1  2976 166 GENETIC AND MOLECULAR BASIS OF DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS: CLINICAL REVIEW. DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS (DFUS) ARE MAJOR COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH DIABETES AND OFTEN CORRELATE WITH PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, TRAUMA AND PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE. IT IS NECESSARY TO UNDERSTAND THE MOLECULAR AND GENETIC BASIS OF DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS IN ORDER TO TAILOR PATIENT CENTRED CARE TOWARDS PARTICULAR PATIENT GROUPS. THIS REVIEW AIMED TO EVALUATE WHETHER CURRENT LITERATURE WAS INDICATIVE OF AN UNDERLYING MOLECULAR AND GENETIC BASIS FOR DFUS AND TO DISCUSS CLINICAL APPLICATIONS. FROM A MOLECULAR PERSPECTIVE, WOUND HEALING IS A PROCESS THAT TRANSPIRES FOLLOWING BREACH OF THE SKIN BARRIER AND IS USUALLY MEDIATED BY GROWTH FACTORS AND CYTOKINES RELEASED BY SPECIALISED CELLS ACTIVATED BY THE IMMUNE RESPONSE, INCLUDING FIBROBLASTS, ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, PHAGOCYTES, PLATELETS AND KERATINOCYTES. GROWTH FACTORS AND CYTOKINES ARE FUNDAMENTAL IN THE ORGANISATION OF THE MOLECULAR PROCESSES INVOLVED IN MAKING CUTANEOUS WOUND HEALING POSSIBLE. THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE FOR SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM (SNPS) IN THE FLUCTUATION OF THESE GROWTH FACTORS AND CYTOKINES IN DFUS. FURTHERMORE, RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS A KEY ROLE FOR EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION FROM LONG STANDING HYPERGLYCEMIA AND NON-CODING RNAS IN THE COMPLEX INTERPLAY BETWEEN GENES AND THE ENVIRONMENT. GENETIC FACTORS AND ETHNICITY CAN ALSO PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETIC NEUROPATHY LEADING TO DFUS. CLINICALLY, INTERVENTIONS WHICH HAVE IMPROVED OUTCOMES FOR PEOPLE WITH DFUS OR THOSE AT RISK OF DFUS INCLUDE SOME SYSTEMIC THERAPEUTIC DRUG INTERVENTIONS WHICH IMPROVE MICROVASCULAR BLOOD FLOW, SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS, HUMAN GROWTH FACTORS, AND HYPERBARIC OXYGEN THERAPY, NEGATIVE PRESSURE WOUND THERAPY, SKIN REPLACEMENT OR SHOCKWAVE THERAPY AND THE USE OF TOPICAL TREATMENTS. FUTURE TREATMENT MODALITIES INCLUDING STEM CELL AND GENE THERAPIES ARE PROMISING IN THE THERAPEUTIC APPROACH TO PREVENT THE PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
2  1713  48 DYSFUNCTIONAL WOUND HEALING IN DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS: NEW CROSSROADS. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: DIABETIC FOOT ULCERATIONS (DFU) AFFECT 25% OF PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS DURING THEIR LIFETIME AND CONSTITUTE A MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEM AS THEY ARE OFTEN RECALCITRANT TO HEALING DUE TO A CONSTELLATION OF BOTH INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC FACTORS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO (1) DETAIL THE CURRENT MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF DFU FORMATION AND (2) HIGHLIGHT FUTURE THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. RECENT FINDINGS: FROM A MOLECULAR PERSPECTIVE, DFUS EXHIBIT A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PREDISPOSITION. IN ADDITION, INCREASED LOCAL HYPOXIC CONDITIONS AND IMPAIRED CELLULAR RESPONSES TO HYPOXIA ARE PATHOGENIC FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO DELAYED WOUND HEALING. FINALLY, RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS A ROLE FOR EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, INCLUDING MICRORNAS, IN DELAYED DFU HEALING DUE TO THE COMPLEX INTERPLAY BETWEEN GENES AND THE ENVIRONMENT. IN THIS REGARD, NOTABLE PROGRESS HAS BEEN MADE IN THE MOLECULAR AND GENETIC UNDERSTANDING OF DFU FORMATION. HOWEVER, FURTHER STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO TRANSLATE PRECLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS INTO CLINICAL THERAPIES.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
3  2171  37 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS. THE INCIDENCE OF DIABETES MELLITUS, A CHRONIC METABOLIC DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH BOTH PREDISPOSING GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, IS INCREASING GLOBALLY. AS A RESULT, IT IS EXPECTED THAT THERE WILL ALSO BE AN INCREASING INCIDENCE OF DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS WHICH ARISE AS A RESULT OF POOR GLYCEMIC CONTROL. COMPLICATIONS INCLUDE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, NEPHROPATHY, RETINOPATHY AND DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS. THE FINDINGS OF SEVERAL MAJOR CLINICAL TRIALS HAVE IDENTIFIED THAT DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS MAY ARISE EVEN AFTER MANY YEARS OF PROPER GLYCEMIC CONTROL. THIS HAS LED TO THE CONCEPT OF PERSISTENT EPIGENETIC CHANGES. VARIOUS EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AS IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORS TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETES AND DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF TYPE 2 DIABETES WITH AN EMPHASIS ON COMPLICATIONS, PARTICULARLY DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS. AN OVERVIEW OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IS PROVIDED AND THE FOCUS IS ON THE EMERGING EVIDENCE FOR ABERRANT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
4  5922  49 TARGETING DNA METHYLATION AND DEMETHYLATION IN DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS. BACKGROUND: POOR WOUND HEALING IS A SIGNIFICANT COMPLICATION OF DIABETES, WHICH IS COMMONLY CAUSED BY NEUROPATHY, TRAUMA, DEFORMITIES, PLANTAR HYPERTENSION AND PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE. DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS (DFU) ARE DIFFICULT TO HEAL, WHICH MAKES PATIENTS SUSCEPTIBLE TO INFECTIONS AND CAN ULTIMATELY CONDUCE TO LIMB AMPUTATION OR EVEN DEATH IN SEVERE CASES. AN INCREASING NUMBER OF STUDIES HAVE FOUND THAT EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH POOR WOUND HEALING IN DIABETES. AIM OF REVIEW: THIS WORK PROVIDES SIGNIFICANT INSIGHTS INTO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THERAPEUTICS FOR IMPROVING CHRONIC DIABETIC WOUND HEALING, PARTICULARLY BY TARGETING AND REGULATING DNA METHYLATION AND DEMETHYLATION IN DFU. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW: DNA METHYLATION AND DEMETHYLATION PLAY AN IMPORTANT PART IN DIABETIC WOUND HEALING, VIA REGULATING CORRESPONDING SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN DIFFERENT BREEDS OF CELLS, INCLUDING MACROPHAGES, VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS AND KERATINOCYTES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DESCRIBE THE FOUR MAIN PHASES OF WOUND HEALING AND THEIR ABNORMALITY IN DIABETIC PATIENTS. FURTHERMORE, WE PROVIDED AN IN-DEPTH SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION ON HOW DNA METHYLATION AND DEMETHYLATION REGULATE DIABETIC WOUND HEALING IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS; AND GAVE A BRIEF SUMMARY ON RECENT ADVANCES IN APPLYING CELLULAR REPROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES FOR IMPROVING DIABETIC WOUND HEALING.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
5  2953  42 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC EVENTS IN DIABETIC WOUND HEALING. THE PREVALENCE OF THE CHRONIC METABOLIC DISORDER, DIABETES MELLITUS, IS EXPECTED TO INCREASE IN THE COMING YEARS AND WORLDWIDE PANDEMIC LEVELS ARE PREDICTED. INEVITABLY, THIS WILL BE ACCOMPANIED BY AN INCREASE IN THE PREVALENCE OF DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS, INCLUDING DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS. AT PRESENT, TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS ARE IN MANY CASES INSUFFICIENT, AND PROGRESSION OF THE CONDITION RESULTS IN THE REQUIREMENT FOR LIMB AMPUTATION IN A PROPORTION OF PATIENTS. TO IMPROVE THERAPY, AN INCREASE IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS SUCH AS IMPAIRED WOUND HEALING IS NECESSARY. IN THIS REVIEW, RECENT ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF NORMAL AND IMPAIRED DIABETIC WOUND HEALING ARE DISCUSSED. FURTHERMORE, INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC PROCESSES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF IMPAIRED DIABETIC WOUND HEALING ARE NOW EMERGING. INDEED, EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAVE ALREADY BEEN IDENTIFIED AS KEY FACTORS IN DIABETES AND RELATED COMPLICATIONS AND THESE ARE OVERVIEWED IN THIS REVIEW.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
6  3548  28 IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF BEHCET DISEASE. BACKGROUND: BEHCET'S DISEASE (BD, OMIM 109650) IS A CHRONIC RELAPSING INFLAMMATORY DISEASE OF UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY WITH UNPREDICTABLE EXACERBATIONS AND REMISSIONS. FIRST DESCRIBED IN 1937 BY THE TURKISH DERMATOLOGIST HULUSIBEHCET, AS A TRISYMPTON COMPLEX (ORAL AND GENITAL ULCERS AND UVEITIS), IT IS NOW RECOGNIZED AS A MULTISYSTEMIC DISEASE. THE SYNDROME CAN MANIFEST IN DIVERSE WAYS AND CAN INVOLVE NEARLY EVERY ORGAN SYSTEM. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE IMPLICATED T CELLS AND MONOCYTES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF BD ESPECIALLY WHEN THESE CELLS ARE STIMULATED BY HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS AND STREPTOCOCCAL ANTIGEN. THIS ARTICLE PRESENTS A REVIEW OF THE RELEVANT PUBLISHED LITERATURE ABOUT THE IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF BD. RESULT: THE AUTHORS USED MESH TERMS "BEHCET'S DISEASE" WITH "PATHOPHYSIOLOGY," "PATHOGENESIS," "GENETIC", "EPIGENETIC", "IMMUNOGENETIC" OR "IMMUNE RESPONSE" TO SEARCH THE PUBMED DATABASE. ALL THE RELEVANT STUDIES IDENTIFIED WERE INCLUDED.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
7  4194  50 METABOLIC MEMORY IN DIABETIC FOOT SYNDROME (DFS): MICRO-RNAS, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS) FREQUENCY AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH INDICES OF ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION AND ADIPO-INFLAMMATORY DYSFUNCTION. BACKGROUND: DIABETIC FOOT IS A SIGNIFICANT CAUSE OF MORBIDITY IN DIABETIC PATIENTS, WITH A RATE THAT IS APPROXIMATELY TWICE THAT OF PATIENTS WITHOUT FOOT ULCERS. "METABOLIC MEMORY" REPRESENTS THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES INDUCED BY CHRONIC HYPERGLYCAEMIA, DESPITE THE CORRECTION OF THE GLUCOSE LEVELS THEMSELVES. THESE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS APPEAR TO PERPETUATE THE DAMAGE CAUSED BY PERSISTENTLY ELEVATED GLUCOSE LEVELS EVEN IN THEIR ABSENCE, ACTING AT VARIOUS LEVELS, MOSTLY AFFECTING THE MOLECULAR PROCESSES OF DIABETIC ULCER HEALING. METHODS: THE AIM OF OUR CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY WAS TO ANALYSE A COHORT OF PATIENTS WITH DIABETES WITH AND WITHOUT LOWER LIMB ULCERS. WE EXAMINED THE EFFECTS OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES ON MIRNA 126, 305, AND 217 EXPRESSION AND THE FREQUENCY OF THE SNPS OF GENES ENCODING INFLAMMATORY MOLECULES (E.G., IL-6 AND TNF-ALPHA) AND THEIR CORRELATIONS WITH SERUM LEVELS OF PROANGIOGENIC MOLECULES (E.G., ENOS, VEGF AND HIF-1ALPHA) AND SEVERAL ADIPOKINES AS WELL AS WITH ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, ASSESSED NONINVASIVELY BY REACTIVE HYPERAEMIA PERIPHERAL ARTERY TONOMETRY. BETWEEN MARCH 2021 AND JUNE 2022, 110 PATIENTS WERE ENROLLED INTO THE STUDY: 50 DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH DIABETIC FOOT INJURIES, 40 DIABETIC PATIENTS WITHOUT ULCERATIVE COMPLICATIONS AND 20 NONDIABETIC PATIENTS AS THE CONTROL GROUP. RESULTS: DIABETIC SUBJECTS WITH LOWER LIMB ULCERATIVE LESIONS EXHIBITED HIGHER LEVELS OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, SUCH AS VEGF (191.40 +/- 200 PG/ML VS. 98.27 +/- 56.92 PG/ML VS. 71.01 +/- 52.96 PG/ML; P = 0.22), HIF-1ALPHA (40.18 +/- 10.80 NG/ML VS. 33.50 +/- 6.16 NG/ML VS. 33.85 +/- 6.84 NG/ML; P = 0.10), AND GREMLIN-1 (1.72 +/- 0.512 NG/ML VS. 1.31 +/- 0.21 NG/ML VS. 1.11 +/- 0.19 NG/ML; P < 0.0005), THAN THOSE WITHOUT LOWER LIMB ULCERS AND HEALTHY CONTROLS. FURTHERMORE, WE OBSERVED THAT MIR-217-5P AND MIR-503-5P WERE 2.19-FOLD (P < 0.05) AND 6.21-FOLD (P = 0.001) MORE HIGHLY EXPRESSED IN DIABETIC FOOT PATIENTS THAN IN HEALTHY CONTROLS, RESPECTIVELY. ADDITIONALLY, DIABETIC PATIENTS WITHOUT LOWER LIMB ULCERATIVE COMPLICATIONS SHOWED 2.41-FOLD (P = 0) AND 2.24-FOLD (P = 0.029) HIGHER EXPRESSION OF MIR-217-5P AND MIR-503-5P, RESPECTIVELY, THAN HEALTHY CONTROLS. FINALLY, DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT ULCERATIVE COMPLICATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMBS SHOWED HIGHER EXPRESSION OF THE VEGFC2578A CC POLYMORPHISM (P = 0.001) AND LOWER EXPRESSION OF THE VEGFC2578A AC POLYMORPHISM (P < 0.005) THAN THE HEALTHY CONTROL POPULATION. WE OBSERVED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN GREMLIN-1 LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETIC FOOT, SUGGESTING THAT THIS INFLAMMATORY ADIPOKINE MAY SERVE AS A PREDICTIVE MARKER FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETIC FOOT. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS HIGHLIGHTED THAT PATIENTS WITH DIABETIC FOOT SHOWED PREDOMINANT EXPRESSION OF THE VEGF C2578A CC POLYMORPHISM AND REDUCED EXPRESSION OF THE AC ALLELE. ADDITIONALLY, WE FOUND AN OVEREXPRESSION OF MIR-217-5P AND MIR-503-5P IN DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT DIABETIC FOOT SYNDROME COMPARED WITH HEALTHY CONTROLS. THESE RESULTS ALIGN WITH THOSE REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE, IN WHICH THE OVEREXPRESSION OF MIR-217-5P AND MIR-503-5P IN THE CONTEXT OF DIABETIC FOOT IS REPORTED. THE IDENTIFICATION OF THESE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS COULD THEREFORE BE HELPFUL IN THE EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETIC FOOT AND THE TREATMENT OF RISK FACTORS. HOWEVER, FURTHER STUDIES ARE NECESSARY TO CONFIRM THIS HYPOTHESIS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
8  1226  30 CRITICAL ROLE OF GUT MICROBIOTA AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF BEHCET'S DISEASE. BEHCET'S DISEASE (BD) IS A CHRONIC REFRACTORY MULTISYSTEM AUTOINFLAMMATORY DISEASE, CHARACTERIZED BY TYPICAL CLINICAL FEATURES OF NON-SPECIFIC VASCULITIS, ORAL AND GENITAL ULCERS, UVEITIS, AS WELL AS SKIN LESIONS. THE EXACT ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF BD REMAINS UNKNOWN, EXISTING STUDIES HAVE INDICATED THAT GENETICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO THE INCREASED DEVELOPMENT OF BD. RECENTLY, SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CAN AFFECT THE PROCESS OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, AND ABNORMALITIES OF EPIGENETIC FACTORS HAVE BEEN CONFIRMED TO BE INVOLVED IN THE OCCURRENCE OF BD. AT THE SAME TIME, ABNORMALITIES OF GUT MICROBIOTA (GM) IN THE BODY, HAVE ALSO BEEN CONFIRMED TO PARTICIPATE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF BD BY REGULATING THE BALANCE OF TH17/TREGS. THIS ARTICLE REVIEWS THE PATHOGENESIS OF BD AND SUMMARIZES NUMEROUS CLINICAL STUDIES, FOCUSING ON THE MECHANISM OF GM AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS IMPACTING ON BD, AND PROVIDING NEW IDEAS FOR FURTHER ELUCIDATING THE PATHOGENESIS OF BD.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9  2941  33 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 2 AND WOUND HEALING IMPAIRMENT IN TYPE 2 DIABETES PATIENTS. AIM: PERSISTENT HYPERGLYCEMIC MICROENVIRONMENT IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (T2DM) LEADS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY COMPLICATIONS LIKE WOUND HEALING IMPAIRMENT. PROPER CO-ORDINATION OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM PLAYS AN INTEGRAL ROLE IN WOUND HEALING. TOLL LIKE RECEPTORS (TLRS) ARE PROMINENT CONTRIBUTORS FOR THE INDUCTION OF THE INNATE IMMUNE AND INFLAMMATION RESPONSE. TLR2 IS AN IMPORTANT EXTRACELLULAR MEMBER IN MAMMALIAN TLR FAMILY AND HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE A POTENT PLAYER IN THE WOUND HEALING MECHANISM. METHODS: EXPRESSIONAL STATUS OF TLR2 WAS SEEN IN WOUNDS OF T2DM CASES WITH RESPECT TO THE SEVERITY OF WOUNDS IN 110 HUMAN LOWER EXTREMITY WOUNDS. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF TLR2 PROMOTER WAS ALSO EXAMINED. RESULTS: ALTHOUGH TLR2 TRANSCRIPTS WERE DOWNREGULATED IN T2DM WOUNDS COMPARED TO CONTROL, THEIR LEVELS TEND TO INCREASE WITH THE SEVERITY OF T2DM WOUNDS. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF TLR2 GENE PROMOTER WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT AMONG DIFFERENT GRADES OF WOUNDS IN T2DM SUBJECTS. THE CPG SITES INVESTIGATED WERE TOTALLY OR PARTIALLY METHYLATED IN MAJORITY OF DFU CASES. CONCLUSION: TLR2 DOWN REGULATION IN WOUNDS OF T2DM PATIENTS COMPARED TO NON DIABETIC PATIENTS MAY LEAD TO DEVELOPMENT OF NON HEALING CHRONIC ULCERS IN THEM.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
10  3985  31 LONG-TERM MAINTENANCE OF THE MUCOSAL HEALING INDUCED BY AZACITIDINE THERAPY IN A PATIENT WITH INTESTINAL BEHCET'S-LIKE DISEASE ACCOMPANIED WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME INVOLVING TRISOMY 8. MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDSS) ARE A GROUP OF MYELOID NEOPLASMS CHARACTERIZED BY BLOOD CELL DEFORMATION AND DYSFUNCTION, AND MDS WITH TRISOMY 8 IS CLOSELY LINKED WITH INTESTINAL BEHCET'S-LIKE DISEASES. INTESTINAL BEHCET'S-LIKE DISEASE IS REFRACTORY TO CONVENTIONAL THERAPIES, INCLUDING PREDNISOLONE, IMMUNOMODULATORS, AND ANTI-TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA AGENTS. HERE, WE DESCRIBE A 56-YEAR-OLD WOMAN WITH INTESTINAL BEHCET'S-LIKE DISEASE ASCRIBED TO MDS WITH TRISOMY 8 WHO HAD MULTIPLE INTRACTABLE INTESTINAL ULCERS. SHE PRESENTED WITH PERIODIC FEVER AND ABDOMINAL PAIN. THE GENETIC ANALYSIS SHOWED A HETEROZYGOUS E148Q MUTATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN FEVER GENE. THE PATIENT DID NOT TOLERATE TREATMENT WITH COLCHICINE BECAUSE OF DIARRHEA; THEREFORE, AZACITIDINE THERAPY WAS INITIATED. ONE CYCLE OF AZACITIDINE THERAPY IMPROVED THE MULTIPLE INTESTINAL ULCERS, AND THE PERIODIC FEVER AND ABDOMINAL PAIN GRADUALLY DISAPPEARED. AFTER EIGHT CYCLES OF AZACITIDINE THERAPY, ILEOCOLONOSCOPY, HISTOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT AND CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY REVEALED MUCOSAL HEALING. AZACITIDINE THERAPY WAS CONTINUED, AND MUCOSAL HEALING WAS MAINTAINED FOR MORE THAN 2 YEARS. THIS CASE SUGGESTS THAT AZACITIDINE THERAPY WHICH HAS IMMUNOREGULATORY EFFECTS AND EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS, MIGHT CONTROL INTESTINAL BEHCET'S-LIKE DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH MDS INVOLVING TRISOMY 8.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
11  4843  36 ONE YEAR IN REVIEW 2019: BEHCET'S SYNDROME. SEVERAL EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES REPORT ON THE PREVALENCE OF BEHCET'S SYNDROME (BS) AND DEMOGRAPHIC AND CLINICAL FINDINGS IN PATIENTS FROM DIFFERENT COUNTRIES AND ETHNICITIES. ALTHOUGH THESE STUDIES POINT OUT GEOGRAPHIC DIFFERENCES IN DISEASE COURSE, METHODOLOGIC DIFFERENCES MAKE IT DIFFICULT TO COMPARE THE RESULTS OF THESE STUDIES. RECENT DATA SUGGEST THAT NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAP LEVELS ARE ELEVATED IN PATIENTS WITH BS, AND THAT IT MAY BE A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR THE REDUCTION OR PREVENTION OF BS-ASSOCIATED THROMBOTIC RISK. DETAILS ON THE MODE OF FUNCTIONING OF ERAP HAVE BEEN DELINEATED AND FURTHER EPIGENETIC DATA REPORTED. WALL THICKNESS OF LOWER EXTREMITY VEINS IS INCREASED AMONG BS PATIENTS WITHOUT ANY APPARENT CLINICAL INVOLVEMENT. MAGNETIC RESONANCE (MR) VENOGRAPHY AND DOPPLER ULTRASONOGRAPHY (USG) WERE COMPARABLE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF CHRONIC DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS, WHILE MR VENOGRAPHY IS MORE EFFECTIVE IN DETECTING COLLATERAL FORMATIONS. RESULTS WERE ALSO COLLECTED ON SOME DIETARY AND NON-DIETARY FACTORS IN TRIGGERING ORAL ULCERS, WHILE SMOKING SEEMS TO HAVE A PROTECTIVE ROLE. WITH REGARDS TO THE THERAPY, IT HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED THAT ENDOVASCULAR INTERVENTIONS CARRY THE RISK OF INDUCING PATHERGY PHENOMENON. APREMILAST HAS BEEN CONVINCINGLY SHOWN TO BE USEFUL FOR ORAL ULCERS OF BS AND CLASSICAL IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVES ARE EFFECTIVE AS FIRST LINE THERAPY IN MORE THAN HALF OF PATIENTS WITH UVEITIS. WHILE INFLIXIMAB AND ADALIMUMAB SEEM TO BE EQUALLY EFFECTIVE IN THE TREATMENT OF REFRACTORY UVEITIS OF BS, THE COMBINATION OF ADALIMUMAB AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVES APPEARS TO BE SUPERIOR TO IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVES ALONE FOR VENOUS THROMBOSIS OF THE EXTREMITIES. IN ADDITION, TOCILIZUMAB MIGHT BE AN ALTERNATIVE TO ANTI-TNF AGENTS FOR PATIENTS WITH ARTERIAL INVOLVEMENT REFRACTORY TO IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVES. ON THE OTHER HAND, THE PLACE OF IL-17 INHIBITION IN THE TREATMENT OF BS STILL REMAINS QUESTIONABLE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
12  4272  36 MICROBIOME AND BEHCET'S DISEASE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW WAS TO DESCRIBE THE CHANGES IN THE MICROBIOTA OF PATIENTS WITH BEHCET'S DISEASE (BD) AND THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MICROBIOME AND IMMUNITY IN BD. A SYSTEMATIC SEARCH FOR RELEVANT ARTICLES WAS MADE ON PUBMED AND THE COCHRANE LIBRARY DATABASE USING THE FOLLOWING TERMS: "MICROBIOTA AND BEHCET'S DISEASE" OR "MICROBIOME AND BEHCET'S DISEASE". SIXTEEN ARTICLES WERE INCLUDED IN A QUALITATIVE SYNTHESIS. THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON THE MICROBIOME AND BEHCET'S DISEASE UNDERLINES THE PRESENCE OF GUT DYSBIOSIS IN BD PATIENTS. THIS DYSBIOSIS IS MARKED BY (I) A DECREASE IN BUTYRATE-PRODUCING BACTERIA, WHICH COULD AFFECT T CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF IMMUNE-RELATED GENES, (II) A MODIFICATION OF TRYPTOPHAN-METABOLISING BACTERIA, WHICH COULD BE LINKED TO DYSREGULATED IL-22 SECRETION, AND (III) A DECREASE IN BACTERIA KNOWN TO HAVE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES. REGARDING ORAL MICROBIOTA, THIS REVIEW UNDERLINES THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF STREPTOCOCCUS SANGUINIS THROUGH MOLECULAR MIMICRY AND NETOSIS. CLINICAL STUDIES OF BD HAVE SHOWN THAT (I) NEED FOR DENTISTRY IS ASSOCIATED WITH A MORE SEVERE COURSE IN BD, AND (II) ANTIBIOTIC-SUPPLEMENTED MOUTHWASH REDUCES PAIN AND ULCERS. FECAL TRANSPLANTATION OF BD PATIENTS' MICROBIOTA INTO MOUSE MODELS LED TO DECREASED SCFA PRODUCTION, NEUTROPHIL ACTIVATION, AND TH1/TH17 RESPONSES.RECIPIENT MICE SHOWED EXACERBATED EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE UVEITIS (EAU) AND EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (EAE). IN HERPES VIRUS SIMPLEX-1 (HSV-1) INFECTED MICE MIMICKING BD, ADMINISTRATION OF BUTYRATEPRODUCING BACTERIA IMPROVED SYMPTOMS AND IMMUNE VARIABLES. THE MICROBIOME MAY THUS BE INVOLVED IN BD THROUGH IMMUNITY REGULATION AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
13  1943  48 EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR IN HEALING DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS: FROM GENE EXPRESSION TO TISSUE HEALING AND SYSTEMIC BIOMARKER CIRCULATION. LOWER-EXTREMITY DIABETIC ULCERS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR 80% OF ANNUAL WORLDWIDE NONTRAUMATIC AMPUTATIONS. EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR (EGF) REDUCTION IS ONE OF THE MOLECULAR PILLARS OF DIABETIC ULCER CHRONICITY, THUS EGF ADMINISTRATION MAY BE CONSIDERED A TYPE OF REPLACEMENT THERAPY. TOPICAL EGF AD-MINISTRATION TO IMPROVE AND SPEED WOUND HEALING BEGAN IN 1989 ON BURN PATIENTS AS PART OF AN ACUTE-HEALING THERAPY. FURTHER CLINICAL STUDIES BASED ON TOPICALLY ADMINISTERING EGF TO DIFFERENT CHRONIC WOUNDS RESULTED IN DISAPPOINTING OUT-COMES. AN ANALYSIS OF THE LITERATURE ON UNSUCCESSFUL CLINICAL TRIALS IDENTIFI ED A LACK OF KNOWLEDGE CONCERNING: (I) MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR FOUNDATIONS OF WOUND CHRONICITY AND (II) THE PHAR-MACODYNAMIC REQUISITES GOVERNING EGF INTERACTION WITH ITS RECEPTOR TO PROMOTE CELL RESPONSE. YET, EGF INTRA- AND PERILE-SIONAL INFI LTRATION WERE SHOWN TO CIRCUMVENT THE PHARMACODY-NAMIC LIMITATIONS OF TOPICAL APPLICATION. SINCE THE FI RST STUDIES, THE FOLLOWING DECADES OF BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH ON EGF THERAPY FOR PROBLEM WOUNDS HAVE SHED LIGHT ON POTENTIAL USES OF GROWTH FACTORS IN REGENERATIVE MEDICINE. EGF'S MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS AT BOTH LOCAL AND SYSTEMIC LEVELS ARE DIVERSE: (1) DOWNREGULATION OF GENES ENCODING INFL AMMATION MEDIATORS AND INCREASED EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN CELL PROLIFERATION, ANGIOGENESIS AND MATRIX SECRETION; (2) EGF IN-TERVENTION POSITIVELY IMPACTS BOTH MESENCHYMAL AND EPITHELIAL CELLS, REDUCING INFL AMMATION AND STIMULATING THE RECRUITMENT OF PRECURSOR CIRCULATING CELLS THAT PROMOTE THE FORMATION OF NEW BLOOD VESSELS; (3) AT THE SUBCELLULAR LEVEL, UPREGULATION OF THE EGF RECEPTOR WITH SUBSEQUENT INTRACELLULAR TRAFFI CKING, INCLUD-ING MITOCHONDRIAL ALLOCATION ALONG WITH RESTORED MORPHOLOGY OF MULTIPLE ORGANELLES; AND (4) LOCAL EGF INFI LTRATION RESULTING IN A SYSTEMIC, ORGANISMAL REPERCUSSION, THUS CONTRIBUTING TO ATTENUATION OF CIRCULATING INFL AMMATORY AND CATABOLIC REAC-TANTS, RESTORED REDUCTION-OXIDATION BALANCE, AND DECREASED TOXIC GLYCATION PRODUCTS AND SOLUBLE APOPTOGENIC EFFECTORS. IT IS LIKELY THAT EGF TREATMENT MAY REARRANGE CRITICAL EPIGENETIC DRIVERS OF DIABETIC METABOLIC MEMORY. KEYWORDS EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR, DIABETES, DIABETES COMPLICATIONS, WOUND HEALING, DIABETIC FOOT, AMPUTATION, ULCER, CUBA.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
14  6890  41 [SCREENING, FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS AND CLINICAL VALIDATION OF DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES IN DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS]. OBJECTIVE: TO SCREEN THE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES (DEGS) IN DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS (DFUS), AND TO PERFORM FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS AND CLINICAL VALIDATION OF THEM, INTENDING TO LAY A THEORETICAL FOUNDATION FOR EPIGENETIC THERAPY OF CHRONIC REFRACTORY WOUNDS. METHODS: AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY WAS CONDUCTED. THE GENE EXPRESSION PROFILE DATASET GSE80178 OF DFU PATIENTS IN GENE EXPRESSION OMNIBUS (GEO) WAS SELECTED, AND THE DEG BETWEEN THREE NORMAL SKIN TISSUE SAMPLES AND SIX DFU TISSUE SAMPLES IN THE DATASET WAS ANALYZED AND SCREENED USING THE GEO2R TOOL. FOR THE SCREENED DEG, CLUSTERPROFILER, ORG.HS.EG.DB, GOPLOT, AND GGPLOT2 IN THE R LANGUAGE PACKAGES WERE USED FOR GENE ONTOLOGY (GO) ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, MOLECULAR FUNCTIONS, AND CELLULAR COMPONENTS, AND KYOTO ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GENES AND GENOMES (KEGG) ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS, RESPECTIVELY. PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTION (PPI) ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED USING STRING DATABASE TO SCREEN KEY GENES IN THE DEG, AND GO ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS OF KEY GENES WAS PERFORMED USING CYTOHUBBA PLUG-IN IN CYTOSCAPE 3.9.1 SOFTWARE. DFU TISSUE AND NORMAL SKIN TISSUE DISCARDED AFTER SURGERY WERE COLLECTED RESPECTIVELY FROM 15 DFU PATIENTS (7 MALES AND 8 FEMALES, AGED 55-87 YEARS) AND 15 ACUTE WOUND PATIENTS (6 MALES AND 9 FEMALES, AGED 8-52 YEARS) WHO WERE ADMITTED TO XIANG'AN HOSPITAL OF XIAMEN UNIVERSITY FROM SEPTEMBER 2018 TO MARCH 2021. THE MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSIONS OF SMALL PROLINE-RICH REPEAT PROTEIN 1A (SPRR1A) AND LATE CORNIFIED ENVELOPE PROTEIN 3C (LCE3C) WERE DETECTED BY REAL-TIME FLUORESCENT QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, RESPECTIVELY. DATA WERE STATISTICALLY ANALYZED WITH INDEPENDENT SAMPLE T TEST. RESULTS: COMPARED WITH NORMAL SKIN TISSUE, 492 STATISTICALLY DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED DEGS WERE SCREENED FROM DFU TISSUE OF DFU PATIENTS (CORRECTED P<0.05 OR CORRECTED P<0.01), INCLUDING 363 UP-REGULATED DEGS AND 129 DOWN-REGULATED DEGS. GO TERMINOLOGY ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT DEGS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED IN THE ASPECTS OF SKIN DEVELOPMENT, KERATINOCYTE (KC) DIFFERENTIATION, KERATINIZATION, EPIDERMAL DEVELOPMENT, AND EPIDERMAL CELL DIFFERENTIATION, ETC. (CORRECTED P VALUES ALL <0.01). KEGG PATHWAY ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT DEGS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED IN THE ASPECTS OF TUMOR-ASSOCIATED MICRORNA, RAS RELATED PROTEIN 1 SIGNALING PATHWAY, AND PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL REGULATORY SIGNALING PATHWAY, ETC. (CORRECTED P VALUES ALL <0.01). PPI ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT ENDOPHIAL PROTEIN, SPRR1A, SPRR1B, SPRR2B, SPRR2E, SPRR2F, LCE3C, LCE3E, KERATIN 16 (ALL DOWN-REGULATED DEGS), AND FILOPROTEIN (UP-REGULATED DEG) WERE KEY GENES OF DEGS SCREENED FROM DFU TISSUE OF DFU PATIENTS, WHICH WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED IN GO TERMS OF KERATINIZATION, KC DIFFERENTIATION, EPIDERMAL CELL DIFFERENTIATION, SKIN DEVELOPMENT, EPIDERMIS DEVELOPMENT, AND PEPTIDE CROSS-LINKING, ETC. (CORRECTED P VALUES ALL <0.01). THE MRNA EXPRESSIONS OF SPRR1A AND LCE3C IN DFU TISSUE OF DFU PATIENTS WERE 0.588+/-0.082 AND 0.659+/-0.098, RESPECTIVELY, AND THE PROTEIN EXPRESSIONS WERE 0.22+/-0.05 AND 0.24+/-0.04, RESPECTIVELY, WHICH WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN 1.069+/-0.025 AND 1.053+/-0.044 (WITH T VALUES OF 20.91 AND 13.66, RESPECTIVELY, P VALUES ALL <0.01) AND 0.38+/-0.04 AND 0.45+/-0.05 (WITH T VALUES OF 9.69 AND 12.46, RESPECTIVELY, P VALUES ALL <0.01) IN NORMAL SKIN TISSUE OF ACUTE WOUND PATIENTS. CONCLUSIONS: COMPARED WITH NORMAL SKIN TISSUE, THERE IS DEG PROFILE IN DFU TISSUE OF DFU PATIENTS, WITH DEGS BEING SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED IN THE ASPECTS OF KC DIFFERENTIATION AND KERATIN FUNCTION. KEY DEGS ARE RELATED TO THE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF KC, AND THEIR LOW EXPRESSIONS IN DFU TISSUE OF DFU PATIENTS MAY IMPEDE ULCER HEALING.	2022	

15  2009  36 EPIGENETIC BASIS OF DIABETIC VASCULOPATHY. TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (T2DM) CAUSES PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE BECAUSE OF WHICH SEVERAL BLOOD-BORNE FACTORS, INCLUDING VITAL NUTRIENTS FAIL TO REACH THE AFFECTED TISSUE. TISSUE EPIGENOME IS SENSITIVE TO CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA AND IS KNOWN TO CAUSE PATHOGENESIS OF MICRO- AND MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS. THESE VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS OF T2DM MAY PERPETUATE THE ONSET OF ORGAN DYSFUNCTION. THE BURDEN OF DIABETES IS PRIMARILY BECAUSE OF A WIDE RANGE OF COMPLICATIONS OF WHICH NONHEALING DIABETIC ULCERS REPRESENT A MAJOR COMPONENT. THUS, IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT CURRENT RESEARCH HELP RECOGNIZE MORE EFFECTIVE METHODS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF EARLY VASCULAR INJURIES. THIS REVIEW ADDRESSES THE SIGNIFICANCE OF EPIGENETIC PROCESSES SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN THE EVOLUTION OF MACROVASCULAR AND MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS OF T2DM.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
16  4287  34 MICRORNA EXPRESSION PROFILING IN BEHCET'S DISEASE. BACKGROUND: BEHCET'S DISEASE (BD) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY MULTISYSTEM DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY ORAL AND GENITAL ULCERS, UVEITIS, AND SKIN LESIONS. MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) ARE KEY REGULATORS OF IMMUNE RESPONSES. DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF MIRNAS HAS BEEN REPORTED IN SEVERAL INFLAMMATORY AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; HOWEVER, THEIR ROLE IN BD IS NOT FULLY ELUCIDATED. WE AIMED TO IDENTIFY MIRNA EXPRESSION SIGNATURES ASSOCIATED WITH BD AND TO INVESTIGATE THEIR POTENTIAL IMPLICATION IN THE DISEASE PATHOGENESIS. METHODS: MIRNA MICROARRAY ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED IN BLOOD CELLS OF BD PATIENTS AND HEALTHY CONTROLS. MIRNA EXPRESSION PROFILES WERE ANALYZED USING AFFYMETRIX ARRAYS WITH A COMPREHENSIVE COVERAGE OF MIRNA SEQUENCES. PATHWAY ANALYSES WERE PERFORMED, AND THE GLOBAL MIRNA PROFILING WAS COMBINED WITH TRANSCRIPTOMA DATA IN BD. DEREGULATION OF SELECTED MIRNAS WAS VALIDATED BY REAL-TIME PCR. RESULTS: WE IDENTIFIED SPECIFIC MIRNA SIGNATURES ASSOCIATED WITH BD PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE DISEASE. THESE MIRNAS TARGET PATHWAYS RELEVANT IN BD, SUCH AS TNF, IFN GAMMA, AND VEGF-VEGFR SIGNALING CASCADES. NETWORK ANALYSIS REVEALED SEVERAL MIRNAS REGULATING HIGHLY CONNECTED GENES WITHIN THE BD TRANSCRIPTOMA. CONCLUSIONS: THE COMBINED ANALYSIS OF DEREGULATED MIRNAS AND BD TRANSCRIPTOME SHEDS LIGHT ON SOME EPIGENETIC ASPECTS OF BD IDENTIFYING SPECIFIC MIRNAS, WHICH MAY REPRESENT PROMISING CANDIDATES AS BIOMARKERS AND/OR FOR THE DESIGN OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES IN BD.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
17  3026  40 GENETICS OF BEHCET'S DISEASE: FUNCTIONAL GENETIC ANALYSIS AND ESTIMATING DISEASE HERITABILITY. BEHCET'S DISEASE IS A CHRONIC MULTISYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY RECURRENT ORAL AND GENITAL ULCERS. ALTHOUGH ITS ETIOLOGY REMAINS UNCLEAR, IT IS THOUGHT THAT BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF BEHCET'S DISEASE. HERE, WE PROVIDE AN UPDATED VIEW OF THE GENETIC LANDSCAPE AND ARCHITECTURE OF BEHCET'S DISEASE. LARGE-SCALE GENETIC STUDIES PERFORMED TO DATE REVEALED 21 GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY LOCI ASSOCIATED WITH THE DISEASE AT A GWAS LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE (P-VALUE = 5 X 10(-8)). WE PERFORMED EPIGENETIC PATTERN ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS IN BEHCET'S DISEASE ASSOCIATED LOCI, PROVIDING NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING ITS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY. OUR DATA SUGGEST THE CRUCIAL INVOLVEMENT OF SEVERAL IMMUNE CELL TYPES, INCLUDING NATURAL KILLER CELLS, MONOCYTES, AND B CELLS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE DISEASE. PATHWAY ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES INVOLVED. USING LARGE-SCALE GENETIC DATA AVAILABLE FROM ~200 IMMUNE-RELATED LOCI (IMMUNOCHIP), WE ESTIMATE BEHCET'S DISEASE HERITABILITY TO BE AT LEAST 16%. WE FURTHER USED THE SAME APPROACH TO ESTIMATE THE HERITABILITY EXPLAINED BY THE KNOWN BEHCET'S DISEASE-ASSOCIATED LOCI, SUGGESTING THAT THEY EXPLAIN ~ 60% OF THE GENETIC COMPONENT UNDERLYING BEHCET'S DISEASE. THESE RESULTS INDICATE A SIGNIFICANT ROLE OF NON-GENETIC FACTORS IN CAUSING BEHCET'S DISEASE AND THAT ADDITIONAL GENETIC VARIATION INFLUENCING THE RISK OF BEHCET'S DISEASE REMAINS TO BE IDENTIFIED. FINALLY, WE CALCULATED A CUMULATIVE GENETIC RISK SCORE ACROSS POPULATIONS REINFORCING THE LINK BETWEEN GEOGRAPHIC VARIATIONS IN DISEASE PREVALENCE WITH ITS GENETIC COMPONENT.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
18   618  42 BIOBEHAVIORAL MECHANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH NONHEALING WOUNDS AND PSYCHONEUROLOGIC SYMPTOMS (PAIN, COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION, FATIGUE, DEPRESSION, AND ANXIETY) IN OLDER INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC VENOUS LEG ULCERS. THE PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE OF CHRONIC VENOUS LEG ULCERS (CVLUS) ARE INCREASING WORLDWIDE, AS ARE THE ASSOCIATED FINANCIAL COSTS. ALTHOUGH IT HAS LONG BEEN KNOWN THAT THEIR UNDERLYING ETIOLOGY IS VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY, THE MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF HEALING VERSUS NONHEALING, AS WELL AS THE PSYCHONEUROLOGIC SYMPTOMS (PNS; PAIN, COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION, FATIGUE, DEPRESSION, AND ANXIETY) ASSOCIATED WITH CVLUS REMAIN UNDERSTUDIED. IN THIS BIOBEHAVIORALLY FOCUSED REVIEW, WE AIM TO ELUCIDATE THE COMPLEX MECHANISMS THAT LINK THE BIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF CLVUS WITH THEIR PNS. INNOVATIONS IN "OMICS" RESEARCH HAVE INCREASED OUR UNDERSTANDING OF IMPORTANT WOUND MICROENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (E.G., INFLAMMATION, MICROBIAL PATHOGENIC BIOFILM, EPIGENETIC PROCESSES) THAT MAY ADVERSELY ALTER THE WOUND BED'S MOLECULAR MILIEU SO THAT MICROBES EVADE IMMUNE DETECTION. ALTHOUGH THESE MOLECULAR FACTORS ARE NOT SINGULARLY RESPONSIBLE FOR WOUND HEALING, THEY ARE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF WOUND DEVELOPMENT, NONHEALING, AND PNS THAT, UNTIL NOW, HAVE NOT BEEN AMENABLE TO SYSTEMATIC STUDY, ESPECIALLY OVER TIME. FURTHER, THIS REVIEW EXPLORES OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH THE IMMUNE ACTIVATION THAT CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND PERSISTENCE OF CVLUS ALSO LEADS TO THE DEVELOPMENT, PERSISTENCE, AND SEVERITY OF WOUND-RELATED PNS. WE ALSO MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH THAT WILL EXPAND THE FIELD OF BIOBEHAVIORAL WOUND SCIENCE. BIOBEHAVIORAL RESEARCH THAT FOCUSES ON THE INTERRELATED MECHANISMS OF PNS WILL LEAD TO SYMPTOM-MANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONS THAT IMPROVE QUALITY OF LIFE FOR THE POPULATION BURDENED BY CVLUS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
19  4737  38 NOVEL EPIGENETIC-SENSITIVE CLINICAL CHALLENGES BOTH IN TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DIABETES. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETICS MODULATED TISSUE-SPECIFIC GENE EXPRESSION DURING THE ONSET OF TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DIABETES AND THEIR COMPLICATIONS. METHODS: WE SEARCHED THE PUBMED RECENT STUDIES ABOUT THE MAIN EPIGENETIC TAGS INVOLVED IN TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DIABETES ONSET AND THEIR CLINICAL COMPLICATIONS. PUBMED STUDIES ABOUT THE EPIGENETIC TAGS INVOLVED IN TYPE 1 AND 2 DIABETES ONSET WAS SEARCHED. RESULTS: THE EPIGENETIC METHYLATION MAPS OF CORD BLOOD SAMPLES HIGHLIGHTED DIFFERENCES IN THE METHYLATION STATUS OF CPG SITES WITHIN THE MHC GENES BETWEEN CARRIERS OF DIABETES TYPE 1 DR3-DQ2 AND DR4-DQ8 RISK HAPLOTYPES. BETA CELL-DERIVED UNMETHYLATED INS DNA SHOWED THE DECLINE OF BETA-CELL MASS PRESERVING INSULIN SECRETION. DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS IN PANCREATIC ISLETS FROM TYPE 2 DIABETES COVERED PDX1, TCF7L2, AND ADCY5 PROMOTERS DURING ISLET DYSFUNCTION. THE RECRUITMENT OF SET7 AND SUV39H1 HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASES AND LSD-1 LYSINE-SPECIFIC DEMETHYLASE-1 AT NF-KBETA-P65 PROMOTER IN VASCULAR CELLS WAS INVOLVED IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE. NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAP, ACTIVATED BY PROTEIN ARGININE DEIMINASE-4, IMPAIRED WOUND HEALING FROM DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS. MIR-199A-3P OVER-EXPRESSION INDUCED COAGULATIVE CASCADE, SWELLING AND PAIN BY A DOWN-REGULATION OF SERPIN-E2 IN DIABETIC PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY. A DNA HYPO-METHYLATION AND HISTONE HYPER-ACETYLATION AT MIOX PROMOTER LED AN OVEREXPRESSION OF ROS, FIBRONECTIN, HIF-1ALPHA, AND NOX-4 ASSOCIATED WITH DIABETIC TUBULOPATHY. A HYPO-METHYLATION OF H3K4 AT SOD2 PROMOTER BY LSD-1 INCREASED ROS CAUSING DIABETIC RETINOPATHY. CONCLUSIONS: EPIGENETICS PLAYED A RELEVANT ROLE IN PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT OF DIABETES.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
20  1886  41 ENDOGENOUS BIOLOGICAL DRIVERS IN DIABETIC LOWER LIMB WOUNDS RECURRENCE: HYPOTHETICAL REFLECTIONS. AN IMPAIRED HEALING RESPONSE UNDERLIES DIABETIC FOOT WOUND CHRONICITY, FREQUENTLY TRANSLATING TO AMPUTATION, DISABILITY, AND MORTALITY. DIABETICS SUFFER FROM UNDERAPPRECIATED EPISODES OF POST-EPITHELIZATION ULCER RECURRENCE. RECURRENCE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA ARE ALARMINGLY HIGH, SO THE ULCER IS CONSIDERED IN "REMISSION" AND NOT HEALED FROM THE TIME IT REMAINS EPITHELIALIZED. RECURRENCE MAY RESULT FROM THE COMBINED EFFECTS OF BEHAVIORAL AND ENDOGENOUS BIOLOGICAL FACTORS. ALTHOUGH THE DAMAGING ROLE OF BEHAVIORAL, CLINICAL PREDISPOSING FACTORS IS UNDEBATABLE, IT STILL REMAINS ELUSIVE IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF ENDOGENOUS BIOLOGICAL CULPRITS THAT MAY PRIME THE RESIDUAL SCAR TISSUE FOR RECURRENCE. FURTHERMORE, THE EVENT OF ULCER RECURRENCE STILL WAITS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF A MOLECULAR PREDICTOR. WE PROPOSE THAT ULCER RECURRENCE IS DEEPLY IMPINGED BY CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA AND ITS DOWNSTREAM BIOLOGICAL EFFECTORS, WHICH ORIGINATE EPIGENETIC DRIVERS THAT ENFORCE ABNORMAL PATHOLOGIC PHENOTYPES TO DERMAL FIBROBLASTS AND KERATINOCYTES AS MEMORY CELLS. HYPERGLYCEMIA-DERIVED CYTOTOXIC REACTANTS ACCUMULATE AND MODIFY DERMAL PROTEINS, REDUCE SCAR TISSUE MECHANICAL TOLERANCE, AND DISRUPT FIBROBLAST-SECRETORY ACTIVITY. ACCORDINGLY, THE COMBINATION OF EPIGENETIC AND LOCAL AND SYSTEMIC CYTOTOXIC SIGNALERS INDUCE THE ONSET OF "AT-RISK PHENOTYPES" SUCH AS PREMATURE SKIN CELL AGING, DYSMETABOLISM, INFLAMMATORY, PRO-DEGRADATIVE, AND OXIDATIVE PROGRAMS THAT MAY ULTIMATELY CONVERGE TO SCAR CELL DEMISE. POST-EPITHELIALIZATION RECURRENCE RATE DATA ARE MISSING IN CLINICAL STUDIES OF REPUTED ULCER HEALING THERAPIES DURING FOLLOW-UP PERIODS. INTRA-ULCER INFILTRATION OF EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR EXHIBITS THE MOST CONSISTENT REMISSION DATA WITH THE LOWEST RECURRENCES DURING 12-MONTH FOLLOW-UP. RECURRENCE DATA SHOULD BE REGARDED AS A VALUABLE CLINICAL ENDPOINT DURING THE INVESTIGATIONAL PERIOD FOR EACH EMERGENT HEALING CANDIDATE.	2023