE MECHANISMS REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD. OUR ABILITY TO STUDY CHD IS IMPACTED BY THE COMPLEXITIES OF HUMAN DRINKING PATTERNS AND BEHAVIOR AS WELL AS COMORBIDITIES AND CONFOUNDING RISK FACTORS FOR PATIENTS WITH ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS. TO OVERCOME THESE CHALLENGES, WE UTILIZED A TRANSLATIONAL RHESUS MACAQUE MODEL OF VOLUNTARY ETHANOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION THAT CLOSELY RECAPITULATES HUMAN DRINKING PATTERNS AND CHRONICITY. IN THIS STUDY, WE EXAMINED THE EFFECTS OF CHD ON BLOOD MONOCYTES IN CONTROL AND CHD FEMALE MACAQUES AFTER 12 MONTHS OF DAILY ETHANOL CONSUMPTION. WHILE MONOCYTES FROM CHD FEMALE MACAQUES GENERATED A HYPER-INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO EX VIVO LPS STIMULATION, THEIR RESPONSE TO E. COLI WAS DAMPENED. IN DEPTH SCRNA-SEQ ANALYSIS OF PURIFIED MONOCYTES REVEALED SIGNIFICANT SHIFTS IN CLASSICAL MONOCYTE SUBSETS WITH ACCUMULATION OF CELLS EXPRESSING MARKERS OF HYPOXIA (HIF1A) AND INFLAMMATION (NFKB SIGNALING PATHWAY) IN CHD MACAQUES. THE INCREASED PRESENCE OF MONOCYTE SUBSETS SKEWED TOWARDS INFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPES WAS COMPLEMENTED BY EPIGENETIC ANALYSIS, WHICH REVEALED HIGHER ACCESSIBILITY OF PROMOTER REGIONS THAT REGULATE GENES INVOLVED IN CYTOKINE SIGNALING PATHWAYS. COLLECTIVELY, DATA PRESENTED IN THIS MANUSCRIPT DEMONSTRATE THAT CHD SHIFTS CLASSICAL MONOCYTE SUBSET COMPOSITION AND PRIMES THE MONOCYTES TOWARDS A MORE HYPER-INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO LPS, BUT COMPROMISED PATHOGEN RESPONSE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
12  3983  38 LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT INDUCES HYPOMETHYLATION AT THE RUNX3 AND IGF2-H19 LOCI IN IMMORTALIZED HUMAN UROTHELIAL CELLS. CIGARETTE SMOKING IS THE SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RISK FACTOR FOR BLADDER CANCER BUT IT IS NOT KNOWN WHETHER EXPOSURE OF UROTHELIAL CELLS TO THE SYSTEMIC SOLUBLE CONTENTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKE IS DIRECTLY CAUSATIVE TO BLADDER CANCER AND THE ASSOCIATED EPIGENETIC CHANGES SUCH AS TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE HYPERMETHYLATION. WE UNDERTOOK THIS STUDY TO INVESTIGATE IF LONG-TERM TREATMENT OF HUMAN UROTHELIAL CELLS WITH CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT (CSE) RESULTS IN TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE HYPERMETHYLATION, A PHENOTYPE THAT WAS PREVIOUSLY ASSOCIATED WITH LONG-TERM CONSTANT CSE TREATMENT OF AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS. WE CHRONICALLY TREATED AN IMMORTALIZED HUMAN UROTHELIAL CELL LINE UROTSA WITH CSE USING A CYCLIC DAILY REGIMEN BUT THE CELLS WERE CULTURED IN CSE-FREE MEDIUM BETWEEN DAILY TREATMENTS. BISULFITE SEQUENCING AND REAL-TIME PCR ARRAY-BASED METHYLATION PROFILING WERE EMPLOYED TO EVALUATE METHYLATION CHANGES AT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE LOCI IN THE CHRONICALLY CSE-TREATED CELLS VERSUS THE PASSAGE-MATCHED UNTREATED CONTROL CELLS. THE RUNX3 TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE PROMOTER WAS HYPOMETHYLATED WITH A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN PROPORTION OF THE COMPLETELY UNMETHYLATED HAPLOTYPE AFTER THE LONG-TERM CSE TREATMENT; WHEREAS RUNX3 PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION WAS PREVIOUSLY REPORTED FOR BLADDER CANCERS OF SMOKERS. HYPOMETHYLATION INDUCED BY THE LONG-TERM CSE TREATMENT WAS ALSO OBSERVED FOR THE IGF2-H19 LOCUS. THE METHYLATION STATUS AT THE PRSS8/PROSTASIN AND 16 ADDITIONAL LOCI HOWEVER, WAS UNAFFECTED BY THE CHRONIC CSE TREATMENT. TRANSIENT CSE TREATMENT OVER 1 DAILY REGIMEN RESULTED IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL DOWN-REGULATION OF RUNX3 AND H19, BUT ONLY THE H19 TRANSCRIPTION WAS DOWN-REGULATED IN THE CHRONICALLY CSE-TREATED UROTHELIAL CELLS. TRANSCRIPTION OF A KEY ENZYME IN ONE-CARBON METABOLISM, DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE (DHFR) WAS GREATLY REDUCED BY THE LONG-TERM CSE TREATMENT, POTENTIALLY SERVING AS A MECHANISM FOR THE HYPOMETHYLATION PHENOTYPE VIA A REDUCED SUPPLY OF METHYL DONOR. IN CONCLUSION, CHRONIC CYCLIC CSE TREATMENT OF UROTHELIAL CELLS INDUCED HYPOMETHYLATION RATHER THAN HYPERMETHYLATION AT SPECIFIC LOCI.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
13  1484  40 DLEU2: A MEANINGFUL LONG NONCODING RNA IN ONCOGENESIS. BACKGROUND: LONG NON-CODING RNA (LNCRNA) WITH LITTLE OR NO CODING ABILITY HAS SHOWN A VARIETY OF BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS IN CANCER, INCLUDING EPIGENETIC REGULATION, DNA DAMAGE, REGULATION OF MICRORNAS, AND PARTICIPATION IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. LNCRNA CAN BE USED AS AN ONCOGENE AND TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE THROUGH TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION IN CANCER. FOR EXAMPLE, THE OVER-EXPRESSED LNCRNA DLEU2 PROMOTES THE OCCURRENCE OF LARYNGEAL CANCER, LUNG CANCER, HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA, ETC., AND INHIBITS THE PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. DELETED IN LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA 2 (DLEU2), AS ONE OF THE LONG NON-CODING RNAS, WAS FIRST FOUND IN CHRONIC LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA AND DRAWN INTO THE PROGRESS OF INNUMERABLE CANCERS. THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF DLEU2 IN MULTIPLE TUMORS WILL BE REVEALED. METHODS: IN THIS REVIEW, CURRENT STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS AND MECHANISMS OF DLEU2 IN TUMORS ARE SUMMARIZED AND ANALYZED; RELATED RESEARCHES ARE SYSTEMATICALLY RETRIEVED AND COLLECTED THROUGH PUBMED. RESULTS: DLEU2, A NOVEL CANCER-RELATED LNCRNA, HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO BE ABNORMALLY EXPRESSED IN VARIOUS MALIGNANT TUMORS, INCLUDING LEUKEMIA, ESOPHAGEAL CANCER, LUNG CANCER, GLIOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA, MALIGNANT PLEURAL MESOTHELIOMA, BLADDER CANCER, PANCREATIC CANCER, PHARYNX AND THROAT CANCER, RENAL CLEAR CELL CARCINOMA, BREAST CANCER, OSTEOSARCOMA. BESIDES, LNCRNA DLEU2 HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS OF PROLIFERATION, MIGRATION, INVASION AND INHIBITION OF APOPTOSIS OF CANCER CELLS. CONCLUSION: DUE TO THE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS AND MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN DLEU2, IT MAY REPRESENT AN AVAILABLE BIOMARKER OR POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET IN A VARIETY OF MALIGNANT TUMORS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
14  3760  26 INTEGRATED SINGLE CELL ANALYSIS SHOWS CHRONIC ALCOHOL DRINKING DISRUPTS MONOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION IN THE BONE MARROW. CHRONIC HEAVY ALCOHOL DRINKING (CHD) REWIRES MONOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES TOWARD HEIGHTENED INFLAMMATORY STATES WITH COMPROMISED ANTIMICROBIAL DEFENSES THAT PERSIST AFTER 1-MONTH ABSTINENCE. TO DETERMINE WHETHER THESE CHANGES ARE MEDIATED THROUGH ALTERATIONS IN THE BONE MARROW NICHE, WE PROFILED MONOCYTES AND HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL PROGENITORS (HSCPS) FROM CHD RHESUS MACAQUES USING A COMBINATION OF FUNCTIONAL ASSAYS AND SINGLE CELL GENOMICS. CHD RESULTED IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILES CONSISTENT WITH INCREASED ACTIVATION AND INFLAMMATION WITHIN BONE MARROW RESIDENT MONOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES. FURTHERMORE, CHD RESULTED IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL SIGNATURES ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED OXIDATIVE AND CELLULAR STRESS IN HSCP. DIFFERENTIATION OF HSCP IN VITRO REVEALED SKEWING TOWARD MONOCYTES EXPRESSING "NEUTROPHIL-LIKE" MARKERS WITH GREATER INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES TO BACTERIAL AGONISTS. FURTHER ANALYSES OF HSCPS SHOWED BROAD EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT WERE IN LINE WITH EXACERBATED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES WITHIN MONOCYTES AND THEIR PROGENITORS. IN SUMMARY, CHD ALTERS HSCPS IN THE BONE MARROW LEADING TO THE PRODUCTION OF MONOCYTES POISED TO GENERATE DYSREGULATED HYPER-INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
15  1211  39 CPG ISLAND METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF THE SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEIN GENE FAMILY IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) IS CHARACTERIZED BY A CLONAL ACCUMULATION OF MATURE NEOPLASTIC B CELLS INDICATING DISRUPTION OF APOPTOSIS. RESTRICTION LANDMARK GENOME SCANNING WAS DONE TO IDENTIFY NOVEL TARGET GENES SILENCED BY CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IN CLL. SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEIN 4 (SFRP4), A NEGATIVE REGULATOR OF THE WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY, WAS FOUND TO BE FREQUENTLY METHYLATED IN CLL SAMPLES. WNT SIGNALING HAS BEEN SHOWN TO CONTROL NORMAL APOPTOTIC BEHAVIOR AND IS REQUIRED FOR NORMAL B-CELL DEVELOPMENT WHEREAS ABERRANT ACTIVATION OF THIS PATHWAY HAS BEEN OBSERVED IN CLL. WE SHOW ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION AND SILENCING OF SFRP4, AS WELL AS OF ADDITIONAL SFRP FAMILY MEMBERS, IN PRIMARY CLL SAMPLES. INDUCTION OF THEIR EXPRESSION IN A DOSE-DEPENDENT MANNER FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH A DEMETHYLATING AGENT, 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE, WAS SHOWN. OF THE FIVE SFRP FAMILY MEMBERS STUDIED IN DETAIL, SFRP1 WAS HYPERMETHYLATED AND DOWN-REGULATED IN ALL CLL PATIENT SAMPLES STUDIED, SUGGESTING THAT THIS EPIGENETIC EVENT IS A CRITICAL STEP DURING LEUKEMOGENESIS. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT SILENCING OF SFRPS BY CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IS ONE POSSIBLE MECHANISM CONTRIBUTING TO ABERRANT ACTIVATION OF WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY IN CLL.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
16  3410  38 HOXA5 UNDERGOES DYNAMIC DNA METHYLATION AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION IN THE ADIPOSE TISSUE OF MICE EXPOSED TO HIGH-FAT DIET. BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: THE GENOMIC BASES OF THE ADIPOSE TISSUE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY CHRONIC POSITIVE CALORIE EXCESS HAVE BEEN ONLY PARTIALLY ELUCIDATED. WE ADOPTED A GENOME-WIDE APPROACH TO DIRECTLY TEST WHETHER LONG-TERM HIGH-FAT DIET (HFD) EXPOSURE AFFECTS THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILE OF THE MOUSE ADIPOSE TISSUE AND TO IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF THESE CHANGES. SUBJECTS/METHODS: WE HAVE USED EPIDIDYMAL FAT OF MICE FED EITHER HIGH-FAT (HFD) OR REGULAR CHOW (STD) DIET FOR 5 MONTHS AND PERFORMED GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ANALYSES BY METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SEQUENCING (MEDIP-SEQ). MOUSE HOMEOBOX (HOX) GENE DNA METHYLATION PCR, RT-QPCR AND BISULPHITE SEQUENCING ANALYSES WERE THEN PERFORMED. RESULTS: MICE FED THE HFD PROGRESSIVELY EXPANDED THEIR ADIPOSE MASS ACCOMPANIED BY A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN GLUCOSE TOLERANCE (P<0.001) AND INSULIN SENSITIVITY (P<0.05). MEDIP-SEQ DATA ANALYSIS REVEALED A UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMR) THROUGH THE ENTIRE ADIPOCYTE GENOME, WITH A HIGHER NUMBER OF HYPERMETHYLATED REGIONS IN HFD MICE (P<0.005). THIS DIFFERENT METHYLATION PROFILE WAS ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED EXPRESSION OF THE DNMT3A DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT; P<0.05) AND THE METHYL-CPG-BINDING DOMAIN PROTEIN MBD3 (P<0.05) GENES IN HFD MICE. GENE ONTOLOGY ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT, IN THE HFD-TREATED MICE, THE HOX FAMILY OF DEVELOPMENT GENES WAS HIGHLY ENRICHED IN DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES (P=0.008). TO VALIDATE THIS FINDING, HOXA5, WHICH IS IMPLICATED IN FAT TISSUE DIFFERENTIATION AND REMODELING, HAS BEEN SELECTED AND ANALYZED BY BISULPHITE SEQUENCING, CONFIRMING HYPERMETHYLATION IN THE ADIPOSE TISSUE FROM THE HFD MICE. HOXA5 HYPERMETHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DOWNREGULATION OF HOXA5 MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION. FEEDING ANIMALS PREVIOUSLY EXPOSED TO THE HFD WITH A STANDARD CHOW DIET FOR TWO FURTHER MONTHS IMPROVED THE METABOLIC PHENOTYPE OF THE ANIMALS, ACCOMPANIED BY RETURN OF HOXA5 METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION LEVELS (P<0.05) TO VALUES SIMILAR TO THOSE OF THE CONTROL MICE MAINTAINED UNDER STANDARD CHOW. CONCLUSIONS: HFD INDUCES ADIPOSE TISSUE ABNORMALITIES ACCOMPANIED BY EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE HOXA5 ADIPOSE TISSUE REMODELING GENE.	2016	
                                                                                                                           
17   312  28 ALCOHOL FEEDING IN MICE PROMOTES COLONIC HYPERPERMEABILITY AND CHANGES IN COLONIC ORGANOID STEM CELL FATE. BACKGROUND: ALCOHOL INCREASES INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY TO PROINFLAMMATORY MICROBIAL PRODUCTS THAT PROMOTE LIVER DISEASE, EVEN AFTER A PERIOD OF SOBRIETY. WE SOUGHT TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT ALCOHOL AFFECTS INTESTINAL STEM CELLS USING AN IN VIVO MODEL AND EX VIVO ORGANOIDS GENERATED FROM JEJUNUM AND COLON FROM MICE FED CHRONIC ALCOHOL. METHODS: MICE WERE FED A CONTROL OR AN ALCOHOL DIET. INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY, LIVER STEATOSIS-INFLAMMATION, AND STOOL SHORT-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS (SCFAS) WERE MEASURED. JEJUNUM AND COLONIC ORGANOIDS AND TISSUE WERE STAINED FOR STEM CELL, CELL LINEAGE, AND APICAL JUNCTION MARKERS WITH ASSESSMENT OF MRNA BY PCR AND RNA-SEQ. CHIP-PCR ANALYSIS WAS CARRIED OUT FOR NOTCH1 USING AN ANTIBODY SPECIFIC FOR ACETYLATED HISTONE 3. RESULTS: ALCOHOL-FED MICE EXHIBITED COLONIC (BUT NOT SMALL INTESTINAL) HYPERPERMEABILITY, STEATOHEPATITIS, AND DECREASED BUTYRATE/TOTAL SCFA RATIO IN STOOL. STEM CELL, CELL LINEAGE, AND APICAL JUNCTION MARKER STAINING IN TISSUE OR ORGANOIDS FROM JEJUNUM TISSUE WERE NOT IMPACTED BY ALCOHOL. ONLY CHROMOGRANIN A (CHGA) WAS INCREASED IN JEJUNUM ORGANOIDS BY QPCR. HOWEVER, COLONIC TISSUE AND ORGANOID STAINING EXHIBITED AN ALCOHOL-INDUCED SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN CYTOKERATIN 20+ (KRT20+) ABSORPTIVE LINEAGE ENTEROCYTES, A DECREASE IN OCCLUDIN AND E-CADHERIN APICAL JUNCTION PROTEINS, AN INCREASE IN CHGA, AND AN INCREASE IN THE LGR5 STEM CELL MARKER. QPCR REVEALED AN ALCOHOL-INDUCED DECREASE IN COLONIC ORGANOID AND TISSUE NOTCH1, HES1, AND KRT20 AND INCREASED CHGA, SUPPORTING AN ALTERATION IN STEM CELL FATE DUE TO DECREASED NOTCH1 EXPRESSION. COLONIC TISSUE CHIP-PCR REVEALED ALCOHOL FEEDING SUPPRESSED NOTCH1 MRNA EXPRESSION (VIA DEACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3) AND DECREASED NOTCH1 TISSUE STAINING. CONCLUSIONS: DATA SUPPORT A MODEL FOR ALCOHOL-INDUCED COLONIC HYPERPERMEABILITY VIA EPIGENETIC EFFECTS ON NOTCH1, AND THUS HES1, SUPPRESSION THROUGH A MECHANISM INVOLVING HISTONE H3 DEACETYLATION AT THE NOTCH1 LOCUS. THIS DECREASED ENTEROCYTE AND INCREASED ENTEROENDOCRINE CELL COLONIC STEM CELL FATE AND DECREASED APICAL JUNCTIONAL PROTEINS LEADING TO HYPERPERMEABILITY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
18  4303  37 MICRORNA-223 INHIBITS TISSUE FACTOR EXPRESSION IN VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. OBJECTIVE: ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PROCESS, IN WHICH VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (ECS) BECOME DYSFUNCTIONAL OWING TO THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES, SUCH AS INFLAMMATORY FACTOR AND GROWTH FACTORS. TISSUE FACTOR (TF) EXPRESSION IS INDUCED BY THE ABOVE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES IN ACTIVATED ECS. TF INITIATES THROMBOSIS ON DISRUPTED ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES WHICH PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE DURING THE ONSET OF ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES (ACS). INCREASING EVIDENCES SUGGEST THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF MICRORNAS AS EPIGENETIC REGULATORS OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC DISEASE. THE AIM OF OUR STUDY IS TO IDENTIFY IF MICRORNA-223 (MIR-223) TARGETS TF IN ECS. METHODS AND RESULTS: BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT TF IS A TARGET CANDIDATE OF MIR-223. WESTERN BLOTTING ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA) INCREASED TF EXPRESSION IN AORTA OF C57BL/6J MICE AND CULTURED ECS (EA.HY926 CELLS AND HUVEC) AFTER 4 H TREATMENT. IN TNF-ALPHA TREATED ECS, TF MRNA WAS ALSO INCREASED MEASURED BY REAL-TIME PCR. REAL-TIME PCR RESULTS SHOWED THAT MIR-223 LEVELS WERE DOWNREGULATED IN TNF-ALPHA-TREATED AORTA OF C57BL/6J MICE AND CULTURED ECS. TRANSFECTION OF ECS WITH MIR-223 MIMIC OR MIR-223 INHIBITOR MODIFIED TF EXPRESSION BOTH IN MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS. LUCIFERASE ASSAYS CONFIRMED THAT MIR-223 SUPPRESSED TF EXPRESSION BY BINDING TO THE SEQUENCE OF TF 3'-UNTRANSLATED REGIONS (3'UTR). TF PROCOAGULANT ACTIVITY WAS INHIBITED BY OVEREXPRESSING MIR-223 WITH OR WITHOUT TNF-ALPHA STIMULATION. CONCLUSIONS: MIR-223-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF TF EXPRESSION PROVIDES A NOVEL MOLECULAR MECHANISM FOR THE REGULATION OF COAGULATION CASCADE, AND SUGGESTS A CLUE AGAINST THROMBOGENESIS DURING THE PROCESS OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE RUPTURE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
19  1632  35 DNMTS ARE INVOLVED IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITIONS IN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS. CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS (CRS) PATHOGENESIS IS CLOSELY RELATED TO TISSUE REMODELING, INCLUDING EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT). EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY KEY ROLES IN EMT. DNA METHYLATION, MEDIATED BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS), IS AN EPIGENETIC MARKER THAT IS CRITICAL TO EMT. THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER DNMTS WERE INVOLVED IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EMT AND ELUCIDATE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS IN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT ACTIVITY WERE QUANTIFIED. DNMT EXPRESSION WAS MEASURED USING REAL-TIME PCR (QRT-PCR) IN HUMAN CRS TISSUES. MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS OF DNMTS, E-CADHERIN, VIMENTIN, ALPHA-SMA, AND FIBRONECTIN WERE DETERMINED USING RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOTTING, RESPECTIVELY. DNMT1, DNMT3A, AND DNMT3B GENE EXPRESSION WERE KNOCKED DOWN USING SIRNA TRANSFECTION. MAPK PHOSPHORYLATION AND EMT-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR LEVELS WERE DETERMINED USING WESTERN BLOTTING. SIGNALING PATHWAYS WERE ANALYZED USING SPECIFIC INHIBITORS OF MAPK. WE DEMONSTRATED THESE DATA IN PRIMARY NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION, DNMT ACTIVITY, AND DNMT EXPRESSION INCREASED IN CRS TISSUES. DNMT EXPRESSION WAS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH LUND-MCKAY CT SCORES. TGF-BETA1 DOSE-DEPENDENTLY INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION. FURTHER, 5-AZA INHIBITED TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT, SNAIL, AND SLUG EXPRESSION RELATED TO EMT, AS WELL AS P38 AND JNK PHOSPHORYLATION IN A549 CELLS AND TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION AND EMT IN PRIMARY NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION LEADS TO DNA METHYLATION AND EMT VIA P38, JNK, SNAIL, AND SLUG SIGNALING PATHWAYS. INHIBITION OF DNMT SUPPRESSED THE EMT PROCESS AND THEREFORE IS POTENTIALLY A CRS THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
20  2671  30 ETHANOL CONSUMPTION INDUCES NONSPECIFIC INFLAMMATION AND FUNCTIONAL DEFECTS IN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES. CHRONIC ALCOHOL DRINKING IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO VIRAL AND BACTERIAL RESPIRATORY PATHOGENS. IN THIS STUDY, WE USE A RHESUS MACAQUE MODEL OF VOLUNTARY ETHANOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION TO STUDY THE EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM ALCOHOL DRINKING ON THE IMMUNOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE OF THE LUNG. WE REPORT A HEIGHTENED INFLAMMATORY STATE IN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES (AMS) OBTAINED FROM ETHANOL (ETOH)-DRINKING ANIMALS THAT IS ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY IN INTERGENIC REGIONS THAT REGULATE INFLAMMATORY GENES AND CONTAIN BINDING MOTIFS FOR TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AP-1, IRF8, AND NFKB P-65. IN LINE WITH THESE TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE BASAL STATE, AMS FROM ETOH-DRINKING ANIMALS GENERATE ELEVATED INFLAMMATORY MEDIATOR RESPONSES TO LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES AND RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS. HOWEVER, THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ANALYSIS REVEALED AN INEFFICIENT INDUCTION OF INTERFERON-STIMULATED GENES WITH ETOH IN RESPONSE TO THE RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS, SUGGESTING DISRUPTION OF ANTIMICROBIAL DEFENSES. CORRESPONDINGLY, AMS FROM ETOH-DRINKING ANIMALS EXHIBITED TRANSCRIPTIONAL SHIFTS INDICATIVE OF INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION, WHICH WAS COUPLED WITH HIGHER CYTOSOLIC REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES AND MITOCHONDRIAL POTENTIAL. THIS HEIGHTENED OXIDATIVE STRESS STATE WAS ACCOMPANIED BY DECREASED ABILITY TO PHAGOCYTOSE BACTERIA. BULK RNA AND ASSAY FOR TRANSPOSASE-ACCESSIBLE CHROMATIN SEQUENCING DATA FURTHER REVEALED REDUCED EXPRESSION AND CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY OF LOCI ASSOCIATED WITH TISSUE REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE WITH CHRONIC ETOH DRINKING. SIMILARLY, ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-CELL RNA SEQUENCING DATA REVEALED SHIFTS IN CELL STATES FROM TISSUE MAINTENANCE TO INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES WITH ETOH. COLLECTIVELY, THESE DATA PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHT INTO MECHANISMS BY WHICH CHRONIC ETOH DRINKING INCREASES SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION IN PATIENTS WITH ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS.	2022