1  3164 140 GREEN TEA PREVENTS NAFLD BY MODULATION OF MIR-34A AND MIR-194 EXPRESSION IN A HIGH-FAT DIET MOUSE MODEL. BACKGROUND/AIMS: NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) IS CONSIDERED THE HEPATIC MANIFESTATION OF METABOLIC SYNDROME. IT IS CURRENTLY THE MOST COMMON CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE WITH COMPLEX PATHOGENESIS AND CHALLENGING TREATMENT. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE HEPATOPROTECTIVE ROLE OF GREEN TEA (GT) AND DETERMINED THE INVOLVEMENT OF MIRNAS AND ITS MECHANISM OF ACTION. METHODS: MALE C57BL/6 MICE WERE FED WITH A HIGH-FAT DIET FOR 4 WEEKS. AFTER THIS PERIOD, THE ANIMALS RECEIVED GAVAGE WITH GT (500 MG/KG BODY WEIGHT) OVER 12 WEEKS (5 DAYS/WEEK). HEPG2 CELL LINES WERE TRANSFECTED WITH MIR-34A OR MIR-194 MIMETICS AND INHIBITORS TO VALIDATE THE IN VIVO RESULTS OR WERE TREATED WITH TNF-ALPHA TO EVALUATE MIRNA REGULATION. RESULTS: GT SUPPLEMENTATION PROTECTS AGAINST NAFLD DEVELOPMENT BY ALTERING LIPID METABOLISM, INCREASING GENE EXPRESSION INVOLVED IN TRIGLYCERIDES AND FATTY ACID CATABOLISM, AND DECREASING UPTAKE AND LIPID ACCUMULATION. THIS PHENOTYPE WAS ACCOMPANIED BY MIR-34A DOWNREGULATION AND AN INCREASE IN THEIR MRNA TARGETS SIRT1, PPARALPHA, AND INSIG2. GT UPREGULATED HEPATIC MIR-194 BY INHIBITING TNF-ALPHA ACTION LEADING TO A DECREASE IN MIR-194 TARGET GENES HMGCS/APOA5. CONCLUSION: OUR STUDY IDENTIFIED FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF GT IN THE LIVER CAN BE DUE TO THE MODULATION OF MIRNAS, OPENING NEW PERSPECTIVES FOR THE TREATMENT OF NAFLD FOCUSING ON EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF MIR-34A AND MIR-194 AS GREEN TEA TARGETS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2  1373  40 DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE. OBESE PREGNANT WOMEN MAY TRANSMIT THEIR METABOLIC PHENOTYPE TO OFFSPRING, LEADING TO A CYCLE OF OBESITY AND DIABETES OVER GENERATIONS. EARLY CHILDHOOD OBESITY PREDICTS NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD), THE MOST COMMON CHRONIC HUMAN LIVER DISEASE. THE FETUS MAY BE VULNERABLE TO STEATOSIS BECAUSE IMMATURE FETAL ADIPOSE DEPOTS ARE NOT AVAILABLE TO BUFFER THE EXCESS TRANSPLACENTAL LIPID DELIVERY IN MATERNAL OBESITY. IN ANIMAL MODELS, IN UTERO HIGH-FAT DIET EXPOSURE RESULTS IN AN INCREASE IN THE ACCUMULATION OF LIVER TRIGLYCERIDES IN OFFSPRING AND INCREASED HEPATIC OXIDATIVE STRESS AND APOPTOSIS, PERHAPS PRIMING THE LIVER FOR LATER DEVELOPMENT OF NAFLD. INNATE IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION AND NECROINFLAMMATORY CHANGES HAVE BEEN OBSERVED IN POSTNATAL OFFSPRING LIVER OF ANIMALS BORN TO HIGH-FAT-FED DAMS. POSTWEANING, LIVERS OF OFFSPRING EXPOSED TO MATERNAL HIGH-FAT FEEDING IN UTERO SHARE PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC FEATURES WITH HUMAN NAFLD, INCLUDING INCREASED DE NOVO LIPOGENESIS AND DECREASED FREE FATTY ACID OXIDATION. HUMAN STUDIES USING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING HAVE SHOWN THAT MATERNAL BMI PREDICTS INFANT INTRAHEPATOCELLULAR LIPID STORAGE, AS SEEN IN ANIMAL MODELS. THE GENERATIONAL TRANSFER OF NAFLD MAY OCCUR VIA EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN OFFSPRING LIVER. TRANSMISSION OF MICROBIOTA FROM MOTHER TO INFANT MAY IMPACT ENERGY RETENTION AND IMMUNE FUNCTION THAT CONTRIBUTE TO A PREDISPOSITION TO NAFLD.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
3  5448  34 REPRESSION OF HDAC5 BY ACETATE RESTORES HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-OVARIAN FUNCTION IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (T2DM) ACCOUNTS FOR 90-95 % OF WORLDWIDE DIABETES CASES AND IS PRIMARILY CHARACTERIZED BY INSULIN RESISTANCE. ITS PROGRESSION AS A CHRONIC METABOLIC DISEASE HAS BEEN LARGELY ASSOCIATED WITH FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ABNORMALITIES, INCLUDING OVARIAN DYSFUNCTION WITH CONSEQUENT INFERTILITY. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS HAVE BEEN SUGGESTED AS A POSSIBLE LINK TO METABOLIC COMORBIDITIES. WE THEREFORE HYPOTHESIZED THAT SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACIDS, ACETATE (ACA), A POTENTIAL HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR (HDAC) AMELIORATES HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-OVARIAN (HPO) DYSFUNCTION IN T2DM. FEMALE WISTAR RATS WEIGHING 160-190 G WERE ALLOTTED INTO THREE GROUPS (N = 6/GROUP): CONTROL (VEHICLE; PO), T2D AND T2D + ACA (200 MG/KG; PO). T2DM WAS INDUCED BY FRUCTOSE ADMINISTRATION (10 %; W/V) FOR 6 WEEKS AND SINGLE DOSE OF STREPTOZOTOCIN (35 MG/KG; IP). THE PRESENT DATA SHOWED THAT IN ADDITION TO INSULIN RESISTANCE, INCREASED FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE AND INSULIN, T2DM INDUCED ELEVATED PLASMA, HYPOTHALAMIC AND OVARIAN TRIGLYCERIDE, LIPID PEROXIDATION, TNF-ALPHA AND GLUTATHIONE DEPLETION. ASIDE, T2DM ALSO LED TO INCREASED PLASMA LACTATE PRODUCTION AND GAMMA-GLUTAMYL TRANSFERASE AS WELL AS DECREASED GONADOTROPINS/17BETA-ESTRADIOL. HISTOLOGICALLY, HYPOTHALAMUS, PITUITARY AND OVARIES REVEALED DISRUPTED NEURONAL CELLS/MODERATE HEMORRHAGE, ALTERED MORPHOLOGY/VASCULAR CONGESTIONS, AND DEGENERATED ANTRAL FOLLICLE/GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE WITH MILD FIBROSIS AND INFILTRATED INFLAMMATORY CELLS RESPECTIVELY IN T2D ANIMALS. INTERESTINGLY, THESE ALTERATIONS WERE ACCOMPANIED BY ELEVATED PLASMA/HYPOTHALAMIC HDAC5 AND ATTENUATED WHEN TREATED WITH ACETATE. THE PRESENT RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT T2DM INDUCES HPO DYSFUNCTION, WHICH IS ACCOMPANIED BY ELEVATED CIRCULATING/HYPOTHALAMIC HDAC5. THE RESULTS IN ADDITION SUGGEST THAT ACETATE RESTORES HPO FUNCTION IN T2DM BY SUPPRESSION OF HDAC5 AND ENHANCEMENT OF INSULIN SENSITIVITY.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
4  3241  53 HEPATIC MICRORNA MODULATION MIGHT BE AN EARLY EVENT TO NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE DEVELOPMENT DRIVEN BY HIGH-FAT DIET IN MALE MICE. INTRODUCTION: METABOLIC ALTERATIONS CAUSED BY AN IMBALANCE OF MACRONUTRIENT CONSUMPTION ARE OFTEN RELATED TO THE MODULATION OF MICRORNAS (MIRNAS), WHICH COULD ALTER MRNAS EXPRESSION PROFILE AND ACCELERATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD). AIMS: THIS STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE CONTRIBUTION OF MIRNAS IN MODULATING EARLY STAGES OF NAFLD IN MICE SUBMITTED TO A HIGH-FAT DIET (HFD). METHODS AND RESULTS: MALE SWISS MICE, FED EITHER A CONTROL DIET OR AN HFD FOR 1, 3, 7, 15, 30, 56 DAYS, WERE ASSESSED FOR METABOLIC ALTERATIONS, GENE EXPRESSION AND NAFLD MARKERS. A HEPATOCYTE CELL LINE WAS USED TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF MIR-370 MODULATION ON ENZYMES INVOLVED IN BETA-OXIDATION. BODY WEIGHT AND ADIPOSITY WERE HIGHER AFTER 7 DAYS OF HFD. FASTING GLUCOSE AND INSULIN INCREASED AFTER 3 AND 7 DAYS OF HFD, RESPECTIVELY. WHILE HEPATIC LIPID CONTENT INCREASED FROM THE FIRST DAY ON, HEPATIC GLYCOGEN HAD A DECREASE AFTER 3 DAYS OF HFD CONSUMPTION. MIR-370 AND LET-7 EXPRESSION INCREASED WITH ACUTE AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO HFD, ACCOMPANIED BY CARNITINE PALMITOYLTRANSFERASE 1A (CPT1A), ACYL-COA DEHYDROGENASE VERY LONG CHAIN (ACADVL) AND PROTEIN KINASE AMP-ACTIVATED CATALYTIC SUBUNIT 2 (PRKAA2) DOWNREGULATION, WHILE DECREASED MIR-122 EXPRESSION WAS ACCOMPANIED BY 1-ACYLGLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE-O-ACYLTRANSFERASE (AGPAT) UPREGULATION AFTER 56 DAYS OF HFD CONSUMPTION, SOME OF THEM CONFIRMED BY IN VITRO EXPERIMENTS. DESPITE FLUCTUATIONS IN TNFA AND IL6 MRNA LEVELS, MOLECULAR MODULATION WAS CONSISTENT WITH HEPATIC TG AND NAFLD DEVELOPMENT. CONCLUSION: HEPATIC MIR-370-122-LET7 MIRNA MODULATION COULD BE THE FIRST INSULT TO NAFLD DEVELOPMENT, PRECEDING CHANGES IN GLYCEMIC HOMEOSTASIS AND ADIPOSITY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
5  1030  53 CIRCULATING PLASMA MICRORNAS DYSREGULATION AND METABOLIC ENDOTOXEMIA INDUCED BY A HIGH-FAT HIGH-SATURATED DIET. HIGH-FAT DIET INCREASE TWO TO THREE TIMES THE PLASMA LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS) LEVELS AND INDUCE SUBCLINICAL INFLAMMATION. DIET CAN MODIFY GENE EXPRESSION DUE TO EPIGENETIC PROCESSES RELATED TO MICRORNAS (MIRNAS). MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) PLAY IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN REGULATION OF EXPRESSION OF GENES RELATED TO THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE. ALSO, DIET CAN INDIRECTLY INDUCE POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY MIRNAS, WHICH MAY AFFECT THE RISK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES. OBJECTIVE: THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED THE EFFECT OF HIGH-FAT HIGH-SATURATED MEAL INGESTION ON PLASMA MIRNA EXPRESSION AND LPS LEVELS DURING THE POSTPRANDIAL PERIOD IN HEALTHY WOMEN. METHODS: AN INTERVENTIONAL STUDY WAS CARRIED OUT IN WHICH A HIGH-FAT BREAKFAST (1067.45 KCAL), COMPOSED MAINLY OF SATURATED FATTY ACIDS (56 G), AND 500 ML OF WATER, WAS OFFERED. BLOOD SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED AT BASELINE AND 1, 3 AND 5 H AFTER MEAL INTAKE. THE STUDIED POPULATION CONSISTED OF HEALTHY WOMEN (N = 11), AGED BETWEEN 20 AND 40 YEARS, AND BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) BETWEEN 18.5 AND 25 KG/M(2). PLASMA LEVELS OF LIPID PROFILE, CYTOKINES, ADHESION MOLECULES, AND LPS WERE MEASURED AT THE 3 TIME POINTS. A PROFILE OF 752 HUMAN PLASMA MIRNA EXPRESSION WAS ANALYZED BY REAL-TIME PCR ASSAY. THESE ANALYZES WERE PERFORMED FOR ALL BLOOD COLLECTION TIME-POINTS. RESULTS: EXPRESSION PROFILE ANALYSIS REVEALED 33 DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED PLASMA CIRCULATING MIRNAS COMPARED TO THAT OF THE CONTROL GROUP. MIR-145-5P AND MIR-200 WERE DIFFERENTIALLY MODULATED IN ALL TIME-POINTS POST MEAL CONSUMPTION. IN ADDITION, THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN PLASMA LPS, TRIGLYCERIDES, MYRISTIC AND PALMITIC SATURATED FATTY ACIDS LEVELS AT THE 3 TIME-POINTS IN COMPARISON WITH THE CONTROL BASAL LEVELS. WE ALSO OBSERVED INCREASED LEVELS OF THE PLASMA TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA) CYTOKINE AND THE VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1 (VCAM-1) LEVELS AFTER 5 H POST MEAL INGESTION. CONCLUSION: INGESTION OF HIGH-FAT HIGH-SATURATED MEAL WAS ABLE TO INDUCE METABOLIC ENDOTOXEMIA AND INCREASE THE EXPRESSION OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY MOLECULES SUCH AS TNF-ALPHA AND VCAM-1, AS WELL AS MODULATING CIRCULATING MIRNAS POSSIBLY CONTROLLING INFLAMMATORY AND LIPID METABOLISM PROTEINS AT THE POSTPRANDIAL PERIOD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
6  6456  43 THYMOSIN BETA4 PREVENTS OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION, AND FIBROSIS IN ETHANOL- AND LPS-INDUCED LIVER INJURY IN MICE. THYMOSIN BETA 4 (TBETA4), AN ACTIN-SEQUESTERING PROTEIN, IS INVOLVED IN TISSUE DEVELOPMENT AND REGENERATION. IT PREVENTS INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS IN SEVERAL TISSUES. WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF TBETA4 IN CHRONIC ETHANOL- AND ACUTE LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE- (LPS-) INDUCED MOUSE LIVER INJURY. C57BL/6 MICE WERE FED 5% ETHANOL IN LIQUID DIET FOR 4 WEEKS PLUS BINGE ETHANOL (5 G/KG, GAVAGE) WITH OR WITHOUT LPS (2 MG/KG, INTRAPERITONEAL) FOR 6 HOURS. TBETA4 (1 MG/KG, INTRAPERITONEAL) WAS ADMINISTERED FOR 1 WEEK. WE DEMONSTRATED THAT TBETA4 PREVENTED ETHANOL- AND LPS-MEDIATED INCREASE IN LIVER INJURY MARKERS AS WELL AS CHANGES IN LIVER PATHOLOGY. IT ALSO PREVENTED ETHANOL- AND LPS-MEDIATED INCREASE IN OXIDATIVE STRESS BY DECREASING ROS AND LIPID PEROXIDATION AND INCREASING THE ANTIOXIDANTS, REDUCED GLUTATHIONE AND MANGANESE-DEPENDENT SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE. IT ALSO PREVENTED THE ACTIVATION OF NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B BY BLOCKING THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE INHIBITORY PROTEIN, IKAPPAB, THEREBY PREVENTED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION. MOREOVER, TBETA4 PREVENTED FIBROGENESIS BY SUPPRESSING THE EPIGENETIC REPRESSOR, METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2, THAT COORDINATELY REVERSED THE EXPRESSION OF PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA AND DOWNREGULATED FIBROGENIC GENES, PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR-BETA RECEPTOR, ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN, COLLAGEN 1, AND FIBRONECTIN, RESULTING IN REDUCED FIBROSIS. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT TBETA4 HAS ANTIOXIDANT, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, AND ANTIFIBROTIC POTENTIAL DURING ALCOHOLIC LIVER INJURY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
7   614  41 BINGE ALCOHOL-INDUCED MICROVESICULAR LIVER STEATOSIS AND INJURY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DOWN-REGULATION OF HEPATIC HDAC 1, 7, 9, 10, 11 AND UP-REGULATION OF HDAC 3. BACKGROUND: BINGE, AS WELL AS CHRONIC, ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AFFECTS GLOBAL HISTONE ACETYLATION LEADING TO CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION. IT IS BECOMING INCREASINGLY EVIDENT THAT THESE HISTONE-ASSOCIATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOL-MEDIATED HEPATIC INJURY. METHODS: C57BL/6 MICE WERE GAVAGED 3 TIMES (12-HOUR INTERVALS) WITH ETHANOL (ETOH; 4.5 G/KG). HEPATIC HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) MRNAS WERE ASSESSED BY QRT-PCR. TOTAL HDAC ACTIVITY WAS ESTIMATED BY A COLORIMETRIC HDAC ACTIVITY/INHIBITION ASSAY. HISTONE ACETYLATION LEVELS WERE EVALUATED BY WESTERN BLOT. LIVER STEATOSIS AND INJURY WERE EVALUATED BY HISTOPATHOLOGY, PLASMA AMINOTRANSFERASE (ALT) ACTIVITY, AND LIVER TRIGLYCERIDE ACCUMULATION. EXPRESSION OF FATTY ACID SYNTHASE (FAS) AND CARNITINE PALMITOYL TRANSFERASE 1A (CPT1A) WAS ALSO EXAMINED. HDAC 9 ASSOCIATION WITH FAS PROMOTER WAS ANALYZED. RESULTS: BINGE ALCOHOL EXPOSURE RESULTED IN ALTERATIONS OF HEPATIC HDAC MRNA LEVELS. DOWN-REGULATION OF HDAC CLASS I (HDAC 1), CLASS II (HDAC 7, 9, 10), AND CLASS IV (HDAC 11) AND UP-REGULATION OF HDAC CLASS I (HDAC 3) GENE EXPRESSION WERE OBSERVED. CORRESPONDENT TO THE DECREASE IN HDAC ACTIVITY, AN INCREASE IN HEPATIC HISTONE ACETYLATION WAS OBSERVED. THESE MOLECULAR EVENTS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH MICROVESICULAR HEPATIC STEATOSIS AND INJURY CHARACTERIZED BY INCREASED HEPATIC TRIGLYCERIDES (48.02 +/- 3.83 VS. 19.90 +/- 3.48 MG/G LIVER, P < 0.05) AND ELEVATED PLASMA ALT ACTIVITY (51.98 +/- 6.91 VS. 20.8 +/- 0.62 U/L, P < 0.05). HEPATIC STEATOSIS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE IN FAS AND A DECREASE IN CPT1A MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION. FAS PROMOTER ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT BINGE ETOH TREATMENT DECREASED HDAC 9 OCCUPANCY AT THE FAS PROMOTER RESULTING IN ITS TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION. CONCLUSIONS: DEREGULATION OF HEPATIC HDAC EXPRESSION LIKELY PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN THE BINGE ALCOHOL-INDUCED HEPATIC STEATOSIS AND LIVER INJURY BY AFFECTING LIPOGENESIS AND FATTY ACID BETA-OXIDATION.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8  2862  42 FRUCTOSE-MEDIATED EFFECTS ON GENE EXPRESSION AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH NAFLD PATHOGENESIS. NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) IS A CHRONIC, FREQUENTLY PROGRESSIVE CONDITION THAT DEVELOPS IN RESPONSE TO EXCESSIVE HEPATOCYTE FAT ACCUMULATION (I.E., STEATOSIS) IN THE ABSENCE OF SIGNIFICANT ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION. LIVER STEATOSIS DEVELOPS AS A RESULT OF IMBALANCED LIPID METABOLISM, DRIVEN LARGELY BY INCREASED RATES OF DE NOVO LIPOGENESIS AND HEPATIC FATTY ACID UPTAKE AND REDUCED FATTY ACID OXIDATION AND/OR DISPOSAL TO THE CIRCULATION. FRUCTOSE IS A NATURALLY OCCURRING SIMPLE SUGAR, WHICH IS MOST COMMONLY CONSUMED IN MODERN DIETS IN THE FORM OF SUCROSE, A DISACCHARIDE COMPRISED OF ONE MOLECULE OF FRUCTOSE COVALENTLY BONDED WITH ONE MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE. A NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF DIETARY FRUCTOSE CONSUMPTION NOT ONLY ON DIVERSE METABOLIC OUTCOMES SUCH AS INSULIN RESISTANCE AND OBESITY, BUT ALSO ON HEPATIC STEATOSIS AND NAFLD-RELATED FIBROSIS. DESPITE THE COMPELLING EVIDENCE THAT EXCESSIVE FRUCTOSE CONSUMPTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRESENCE OF NAFLD AND MAY EVEN PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF NAFLD TO MORE CLINICALLY SEVERE PHENOTYPES, THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH FRUCTOSE ELICITS EFFECTS ON DYSREGULATED LIVER METABOLISM REMAIN UNCLEAR. EMERGING DATA SUGGEST THAT DIETARY FRUCTOSE MAY DIRECTLY ALTER THE EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN LIPID METABOLISM, INCLUDING THOSE THAT INCREASE HEPATIC FAT ACCUMULATION OR REDUCE HEPATIC FAT REMOVAL. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT RESEARCH SUPPORTING A ROLE FOR DIETARY FRUCTOSE INTAKE IN THE MODULATION OF TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE PATHOGENESIS OF NAFLD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
9  4286  51 MICRORNA EXPRESSION ANALYSIS IN HIGH FAT DIET-INDUCED NAFLD-NASH-HCC PROGRESSION: STUDY ON C57BL/6J MICE. BACKGROUND: HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE MOST COMMON MALIGNANT TUMOR OF THE LIVER. NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) IS A FREQUENT CHRONIC LIVER DISORDER IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. NAFLD CAN PROGRESS THROUGH THE MORE SEVERE NON ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH), CIRRHOSIS AND, LASTLY, HCC. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF CODING GENES AS WELL AS DEREGULATION OF MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) ACTIVITY PLAY A ROLE IN HCC DEVELOPMENT. IN THIS STUDY, THE C57BL/6J MOUSE MODEL WAS LONG TERM HIGH-FAT (HF) OR LOW-FAT (LF) DIET FED, IN ORDER TO ANALYZE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE HEPATIC DAMAGE PROGRESSION. METHODS: MICE WERE HF OR LF DIET FED FOR DIFFERENT TIME POINTS, THEN PLASMA AND HEPATIC TISSUES WERE COLLECTED. HISTOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL CHEMISTRY ASSAYS WERE PERFORMED TO ASSESS THE PROGRESSION OF LIVER DISEASE. MICRORNAS' DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION WAS EVALUATED ON POOLED RNAS FROM TISSUES, AND SOME MIRNAS SHOWING DYSREGULATION WERE FURTHER ANALYZED AT THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL. RESULTS: CHOLESTEROL, LOW AND HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS, TRIGLYCERIDES AND ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE INCREASE WAS DETECTED IN HF MICE. GROSS ANATOMICAL EXAMINATION REVEALED HEPATOMEGALY IN HF LIVERS, AND HISTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS HIGHLIGHTED DIFFERENT DEGREES AND LEVELS OF STEATOSIS, INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATE AND FIBROSIS IN HF AND LF ANIMALS, DEMONSTRATING THE PROGRESSION FROM NAFLD THROUGH NASH. MACROSCOPIC NODULES, SHOWING TYPICAL NEOPLASTIC FEATURES, WERE OBSERVED IN 20% OF HF DIET FED MICE. FIFTEEN MIRNAS DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN HF WITH RESPECT TO LF HEPATIC TISSUES DURING THE PROGRESSION OF LIVER DAMAGE, AND IN TUMORS WITH RESPECT TO HF NON TUMOR LIVER SPECIMENS WERE IDENTIFIED. AMONG THEM, MIR-340-5P, MIR-484, MIR-574-3P, MIR-720, WHOSE EXPRESSION WAS NEVER DESCRIBED IN NAFLD, NASH AND HCC TISSUES, AND MIR-125A-5P AND MIR-182, WHICH SHOWED EARLY AND SIGNIFICANT DYSREGULATION IN THE SEQUENTIAL HEPATIC DAMAGE PROCESS. CONCLUSIONS: IN THIS STUDY, FIFTEEN MICRORNAS WHICH WERE MODULATED IN HEPATIC TISSUES AND IN TUMORS DURING THE TRANSITION NAFLD-NASH-HCC ARE REPORTED. BESIDES SOME ALREADY DESCRIBED, NEW AND EARLY DYSREGULATED MIRNAS WERE IDENTIFIED. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES ARE NEEDED TO VALIDATE THE RESULTS HERE OBTAINED, AND TO BETTER DEFINE THE ROLE OF THESE MOLECULES IN THE PROGRESSION OF THE HEPATIC DISEASE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
10  3940  55 LNCRNA DLEU2 REGULATES SIRTUINS AND MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CHAIN COMPLEX IV: A NOVEL PATHWAY IN OBESITY AND OFFSPRING'S HEALTH. BACKGROUND: LONG NON-CODING RNAS (LNCRNAS) HAVE EMERGED AS A RAPIDLY EXPANDING AREA OF INTEREST IN CHRONIC DISEASES. THEY ARE MOSTLY UNKNOWN FOR ROLES IN METABOLIC REGULATION. SIRTUINS, AN EPIGENETIC MODULATOR CLASS, REGULATE METABOLIC PATHWAYS. HOWEVER, HOW SIRTUINS ARE REGULATED VIA LNCRNA IS UNKNOWN. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT A HIGH-FAT HIGH-FRUCTOSE DIET (HFD-HF) DURING PREGNANCY WOULD INCREASE THE RISK FOR OBESITY VIA LNCRNA-SIRTUIN PATHWAYS. METHODS: FEMALE C57BL/6 MICE (F0) WERE FED EITHER CHOW DIET (CD) OR HFD-HF FOR 6 WEEKS TILL BIRTH. THE PUPS (F1) WERE FED EITHER CD OR HFD-HF FOR 20 WEEKS. EXPRESSION OF DLEU2, SIRTUINS, MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY COMPLEXES, AND OXIDATIVE STRESS WERE INVESTIGATED IN THE F1 LIVERS. FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE, INSULIN SENSITIVITY, GLUCOSE TOLERANCE, BODY AND TISSUES WEIGHT WERE MEASURED. A MECHANISTIC INTERACTION WAS THEN CARRIED OUT USING A DLEU2 KNOCKDOWN EXPERIMENT IN THE HEPG2 CELL. RESULTS: DLEU2 AND SIRTUINS WERE BOTH SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN THE LIVERS OF HFD-HF FED MALE F1 WHOSE MOTHERS WERE EITHER FED CD OR HFD-HF DURING REPRODUCTIVE AND PREGNANCY WINDOWS. CONFIRMING THIS CONNECTION, UPON SILENCING DLEU2, TRANSCRIPTION LEVELS OF SIRT1 THROUGH 6 AND TRANSLATIONAL LEVELS OF SIRT1, 3, 5, AND 6 WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DOWNREGULATED. KNOCKDOWN OF DLEU2 SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED THE PROTEIN LEVEL OF CYTOCHROME-C OXIDASE (COMPLEX IV, MTCO1) WITHOUT ALTERING OTHER MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEXES, DECREASED MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL, DECREASED ATP, AND INCREASED REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES. INTERESTINGLY, IN F1 LIVERS, THE PROTEIN LEVEL OF MTCO1 WAS ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED UNDER AN HFD-HF DIET OR EVEN UNDER CHOW DIET IF THE MOTHER WAS EXPOSED TO HFD-HF. CONCLUSION: OUR FINDINGS REVEAL FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT ONE LNCRNA CAN REGULATE SIRTUINS AND A SPECIFIC MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEX. FURTHERMORE, DIET OR MATERNAL DIET CAN MODULATE DLEU2 AND ITS DOWNSTREAM REGULATORS IN OFFSPRING, SUGGESTING A POTENTIAL ROLE OF DLEU2 IN METABOLIC DISORDERS OVER ONE OR MORE GENERATIONS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
11  3841  35 IRON SUPPLEMENTATION REVERSES THE REDUCTION OF HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE IN HEPATIC DNA ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IN RATS. BACKGROUND: ALCOHOL IS KNOWN TO AFFECT TWO EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA, DNA METHYLATION AND DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION, AND IRON IS A COFACTOR OF TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION (TET) ENZYMES THAT CATALYZE THE CONVERSION FROM METHYLCYTOSINE TO HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE. IN THE PRESENT STUDY WE AIMED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION AND FURTHER EFFECTS OF IRON ON ALCOHOL ASSOCIATED EPIGENETIC CHANGES. METHODS: TWENTY-FOUR MALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE FED EITHER LIEBER-DECARLI ALCOHOL DIET (36% CALORIES FROM ETHANOL) OR LIEBER-DECARLI CONTROL DIET ALONG WITH OR WITHOUT IRON SUPPLEMENTATION (0.6% CARBONYL IRON) FOR 8 WEEKS. HEPATIC NON-HEME IRON CONCENTRATIONS WERE MEASURED BY COLORIMETRIC ASSAYS. PROTEIN LEVELS OF HEPATIC FERRITIN AND TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR WERE DETERMINED BY WESTERN BLOTTING. METHYLCYTOSINE, HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE AND UNMODIFIED CYTOSINE IN DNA WERE SIMULTANEOUSLY MEASURED BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY METHOD. RESULTS: IRON SUPPLEMENTATION SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED HEPATIC NON-HEME IRON CONTENTS (P < 0.05) BUT ALCOHOL ALONE DID NOT. HOWEVER, BOTH ALCOHOL AND IRON SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED HEPATIC FERRITIN LEVELS AND DECREASED HEPATIC TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR LEVELS (P < 0.05). ALCOHOL REDUCED HEPATIC DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION (0.21% +/- 0.04% VS. 0.33% +/- 0.04%, P = 0.01) COMPARED TO CONTROL, WHILE IRON SUPPLEMENTATION TO ALCOHOL DIET DID NOT CHANGE DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION. THERE WAS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN METHYLCYTOSINE LEVELS, WHILE UNMODIFIED CYTOSINE LEVELS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN ALCOHOL-FED GROUPS COMPARED TO CONTROL (95.61% +/- 0.08% VS. 95.26% +/- 0.12%, P = 0.03), SUGGESTING THAT ALCOHOL FURTHER INCREASES THE CONVERSION FROM HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE TO UNMODIFIED CYTOSINE. CONCLUSIONS: CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ALTERS GLOBAL DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION IN THE LIVER BUT IRON SUPPLEMENTATION REVERSES THE EPIGENETIC EFFECT OF ALCOHOL.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
12    74  38 A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH AND CURRENT PERSPECTIVE OF NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. IN RECENT TIMES, NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) HAS BEEN CONSIDERED ONE OF THE MAJOR CAUSES OF LIVER DISEASE ACROSS THE WORLD. NAFLD IS DEFINED AS THE DEPOSITION OF TRIGLYCERIDES IN THE LIVER AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY AND METABOLIC SYNDROME. HYPERINSULINEMIA, INSULIN RESISTANCE (IR), FATTY LIVER, HEPATOCYTE INJURY, UNBALANCED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, LIVER INFLAMMATION, AND FIBROSIS ARE THE MAIN PATHOGENESIS IN NAFLD. RECENT STUDIES SUGGEST THAT THE ACTION OF INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA THROUGH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, INCREASED INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY, AND ENERGY UPTAKE PLAYS A VITAL ROLE IN NAFLD. MOREOVER, POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME ALSO CAUSES NAFLD DEVELOPMENT THROUGH IR. AGE, GENDER, RACE, ETHNICITY, SLEEP, DIET, SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS ARE SOME CONTRIBUTING FACTORS OF NAFLD THAT CAN EXACERBATE THE RISK OF LIVER CIRRHOSIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) AND EVENTUALLY LEAD TO DEATH. NAFLD HAS VARIOUS PRESENTATIONS, INCLUDING FATIGUE, UNEXPLAINED WEIGHT LOSS, BLOATING, UPPER ABDOMINAL PAIN, DECREASED APPETITE, HEADACHE, ANXIETY, POOR SLEEP, INCREASED THIRST, PALPITATION, AND A FEELING OF WARMTH. SOME STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT NAFLD WITH SEVERE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) HAS POOR OUTCOMES. THE GOLD STANDARD FOR NAFLD DIAGNOSIS IS LIVER BIOPSY. OTHER DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS ARE IMAGING TESTS, SERUM BIOMARKERS, MICROBIOTA MARKERS, AND TESTS FOR EXTRAHEPATIC COMPLICATIONS. THERE ARE NO SPECIFIC TREATMENTS FOR NAFLD. THEREFORE, THE MAIN CONCERN FOR NAFLD IS TREATING THE COMORBID CONDITIONS SUCH AS ANTI-DIABETIC AGENTS FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, STATINS TO REDUCE HCC PROGRESSION, ANTIOXIDANTS TO PREVENT HEPATOCELLULAR DAMAGE, AND BARIATRIC SURGERY FOR PATIENTS WITH A BMI OF >40 KG/M(2) AND >35 KG/M(2) WITH COMORBIDITIES. LIFESTYLE AND DIETARY CHANGES ARE CONSIDERED PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES AGAINST NAFLD ADVANCEMENT. INADEQUATE TREATMENT OF NAFLD FURTHER LEADS TO CARDIAC CONSEQUENCES, SLEEP APNEA, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, AND INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. IN THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, WE HAVE BRIEFLY DISCUSSED THE RISK FACTORS, PATHOGENESIS, CLINICAL FEATURES, AND NUMEROUS CONSEQUENCES OF NAFLD. WE HAVE ALSO REVIEWED VARIOUS GUIDELINES FOR NAFLD DIAGNOSIS ALONG WITH EXISTING THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR THE MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION OF THE DISEASE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
13  4711  40 NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE IN OBESE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: A ROLE FOR NUTRITION? NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) HAS BECOME THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE IN CHILDREN, PARALLELING THE INCREASING PREVALENCE OF OBESITY WORLDWIDE. THE PATHOGENESIS OF PAEDIATRIC NAFLD IS NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD, BUT IT IS KNOWN THAT OBESITY, NUTRITION, LIFESTYLE VARIABLES, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS MAY BE CAUSALLY INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS COMMON METABOLIC LIVER DISEASE. IN PARTICULAR, OBESITY AND NUTRITION ARE AMONG THE STRONGEST RISK FACTORS FOR PAEDIATRIC NAFLD, WHICH MAY EXERT THEIR ADVERSE HEPATIC EFFECTS ALREADY BEFORE BIRTH. EXCESS ENERGY INTAKE INDUCES HYPERTROPHY AND HYPERPLASIA OF ADIPOSE TISSUE WITH SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEMIC INSULIN RESISTANCE, WHICH IS ANOTHER IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR NAFLD. DIET COMPOSITION AND IN PARTICULAR SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE (ESPECIALLY HIGH FRUCTOSE INTAKE) MAY PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT OF NAFLD, WHEREAS NON-DIGESTIBLE CARBOHYDRATES (DIETARY FIBER), BY AFFECTING GUT MICROBIOTA, MAY FAVOUR THE INTEGRITY OF GUT WALL AND REDUCE INFLAMMATION, OPPOSING THIS PROCESS. SATURATED FAT INTAKE MAY ALSO PROMOTE NAFLD DEVELOPMENT, WHEREAS UNSATURATED FAT INTAKE HAS SOME BENEFICIAL EFFECTS. PROTEIN INTAKE DOES NOT SEEM TO AFFECT THE DEVELOPMENT OF NAFLD, BUT FURTHER INVESTIGATION IS NEEDED. IN CONCLUSION, LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS TO INDUCE WEIGHT LOSS, THROUGH DIET AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, REMAIN THE MAINSTAY OF TREATMENT FOR PAEDIATRIC NAFLD. THE USE OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS, SUCH AS OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS AND PROBIOTICS, NEEDS FURTHER STUDY BEFORE RECOMMENDATION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
14   350  40 ALTERED DYNAMICS OF LIPID METABOLISM IN MUSCLE CELLS FROM PATIENTS WITH IDIOPATHIC INFLAMMATORY MYOPATHY IS AMELIORATED BY 6 MONTHS OF TRAINING. KEY POINTS: REGULAR EXERCISE IMPROVES MUSCLE FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY AND CLINICAL STATE OF PATIENTS WITH IDIOPATHIC INFLAMMATORY MYOPATHY (IIM). IN OUR STUDY, WE USED AN IN VITRO MODEL OF HUMAN PRIMARY MUSCLE CELL CULTURES, DERIVED FROM IIM PATIENTS BEFORE AND AFTER A 6-MONTH INTENSIVE SUPERVISED TRAINING INTERVENTION TO ASSESS THE IMPACT OF DISEASE AND EXERCISE ON LIPID METABOLISM DYNAMICS. WE PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT MUSCLE CELLS FROM IIM PATIENTS DISPLAY ALTERED DYNAMICS OF LIPID METABOLISM AND IMPAIRED ADAPTIVE RESPONSE TO SATURATED FATTY ACID LOAD COMPARED TO HEALTHY CONTROLS. A 6-MONTH INTENSIVE SUPERVISED EXERCISE TRAINING INTERVENTION IN PATIENTS WITH IIM MITIGATED DISEASE EFFECTS IN THEIR CULTURED MUSCLE CELLS, IMPROVING OR NORMALIZING THEIR CAPACITY TO HANDLE LIPIDS. THESE FINDINGS HIGHLIGHT THE PUTATIVE ROLE OF INTRINSIC METABOLIC DEFECTS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF IIM AND THE POSITIVE IMPACT OF EXERCISE, MAINTAINED IN VITRO BY YET UNKNOWN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. ABSTRACT: EXERCISE IMPROVES SKELETAL MUSCLE FUNCTION, CLINICAL STATE AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN PATIENTS WITH IDIOPATHIC INFLAMMATORY MYOPATHY (IIM). OUR AIM WAS TO IDENTIFY DISEASE-RELATED METABOLIC PERTURBATIONS AND THE IMPACT OF EXERCISE IN SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS OF IIM PATIENTS. PATIENTS UNDERWENT A 6-MONTH INTENSIVE SUPERVISED TRAINING INTERVENTION. MUSCLE FUNCTION, ANTHROPOMETRIC AND METABOLIC PARAMETERS WERE EXAMINED AND MUSCLE CELL CULTURES WERE ESTABLISHED (M. VASTUS LATERALIS; BERGSTROM NEEDLE BIOPSY) BEFORE AND AFTER TRAINING FROM PATIENTS AND SEDENTARY AGE/SEX/BODY MASS INDEX-MATCHED CONTROLS. [(14) C]PALMITATE WAS USED TO DETERMINE FAT OXIDATION AND LIPID SYNTHESIS (THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY). CELLS WERE EXPOSED TO A CHRONIC (3 DAYS) AND ACUTE (3 H) METABOLIC CHALLENGE (THE SATURATED FATTY ACID PALMITATE, 100 MUM). REDUCED OXIDATIVE (INTERMEDIATE METABOLITES, -49%, P = 0.034) AND NON-OXIDATIVE (DIGLYCERIDES, -38%, P = 0.013) LIPID METABOLISM WAS IDENTIFIED IN PALMITATE-TREATED MUSCLE CELLS FROM IIM PATIENTS COMPARED TO CONTROLS. THREE DAYS OF PALMITATE EXPOSURE ELICITED DISTINCT REGULATION OF OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (OXPHOS) COMPLEX IV AND COMPLEX V/ATP SYNTHASE (P = 0.012/0.005) AND ADIPOSE TRIGLYCERIDE LIPASE IN PATIENTS COMPARED TO CONTROLS (P = 0.045) (IMMUNOBLOTTING). IMPORTANTLY, 6 MONTHS OF TRAINING IN IIM PATIENTS IMPROVED LIPID METABOLISM (CO(2) , P = 0.010; INTERMEDIATE METABOLITES, P = 0.041) AND ACTIVATION OF AMP KINASE (P = 0.007), AND NEARLY NORMALIZED PALMITATE-INDUCED CHANGES IN OXPHOS PROTEINS IN MYOTUBES FROM IIM PATIENTS, IN PARALLEL WITH IMPROVEMENTS OF PATIENTS' CLINICAL STATE. MYOTUBES FROM IIM PATIENTS DISPLAYED ALTERED DYNAMICS OF LIPID METABOLISM AND IMPAIRED RESPONSE TO METABOLIC CHALLENGE WITH SATURATED FATTY ACID. OUR OBSERVATIONS SUGGEST THAT METABOLIC DEFECTS INTRINSIC TO SKELETAL MUSCLE COULD REPRESENT NON-IMMUNE PATHOMECHANISMS, WHICH CAN CONTRIBUTE TO MUSCLE WEAKNESS IN IIM. A 6-MONTH TRAINING INTERVENTION MITIGATED DISEASE EFFECTS IN MUSCLE CELLS IN VITRO, INDICATING THE EXISTENCE OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORY MECHANISMS.	2021	

15  3242  44 HEPATIC NCOR1 DELETION EXACERBATES ALCOHOL-INDUCED LIVER INJURY IN MICE BY PROMOTING CCL2-MEDIATED MONOCYTE-DERIVED MACROPHAGE INFILTRATION. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR COREPRESSOR 1 (NCOR1) IS A COREPRESSOR OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION THAT HAS IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS IN METABOLISM AND INFLAMMATION, BUT LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT ITS ROLE IN ALCOHOL-ASSOCIATED LIVER DISEASE (ALD). IN THIS STUDY, WE DEVELOPED MICE WITH HEPATOCYTE-SPECIFIC NCOR1 KNOCKOUT (NCOR1(HEP-/-)) USING THE ALBUMIN-CRE/LOXP SYSTEM AND INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF NCOR1 IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ALD AND THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS. THE TRADITIONAL ALCOHOL FEEDING MODEL AND NIAAA MODEL OF ALD WERE BOTH ESTABLISHED IN WILD-TYPE AND NCOR1(HEP-/-) MICE. WE SHOWED THAT AFTER ALD WAS ESTABLISHED, NCOR1(HEP-/-) MICE HAD WORSE LIVER INJURY BUT LESS STEATOSIS THAN WILD-TYPE MICE. WE DEMONSTRATED THAT HEPATOCYTE-SPECIFIC LOSS OF NCOR1 ATTENUATED LIVER STEATOSIS BY PROMOTING FATTY ACID OXIDATION BY UPREGULATING BMAL1 (A CIRCADIAN CLOCK COMPONENT THAT HAS BEEN REPORTED TO PROMOTE PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR ALPHA (PPARALPHA)-MEDIATED FATTY BETA-OXIDATION BY UPREGULATING DE NOVO LIPID SYNTHESIS). ON THE OTHER HAND, HEPATOCYTE-SPECIFIC LOSS OF NCOR1 EXACERBATED ALCOHOL-INDUCED LIVER INFLAMMATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS BY RECRUITING MONOCYTE-DERIVED MACROPHAGES VIA C-C MOTIF CHEMOKINE LIGAND 2 (CCL2). IN THE MOUSE HEPATOCYTE LINE AML12, NCOR1 KNOCKDOWN SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED ETHANOL-INDUCED CCL2 RELEASE. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HEPATOCYTE NCOR1 PLAYS DISTINCT ROLES IN CONTROLLING LIVER INFLAMMATION AND STEATOSIS, WHICH PROVIDES NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE DEVELOPMENT OF TREATMENTS FOR STEATOHEPATITIS INDUCED BY CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
16   894  37 CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING ALTERS HEPATOCYTE MEMORY WHICH IS NOT ALTERED BY ACUTE FEEDING. BACKGROUND: GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES IN THE LIVER AFTER ACUTE BINGE DRINKING MAY DIFFER FROM THE CHANGES SEEN IN CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING IN THE RAT. THE CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING MAY SENSITIZE THE LIVER TO ALCOHOL-INDUCED LIVER DAMAGE, WHICH IS NOT SEEN AFTER ACUTE BINGE DRINKING. METHODS: TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, GENE MICROARRAY ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED ON THE LIVERS OF RATS (N = 3) FED AN ACUTE BINGE DOSE OF ETHANOL (6 G/KG BODY WT) AND KILLED AT 3 AND 12 HOURS AFTER ETHANOL BY GAVAGE. THE GENE MICROARRAYS WERE COMPARED WITH THOSE MADE ON THE LIVER OF RATS FROM A PREVIOUS STUDY, IN WHICH THE RATS WERE FED ETHANOL BY INTRAGASTRIC TUBE FOR 1 MONTH (36% OF CALORIES DERIVED FROM ETHANOL). RESULTS: MICROARRAY ANALYSIS DATA VARIED BETWEEN THE ACUTE AND CHRONIC MODELS IN SEVERAL IMPORTANT RESPECTS. GROWTH FACTORS INCREASED MAINLY IN THE CHRONIC ALCOHOL FED RAT. CHANGES IN ENZYMES INVOLVED IN OXIDATIVE STRESS WERE NOTED ONLY WITH CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING. GENE EXPRESSION OF FAT METABOLISM WAS INCREASED ONLY WITH CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING. MOST IMPORTANTLY, EPIGENETIC RELATED ENZYMES AND ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION OF HISTONES CHANGED ONLY AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING. CONCLUSIONS: THE RESULTS SUPPORT THE CONCEPT THAT CHRONIC ETHANOL INGESTION INDUCES ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION AS A RESULT OF CHANGES IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, WHERE ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION OF HISTONES WERE ALTERED.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
17  1795  34 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT COMBINATION OF MATERNAL AND POSTNATAL DIET ON ADIPOSE TISSUE MORPHOLOGY IN MALE RAT OFFSPRING. PURPOSE: ADIPOSE TISSUE EXPANSION CAN OCCUR THROUGH SEVERAL DIFFERENT WAYS AND, UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS, CAN BE CONNECTED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. TNF-ALPHA IS ONE OF THE IMPORTANT CYTOKINES INVOLVED IN THIS PROCESS. PROLONGED INFLAMMATION IN OBESITY CAN LEAD TO OBESITY-RELATED INSULIN RESISTANCE AND TISSUE DYSFUNCTION. THE AIM OF OUR STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE HOW DIFFERENT COMBINATION OF MATERNAL AND POSTNATAL DIET AFFECTS OFFSPRING ADIPOSE TISSUE MORPHOLOGY AND ADIPOSE TISSUE TNF-ALPHA EXPRESSION. METHODS: TEN FEMALE SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS, 9 WEEKS OLD, WERE RANDOMLY DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS AND FED EITHER STANDARD LABORATORY CHOW OR FOOD RICH IN SATURATED FATTY ACIDS DURING 6 WEEKS AND THEN MATED WITH THE SAME MALE RAT. AFTER BIRTH AND LACTATION MALE RAT OFFSPRING FROM BOTH GROUPS WERE DIVIDED INTO FOUR SUBGROUPS DEPENDING ON THE DIET THEY WERE FED UNTIL 22 WEEKS OLD. SAMPLES OF WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE WERE TAKEN FROM THE SUBCUTANEOUS, EPIDIDYMAL, AND PERIRENAL FAT PAD. ON TISSUE SECTIONS, HISTOMORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS WAS CONDUCTED USING CELLPROFILER PROGRAM V 2.1.1, AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING FOR TNF-ALPHA WAS PERFORMED. RESULTS: GREATER MEAN SURFACE AREA OF SUBCUTANEOUS AND EPIDIDYMAL ADIPOCYTES WAS FOUND IN GROUPS OF MALE RAT OFFSPRING WITH ALTERED DIET. IN PERIRENAL ADIPOSE TISSUE, THE HIGHEST NUMBER OF ADIPOCYTES WAS MEASURED IN THE GROUP WHERE BOTH MOTHER AND OFFSPRING WERE FED A HIGH-FAT DIET. ADIPOCYTE STAINING INTENSITY FOR TNF-ALPHA DID NOT DIFFER SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN THE GROUPS. CONCLUSIONS: TOGETHER WITH OUR PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED DATA, OUR RESULTS LEAD TO THE CONCLUSION THAT ALTERATION OF POSTNATAL DIET CAN LEAD TO TNF-ALPHA AND ADIPOCYTE MORPHOLOGY CHANGES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
18  4017  39 LOW-DOSE HYDRALAZINE REDUCES ALBUMINURIA AND GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS IN A MOUSE MODEL OF OBESITY-RELATED CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. AIM: TO DETERMINE, USING A MOUSE MODEL OF OBESITY, WHETHER LOW-DOSE HYDRALAZINE PREVENTS OBESITY-RELATED CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD). METHODS: FROM 8 WEEKS OF AGE, MALE C57BL/6 MICE RECEIVED A HIGH-FAT DIET (HFD) OR CHOW, WITH OR WITHOUT LOW-DOSE HYDRALAZINE (25 MG/L) IN DRINKING WATER, FOR 24 WEEKS. BIOMETRIC AND METABOLIC VARIABLES, RENAL FUNCTION AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES, RENAL GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION, DNA METHYLATION PROFILE AND MARKERS OF RENAL FIBROSIS, INJURY, INFLAMMATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS WERE ASSESSED. RESULTS: THE HFD-FED MICE DEVELOPED OBESITY, WITH GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE, HYPERINSULINAEMIA AND DYSLIPIDAEMIA. OBESITY INCREASED ALBUMINURIA AND GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS, WHICH WERE SIGNIFICANTLY AMELIORATED BY LOW-DOSE HYDRALAZINE IN THE ABSENCE OF A BLOOD PRESSURE-LOWERING EFFECT. OBESITY INCREASED RENAL GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND THIS WAS ATTENUATED BY LOW-DOSE HYDRALAZINE. HFD-INDUCED CHANGES IN METHYLATION OF INDIVIDUAL LOCI WERE ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY REVERSED BY LOW-DOSE HYDRALAZINE. OBESE MICE DEMONSTRATED INCREASED MARKERS OF KIDNEY FIBROSIS, INFLAMMATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS, BUT THESE MARKERS WERE NOT SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED BY HYDRALAZINE. CONCLUSION: LOW-DOSE HYDRALAZINE AMELIORATED HFD-INDUCED ALBUMINURIA AND GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS, INDEPENDENT OF ALTERATIONS IN BIOMETRIC AND METABOLIC VARIABLES OR BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION. ALTHOUGH THE PRECISE MECHANISM OF RENOPROTECTION IN OBESITY IS UNCLEAR, AN EPIGENETIC BASIS MAY BE IMPLICATED. THESE DATA SUPPORT REPURPOSING HYDRALAZINE AS A NOVEL THERAPY TO PREVENT CKD PROGRESSION IN OBESE PATIENTS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
19  6713  33 VISCERAL ADIPOSITY SYNDROME. THE ASSOCIATION OF ANTHROPOMETRIC (WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE) AND HEMODYNAMIC (BLOOD PRESSURE) CHANGES WITH ABNORMALITIES IN GLUCOSE AND LIPID METABOLISM HAS BEEN MOTIVATION FOR A LOT OF DISCUSSIONS IN THE LAST 30 YEARS. NOWADAYS, BLOOD PRESSURE, BODY MASS INDEX/ABDOMINAL CIRCUMFERENCE, GLYCEMIA, TRIGLYCERIDEMIA, AND HDL-CHOLESTEROL CONCENTRATIONS ARE CONSIDERED IN THE DEFINITION OF METABOLIC SYNDROME, REFERRED AS VISCERAL ADIPOSITY SYNDROME (VAS) IN THE PRESENT REVIEW. HOWEVER, MORE THAN 250 YEARS AGO AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN VISCERAL AND MEDIASTINAL OBESITY WITH HYPERTENSION, GOUT, AND OBSTRUCTIVE APNEA HAD ALREADY BEEN RECOGNIZED. EXPANSION OF VISCERAL ADIPOSE TISSUE SECONDARY TO CHRONIC OVER-CONSUMPTION OF CALORIES STIMULATES THE RECRUITMENT OF MACROPHAGES, WHICH ASSUME AN INFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPE AND PRODUCE CYTOKINES THAT DIRECTLY INTERFERE WITH INSULIN SIGNALING, RESULTING IN INSULIN RESISTANCE. IN TURN, INSULIN RESISTANCE (IR) MANIFESTS ITSELF IN VARIOUS TISSUES, CONTRIBUTING TO THE OVERALL PHENOTYPE OF VAS. FOR EXAMPLE, IN WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE, IR RESULTS IN LIPOLYSIS, INCREASED FREE FATTY ACIDS RELEASE AND WORSENING OF INFLAMMATION, SINCE FATTY ACIDS CAN BIND TO TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS. IN THE LIVER, IR RESULTS IN INCREASED HEPATIC GLUCOSE PRODUCTION, CONTRIBUTING TO HYPERGLYCEMIA; IN THE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM AND KIDNEY, IR RESULTS IN VASOCONSTRICTION, SODIUM RETENTION AND, CONSEQUENTLY, ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION. OTHER PLAYERS HAVE BEEN RECOGNIZED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VAS, SUCH AS GENETIC PREDISPOSITION, EPIGENETIC FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AN UNFAVOURABLE INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT AND THE GUT MICROBIOTA. MORE RECENTLY, EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PARTICIPATES IN MODULATING VISCERAL ADIPOSE TISSUE. THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM IS RELATED TO ADIPOSE TISSUE FUNCTION AND DIFFERENTIATION THROUGH BETA1, BETA2, BETA3, ALPHA1, AND ALPHA2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. THE RELATION IS BIDIRECTIONAL: SYMPATHETIC DENERVATION OF ADIPOSE TISSUE BLOCKS LIPOLYSIS TO A VARIETY OF LIPOLYTIC STIMULI AND ADIPOSE TISSUE SEND INPUTS TO THE BRAIN. AN IMBALANCE OF SYMPATHETIC/PARASYMPATHETIC AND ALPHA2 ADRENERGIC/BETA3 RECEPTOR IS RELATED TO VISCERAL ADIPOSE TISSUE STORAGE AND INSULIN SENSITIVITY. THUS, IN ADDITION TO THE WELL-KNOWN FACTORS CLASSICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH VAS, ABNORMAL AUTONOMIC ACTIVITY ALSO EMERGES AS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR REGULATING WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE, WHICH HIGHLIGHTS COMPLEX ROLE OF ADIPOSE TISSUE IN THE VAS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
20  6441  37 THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES FOR NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE: ESTABLISHED TARGETS AND DRUGS. NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD), AS A MULTISYSTEMIC DISEASE, IS THE MOST PREVALENT CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY EXTREMELY COMPLEX PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS AND MULTIFACTORIAL ETIOLOGY, WHICH OFTEN DEVELOPS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF OBESITY, METABOLIC SYNDROME. PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NAFLD INCLUDE DIET, OBESITY, INSULIN RESISTANCE (IR), GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC DETERMINANTS, INTESTINAL DYSBIOSIS, OXIDATIVE/NITROSATIVE STRESS, AUTOPHAGY DYSREGULATION, HEPATIC INFLAMMATION, GUT-LIVER AXIS, GUT MICROBES, IMPAIRED MITOCHONDRIAL METABOLISM AND REGULATION OF HEPATIC LIPID METABOLISM. SOME OF THE NEW DRUGS FOR THE TREATMENT OF NAFLD ARE INTRODUCED HERE. ALL OF THEM ACHIEVE THERAPEUTIC OBJECTIVES BY INTERFERING WITH CERTAIN PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS OF NAFLD, INCLUDING FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS (FGF) ANALOGUES, PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPARS) AGONISTS, GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) AGONISTS, G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS (GPCRS), SODIUM-GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER-2 INHIBITORS (SGLT-2I), FARNESOID X RECEPTOR (FXR), FATTY ACID SYNTHASE INHIBITOR (FASNI), ANTIOXIDANTS, ETC. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES SOME PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF NAFLD AND ESTABLISHED TARGETS AND DRUGS.	2023