1  6901 167 [THE EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF AUTOIMMUNE PROCESS: THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC VARIATION IN THE POPULATION OF MICE HYBRIDS]. BACKGROUND: AT THE DEVELOPMENT OF GRAFT VERSUS HOST DISEASE IN GENETICALLY HOMOGENEOUS POPULATION OF (C57BI/6 X DBA/2) FL MICE TWO CLINICAL PHENOTYPES OF SLE-LIKE DISEASE WERE REVEALED: LUPUS+ (IMMUNE COMPLEX GLOMERULONEPHRITIS AND HEMNOLYTIC ANEMIA) AND LUPUS - (HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA). THE GVHD PHENOTYPIC HETEROGENEITY IS DETERMINED BY THE TH2-POLARIZATION: TH2 LYMPHOCYTE PREDOMINANT ACTIVITY, LEADS TO THE LUPUS+DEVELOPMENT, OR PREVALENCE ACTIVITY OF TH1 CELLS, LEADS TO THE LUPUS- DEVELOPMENT. OBJECTIVE: OUR AIM WAS TO EVALUATE THE POSSIBILITY OF USING AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF AUTOIMMNUNE DISEASE FOR STUDYING AND TESTING OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, SHIFTING TH1/TH2 BALANCE IN VIVO. METHODS: CHRONIC GVHD WAS INDUCED IN B6D2F1 MICE BY THE TRANSPLANTATION OF 130X10(6) PARENTAL DBA/2 SPLENOCYTES. ANTI-DS-DNA, TOTAL IGG AND IGGI, IGG2A ABS WERE MEASURED BY ELISA. RESULTS: SIX- TO 8-WEEK-OLD FEMALE DBA/2 AND B6D2F1 MICE WERE OBTAINED FROM BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH LABORATORY (NOVOSIBIRSK). IT WAS ESTABLISHED THAT REGULAR MODERATE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY (UNLADED SWIMMING) SHIFTED TH1/TH2 BALANCE TOWARDS TH1. THIS LEADS TO A DECREASE IN A POPULATION OF RECIPIENTS THE LUPUS+ MICE FROM 57 TO 26% (P <0,001) WITH SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA (IGG FROM 2,8 TO 2,0 MG/ML; P <0,047) AND DNA ANTIBODIES TITER FROM 0,18 TO 0,12 OD (P =0,05). ADMINISTRATION OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATOR BISPHENOL A AT LOW DOSES, WHICH MIMICKING ESTROGEN EFFECTS, ENHANCES THE PROPORTION OF LUPUS+ MICE IN EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS FROM 33 TO 64% (P <0,001) AND IMPAIRS THEIR CLINICAL STATUS BY THE INCREASING THE URINE PROTEIN LEVEL FROM 2.8 TO 4,2 MG/ML (P <0,001) IN ANIMALS. CONCLUSION: TH1/TH2 - BALANCE PRESUMABLY IS DETERMINED BY THE IMMUNE SYSTEM EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN EXPERIMENTAL MICE, FORMED ON THE PREVIOUS STAGES OF ONTOGENY AND DEFINES THE DIRECTION OF IMMUNE PROCESSES DEVELOPMENT IN INDIVIDUAL ANIMAL.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
2  6918  27 [WNT3A SIGNALING PATHWAY PLAYS A ROLE IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF JMJD6]. TO EXPLORE WHETHER WNT3A EXERTS A ROLE IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN THROUGH JUMONJI C DOMAIN 6 (JMJD6)-ASSOCIATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION. METHODS: SD RATS WERE DIVIDED INTO 4 GROUPS: A SHAM GROUP, A CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) GROUP, A CCI+NEGATIVE LENTIVIRAL EXPRESSION VECTOR (LV-NC) GROUP AND A CCI+LENTIVIRAL OVEREXPRESSION VECTOR (LV-JMJD6) GROUP. THE SCIATIC NERVE CCI MODEL OF SD RAT AND JMJD6 LENTIVIRAL EXPRESSION VECTOR WERE CONSTRUCTED. ON THE THIRD DAY AFTER CCI, THE INTRATHECAL CATHETER WAS PREPARED, AND 20 MUL OF NORMAL SALINE AND LENTIVIRUS-CONTAINING REAGENT (VIRUS TITER 1X108 TU/ML) WERE ADMINISTERED. THE RATS' PAW WITHDRAWAL MECHANICAL THRESHOLD (PWMT) AND PAW WITHDRAWAL THERMAL LATENCY (PWTL) WERE MONITORED, AND WESTERN BLOTTING WAS USED TO DETECT THE EXPRESSION OF WNT3A AND NR2B PROTEIN IN THE SPINAL CORD. CO-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION WAS APPLIED TO DETECT THE INTERACTION BETWEEN JMJD6 AND WNT3A. RESULTS: COMPARED WITH THE SHAM GROUP, THE PWMT OF THE RATS IN EACH GROUP AFTER CCI WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED AND THE PWTL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY SHORTENED (P<0.05). COMPARED WITH THE CCI GROUP AND THE CCI+LV-NC GROUP, PWMT IN THE CCI+LV-JMJD6 GROUP WAS INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY ON THE 10TH DAY AND THE 14TH DAY AFTER CCI, AND THE PWTL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY PROLONGED ON THE 14TH DAY AFTER CCI (P<0.05). ON THE 14TH DAY AFTER CCI, THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF WNT3A AND NR2B IN THE CCI GROUP AND THE CCI+LV-NC GROUP WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN THOSE IN THE SHAM GROUP. AFTER INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF LENTIVIRAL VECTOR, WNT3A AND NR2B PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS IN THE CCI+LV-JMJD6 GROUP WERE LOWER COMPARED WITH THE CCI+LV-NC GROUP (P<0.05). THE RESULTS OF CO-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SHOWED NO DIRECT INTERACTION BETWEEN WNT3A AND JMJD6. CONCLUSION: WNT3A IS INVOLVED IN MEDIATING NEUROPATHIC PAIN, AND ITS EFFECT MAY BE RELATED TO THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF JMJD6, WHICH IS LIKELY REGULATED THROUGH INDIRECT INTERACTION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
3  3868  24 JMJD6 EXERTS FUNCTION IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN BY REGULATING NF?KAPPAB FOLLOWING PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY IN RATS. TREATMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN (NPP) CONTINUES TO BE A MAJOR CHALLENGE, AND THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS REMAIN TO BE ELUCIDATED. PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT HISTONE METHYLATION IS IMPORTANT IN SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND MAY AFFECT NUCLEAR FACTOR?KAPPAB (NF?KAPPAB) SIGNALING THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. THE PRESENT STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF JUMONJI C DOMAIN 6 (JMJD6), A HISTONE DEMETHYLASE, IN A CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) MODEL OF NPP. ON THE THIRD DAY POST?CCI SURGERY, A JMJD6 OVEREXPRESSING LENTIVIRAL VECTOR (LV?JMJD6) WAS INTRATHECALLY INJECTED IN THE RATS. MECHANICAL WITHDRAWAL THRESHOLD AND THERMAL WITHDRAWAL LATENCY WERE ASSESSED PRIOR SURGERY AND ON DAYS 3, 7, 10 AND 14 POST?CCI. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT INTRATHECAL INJECTION WITH THE LV?JMJD6 ATTENUATED CCI?INDUCED PAIN FACILITATION. THE EXPRESSION OF JMJD6 WAS LOWER FOLLOWING CCI SURGERY, AND ITS EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED FOLLOWING INTRATHECAL INJECTION WITH LV?JMJD6, COMPARED WITH LEVELS IN NORMAL SALINE (NS)? AND NEGATIVE CONTROL LENTIVIRAL VECTOR (NC)?TREATED RATS. THE EXPRESSION OF SPINAL NF?KAPPAB PHOSPHORYLATED (P?)P65 SUBUNIT AND ITS DOWNSTREAM PAIN?ASSOCIATED EFFECTORS, INCLUDING INTERLEUKIN 1BETA (IL?1BETA), TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR?ALPHA (TNF?ALPHA) AND VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF), WERE INCREASED FOLLOWING CCI SURGERY. INTRATHECAL INJECTION WITH LV?JMJD6 SUPPRESSED ACTIVATION OF THE P?P65 SUBUNIT IN CCI RATS. IN ADDITION, EXPRESSION LEVELS OF ITS DOWNSTREAM EFFECTORS IL?1BETA, TNF?ALPHA AND VEGF WERE ATTENUATED BY INTRATHECAL TREATMENT WITH LV?JMJD6, COMPARED WITH THOSE IN THE NS? AND NC?TREATED CCI RATS. FURTHERMORE, THE JMJD6? AND P65?IMMUNOREACTIVE CELLS OVERLAPPED IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN, HOWEVER, CO?IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SHOWED THAT JMJD6 AND THE NF?KAPPAB P65 SUBUNIT DID NOT DIRECTLY INTERACT, INDICATING OTHER FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIONS MAY EXIST BETWEEN THESE FACTORS FOLLOWING CCI SURGERY. COLLECTIVELY, THESE FINDINGS INDICATED AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM UNDERLYING THE PATHOGENESIS OF NPP. JMJD6 MAY EXERT ITS THERAPEUTIC FUNCTION IN NPP BY REGULATING NF?KAPPAB FOLLOWING CCI.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
4  6302  28 THE PUTATIVE ROLE OF VIRUSES, BACTERIA, AND CHRONIC FUNGAL BIOTOXIN EXPOSURE IN THE GENESIS OF INTRACTABLE FATIGUE ACCOMPANIED BY COGNITIVE AND PHYSICAL DISABILITY. PATIENTS WHO PRESENT WITH SEVERE INTRACTABLE APPARENTLY IDIOPATHIC FATIGUE ACCOMPANIED BY PROFOUND PHYSICAL AND OR COGNITIVE DISABILITY PRESENT A SIGNIFICANT THERAPEUTIC CHALLENGE. THE EFFECT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELING IS LIMITED, WITH SIGNIFICANT BUT VERY SLIGHT IMPROVEMENTS IN PSYCHOMETRIC MEASURES OF FATIGUE AND DISABILITY BUT NO IMPROVEMENT ON SCIENTIFIC MEASURES OF PHYSICAL IMPAIRMENT COMPARED TO CONTROLS. SIMILARLY, EXERCISE REGIMES EITHER PRODUCE SIGNIFICANT, BUT PRACTICALLY UNIMPORTANT, BENEFIT OR PROVOKE SYMPTOM EXACERBATION. MANY SUCH PATIENTS ARE AFFORDED THE EXCLUSIONARY, NON-SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS OF CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME IF RUDIMENTARY TESTING FAILS TO DISCOVER THE CAUSE OF THEIR SYMPTOMS. MORE SOPHISTICATED INVESTIGATIONS OFTEN REVEAL THE PRESENCE OF A RANGE OF PATHOGENS CAPABLE OF ESTABLISHING LIFE-LONG INFECTIONS WITH SOPHISTICATED IMMUNE EVASION STRATEGIES, INCLUDING PARVOVIRUSES, HHV6, VARIANTS OF EPSTEIN-BARR, CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, MYCOPLASMA, AND BORRELIA BURGDORFERI. OTHER PATIENTS HAVE A HISTORY OF CHRONIC FUNGAL OR OTHER BIOTOXIN EXPOSURE. HEREIN, WE EXPLAIN THE EPIGENETIC FACTORS THAT MAY RENDER SUCH INDIVIDUALS SUSCEPTIBLE TO THE CHRONIC PATHOLOGY INDUCED BY SUCH AGENTS, HOW SUCH AGENTS INDUCE PATHOLOGY, AND, INDEED, HOW SUCH PATHOLOGY CAN PERSIST AND EVEN AMPLIFY EVEN WHEN INFECTIONS HAVE CLEARED OR WHEN BIOTOXIN EXPOSURE HAS CEASED. THE PRESENCE OF ACTIVE, REACTIVATED, OR EVEN LATENT HERPES VIRUS COULD BE A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF INTRACTABLE FATIGUE ACCOMPANIED BY PROFOUND PHYSICAL AND OR COGNITIVE DISABILITY IN SOME PATIENTS, AND THE SAME MAY BE TRUE OF PERSISTENT PARVOVIRUS B12 AND MYCOPLASMA INFECTION. A HISTORY OF CHRONIC MOLD EXPOSURE IS A FEASIBLE EXPLANATION FOR SUCH SYMPTOMS, AS IS THE PRESENCE OF B. BURGDORFERI. THE COMPLEX TROPISM, LIFE CYCLES, GENETIC VARIABILITY, AND LOW TITER OF MANY OF THESE PATHOGENS MAKES THEIR DETECTION IN BLOOD A CHALLENGE. EXAMINATION OF LYMPHOID TISSUE OR CSF IN SUCH CIRCUMSTANCES MAY BE WARRANTED.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
5  5384  23 REDIFFERENTIATION OF RADIOIODINE-REFRACTORY THYROID CANCERS. THE MANAGEMENT OF RADIOIODINE REFRACTORY THYROID CANCERS (RAIR TC) IS CHALLENGING FOR THE CLINICIAN. TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS CLASSICALLY PRESCRIBED IN THIS SETTING CAN FAIL DUE TO PRIMARY OR ACQUIRED RESISTANCE OR THE NECESSITY OF DRUG WITHDRAWAL BECAUSE OF SERIOUS OR MODERATE BUT CHRONIC AND DELETERIOUS ADVERSE EFFECTS. THUS, THE CONCEPT OF REDIFFERENTIATION STRATEGY, WHICH INVOLVES TREATING PATIENTS WITH ONE OR MORE DRUGS CAPABLE OF RESTORING RADIOIODINE SENSITIVITY FOR RAIR TC, HAS EMERGED. THE AREA OF REDIFFERENTIATION STRATEGY LEADS TO THE CREATION OF NEW DEFINITIONS OF RAIR TC INCLUDING PERSISTENT NON RADIOIODINE-AVID PATIENTS AND 'TRUE' RAIR TC PATIENTS. THE LATTER GROUP PRESENTS A RESTORED OR INCREASED RADIOIODINE UPTAKE IN METASTATIC LESIONS BUT WITH NO RADIOLOGICAL RESPONSE ON CONVENTIONAL IMAGING, THAT IS, PROGRESSION OF A METASTATIC DISEASE, THUS PROVING THAT THEY ARE 'TRULY' RESISTANT TO THE RADIATION DELIVERED BY RADIOIODINE. UNLIKE THESE PATIENTS, METASTATIC TC PATIENTS WITH RESTORED RADIOIODINE UPTAKE OFFER THE HOPE OF PROLONGED REMISSION OR EVEN CURE OF THE DISEASE AS FOR RADIOIODINE-AVID METASTATIC TC. HERE, WE REVIEW THE DIFFERENT REDIFFERENTIATION STRATEGIES BASED ON THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISM LEADING TO THE SODIUM IODIDE SYMPORTER (NIS) AND RADIOIODINE UPTAKE REINDUCTION, THAT IS, BY MODULATING SIGNALING PATHWAYS, NIS TRANSCRIPTION, NIS TRAFFICKING TO THE PLASMA MEMBRANE, NIS POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION, BY GENE THERAPY AND OTHER POTENTIAL STRATEGIES. WE DISCUSS CLINICAL TRIALS AND PROMISING PRECLINICAL DATA OF POTENTIAL FUTURE TARGETS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
6    31  27 A CASE OF INFECTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIPROTEINASE-3-NEGATIVE CYTOPLASMIC ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODY PAUCI-IMMUNE FOCAL NECROTIZING GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. WE PRESENT THE CASE OF A MAN WITH GRAM-NEGATIVE SEPSIS AND EXPOSURE TO ORAL SILICA WHO DEVELOPED PAUCI-IMMUNE FOCAL NECROTIZING GLOMERULONEPHRITIS (PI-FNGN) IN THE SETTING OF A SUBACUTE POLYMICROBIAL CENTRAL VENOUS LINE (CVL) INFECTION. HE DEVELOPED A CYTOPLASMIC ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC AUTOANTIBODY (C-ANCA) THAT WAS ANTIPROTEINASE-3 (PR-3) AND ANTIMYELOPEROXIDASE (MPO) ANTIBODY NEGATIVE. WE BELIEVE THIS IS THE FIRST REPORTED CASE OF GRAM-NEGATIVE SEPSIS-ASSOCIATED PI-FNGN. CHRONIC SILICA EXPOSURE IS A LEADING ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANCA VASCULITIS. ORAL SILICA IS A COMMON PHARMACEUTICAL ADDITIVE AND ITS BIOAVAILABILITY IS BEING RECOGNIZED. ORAL SILICA, THEREFORE, MAY ALSO BE A RISK FOR DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOREACTIVITY. THE PI-FNGN RESOLVED WITH ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY ALONE. THE C-ANCA TITER DECLINED AS THE PI-FNGN RESOLVED. THE CASE SUPPORTS EXPERIMENTAL AND OBSERVATIONAL RESEARCH THAT ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES ACT AS ADJUVANTS FOR AN IMMUNE RESPONSE AND ALSO PROVIDE EPIGENETIC TRIGGERS FOR AUTOREACTIVITY. THE C-ANCA WAS NEGATIVE FOR PR-3, ITS MAJOR ANTIGEN. C-ANCA ANTIGEN SPECIFICITY MAY DEPEND ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE UNDERLYING DISEASE, POTENTIALLY ELICITED BY A CROSS-REACTION OF AN ANTIBODY TO FOREIGN AND SELF TARGET ANTIGEN SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY OR ALTERNATIVELY ELICITED BY ANTIGENIC EPITOPE SPREAD.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
7  4579  23 N(6)-METHYLADENOSINE METHYLASE METTL3 CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN BY EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. WE AIMED AT EXPLORING THE ROLE AND MECHANISM OF METTL3-MEDIATED M(6)A MODIFICATION IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. MALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE RANDOMLY DIVIDED INTO FOUR GROUPS: SHAM OPERATION GROUP (SHAM GROUP), CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) OF THE SCIATIC NERVE MODEL GROUP (NPP GROUP), INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF VIRUS DOWN-REGULATED METTL3 + CCI MODEL GROUP (M3 + NPP GROUP) AND INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF NEGATIVE CONTROL VIRUS + CCI MODEL GROUP (SCR + NPP GROUP). THE M3 + NPP GROUP AND THE SCR + NPP GROUP WERE INTRATHECALLY INJECTED WITH VIRUS NINETEEN DAYS BEFORE OPERATION. THE PAW WITHDRAWAL MECHANICAL THRESHOLDS AND PAW WITHDRAWAL LATENCY WERE RESPECTIVELY RECORDED ONE DAY BEFORE OPERATION, THREE DAYS, FIVE DAYS AND SEVEN DAYS AFTER OPERATION. THE RATS WERE SACRIFICED ON THE SEVENTH DAY AFTER OPERATION, AND THEIR SPINAL CORD TISSUES WERE TAKEN. THE FROZEN SECTIONS OF RATS WERE PERFORMED TO OBSERVE THE EXPRESSION OF GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN OF THE VIRUS. THE METHYLATION LEVEL OF RNA, THE PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF M(6)A-RELATED ENZYME (METTL3) AND MU OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR) IN SPINAL CORD TISSUES OF THE FOUR GROUPS WERE MEASURED. DOWNREGULATION OF METTL3 HAD NO EFFECT ON THE OVERALL METHYLATION LEVEL OF THE SPINAL CORD, BUT IT COULD REGULATE THE METHYLATION LEVEL OF THE OPRM1 GENE RNA ENCODING MOR, PARTIALLY RESTORE THE EXPRESSION OF MOR, AND RELIEVE PAIN IN RATS. IN THE PROCESS OF NPP, METTL3 MAY INHIBIT THE EXPRESSION OF MOR BY REGULATING THE METHYLATION LEVEL OF OPRM1 GENE RNA ENCODING MOR, AND ULTIMATELY PROMOTE THE OCCURRENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NPP.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
8  4964  29 PATHOGENETIC AND CLINICAL ASPECTS OF ANTI-NEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC AUTOANTIBODY-ASSOCIATED VASCULITIDES. ANTI-NEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC AUTOANTIBODIES (ANCA) TARGETING PROTEINASE 3 (PR3) AND MYELOPEROXIDASE EXPRESSED BY INNATE IMMUNE CELLS (NEUTROPHILS AND MONOCYTES) ARE SALIENT DIAGNOSTIC AND PATHOGENIC FEATURES OF SMALL VESSEL VASCULITIS, COMPRISING GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS (GPA), MICROSCOPIC POLYANGIITIS, AND EOSINOPHILIC GPA. GENETIC STUDIES SUGGEST THAT ANCA-ASSOCIATED VASCULITIDES (AAV) CONSTITUTE SEPARATE DISEASES, WHICH SHARE COMMON IMMUNOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES, BUT ARE OTHERWISE HETEROGENEOUS. THE SUCCESSFUL THERAPEUTIC USE OF ANTI-CD20 ANTIBODIES EMPHASIZES THE PROMINENT ROLE OF ANCA AND POSSIBLY OTHER AUTOANTIBODIES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF AAV. HOWEVER, TO ELUCIDATE CAUSAL EFFECTS IN AAV, A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMPLEX INTERPLAY LEADING TO THE EMERGENCE OF B LYMPHOCYTES THAT PRODUCE PATHOGENIC ANCA REMAINS A CHALLENGE. DIFFERENT SCENARIOS SEEM POSSIBLE; E.G., THE BREAK OF TOLERANCE INDUCED BY A SHIFT FROM NON-PATHOGENIC TOWARD PATHOGENIC AUTOANTIGEN EPITOPES IN INFLAMED TISSUE. THIS REVIEW GIVES A BRIEF OVERVIEW ON CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ABOUT GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS, BARRIER DYSFUNCTION AND CHRONIC NON-RESOLVING INFLAMMATION, NECRO-INFLAMMATORY AUTO-AMPLIFICATION OF CELLULAR DEATH AND INFLAMMATION, ALTERED AUTOANTIGEN PRESENTATION, ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY ACTIVATION, ALTERATIONS WITHIN PERIPHERAL AND INFLAMED TISSUE-RESIDING T- AND B-CELL POPULATIONS, ECTOPIC LYMPHOID TISSUE NEOFORMATION, THE CHARACTERIZATION OF PR3-SPECIFIC T-CELLS, PROPERTIES OF ANCA, LINKS BETWEEN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE AND INFECTION-TRIGGERED PATHOLOGY, AND ANIMAL MODELS IN AAV.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
9  6612  28 ULTRA-LOW-DOSE NALOXONE ENHANCES THE ANTINOCICEPTIVE EFFECT OF MORPHINE IN PTX-TREATED RATS: REGULATION ON GLOBAL HISTONE METHYLATION. OBJECTIVE: EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING MAY HAVE A POSSIBLE ROLE IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT; THE PRESENT STUDY EXAMINED THE GLOBAL PATTERNS OF LYSINE HISTONE MODIFICATION. IN THIS SERIAL STUDY WE ANALYZED THE LEVELS OF HISTONE 3 LYSINE 4 MONOMETHYLATION, HISTONE 3 LYSINE 4 DIMETHYLATION, AND HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 TRIMETHYLATION IN PERTUSSIS TOXIN (PTX)-INDUCED THERMAL HYPERALGESIC RAT SPINAL CORDS. METHODS: MALE WISTAR RATS IMPLANTED WITH AN INTRATHECAL CATHETER RECEIVED A SINGLE INTRATHECAL PTX (1 MUG IN 5 MUL SALINE) INJECTION. FOUR DAYS LATER, THEY WERE RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO RECEIVE EITHER A SINGLE INJECTION OF SALINE, OR ULTRA-LOW-DOSE NALOXONE (15 NG IN 5 MUL SALINE), FOLLOWED BY MORPHINE (10 MUG IN 5 MUL SALINE) INJECTION 30 MINUTES LATER. RESULTS: THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT PTX INJECTION INDUCED THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND SIGNIFICANT INCREASE OF GLOBAL HISTONE METHYLATION IN THE SPINAL CORDS. INTRATHECAL MORPHINE ALONE DID NOT AFFECT THE THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND GLOBAL HISTONE METHYLATION. IN CONTRAST, INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF ULTRA-LOW-DOSE NALOXONE PLUS MORPHINE SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED THE PTX-INDUCED THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND DOWN-REGULATED THE GLOBAL HISTONE METHYLATION. CONCLUSION: THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT ULTRA-LOW-DOSE NALOXONE MIGHT BE CLINICAL VALUABLE FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN MANAGEMENT VIA REGULATING GLOBAL HISTONE MODIFICATION.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
10   765  20 CC-486 MAINTENANCE AFTER STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA OR MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES. RELAPSE IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF TREATMENT FAILURE AFTER ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT (ALLOSCT) IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) AND MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS). INJECTABLE AZACITIDINE CAN IMPROVE POST-TRANSPLANT OUTCOMES BUT PRESENTS CHALLENGES WITH EXPOSURE AND COMPLIANCE. ORAL CC-486 ALLOWS EXTENDED DOSING TO PROLONG AZACITIDINE ACTIVITY. WE INVESTIGATED USE OF CC-486 MAINTENANCE THERAPY AFTER ALLOSCT. ADULTS WITH MDS OR AML IN MORPHOLOGIC COMPLETE REMISSION AT CC-486 INITIATION (42 TO 84 DAYS AFTER ALLOSCT) WERE INCLUDED. PATIENTS RECEIVED 1 OF 4 CC-486 DOSING SCHEDULES PER 28-DAY CYCLE FOR UP TO 12 CYCLES. ENDPOINTS INCLUDED SAFETY, PHARMACOKINETICS, GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE (GVHD) INCIDENCE, RELAPSE/PROGRESSION RATE, AND SURVIVAL. OF 30 PATIENTS, 7 RECEIVED CC-486 ONCE DAILY FOR 7 DAYS PER CYCLE (200 MG, N = 3; 300 MG, N = 4) AND 23 FOR 14 DAYS PER CYCLE (150 MG, N = 4; 200 MG, N = 19 [EXPANSION COHORT]). GRADES 3 TO 4 ADVERSE EVENTS WERE INFREQUENT AND OCCURRED WITH SIMILAR FREQUENCY ACROSS REGIMENS. STANDARD CONCOMITANT MEDICATIONS DID NOT ALTER CC-486 PHARMACOKINETIC PARAMETERS. THREE PATIENTS (10%) EXPERIENCED GRADE III ACUTE GVHD AND 9 EXPERIENCED CHRONIC GVHD. OF 28 EVALUABLE PATIENTS, 6 (21%) RELAPSED OR HAD PROGRESSIVE DISEASE: 3 OF 7 PATIENTS (43%) WHO HAD RECEIVED 7-DAY DOSING AND 3 OF 23 (13%) WHO HAD RECEIVED 14-DAY DOSING. TRANSPLANT-RELATED MORTALITY WAS 3%. AT 19 MONTHS OF FOLLOW-UP, MEDIAN OVERALL SURVIVAL WAS NOT REACHED. ESTIMATED 1-YEAR SURVIVAL RATES WERE 86% AND 81% IN THE 7-DAY AND 14-DAY DOSING COHORTS, RESPECTIVELY. CC-486 MAINTENANCE WAS GENERALLY WELL TOLERATED, WITH LOW RATES OF RELAPSE, DISEASE PROGRESSION, AND GVHD. CC-486 MAINTENANCE MAY PERMIT EPIGENETIC MANIPULATION OF THE ALLOREACTIVE RESPONSE POSTALLOGRAFT. FINDINGS REQUIRE CONFIRMATION IN RANDOMIZED TRIALS. (CLINICALTRIALS.GOV NCT01835587.).	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
11  1997  31 EPIGENETIC AND INFLAMMATORY EVENTS IN EXPERIMENTAL PERIODONTITIS FOLLOWING SYSTEMIC MICROBIAL CHALLENGE. AIM: THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE INFLAMMATORY AND EPIGENETIC FEATURES FOLLOWING INDUCTION OF ORAL AND GUT DYSBIOSIS IN EXPERIMENTAL PERIODONTITIS IN ORDER TO EXAMINE THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN ORAL AND SYSTEMIC INFECTION. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PERIODONTITIS WAS INDUCED IN 6- TO 8-WEEK-OLD C57BL/6 MICE BY (A) LIGATURE PLACEMENT (LIG GROUP) (ORAL CHALLENGE); (B) P. GINGIVALIS GAVAGE (PG GROUP) (SYSTEMIC CHALLENGE); AND (C) THE COMBINATION OF THE TWO MODELS ORAL AND SYSTEMIC CHALLENGE (PG + LIG). THE DURATION OF THE EXPERIMENT WAS 60 DAYS, AND THE ANIMALS WERE THEN SACRIFICED FOR ANALYSES. ALVEOLAR BONE LOSS WAS ASSESSED, AND A MULTIPLEX IMMUNOASSAY WAS PERFORMED. MAXILLAE AND GUT TISSUES WERE IMMUNOSTAINED FOR DNMT3B (DE NOVO METHYLATION MARKER), B AND T LYMPHOCYTE ATTENUATOR (BTLA) AND IL-18R1 (INFLAMMATION MARKERS). RESULTS: PG AND PG + LIG GROUPS EXHIBITED HIGHER BONE LOSS WHEN COMPARED TO SHAM. BAFF, VEGF, RANKL, RANTES AND IP-10 WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER WITH PG GAVAGE. LIKEWISE, DNMT3B WAS OVEREXPRESSED IN BOTH GUT AND MAXILLA AFTER THE PG ADMINISTRATION. THE SAME PATTERN WAS OBSERVED FOR BTLA AND IL-18R1 IN GUT TISSUES. CONCLUSIONS: THE SYSTEMIC MICROBIAL CHALLENGE EITHER ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH LOCAL CHALLENGE LEADS TO DISTINCT PATTERNS OF INFLAMMATORY AND EPIGENETIC FEATURES WHEN COMPARED TO SIMPLY LOCALLY INDUCED EXPERIMENTAL PERIODONTITIS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12  6098  27 THE EFFECTS OF VALPROIC ACID ON SKIN HEALING: EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN RATS. PURPOSE: TO RECOGNIZE THE EFFECTS OF VALPROIC ACID (VPA), AN EPIGENETIC DRUG, ON THE SKIN HEALING PROCESS. METHODS: SIXTY MALE WISTAR RATS WERE DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS: THE EXPERIMENT TREATED WITH VPA (100 MG/KG/DAY); AND THE CONTROL, WITH 0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE BY GAVAGE. SKIN HEALING WAS STUDIED IN THREE MOMENTS (THE THIRD, THE SEVENTH, AND THE 14TH DAY), EVALUATING THE PARAMETERS: INFLAMMATORY REACTION AND ITS INTENSITY (ANTI-LCA), ANGIOGENESIS (ANTI-CD34), COLLAGEN I AND III (ANTI-COLLAGEN I, ANTI-COLLAGEN III AND PICROSIRIUS-RED F3BA) AND MYOFIBROBLASTS (ANTI-ALPHA-AMS). RESULTS: THE INFLAMMATORY REACTION WAS ACUTE OR SUB-ACUTE IN BOTH GROUPS ON THE THIRD DAY. ON THE SEVENTH AND THE 14TH DAY, CHRONIC PREDOMINATED IN THE CONTROL (P=0.006), AND SUB-ACUTE IN THE EXPERIMENT (P=0.020). THERE WAS A GREATER NUMBER OF LEUKOCYTES IN THE GROUP TREATED ONLY ON THE THIRD DAY (P=0.036). THE NUMBER OF VESSELS WAS LOWER IN THE TREATED GROUP AT THE THREE TIMES (P3=0.002, P7<0.001, AND P14=0.027). MYOFIBROBLASTS WERE RARE IN THE THIRD DAY AND MODERATE QUANTITY IN THE REMAINING PERIODS. COLLAGEN I DENSITY WAS HIGHER IN THE CONTROL AT THE THREE TIMES (P<0.001) AND COLLAGEN III IN THE TREATED GROUP (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: VPA LED TO A MORE INTENSE INFLAMMATORY REACTION, DECREASED ANGIOGENESIS AND COLLAGEN DEPOSITION, ESPECIALLY TYPE I COLLAGEN.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
13  4581  23 N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE 2B RECEPTOR SUBTYPE (NR2B) PROMOTER METHYLATION IN PATIENTS DURING ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL. NMDA RECEPTORS AND ESPECIALLY THE NR2B RECEPTOR SUBTYPE PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE DURING CHRONIC ETHANOL CONSUMPTION AND ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL. THEREFORE, THE NR2B RECEPTOR SUBTYPE EXPRESSION IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELLS OF 32 MALE PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM ALCOHOL DEPENDENCY WERE ASSESSED THROUGH QUANTITATIVE RT-PCR AND TO EXPLORE REGULATING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, A METHYLATION ANALYSIS WAS CONDUCTED USING BISULFITE SEQUENCING OF A FRAGMENT OF THE NR2B PROMOTER REGION. THE EXPRESSION OF THE NR2B RECEPTOR INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY DURING THE FIRST 24 H OF WITHDRAWAL TREATMENT (DAY 1; T = 4.1, P = 0.001), AND ALSO ON AND DAY 3 (T = 2.4; P = 0.029). THE SEVERITY OF ALCOHOL DRINKING PATTERN, MEASURED BY LIFETIME DRINKING AND DAILY ETHANOL INTAKE, WAS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH THE METHYLATION OF A DEFINED CLUSTER OF FIVE CPG-SITES WITHIN THE NR2B PROMOTER (LIFETIME DRINKING: SPEARMAN'S RHO = -0.55; P = 0.013; DAILY ETHANOL INTAKE: RHO = -0.46; P = 0.043). THESE FINDINGS MIGHT EXPLAIN THE OBSERVATION OF AN IMPACT OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION PATTERNS ON THE GRAVITY OF WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
14  5781  30 SPINAL SIRT1 ACTIVATION ATTENUATES NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN MICE. ABNORMAL HISTONE ACETYLATION OCCURS DURING NEUROPATHIC PAIN THROUGH AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. SILENT INFORMATION REGULATOR 1 (SIR2 OR SIRT1), A NAD-DEPENDENT DEACETYLASE, PLAYS COMPLEX SYSTEMIC ROLES IN A VARIETY OF PROCESSES THROUGH DEACETYLATING ACETYLATED HISTONE AND OTHER SPECIFIC SUBSTRATES. BUT THE ROLE OF SIRT1 IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS NOT WELL ESTABLISHED YET. THE PRESENT STUDY WAS INTENDED TO DETECT SIRT1 CONTENT AND ACTIVITY, NICOTINAMIDE (NAM) AND NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE (NAD) IN THE SPINAL CORD USING IMMUNOBLOTTING OR MASS SPECTROSCOPY OVER TIME IN MICE FOLLOWING CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) OR SHAM SURGERY. IN ADDITION, THE EFFECT OF INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF NAD OR RESVERATROL ON THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA WAS EVALUATED IN CCI MICE. FINALLY, WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER SIRT1 INHIBITOR EX-527 COULD REVERSE THE ANTI-NOCICEPTIVE EFFECT OF NAD OR RESVERATROL. IT WAS FOUND THAT SPINAL SIRT1 EXPRESSION, DEACETYLASE ACTIVITY AND NAD/NAM DECREASED SIGNIFICANTLY 1, 3, 7, 14 AND 21 DAYS AFTER CCI SURGERY AS COMPARED WITH SHAM GROUP. IN ADDITION, DAILY INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF 5 MICROL 800 MM NAD 1 H BEFORE AND 1 DAY AFTER CCI SURGERY OR SINGLE INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF 5 MICROL 90 MM RESVERATROL 1 H BEFORE CCI SURGERY PRODUCED A TRANSIENT INHIBITORY EFFECT ON THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA IN CCI MICE. FINALLY, AN INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF 5 MICROL 1.2 MM EX-527 1 H BEFORE NAD OR RESVERATROL ADMINISTRATION REVERSED THE ANTI-NOCICEPTIVE EFFECT OF NAD OR RESVERATROL. THESE DATA INDICATE THAT THE REDUCTION IN SIRT1 DEACETYLASE ACTIVITY MAY BE A FACTOR CONTRIBUTING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN CCI MICE. OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE ENHANCEMENT OF SPINAL NAD/NAM AND/OR SIRT1 ACTIVITY MAY BE A POTENTIALLY PROMISING STRATEGY FOR THE PREVENTION OR TREATMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
15  3785  28 INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS OF PRE-PREGNANCY CHRONIC LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE FROM PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS ON THE LEARNING, MEMORY AND SEIZURE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF OFFSPRING. OBJECTIVE: THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF PRE-PREGNANCY CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS LPS (PG LPS) ON THE LEARNING, MEMORY, AND SEIZURE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE OFFSPRING. DESIGN: TO ACHIEVE PERIODONTITIS, PG LPS (5 MUG/KG) WAS INJECTED INTO THE GINGIVAL OF FIVE FEMALE RATS EVERY 48 H FOR THREE WEEKS. FIVE CONTROL FEMALE RATS RECEIVED SALINE (0.9 %) AND FIVE FEMALE WERE KEPT INTACT. THE CONCENTRATIONS OF TNF-ALPHA AND IL-6 WERE MEASURED IN THE BLOOD SAMPLES. ONE WEEK AFTER THE FINAL INJECTION, FEMALES WERE MATED WITH INTACT MALES. FOLLOWING BIRTH AND WEANING, TWO MALE AND TWO FEMALE OFFSPRING WERE RANDOMLY SELECTED FROM EACH MOTHER, AND NEW GROUPS OF MALE AND FEMALE OFFSPRING WERE DEFINED FOR BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENTS. MORRIS WATER MAZE WAS USED TO EVALUATE SPATIAL MEMORY, SHUTTLE BOX WAS USED TO INVESTIGATE AVOIDANCE MEMORY AND A PENTYLENETETRAZOLE-INDUCED SEIZURE WAS USED TO EVALUATE SEIZURE SUSCEPTIBILITY IN THE OFFSPRING. RESULTS: SPATIAL LEARNING AND AVOIDANCE MEMORY SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN BOTH MALE AND FEMALE OFFSPRING OF PG LPS-EXPOSED FEMALE RATS, COMPARED TO THE CONTROL OFFSPRING. LATENCY TO REACH SEIZURE STAGES 1 AND 2 SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN THE MALE OFFSPRING, BUT NOT THE FEMALE OFFSPRING OF PG LPS-EXPOSED FEMALE, COMPARED TO THE CONTROL OFFSPRING. HOWEVER, NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE WAS FOUND IN LATENCY TO REACH STAGES 3-5. CONCLUSION: PRE-PREGNANCY EXPOSURE TO PG LPS COULD AFFECT SOME BEHAVIORAL FUNCTIONS IN BOTH MALE AND FEMALE OFFSPRING INTERGENERATIONALLY.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
16  1920  34 ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT PREVENTS STRESS-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR AND CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA TO INHIBIT VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. INTRODUCTION: STRESS IS A KNOWN TRIGGER FOR THE SYMPTOMS OF IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS), A GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) DISORDER THAT PRESENTS WITH ABNORMAL BOWEL HABITS AND ABDOMINAL PAIN DUE TO VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. WHILE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES HAVE BEEN USED TO ATTENUATE IBS SYMPTOMS, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS BY WHICH THESE THERAPIES INTERACT WITH STRESS-INDUCED PATHOLOGY REMAINS TO BE DELINEATED. HERE WE USE A RAT MODEL TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT (EE) INHIBITS STRESS-INDUCED CHANGES WITHIN THE BRAIN-GUT AXIS TO PREVENT VISCERAL AND SOMATIC HYPERSENSITIVITY AND COLONIC HYPERPERMEABILITY. METHODS: FEMALE RATS (N = 8/GROUP) WERE HOUSED IN EE ONE WEEK BEFORE AND ONE WEEK DURING EXPOSURE TO WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS (WAS) WHILE CONTROLS WERE HOUSED IN STANDARD CAGES (SH). ONE DAY AFTER THE FINAL WAS EXPOSURE, COLONIC AND SOMATIC SENSITIVITY WERE ASSESSED BY THE VISCEROMOTOR RESPONSE (VMR) TO COLORECTAL DISTENSION (CRD) AND WITHDRAWAL THRESHOLD ELICITED BY AN ELECTRONIC VON FREY ON THE HIND PAW OF THE RATS RESPECTIVELY. ALL RATS WERE RETURNED TO SH FOR 3 WEEKS BEFORE COLONIC AND SOMATIC SENSITIVITY WERE REASSESSED ON DAY 28. THE RATS WERE THEN IMMEDIATELY EUTHANIZED AND THE SPINAL CORD WAS COLLECTED TO ASSESS CHANGES IN NEURONAL ACTIVATION (ASSESSED VIA ERK PHOSPHORYLATION) IN RESPONSE TO NOXIOUS CRD. A SEPARATE COHORT OF ANIMALS (N = 8/GROUP) THAT DID NOT UNDERGO BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENTS WAS EUTHANIZED THE DAY AFTER THE FINAL WAS EXPOSURE AND THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA (CEA) WAS COLLECTED TO INVESTIGATE WAS AND EE INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) AND CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE (CRH) PROMOTER. THE COLON FROM THESE RATS WAS ALSO COLLECTED TO ASSESS COLONIC PERMEABILITY VIA CHANGES IN TRANSEPITHELIAL ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE (TEER) IN VITRO. RESULTS: EXPOSURE TO STRESS PERSISTENTLY INCREASED VMR TO CRD (P < 0.01) AND DECREASED THE HIND PAW WITHDRAWAL THRESHOLD (P < 0.001) IN FEMALE RATS. WAS ALSO DECREASED TEER IN THE COLON TISSUE OF FEMALE RATS (P = 0.05). IN THE CEA, WAS INDUCED A DECREASE IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE GR PROMOTER BUT INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE CRH PROMOTER AND REDUCED GR-CRH INTERACTIONS IN THE CEA. ANALYSIS OF THE SPINAL CORD SHOWED THAT WAS INCREASED CRD-EVOKED ERK PHOSPHORYLATION IN THE DORSAL HORN. EXPOSURE TO EE PREVENTED WAS-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE CEA, DORSAL HORN AND COLON RESPECTIVELY TO PREVENT VISCERAL AND SOMATIC HYPERSENSITIVITY. CONCLUSION: OUR DATA REVEALS THAT BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES CAN PRODUCE LONG LASTING MOLECULAR AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT CAN PREVENT STRESS-INDUCED PATHOLOGIES EVEN AFTER COMPLETION OF THE THERAPY. THESE RESULTS HIGHLIGHT THE POTENTIAL MECHANISMS BY WHICH BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES MAY AMELIORATE VISCERAL PAIN ASSOCIATED STRESS-RELATED PATHOLOGIES SUCH AS THE IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME.	2021	

17  3850  28 IS GENDER A FACTOR AFFECTING LONG-TERM HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION INCIDENCE AFTER SINGLE-LEVEL CERVICAL DISC ARTHROPLASTY? BACKGROUND: CERVICAL DISC DISEASES HAVE BEEN TREATED BY CERVICAL DISC ARTHROPLASTY (CDA). NEVERTHELESS, SOME PATIENTS WILL EXPERIENCE A MOBILITY FAILURE IN THEIR CERVICAL PROSTHESES OVER TIME BECAUSE OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF GENDER IN LONG-TERM OUTCOMES AFTER CDA. METHODS: A RETROSPECTIVE, SINGLE-CENTER STUDY OF PATIENTS WHO UNDERWENT SINGLE-LEVEL CDA WITH A BRYAN CERVICAL DISC PROSTHESIS WAS PERFORMED, INCLUDING A NARRATIVE REVIEW ABOUT GENDER DIFFERENCES IN BOTH STRUCTURAL AND BIOMECHANICAL FEATURES OF THE CERVICAL SPINE. RESULTS: STUDY PATIENTS (14 MEN, 30 WOMEN) HAD AN AVERAGE FOLLOW-UP OF 9.8 +/- 3.2 YEARS. SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES EMERGED BETWEEN GENDERS FOR SPECIFIC ITEMS IN NECK DISABILITY INDEX PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION, WITH WOMEN REPORTING WORSE PAIN SCORES (P = 0.05). AFTER STRATIFICATION BY AGE, WE FOUND A HIGHER PREOPERATIVE OVERALL NECK DISABILITY INDEX SCORE FOR FEMALE PATIENTS <36 YEARS OF AGE (P = 0.03). IN AN INTERGENDER, BODY MASS INDEX-SPECIFIC COMPARISON, WE ALSO FOUND A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN NECK DISABILITY INDEX PREOPERATIVE SCORE WITH NORMAL-WEIGHT MALE PATIENTS FARING WORSE THAN OVERWEIGHT MALE PATIENTS (P = 0.05). AT A RADIOLOGICAL LEVEL, WE FOUND A TENDENCY TOWARD A HIGHER HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION INCIDENCE IN MALE PATIENTS (62% IN MEN, 17% IN WOMEN, P = 0.06). THE FEMALE CERVICAL SPINE HAS DISTINCTIVE FEATURES, INCLUDING BONE STRUCTURE, MUSCULAR ACTION, SOFT TISSUE RESPONSE, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC RESPONSE TO OSTEOARTHRITIS. CONCLUSIONS: THE INCIDENCE OF MOBILITY FAILURE IN OUR SERIES OF SINGLE-LEVEL CDA WAS LOWER IN FEMALE PATIENTS. SEVERAL GENDER-SPECIFIC FACTORS BOTH IN STATIC AND IN DYNAMIC FEATURES MAY PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN SPINAL PATHOLOGY AND CDA LONG-TERM RADIOLOGICAL OUTCOME.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
18  3810  25 INTRATHECAL 5-AZACYTIDINE INHIBITS GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND METHYL- CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 EXPRESSION AND ALLEVIATES NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN RATS FOLLOWING CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY. THE PATHOGENESIS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY PLAY A MAJOR ROLE IN REGULATING EXPRESSION OF PRO- OR ANTINOCICEPTIVE GENES. DNA METHYLATION IS A MAJOR EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IN VERTEBRATES, AND METHYL- CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) IS DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN METHYLATION-MEDIATED GENE SILENCING. TO DETERMINE HOW CHANGES IN GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND MECP2 EXPRESSION OCCUR FOLLOWING CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) AND HOW REPRESSION OF DNA METHYLATION AFFECTS THESE CHANGES AND ATTENUATES NEUROPATHIC PAIN, WE USED INTRATHECAL 5-AZACYTIDINE, A DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR, IN CCI RATS. RATS RECEIVED 0.9% SALINE OR 5-AZACYTIDINE (10MUMOL.D(-1)) VIA SPINAL INJECTION ONCE DAILY FROM DAY 3 TO DAY 14 AFTER CCI SURGERY. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND MECP2 EXPRESSION INCREASED IN THE SPINAL CORD IN CCI RATS ON DAY 14 AFTER CCI SURGERY. MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AND THERMAL HYPERALGESIA INDUCED BY CCI WERE ATTENUATED BY INTRATHECAL 5-AZACYTIDINE FROM DAY 5 TO DAY 14 AFTER CCI SURGERY. THE INCREASES IN GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND MECP2 EXPRESSION IN THE SPINAL CORD IN CCI RATS WERE ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED BY INTRATHECAL 5-AZACYTIDINE. THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT INCREASED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND MECP2 EXPRESSION IN THE SPINAL CORD AFTER NERVE DAMAGE MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. 5-AZACYTIDINE SHOWS POTENTIAL FOR TREATING NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
19  2464  34 EPIGENETIC THERAPY USING BELINOSTAT FOR PATIENTS WITH UNRESECTABLE HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: A MULTICENTER PHASE I/II STUDY WITH BIOMARKER AND PHARMACOKINETIC ANALYSIS OF TUMORS FROM PATIENTS IN THE MAYO PHASE II CONSORTIUM AND THE CANCER THERAPEUTICS RESEARCH GROUP. PURPOSE: EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). IN THIS STUDY OF PATIENTS WITH UNRESECTABLE HCC AND CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE, EPIGENETIC THERAPY WITH THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR BELINOSTAT WAS ASSESSED. THE OBJECTIVES WERE TO DETERMINE DOSE-LIMITING TOXICITY AND MAXIMUM-TOLERATED DOSE (MTD), TO ASSESS PHARMACOKINETICS IN PHASE I, AND TO ASSESS ACTIVITY OF AND EXPLORE POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS FOR RESPONSE IN PHASE II. PATIENTS AND METHODS: MAJOR ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA INCLUDED HISTOLOGICALLY CONFIRMED UNRESECTABLE HCC, EUROPEAN COOPERATIVE ONCOLOGY GROUP PERFORMANCE SCORE </= 2, AND ADEQUATE ORGAN FUNCTION. PHASE I CONSISTED OF 18 PATIENTS; BELINOSTAT WAS GIVEN INTRAVENOUSLY ONCE PER DAY ON DAYS 1 TO 5 EVERY 3 WEEKS; DOSE LEVELS WERE 600 MG/M(2) PER DAY (LEVEL 1), 900 MG/M(2) PER DAY (LEVEL 2), 1,200 MG/M(2) PER DAY (LEVEL 3), AND 1,400 MG/M(2) PER DAY (LEVEL 4). PHASE II CONSISTED OF 42 PATIENTS. THE PRIMARY END POINT WAS PROGRESSION-FREE SURVIVAL (PFS), AND THE MAIN SECONDARY END POINTS WERE RESPONSE ACCORDING TO RESPONSE EVALUATION CRITERIA IN SOLID TUMORS (RECIST) AND OVERALL SURVIVAL (OS). EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS WAS CONDUCTED ON PRETREATMENT TUMOR TISSUES TO DETERMINE WHETHER HR23B EXPRESSION IS A POTENTIAL BIOMARKER FOR RESPONSE. RESULTS: BELINOSTAT PHARMACOKINETICS WERE LINEAR FROM 600 TO 1,400 MG/M(2) WITHOUT SIGNIFICANT ACCUMULATION. THE MTD WAS NOT REACHED AT THE MAXIMUM DOSE ADMINISTERED. DOSE LEVEL 4 WAS USED IN PHASE II. THE MEDIAN NUMBER OF CYCLES WAS TWO (RANGE, ONE TO 12). THE PARTIAL RESPONSE (PR) AND STABLE DISEASE (SD) RATES WERE 2.4% AND 45.2%, RESPECTIVELY. THE MEDIAN PFS AND OS WERE 2.64 AND 6.60 MONTHS, RESPECTIVELY. EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT DISEASE STABILIZATION RATE (COMPLETE RESPONSE PLUS PR PLUS SD) IN TUMORS HAVING HIGH AND LOW HR23B HISTOSCORES WERE 58% AND 14%, RESPECTIVELY (P = .036). CONCLUSION: EPIGENETIC THERAPY WITH BELINOSTAT DEMONSTRATES TUMOR STABILIZATION AND IS GENERALLY WELL-TOLERATED. HR23B EXPRESSION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE STABILIZATION.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
20  4913  34 PAIN MODULATION IN WAG/RIJ EPILEPTIC RATS (A GENETIC MODEL OF ABSENCE EPILEPSY): EFFECTS OF BIOLOGICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN EPILEPSY AND CHRONIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT. ABOUT THAT, WE STUDIED THE EFFECTS OF THE NATURAL HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE (BUT) IN COMPARISON WITH VALPROIC ACID (VPA) IN A VALIDATED GENETIC MODEL OF GENERALIZED ABSENCE EPILEPSY AND EPILEPTOGENESIS. WAG/RIJ RATS WERE TREATED WITH BUT (30 MG/KG), VPA (300 MG/KG), AND THEIR COMBINATION (BUT + VPA) DAILY PER OS FOR 6 MONTHS. RATS WERE SUBJECTED AT RANDALL-SELITTO, VON FREY, HOT PLATE, AND TAIL FLICK TESTS AFTER 1, 3, AND 6 MONTHS OF TREATMENT TO EVALUATE HYPERSENSITIVITY TO NOXIOUS AND NON-NOXIUOUS STIMULI. MOREOVER, PPAR-GAMMA (G3335 1 MG/KG), GABA-B (CGP35348 80 MG/KG), AND OPIOID (NALOXONE 1 MG/KG) RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS WERE ADMINISTRATED TO INVESTIGATE THE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN ANALGESIC ACTIVITY. THE EXPRESSION OF NFKB, GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE, AND PROTEIN OXIDATION (CARBONYLATION) WAS ALSO EVALUATED BY WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS. WAG/RIJ RATS SHOWED AN ALTERED PAIN THRESHOLD THROUGHOUT THE STUDY (P < 0.001). BUT AND BUT + VPA TREATMENT REDUCED HYPERSENSITIVITY (P < 0.01). VPA WAS SIGNIFICANTLY EFFECTIVE ONLY AFTER 1 MONTH (P < 0.01). ALL THE THREE RECEPTORS ARE INVOLVED IN BUT + VPA EFFECTS (P < 0.001). BUT AND BUT + VPA DECREASED THE EXPRESSION OF NFKB AND ENHANCED GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE (P < 0.01); PROTEIN OXIDATION (CARBONYLATION) WAS REDUCED (P < 0.01). NO EFFECT WAS REPORTED WITH VPA. IN CONCLUSION BUT, ALONE OR IN COADMINISTRATION WITH VPA, IS A VALUABLE CANDIDATE FOR MANAGING THE EPILEPSY-RELATED PERSISTENT PAIN.	2020