1    40 182 A COMPARISON OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 1 AND VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS LATENCY AND REACTIVATION. HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 1 (HSV-1; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 1) AND VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS (VZV; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 3) ARE HUMAN NEUROTROPIC ALPHAHERPESVIRUSES THAT CAUSE LIFELONG INFECTIONS IN GANGLIA. FOLLOWING PRIMARY INFECTION AND ESTABLISHMENT OF LATENCY, HSV-1 REACTIVATION TYPICALLY RESULTS IN HERPES LABIALIS (COLD SORES), BUT CAN OCCUR FREQUENTLY ELSEWHERE ON THE BODY AT THE SITE OF PRIMARY INFECTION (E.G. WHITLOW), PARTICULARLY AT THE GENITALS. RARELY, HSV-1 REACTIVATION CAN CAUSE ENCEPHALITIS; HOWEVER, A THIRD OF THE CASES OF HSV-1 ENCEPHALITIS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HSV-1 PRIMARY INFECTION. PRIMARY VZV INFECTION CAUSES VARICELLA (CHICKENPOX) FOLLOWING WHICH LATENT VIRUS MAY REACTIVATE DECADES LATER TO PRODUCE HERPES ZOSTER (SHINGLES), AS WELL AS AN INCREASINGLY RECOGNIZED NUMBER OF SUBACUTE, ACUTE AND CHRONIC NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS. FOLLOWING PRIMARY INFECTION, BOTH VIRUSES ESTABLISH A LATENT INFECTION IN NEURONAL CELLS IN HUMAN PERIPHERAL GANGLIA. HOWEVER, THE DETAILED MECHANISMS OF VIRAL LATENCY AND REACTIVATION HAVE YET TO BE UNRAVELLED. IN BOTH CASES LATENT VIRAL DNA EXISTS IN AN 'END-LESS' STATE WHERE THE ENDS OF THE VIRUS GENOME ARE JOINED TO FORM STRUCTURES CONSISTENT WITH UNIT LENGTH EPISOMES AND CONCATEMERS, FROM WHICH VIRAL GENE TRANSCRIPTION IS RESTRICTED. IN LATENTLY INFECTED GANGLIA, THE MOST ABUNDANTLY DETECTED HSV-1 RNAS ARE THE SPLICED PRODUCTS ORIGINATING FROM THE PRIMARY LATENCY ASSOCIATED TRANSCRIPT (LAT). THIS PRIMARY LAT IS AN 8.3 KB UNSTABLE TRANSCRIPT FROM WHICH TWO STABLE (1.5 AND 2.0 KB) INTRONS ARE SPLICED. TRANSCRIPTS MAPPING TO 12 VZV GENES HAVE BEEN DETECTED IN HUMAN GANGLIA REMOVED AT AUTOPSY; HOWEVER, IT IS DIFFICULT TO ASCRIBE THESE AS TRANSCRIPTS PRESENT DURING LATENT INFECTION AS EARLY-STAGE VIRUS REACTIVATION MAY HAVE TRANSPIRED IN THE POST-MORTEM TIME PERIOD IN THE GANGLIA. NONETHELESS, LOW-LEVEL TRANSCRIPTION OF VZV ORF63 HAS BEEN REPEATEDLY DETECTED IN MULTIPLE GANGLIA REMOVED AS CLOSE TO DEATH AS POSSIBLE. THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE THAT HSV-1 AND VZV LATENCY IS EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED. IN VITRO MODELS THAT PERMIT PATHWAY ANALYSIS AND IDENTIFICATION OF BOTH EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS AND GLOBAL TRANSCRIPTIONAL MECHANISMS OF HSV-1 AND VZV LATENCY HOLD MUCH PROMISE FOR OUR FUTURE UNDERSTANDING IN THIS COMPLEX AREA. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF HSV-1 AND VZV LATENCY AND REACTIVATION, AND ALSO PRESENTS FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR STUDY.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
2  6697  67 VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS HUMAN GANGLIONIC LATENCY: A CURRENT SUMMARY. VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS (VZV) IS A UBIQUITOUS HUMAN HERPES VIRUS TYPICALLY ACQUIRED IN CHILDHOOD WHEN IT CAUSES VARICELLA (CHICKENPOX), FOLLOWING WHICH THE VIRUS ESTABLISHES A LATENT INFECTION IN TRIGEMINAL AND DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA THAT LASTS FOR THE LIFE OF THE INDIVIDUAL. VZV SUBSEQUENTLY REACTIVATES, SPONTANEOUSLY OR AFTER SPECIFIC TRIGGERING FACTORS, TO CAUSE HERPES ZOSTER (SHINGLES), WHICH MAY BE COMPLICATED BY POSTHERPETIC NEURALGIA AND SEVERAL OTHER NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS INCLUDING VASCULOPATHY. OUR UNDERSTANDING OF VZV LATENCY LAGS BEHIND OUR KNOWLEDGE OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 1 (HSV-1) LATENCY PRIMARILY DUE TO THE DIFFICULTY IN PROPAGATING THE VIRUS TO HIGH TITERS IN A CELL-FREE STATE, AND THE LACK OF A SUITABLE SMALL-ANIMAL MODEL FOR STUDYING VIRUS LATENCY AND REACTIVATION. IT IS NOW ESTABLISHED BEYOND DOUBT THAT LATENT VZV IS PREDOMINANTLY LOCATED IN HUMAN GANGLIONIC NEURONS. VIRUS GENE TRANSCRIPTION DURING LATENCY IS EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED, AND APPEARS TO BE RESTRICTED TO EXPRESSION OF AT LEAST SIX GENES, WITH EXPRESSION OF GENE 63 BEING THE HALLMARK OF LATENCY. HOWEVER, VIRAL GENE TRANSCRIPTION MAY BE MORE EXTENSIVE THAN PREVIOUSLY THOUGHT. THERE IS ALSO EVIDENCE FOR SEVERAL VZV GENES BEING EXPRESSED AT THE PROTEIN LEVEL, INCLUDING VZV GENE 63-ENCODED PROTEIN, BUT RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THIS MAY NOT BE A COMMON EVENT. THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF THE CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN LATENTLY INFECTED GANGLIA IS ALSO OF CURRENT INTEREST. THERE REMAIN SEVERAL QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE VZV LATENCY PROCESS THAT STILL NEED TO BE RESOLVED UNAMBIGUOUSLY AND IT IS LIKELY THAT THIS WILL REQUIRE THE USE OF NEWLY DEVELOPED MOLECULAR TECHNOLOGIES, SUCH AS GEXPS MULTIPLEX POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) FOR VIRUS TRANSCRIPTIONAL ANALYSIS AND CHIP-SEQ TO STUDY THE EPIGENETIC OF LATENT VIRUS GENOME ( LIU ET AL, 2010 , BMC BIOL 8: 56).	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
3  2976  44 GENETIC AND MOLECULAR BASIS OF DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS: CLINICAL REVIEW. DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS (DFUS) ARE MAJOR COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH DIABETES AND OFTEN CORRELATE WITH PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, TRAUMA AND PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE. IT IS NECESSARY TO UNDERSTAND THE MOLECULAR AND GENETIC BASIS OF DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS IN ORDER TO TAILOR PATIENT CENTRED CARE TOWARDS PARTICULAR PATIENT GROUPS. THIS REVIEW AIMED TO EVALUATE WHETHER CURRENT LITERATURE WAS INDICATIVE OF AN UNDERLYING MOLECULAR AND GENETIC BASIS FOR DFUS AND TO DISCUSS CLINICAL APPLICATIONS. FROM A MOLECULAR PERSPECTIVE, WOUND HEALING IS A PROCESS THAT TRANSPIRES FOLLOWING BREACH OF THE SKIN BARRIER AND IS USUALLY MEDIATED BY GROWTH FACTORS AND CYTOKINES RELEASED BY SPECIALISED CELLS ACTIVATED BY THE IMMUNE RESPONSE, INCLUDING FIBROBLASTS, ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, PHAGOCYTES, PLATELETS AND KERATINOCYTES. GROWTH FACTORS AND CYTOKINES ARE FUNDAMENTAL IN THE ORGANISATION OF THE MOLECULAR PROCESSES INVOLVED IN MAKING CUTANEOUS WOUND HEALING POSSIBLE. THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE FOR SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM (SNPS) IN THE FLUCTUATION OF THESE GROWTH FACTORS AND CYTOKINES IN DFUS. FURTHERMORE, RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS A KEY ROLE FOR EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION FROM LONG STANDING HYPERGLYCEMIA AND NON-CODING RNAS IN THE COMPLEX INTERPLAY BETWEEN GENES AND THE ENVIRONMENT. GENETIC FACTORS AND ETHNICITY CAN ALSO PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETIC NEUROPATHY LEADING TO DFUS. CLINICALLY, INTERVENTIONS WHICH HAVE IMPROVED OUTCOMES FOR PEOPLE WITH DFUS OR THOSE AT RISK OF DFUS INCLUDE SOME SYSTEMIC THERAPEUTIC DRUG INTERVENTIONS WHICH IMPROVE MICROVASCULAR BLOOD FLOW, SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS, HUMAN GROWTH FACTORS, AND HYPERBARIC OXYGEN THERAPY, NEGATIVE PRESSURE WOUND THERAPY, SKIN REPLACEMENT OR SHOCKWAVE THERAPY AND THE USE OF TOPICAL TREATMENTS. FUTURE TREATMENT MODALITIES INCLUDING STEM CELL AND GENE THERAPIES ARE PROMISING IN THE THERAPEUTIC APPROACH TO PREVENT THE PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
4  3280  39 HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS FOLLOWING ONABOTULINUMTOXINA ADMINISTRATION FOR CHRONIC MIGRAINE: A CASE REPORT AND LITERATURE REVIEW. BACKGROUND: THERE IS A GROWING BODY OF LITERATURE DOCUMENTING LOCAL HERPES ZOSTER OUTBREAK FOLLOWING PROCEDURES. THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING THESE OUTBREAKS REMAINS ELUSIVE. WE PRESENT A CASE OF ZOSTER FOLLOWING ONABOTULINUMTOXINA (BTX) FOR MIGRAINE AND A LITERATURE REVIEW. METHODS: CHART AND LITERATURE REVIEW. CASE: A 72-YEAR-OLD WOMAN WITH CHRONIC MIGRAINE RECEIVED BTX INJECTIONS FOR 3 YEARS WITHOUT INCIDENT. SHE HAD A HISTORY OF THORACIC ZOSTER WITH SUBSEQUENT POST-HERPETIC NEURALGIA. IN AUGUST 2013, 48 HOURS AFTER RECEIVING BTX INJECTIONS, SHE DEVELOPED A PAINFUL RASH IN THE RIGHT V1 DISTRIBUTION CONSISTENT WITH HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS. ONE WEEK LATER THE RASH HAD RESOLVED WITHOUT TREATMENT. LITERATURE REVIEW: WE IDENTIFIED 65 (INCLUDING 2 FROM JUEL-JENSON) CASES OF ZOSTER REACTIVATION FOLLOWING MINOR PROCEDURES. THESE CASES TEND TO BE IN YOUNG PATIENTS WITHOUT SPECIFIC RISK FACTORS. OUTBREAKS CHARACTERISTICALLY OCCUR AT THE LEVEL OF EXPOSURE TO LOCAL TRAUMA. DISCUSSION: OUR REVIEW SUGGESTS THAT LOCAL TRAUMA, REGARDLESS OF THE NATURE OF STIMULI, MAY BE SUFFICIENT FOR ZOSTER REACTIVATION. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT THE STRESSORS IN THESE REPORTED CASES EXERT A LOCAL EPIGENETIC INFLUENCE ON VIRAL TRANSCRIPTION, ALLOWING FOR VIRAL REACTIVATION. CONCLUSION: ZOSTER IS A POTENTIAL COMPLICATION OF BTX ADMINISTRATION FOR CHRONIC MIGRAINE IN ADULTS. PHYSICIAN AWARENESS CAN REDUCE THE SIGNIFICANT MORBIDITY ASSOCIATED WITH THIS DISEASE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
5  6742  49 WHITHER THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS (AND SCOLIOGENY) OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS? ALTHOUGH CONSIDERABLE PROGRESS HAD BEEN MADE IN THE PAST TWO DECADES IN UNDERSTANDING THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS (AIS), IT STILL LACKS AN AGREED THEORY OF ETIOPATHOGENESIS. ONE PROBLEM MAY BE THAT AIS RESULTS NOT FROM ONE CAUSE, BUT SEVERAL THAT INTERACT WITH VARIOUS GENETIC PREDISPOSING FACTORS. THERE IS A VIEW THERE ARE TWO OTHER PATHOGENIC PROCESSES FOR IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS NAMELY, INITIATING (OR INDUCING), AND THOSE THAT CAUSE CURVE PROGRESSION. TWIN STUDIES AND OBSERVATIONS OF FAMILY AGGREGATION HAVE REVEALED SIGNIFICANT GENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS, THAT PLACE AIS AMONG OTHER COMMON DISEASE OR COMPLEX TRAITS WITH A HIGH HERITABILITY INTERPRETED BY THE GENETIC VARIANT HYPOTHESIS OF DISEASE. WE SUMMARIZE ETIOPATHOGENETIC KNOWLEDGE OF AIS AS THEORIES OF PATHOGENESIS INCLUDING RECENT MULTIPLE CONCEPTS, AND BLOOD TESTS FOR AIS BASED ON PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS AND GENETIC VARIANTS THAT SIGNIFY DISEASE RISK. THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE FOR THE POSSIBILITY OF AN UNDERLYING NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER FOR AIS, RESEARCH WHICH HOLDS PROMISE. LIKE BRAIN RESEARCH, MOST AIS WORKERS FOCUS ON THEIR OWN CORNER AND THERE IS A NEED FOR GREATER INTEGRATION OF RESEARCH EFFORT. EPIGENETICS, A RELATIVELY RECENT FIELD, EVALUATES FACTORS CONCERNED WITH GENE EXPRESSION IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENT, DISEASE, NORMAL DEVELOPMENT AND AGING, WITH A COMPLEX REGULATION ACROSS THE GENOME DURING THE FIRST DECADE OF LIFE. RESEARCH ON THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, EPIGENETICS AND CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) INCLUDING ADIPOSITY, AFTER A SLOW START, HAS EXPLODED IN THE LAST DECADE. NOT SO FOR AIS RESEARCH AND THE ENVIRONMENT WHERE, EXCEPT FOR MONOZYGOTIC TWIN STUDIES, THERE ARE ONLY SPORADIC REPORTS TO SUGGEST THAT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE AT WORK IN ETIOLOGY. HERE, WE EXAMINE EPIGENETIC CONCEPTS AS THEY MAY RELATE TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, NORMAL LIFE HISTORY PHASES AND AIS PATHOGENESIS. ALTHOUGH AIS IS NOT REGARDED AS AN NCD, LIKE THEM, IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH WHOLE ORGANISM METABOLIC PHENOMENA, INCLUDING LOWER BODY MASS INDEX, LOWER CIRCULATING LEPTIN LEVELS AND OTHER SYSTEMIC DISORDERS. SOME EPIGENETIC RESEARCH APPLIED TO SILVER-RUSSELL SYNDROME AND ADIPOSITY IS EXAMINED, FROM WHICH SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE FOR CONSIDERATION OF AIS EPIGENETIC RESEARCH, CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL. THE WORD SCOLIOGENY IS SUGGESTED TO INCLUDE ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOMECHANISM.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
6  6743  52 WHITHER THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS (AND SCOLIOGENY) OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS? INCORPORATING PRESENTATIONS ON SCOLIOGENY AT THE 2012 IRSSD AND SRS MEETINGS. THIS PAPER AIMS TO INTEGRATE INTO CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF AIS CAUSATION, ETIOPATHOGENETIC INFORMATION PRESENTED AT TWO MEETINGS DURING 2012 NAMELY, THE INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH SOCIETY OF SPINAL DEFORMITIES (IRSSD) AND THE SCOLIOSIS RESEARCH SOCIETY (SRS). THE ULTIMATE HOPE IS TO PREVENT THE OCCURRENCE OR PROGRESSION OF THE SPINAL DEFORMITY OF AIS WITH NON-INVASIVE TREATMENT, POSSIBLY MEDICAL. THIS MIGHT BE ATTAINED BY PERSONALISED POLYMECHANISTIC PREVENTIVE THERAPY TARGETING THE APPROPRIATE ETIOLOGY AND/OR ETIOPATHOGENETIC PATHWAYS, TO AVOID FUSION AND MAINTAIN SPINAL MOBILITY. ALTHOUGH CONSIDERABLE PROGRESS HAD BEEN MADE IN THE PAST TWO DECADES IN UNDERSTANDING THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS (AIS), IT STILL LACKS AN AGREED THEORY OF ETIOPATHOGENESIS. ONE PROBLEM MAY BE THAT AIS RESULTS NOT FROM ONE CAUSE, BUT SEVERAL THAT INTERACT WITH VARIOUS GENETIC PREDISPOSING FACTORS. THERE IS A VIEW THERE ARE TWO OTHER PATHOGENIC PROCESSES FOR IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS NAMELY, INITIATING (OR INDUCING), AND THOSE THAT CAUSE CURVE PROGRESSION. TWIN STUDIES AND OBSERVATIONS OF FAMILY AGGREGATION HAVE REVEALED SIGNIFICANT GENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS, THAT PLACE AIS AMONG OTHER COMMON DISEASE OR COMPLEX TRAITS WITH A HIGH HERITABILITY INTERPRETED BY THE GENETIC VARIANT HYPOTHESIS OF DISEASE. WE SUMMARIZE ETIOPATHOGENETIC KNOWLEDGE OF AIS AS THEORIES OF PATHOGENESIS INCLUDING RECENT MULTIPLE CONCEPTS, AND BLOOD TESTS FOR AIS BASED ON PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS AND GENETIC VARIANTS THAT SIGNIFY DISEASE RISK. THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE FOR THE POSSIBILITY OF AN UNDERLYING NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER FOR AIS, RESEARCH WHICH HOLDS PROMISE. LIKE BRAIN RESEARCH, MOST AIS WORKERS FOCUS ON THEIR OWN CORNER AND THERE IS A NEED FOR GREATER INTEGRATION OF RESEARCH EFFORT. EPIGENETICS, A RELATIVELY RECENT FIELD, EVALUATES FACTORS CONCERNED WITH GENE EXPRESSION IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENT, DISEASE, NORMAL DEVELOPMENT AND AGING, WITH A COMPLEX REGULATION ACROSS THE GENOME DURING THE FIRST DECADE OF LIFE. RESEARCH ON THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, EPIGENETICS AND CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) INCLUDING ADIPOSITY, AFTER A SLOW START, HAS EXPLODED IN THE LAST DECADE. NOT SO FOR AIS RESEARCH AND THE ENVIRONMENT WHERE, EXCEPT FOR MONOZYGOTIC TWIN STUDIES, THERE ARE ONLY SPORADIC REPORTS TO SUGGEST THAT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE AT WORK IN ETIOLOGY. HERE, WE EXAMINE EPIGENETIC CONCEPTS AS THEY MAY RELATE TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, NORMAL LIFE HISTORY PHASES AND AIS PATHOGENESIS. ALTHOUGH AIS IS NOT REGARDED AS AN NCD, LIKE THEM, IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH WHOLE ORGANISM METABOLIC PHENOMENA, INCLUDING LOWER BODY MASS INDEX, LOWER CIRCULATING LEPTIN LEVELS AND OTHER SYSTEMIC DISORDERS. SOME EPIGENETIC RESEARCH APPLIED TO SILVER-RUSSELL SYNDROME AND ADIPOSITY IS EXAMINED, FROM WHICH SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE FOR CONSIDERATION OF AIS EPIGENETIC RESEARCH, CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL. THE WORD SCOLIOGENY IS SUGGESTED TO INCLUDE ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOMECHANISM.	2013	

7  5025  29 PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS. PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS (CVD), ALSO REFERRED TO AS PERSONALIZED OR PRECISION CARDIOLOGY IN ACCORDANCE WITH GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, IS SELECTION OF THE BEST TREATMENT FOR AN INDIVIDUAL PATIENT. IT INVOLVES THE INTEGRATION OF VARIOUS "OMICS" TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS AS WELL AS OTHER NEW TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY. MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS AND BIOMARKERS ARE IMPORTANT FOR LINKING DIAGNOSIS WITH THERAPY AND MONITORING THERAPY. BECAUSE CVD INVOLVE PERTURBATIONS OF LARGE COMPLEX BIOLOGICAL NETWORKS, A SYSTEMS BIOLOGY APPROACH TO CVD RISK STRATIFICATION MAY BE USED FOR IMPROVING RISK-ESTIMATING ALGORITHMS, AND MODELING OF PERSONALIZED BENEFIT OF TREATMENT MAY BE HELPFUL FOR GUIDING THE CHOICE OF INTERVENTION. BIOINFORMATICS TOOLS ARE HELPFUL IN ANALYZING AND INTEGRATING LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES. PERSONALIZED THERAPY IS CONSIDERED DURING DRUG DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING METHODS OF TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY AND CLINICAL TRIALS. INDIVIDUALIZED RECOMMENDATIONS CONSIDER MULTIPLE FACTORS - GENETIC AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC - FOR PATIENTS' RISK OF HEART DISEASE. EXAMPLES OF PERSONALIZED TREATMENT ARE THOSE OF CHRONIC MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA, HEART FAILURE, AND HYPERTENSION. SIMILAR APPROACHES CAN BE USED FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA, AS WELL AS THE USE OF ANTICOAGULANTS. PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT INCLUDES PHARMACOTHERAPY, SURGERY, LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS, AND COMBINATIONS THEREOF. FURTHER PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOMECHANISM OF COMPLEX CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND IDENTIFICATION OF CAUSATIVE FACTORS AT THE INDIVIDUAL PATIENT LEVEL WILL PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALIZED CARDIOLOGY. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE WILL IMPROVE THE CARE OF THE PATIENTS WITH CVD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
8   244  37 ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS (AIS), ENVIRONMENT, EXPOSOME AND EPIGENETICS: A MOLECULAR PERSPECTIVE OF POSTNATAL NORMAL SPINAL GROWTH AND THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF AIS WITH CONSIDERATION OF A NETWORK APPROACH AND POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS FOR MEDICAL THERAPY. GENETIC FACTORS ARE BELIEVED TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE ETIOLOGY OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS (AIS). DISCORDANT FINDINGS FOR MONOZYGOTIC (MZ) TWINS WITH AIS SHOW THAT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INCLUDING DIFFERENT INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENTS ARE IMPORTANT IN ETIOLOGY, BUT WHAT THESE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS MAY BE IS UNKNOWN. RECENT EVIDENCE FOR COMMON CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES SUGGESTS EPIGENETIC DIFFERENCES MAY UNDERLIE MZ TWIN DISCORDANCE, AND BE THE LINK BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND PHENOTYPIC DIFFERENCES. DNA METHYLATION IS ONE IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OPERATING AT THE INTERFACE BETWEEN GENOME AND ENVIRONMENT TO REGULATE PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY WITH A COMPLEX REGULATION ACROSS THE GENOME DURING THE FIRST DECADE OF LIFE. THE WORD EXPOSOME REFERS TO THE TOTALITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES FROM CONCEPTION ONWARDS, COMPRISING FACTORS IN EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS. THE WORD EXPOSOME IS USED HERE ALSO IN RELATION TO PHYSIOLOGIC AND ETIOPATHOGENETIC FACTORS THAT AFFECT NORMAL SPINAL GROWTH AND MAY INDUCE THE DEFORMITY OF AIS. IN NORMAL POSTNATAL SPINAL GROWTH WE PROPOSE A NEW TERM AND CONCEPT, PHYSIOLOGIC GROWTH-PLATE EXPOSOME FOR THE NORMAL PROCESSES PARTICULARLY OF THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS THAT MAY HAVE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS ON GROWTH PLATES OF VERTEBRAE. IN AIS, WE PROPOSE A NEW TERM AND CONCEPT PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC SCOLIOGENIC EXPOSOME FOR THE ABNORMAL PROCESSES IN MOLECULAR PATHWAYS PARTICULARLY OF THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT CURRENTLY EXPRESSED AS ETIOPATHOGENETIC HYPOTHESES; THESE ARE SUGGESTED TO HAVE DEFORMING EFFECTS ON THE GROWTH PLATES OF VERTEBRAE AT CELL, TISSUE, STRUCTURE AND/OR ORGAN LEVELS THAT ARE CONSIDERED TO BE EPIGENETIC. NEW RESEARCH IS REQUIRED FOR CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION IN AIS SUBJECTS AND VERTEBRAL GROWTH PLATES EXCISED AT SURGERY. IN ADDITION, CONSIDERATION IS NEEDED FOR A POSSIBLE NETWORK APPROACH TO ETIOPATHOGENESIS BY CONSTRUCTING AIS DISEASOMES. THESE APPROACHES MAY LEAD THROUGH SCREENING, GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, BIOCHEMICAL, METABOLIC PHENOTYPES AND PHARMACOGENOMIC RESEARCH TO IDENTIFY SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS AT RISK AND MODULATE ABNORMAL MOLECULAR PATHWAYS OF AIS. THE POTENTIAL OF EPIGENETIC-BASED MEDICAL THERAPY FOR AIS CANNOT BE ASSESSED AT PRESENT, AND MUST AWAIT NEW RESEARCH DERIVED FROM THE EVALUATION OF EPIGENETIC CONCEPTS OF SPINAL GROWTH IN HEALTH AND DEFORMITY. THE TENETS OUTLINED HERE FOR AIS ARE APPLICABLE TO OTHER MUSCULOSKELETAL GROWTH DISORDERS INCLUDING INFANTILE AND JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
9  1713  32 DYSFUNCTIONAL WOUND HEALING IN DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS: NEW CROSSROADS. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: DIABETIC FOOT ULCERATIONS (DFU) AFFECT 25% OF PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS DURING THEIR LIFETIME AND CONSTITUTE A MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEM AS THEY ARE OFTEN RECALCITRANT TO HEALING DUE TO A CONSTELLATION OF BOTH INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC FACTORS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO (1) DETAIL THE CURRENT MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF DFU FORMATION AND (2) HIGHLIGHT FUTURE THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. RECENT FINDINGS: FROM A MOLECULAR PERSPECTIVE, DFUS EXHIBIT A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PREDISPOSITION. IN ADDITION, INCREASED LOCAL HYPOXIC CONDITIONS AND IMPAIRED CELLULAR RESPONSES TO HYPOXIA ARE PATHOGENIC FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO DELAYED WOUND HEALING. FINALLY, RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS A ROLE FOR EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, INCLUDING MICRORNAS, IN DELAYED DFU HEALING DUE TO THE COMPLEX INTERPLAY BETWEEN GENES AND THE ENVIRONMENT. IN THIS REGARD, NOTABLE PROGRESS HAS BEEN MADE IN THE MOLECULAR AND GENETIC UNDERSTANDING OF DFU FORMATION. HOWEVER, FURTHER STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO TRANSLATE PRECLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS INTO CLINICAL THERAPIES.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
10  4786  29 NUTRITION AND HEALTH DURING MID-LIFE: SEARCHING FOR SOLUTIONS AND MEETING CHALLENGES FOR THE AGING POPULATION. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GENETIC (GENOME) AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (EPIGENOME) OPERATE DURING A PERSON'S ENTIRE LIFESPAN. THE AGING PROCESS IS ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERAL CELLULAR AND ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL ALTERATIONS THAT, AT THE END, CAUSE MULTI-ORGANIC CELL FAILURE. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF AGING ARE MODIFIABLE BY APPROPRIATE PREVENTIVE ACTIONS MEDIATED BY SIRTUINS, CALORIC INPUT, DIET COMPONENTS, ADIPOSE TISSUE-RELATED INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS, AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. THE MEDITERRANEAN LIFESTYLE HAS BEEN FOR MANY MILLENNIA A DAILY HABIT FOR PEOPLE IN WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS LIVING AROUND THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA WHO WORKED INTENSIVELY AND SURVIVED WITH VERY FEW SEASONAL FOODS. A HIGH ADHERENCE TO THE TRADITIONAL MEDITERRANEAN DIET IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW MORTALITY (HIGHER LONGEVITY) AND REDUCED RISK OF DEVELOPING CHRONIC DISEASES, INCLUDING CANCER, THE METABOLIC SYNDROME, DEPRESSION AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. REPORTS INDICATE THAT SOME DIETARY COMPONENTS, SUCH AS OLIVE OIL, ANTIOXIDANTS, OMEGA-3 AND -6 POLYUNSATURATED ACIDS, POLYPHENOLS AND FLAVONOIDS, MEDIATE BENEFICIAL ANTI-AGING EFFECTS (ANTI-CHRONIC DISEASES AND INCREASED LONGEVITY). EQUALLY, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DISPLAYS A POSITIVE EFFECT, PRODUCING CALORIC CONSUMPTION AND REGULATION OF ADIPOSE AND PANCREATIC FUNCTION. THE PREDICTIVE STRENGTH OF SOME FOOD PATTERNS MAY BE A WAY OF DEVELOPING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FOOD AND HEALTH POLICIES. THIS PAPER WILL DISCUSS SEVERAL WAYS OF IMPROVING HEALTH DURING MID-LIFE, FOCUSING ON CERTAIN GROUPS OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS AND HEALTHY HABITS WHICH MAY REDUCE OR PREVENT AGE-RELATED CHRONIC DISEASES.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
11  4062  38 MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICES AND AN INTEGRATED, LIFE-CYCLE APPROACH TO THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. DESCRIBED AS THE 'INVISIBLE EPIDEMIC', NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) ARE THE WORLD'S LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH. MOST ARE CAUSED BY PREVENTABLE FACTORS, INCLUDING POOR DIET, TOBACCO USE, HARMFUL USE OF ALCOHOL AND PHYSICAL INACTIVITY. DIABETES, CANCER AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR 38 MILLION (68%) OF GLOBAL DEATHS IN 2012. SINCE 1990, PROPORTIONATE NCD MORTALITY HAS INCREASED SUBSTANTIALLY AS POPULATIONS HAVE AGED AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASES DECLINE. THE MAJORITY OF NCD DEATHS, ESPECIALLY PREMATURE NCD DEATHS (<70 YEARS, 82%), OCCUR IN LOW-INCOME AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, AND AMONG POOR COMMUNITIES WITHIN THEM. ADDRESSING NCDS IS RECOGNISED AS CENTRAL TO THE POST-2015 AGENDA; ACCORDINGLY, NCDS HAVE A SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE AND TARGET IN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS. WHILE DEATHS FROM NCDS OCCUR MAINLY IN ADULTHOOD, MANY HAVE THEIR ORIGINS IN EARLY LIFE, INCLUDING THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OPERATING BEFORE CONCEPTION. GOOD NUTRITION BEFORE CONCEPTION AND INTERVENTIONS AIMED AT PREVENTING NCDS DURING THE FIRST 1000 DAYS (FROM CONCEPTION TO AGE 2 YEARS), CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE MAY BE MORE COST-EFFECTIVE THAN MANAGING ESTABLISHED NCDS IN LATER LIFE WITH COSTLY TESTS AND DRUGS. FOLLOWING A LIFE-COURSE APPROACH, MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, BEFORE DELIVERY AND DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE, CAN PREVENT NCDS AND SHOULD INFLUENCE GLOBAL HEALTH AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES HOW SUCH AN APPROACH MAY BE PURSUED, INCLUDING THROUGH THE ENGAGEMENT OF NON-HEALTH SECTORS. IT ALSO EMPHASISES EVALUATING AND DOCUMENTING RELATED INITIATIVES TO UNDERWRITE SYSTEMATIC AND EVIDENCE-BASED CROSS-SECTORAL ENGAGEMENT ON NCD PREVENTION IN THE FUTURE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12  3839  38 IPSC-DERIVED NEURAL PRECURSOR CELLS: POTENTIAL FOR CELL TRANSPLANTATION THERAPY IN SPINAL CORD INJURY. A NUMBER OF STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT TRANSPLANTATION OF NEURAL PRECURSOR CELLS (NPCS) PROMOTES FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY AFTER SPINAL CORD INJURY (SCI). HOWEVER, THE NPCS HAD BEEN MOSTLY HARVESTED FROM EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS OR FETAL TISSUE, RAISING THE ETHICAL CONCERN. YAMANAKA AND HIS COLLEAGUES ESTABLISHED INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS (IPSCS) WHICH COULD BE GENERATED FROM SOMATIC CELLS, AND THIS INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT HAS MADE RAPID PROGRESSION IN THE FIELD OF SCI REGENERATION. WE AND OTHER GROUPS SUCCEEDED IN PRODUCING NPCS FROM IPSCS, AND DEMONSTRATED BENEFICIAL EFFECTS AFTER TRANSPLANTATION FOR ANIMAL MODELS OF SCI. IN PARTICULAR, EFFICACY OF HUMAN IPSC-NPCS IN NON-HUMAN PRIMATE SCI MODELS FOSTERED MOMENTUM OF CLINICAL APPLICATION FOR SCI PATIENTS. AT THE SAME TIME, HOWEVER, ARTIFICIAL INDUCTION METHODS IN IPSC TECHNOLOGY CREATED ALTERNATIVE ISSUES INCLUDING GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES, AND TUMORIGENICITY AFTER TRANSPLANTATION. TO OVERCOME THESE PROBLEMS, IT IS CRITICALLY IMPORTANT TO SELECT ORIGINS OF SOMATIC CELLS, USE INTEGRATION-FREE SYSTEM DURING TRANSFECTION OF REPROGRAMMING FACTORS, AND THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF IPSC-NPCS WITH RESPECT TO QUALITY MANAGEMENT. MOREOVER, SINCE MOST OF THE PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE FOCUSED ON SUBACUTE PHASE OF SCI, ESTABLISHMENT OF EFFECTIVE NPC TRANSPLANTATION SHOULD BE EVALUATED FOR CHRONIC PHASE HEREAFTER. OUR GROUP IS CURRENTLY PREPARING CLINICAL-GRADE HUMAN IPSC-NPCS, AND WILL MOVE FORWARD TOWARD CLINICAL STUDY FOR SUBACUTE SCI PATIENTS SOON IN THE NEAR FUTURE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
13  6406  29 THE SEARCH FOR RELIABLE BIOMARKERS OF DISEASE IN MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL INTOLERANCES. WHILST FACING A WORLDWIDE FAST INCREASE OF FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL ALLERGIES, THE MEDICAL COMMUNITY IS ALSO CONFRONTED WITH ANOTHER INHOMOGENEOUS GROUP OF ENVIRONMENT-ASSOCIATED DISABLING CONDITIONS, INCLUDING MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY (MCS), FIBROMYALGIA, CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME, ELECTRIC HYPERSENSITIVITY, AMALGAM DISEASE AND OTHERS. THESE SHARE THE FEATURES OF POLY-SYMPTOMATIC MULTI-ORGAN CUTANEOUS AND SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATIONS, WITH POSTULATED INHERITED/ACQUIRED IMPAIRED METABOLISM OF CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL/NUTRITIONAL XENOBIOTICS, TRIGGERING ADVERSE REACTIONS AT EXPOSURE LEVELS FAR BELOW TOXICOLOGICALLY-RELEVANT VALUES, OFTEN IN THE ABSENCE OF CLEAR-CUT ALLERGOLOGIC AND/OR IMMUNOLOGIC INVOLVEMENT. DUE TO THE LACK OF PROVEN PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS GENERATING MEASURABLE DISEASE BIOMARKERS, THESE ENVIRONMENTAL HYPERSENSITIVITIES ARE GENERALLY IGNORED BY SANITARY AND SOCIAL SYSTEMS, AS PSYCHOGENIC OR "MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS". THE UNCONTROLLED APPLICATION OF DIAGNOSTIC AND TREATMENT PROTOCOLS NOT CORRESPONDING TO ACCEPTABLE LEVELS OF VALIDATION, SAFETY, AND CLINICAL EFFICACY, TO A STEADILY INCREASING NUMBER OF PATIENTS DEMANDING ASSISTANCE, OCCURS IN MANY COUNTRIES IN THE ABSENCE OF EVIDENCE-BASED GUIDELINES. HERE WE REVISE AVAILABLE INFORMATION SUPPORTING THE ORGANIC NATURE OF THESE CLINICAL CONDITIONS. FOLLOWING INTENSE RESEARCH ON GENE POLYMORPHISMS OF PHASE I/II DETOXIFICATION ENZYME GENES, SO FAR STATISTICALLY INCONCLUSIVE, EPIGENETIC AND METABOLIC FACTORS ARE UNDER INVESTIGATION, IN PARTICULAR FREE RADICAL/ANTIOXIDANT HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBANCES. THE FINDING OF RELEVANT ALTERATIONS OF CATALASE, GLUTATHIONE-TRANSFERASE AND PEROXIDASE DETOXIFYING ACTIVITIES SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATING WITH CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF MCS, HAS RECENTLY REGISTERED SOME PROGRESS TOWARDS THE IDENTIFICATION OF RELIABLE BIOMARKERS OF DISEASE ONSET, PROGRESSION, AND TREATMENT OUTCOMES.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
14  5280  26 PROMOTING SYMPATHOVAGAL BALANCE IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; PHARMACOLOGICAL, NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL, AND SURGICAL STRATEGIES. ACCUMULATED EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT CARDIOVASCULAR AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS) DYSFUNCTION MAY BE THE UNDERLYING CAUSE OF MANY MS CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS, INCLUDING NEURODEGENERATION AND REDUCED RESPONSE TO IMMUNOMODULATORY THERAPIES, DEPRESSION, FATIGUE AND SLEEP DISORDERS, MIGRAINE, OSTEOPOROSIS, AND CHRONIC CEREBROSPINAL VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY, THE NEWER MS VASCULAR ETIOLOGY. WE HAVE RECENTLY DESCRIBED THE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS WITH THE POTENTIAL INFLUENCING ANS ACTIVITY, AND THE INTERACTIONS AMONG THESE FACTORS. THIS REVIEW EXPANDS UPON PREVIOUS ONES, DESCRIBING THE PHARMACOLOGICAL, NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL, AND SURGICAL STRATEGIES THAT COULD BE ADOPTED TO PREVENT AND MINIMIZE THE DETERIORATION IN ANS FUNCTION, PROMOTING A STATE OF SYMPATHOVAGAL BALANCE. HOWEVER, THESE STRATEGIES SHOULD NOT BE APPLIED AS "ONE SIZE FITS ALL", BUT SHOULD TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE NATURE AND THE DEGREE OF ANS DYSFUNCTION. THESE STRATEGIES WOULD BE EFFECTIVE IN IMPROVING ANS FUNCTION NOT ONLY IN MS, BUT ALSO IN OTHER AUTOIMMUNE AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES, WHERE THE DYSFUNCTION OF THIS SYSTEM PLAYS A ROLE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
15   465  35 ARE TARGETED THERAPIES FOR DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY ON THE HORIZON? DIABETES INCREASES THE RISK OF HEART FAILURE APPROXIMATELY 2.5-FOLD, INDEPENDENT OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AND OTHER COMORBIDITIES. THIS PROCESS, TERMED DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, IS CHARACTERIZED BY INITIAL IMPAIRMENT OF LEFT VENTRICULAR (LV) RELAXATION FOLLOWED BY LV CONTRACTILE DYSFUNCTION. POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION REVEALS THAT HUMAN DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH LV DAMAGE, INCLUDING CARDIOMYOCYTE HYPERTROPHY, APOPTOSIS AND FIBROSIS, WITH IMPAIRED CORONARY MICROVASCULAR PERFUSION. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERPINNING THE CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD, ALTHOUGH MULTIPLE FACTORS INCLUDING ALTERED LIPID METABOLISM, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) STRESS, INFLAMMATION, AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC CHANGES, ARE IMPLICATED. DESPITE A RECENT RISE IN RESEARCH INTERROGATING THESE MECHANISMS AND AN INCREASED UNDERSTANDING OF THE CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, THERE REMAINS A LACK OF SPECIFIC TREATMENT STRATEGIES. HOW THE CHRONIC METABOLIC DISTURBANCES OBSERVED IN DIABETES LEAD TO STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES REMAINS A PERTINENT QUESTION, AND IT IS HOPED THAT RECENT ADVANCES, PARTICULARLY IN THE AREA OF EPIGENETICS, AMONG OTHERS, MAY PROVIDE SOME ANSWERS. THIS REVIEW HENCE EXPLORES THE TEMPORAL ONSET OF THE PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, AND THEIR RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION TO THE RESULTANT DISEASE PHENOTYPE, AS WELL AS BOTH CURRENT AND POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS. THE EMERGENCE OF GLUCOSE-OPTIMIZING AGENTS, NAMELY GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) AGONISTS AND SODIUM/GLUCOSE CO-TRANSPORTER (SGLT)2 INHIBITORS THAT CONFER BENEFITS ON CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES, TOGETHER WITH NOVEL EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES, HIGHLIGHT A NEW AND EXCITING ERA IN DIABETES RESEARCH, WHICH IS LIKELY TO RESULT IN MAJOR CLINICAL IMPACT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
16  3035  28 GENETICS/GENOMICS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE--TOWARDS PERSONALIZED MEDICINE? THE PROGRESSION RATE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) TO ITS TERMINAL STAGE, END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD), AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND SEVERITY OF VARIOUS COMPLICATIONS, ARE AT LEAST INDIRECTLY INFLUENCED BY GENETIC--AND EPIGENETIC--FACTORS. FOR YEARS, SCIENTISTS HAVE HELD OUT HOPE THAT THE RAPIDLY EVOLVING FIELD OF GENETICS COULD TRANSFORM MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT, MOVING BEYOND A TRIAL-AND-ERROR APPROACH TOWARDS "PERSONALIZED MEDICINE." INDEED, THERE ARE NOW SIGNS THAT THE ROLE OF GENETICS AND THE PURSUIT OF "PERSONALIZED MEDICINE" IN MEDICAL CARE WILL BE A PRIORITY FOR GOVERNMENTS DURING YEARS TO COME. BUT THE VISION OF INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT BASED ON A PATIENT'S GENETIC MAKEUP AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL MARKERS HAS YET TO MATERIALIZE IN THE FIELD OF CKD AND ESRD. AS THE TOXIC UREMIC ENVIRONMENT MAY RENDER CKD PATIENTS MORE SENSITIVE TO THE EFFECTS OF GENETIC VARIANTS, IT IS LIKELY THAT GENETIC FACTORS COULD BE OF SPECIAL IMPORTANCE IN THIS HIGH-RISK POPULATION. THEREFORE, OUTCOME IN THE CKD POPULATION MAY BE IMPROVED BY ESTABLISHING INDIVIDUAL GENETIC/EPIGENETIC PROFILES, THUS ENABLING PHYSICIANS TO DESIGN AN INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY. PERSONALIZED MEDICINE BASED ON A MORE INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPY COULD BE APPLIED IN, FOR EXAMPLE, PHARMACOTHERAPY (CYP GENES), DIALYSIS THERAPY, AND NUTRITIONAL AND LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
17  1006  51 CHRONIC VIRAL INFECTION AND PRIMARY CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MALIGNANCY. PRIMARY CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) TUMORS CAUSE SIGNIFICANT MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN BOTH ADULTS AND CHILDREN. WHILE SOME OF THE GENETIC AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF NEURO-ONCOGENESIS ARE KNOWN, MUCH LESS IS KNOWN ABOUT POSSIBLE EPIGENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO DISEASE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY. OVER THE LAST SEVERAL DECADES, CHRONIC VIRAL INFECTIONS HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH A NUMBER OF HUMAN MALIGNANCIES. IN PRIMARY CNS MALIGNANCIES, TWO FAMILIES OF VIRUSES, NAMELY POLYOMAVIRUS AND HERPESVIRUS, HAVE BEEN DETECTED WITH VARIED FREQUENCIES IN A NUMBER OF PEDIATRIC AND ADULT HISTOLOGICAL TUMOR SUBTYPES. HOWEVER, ESTABLISHING A LINK BETWEEN CHRONIC VIRAL INFECTION AND PRIMARY CNS MALIGNANCY HAS BEEN AN AREA OF CONSIDERABLE CONTROVERSY, DUE IN PART TO VARIATIONS IN DETECTION FREQUENCIES AND METHODOLOGIES USED AMONG RESEARCHERS. SINCE A LATENT VIRAL NEUROTROPISM CAN BE SEEN WITH A VARIETY OF VIRUSES AND A WIDESPREAD SEROPOSITIVITY EXISTS AMONG THE POPULATION, IT HAS BEEN DIFFICULT TO ESTABLISH AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN VIRAL INFECTION AND CNS MALIGNANCY BASED ON EPIDEMIOLOGY ALONE. WHILE DIRECT EVIDENCE OF A ROLE OF VIRUSES IN NEURO-ONCOGENESIS IN HUMANS IS LACKING, A MORE PLAUSIBLE HYPOTHESIS OF NEURO-ONCOMODULATION HAS BEEN PROPOSED. THE OVERALL GOALS OF THIS REVIEW ARE TO SUMMARIZE THE MANY HUMAN INVESTIGATIONS THAT HAVE STUDIED VIRAL INFECTION IN PRIMARY CNS TUMORS, DISCUSS POTENTIAL NEURO-ONCOMODULATORY MECHANISMS OF VIRAL-ASSOCIATED CNS DISEASE AND PROPOSE FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS TO ESTABLISH A MORE FIRM ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CHRONIC VIRAL INFECTIONS AND PRIMARY CNS MALIGNANCIES.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
18   734  32 CANCER HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES. A NEED EXISTS TO EXAMINE RACIAL DISPARITIES IN THE HEALTHCARE ARENA AND THE IMPACT ON PATIENTS WITH CANCER. DESPITE ONGOING EFFORTS TO INCREASE EQUITY IN PRIMARY HEALTHCARE ACCESS, RACIAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC DISPARITIES PERSIST, THUS CONTRIBUTING TO DISPROPORTIONATE TREATMENT OUTCOMES AND SURVIVORSHIP AMONG MINORITY AND LOW-INCOME PATIENTS. SUCH DISPARITIES HAVE BEEN REVEALED IN TREATMENT COHORTS OF PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE FORMS OF CANCER, INCLUDING BREAST, CERVICAL, OVARIAN, ENDOMETRIAL, PROSTATE, LUNG, COLORECTAL, GASTROINTESTINAL, AND HEPATOCELLULAR, AND HAVE BEEN ATTRIBUTED TO A RANGE OF CO-OCCURRING BEHAVIORAL, SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, UNDERLYING GENETIC FACTORS, AS WELL AS ACCESS TO EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES THAT LIMIT THE QUALITY OF INFORMED HEALTHCARE. THESE VARIOUS INTERRELATED FACTORS WIDEN CANCER HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES SYNERGISTICALLY THROUGHOUT UNDERSERVED COMMUNITIES, AND THEIR INFLUENCE HAS BEEN AMPLIFIED BY THE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) PANDEMIC. FUNDAMENTALLY, A LACK OF BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH EXISTS THAT FAILS TO ADEQUATELY REFLECT DIVERSITY AND MINORITY INVOLVEMENT IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT. ALTHOUGH OVERCOMING THE OBSTACLES RESPONSIBLE FOR CHRONIC TREATMENT DISPARITIES IS A FORMIDABLE TASK, PROMISING MEANS OF ACHIEVING MORE UNIFORM QUALITY HEALTHCARE ARE BECOMING MORE CLEARLY ELUCIDATED. TO REDUCE DISEASE PROGRESSION, INCREASE OVERALL SURVIVAL, AND IMPROVE THE HEALTH OF VULNERABLE POPULATIONS, IT IS NECESSARY TO IDENTIFY AND FULLY DISCLOSE ENVIRONMENTAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND ANCESTRAL FACTORS THAT IMPACT THE RISK FOR CANCER; HEAL HISTORICAL FRACTURES WITHIN COMMUNITIES; AND INCREASE PARTICIPATION OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES IN SCREENING EFFORTS AND RESEARCH STUDIES. THIS REQUIRES DEVELOPING A SYSTEM OF JUSTICE AND TRUST BASED ON SPECIFIC, SOLUTION-ORIENTED GRASSROOTS COMMUNITY EFFORTS WORKING IN TANDEM WITH MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL LEADERS. BY FULLY EXPLORING AND PINPOINTING THE UNDERLYING CAUSES OF HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES, IT SHOULD BE POSSIBLE TO DEFINE STRATEGIES AND INTERVENTIONS MOST LIKELY TO TRANSFORM CANCER CARE. THE ULTIMATE GOAL IS UNDERSTANDING INDIVIDUAL, CULTURAL, AND BIOLOGICAL VULNERABILITIES, INCLUDING ENVIRONMENTAL AND EPIGENETIC LIABILITIES, TO OPTIMIZE CANCER PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
19   246  39 ADULT STEM CELL THERAPY FOR CARDIAC REPAIR IN PATIENTS AFTER ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION LEADING TO ISCHEMIC HEART FAILURE: AN OVERVIEW OF EVIDENCE FROM THE RECENT CLINICAL TRIALS. BACKGROUND: CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD) STILL REPRESENT THE LEADING CAUSE OF MORTALITY WORLDWIDE, DESPITE THE REMARKABLE ADVANCES IN INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY, CARDIAC SURGERY, AND MODERN PHARMACOTHERAPY, PARTICULARLY IN THE SETTING OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (AMI), CHRONIC ISCHEMIC HEART FAILURE (HF), CARDIOMYOPATHY (CM), AND THE ASSOCIATED LEFT VENTRICULAR (LV) DYSFUNCTION. A SIGNIFICANT LOSS OF CARDIOMYOCYTES THAT UNDERLIES ALL OF THESE CONDITIONS WAS PREVIOUSLY CONSIDERED IRREVERSIBLE. HOWEVER, CURRENT EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT THE HUMAN HEART HAS SOME POTENTIAL FOR REPAIR, AND OVER THE PAST DECADE, MANY RESEARCH STUDIES HAVE BEEN EXPLORING THE USE OF STEM CELLS (SCS) TO FACILITATE RESTORATION OF MYOCARDIUM. CONSEQUENTLY, THE SAFETY, FEASIBILITY, AND EFFECTIVENESS OF SC THERAPY HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN MANY RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS (RCTS), USING DIFFERENT LINEAGES OF ADULT SCS. NEVERTHELESS, THE CLINICAL BENEFITS OF SC THERAPY ARE NOT YET WELL ESTABLISHED. IN THE NEAR FUTURE, UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMPLEX INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN SCS, PARACRINE FACTORS, GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS, AND MYOCARDIAL MICROENVIRONMENT, IN THE CONTEXT OF AN INDIVIDUAL PATIENT, WILL BE CRUCIAL FOR TRANSLATION OF THIS KNOWLEDGE INTO PRACTICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SUCCESSFUL, LONG-TERM REGENERATIVE SC THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS, IN A GROWING POPULATION OF PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM PREVIOUS MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI) LEADING TO CHRONIC ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY. CONCLUSION: THIS OVERVIEW HIGHLIGHTS THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF ADULT SCS IN TERMS OF THEIR POSSIBLE REGENERATIVE CAPACITY, SAFETY, AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES, IN PATIENTS WITH AMI, AND/OR SUBSEQUENT HF (DUE TO CHRONIC ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY). THIS REVIEW WAS BASED UPON PUBMED DATABASE SEARCH FOR TRIALS ON SC THERAPY, IN PATIENTS WITH AMI AND HF, AND THE MAIN TIMEFRAME WAS SET FROM 2006 TO 2016.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
20  2171  35 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS. THE INCIDENCE OF DIABETES MELLITUS, A CHRONIC METABOLIC DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH BOTH PREDISPOSING GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, IS INCREASING GLOBALLY. AS A RESULT, IT IS EXPECTED THAT THERE WILL ALSO BE AN INCREASING INCIDENCE OF DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS WHICH ARISE AS A RESULT OF POOR GLYCEMIC CONTROL. COMPLICATIONS INCLUDE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, NEPHROPATHY, RETINOPATHY AND DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS. THE FINDINGS OF SEVERAL MAJOR CLINICAL TRIALS HAVE IDENTIFIED THAT DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS MAY ARISE EVEN AFTER MANY YEARS OF PROPER GLYCEMIC CONTROL. THIS HAS LED TO THE CONCEPT OF PERSISTENT EPIGENETIC CHANGES. VARIOUS EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AS IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORS TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETES AND DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF TYPE 2 DIABETES WITH AN EMPHASIS ON COMPLICATIONS, PARTICULARLY DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS. AN OVERVIEW OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IS PROVIDED AND THE FOCUS IS ON THE EMERGING EVIDENCE FOR ABERRANT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS.	2012