1  3440 90 HYPERMETHYLATION AND LOW TRANSCRIPTION OF TLR2 GENE IN CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS. PERIODONTITIS IS AN INFLAMMATORY DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PERIODONTAL PATHOGENS AND HOST'S IMMUNE RESPONSE. EPIGENETIC MAY CONTRIBUTE TO DISEASE DEVELOPMENT AND OUTCOME BY INFLUENCING THE EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE. IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS (TLR) PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE RESPONSE TO PERIODONTOPATHIC BACTERIA. THE AIM OF STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE METHYLATION STATUS AND THE EXPRESSION OF TLR2 GENE IN GINGIVAL SAMPLES FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH AND WITHOUT PERIODONTITIS. DNA WAS ANALYZED USING THE METHYL PROFILER DNA METHYLATION QPCR ASSAY. DNA METHYLATION AND TRANSCRIPT LEVELS WERE EVALUATED BY REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. THE PERIODONTITIS GROUP SHOWED A HYPERMETHYLATED PROFILE AND A LOW EXPRESSION OF GENE. POSITIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE TLR2 METHYLATION FREQUENCY AND PROBING DEPTH WAS OBSERVED. THIS STUDY GIVES THE FIRST EVIDENCE OF METHYLATION FREQUENCY IN INFLAMED PERIODONTAL TISSUES AND OF THE POSSIBLE PARTICIPATION OF METHYLATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERIODONTITIS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
2  2019 33 EPIGENETIC CHANGE IN E-CADHERIN AND COX-2 TO PREDICT CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS. BACKGROUND: DNA METHYLATION OF CERTAIN GENES FREQUENTLY OCCURS IN NEOPLASTIC CELLS. ALTHOUGH THE CAUSE REMAINS UNKNOWN, MANY GENES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED WITH SUCH ATYPICAL METHYLATION IN NEOPLASTIC CELLS. THE HYPERMETHYLATION OF E-CADHERIN AND CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 (COX-2) IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION SUCH AS CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS MAY DEMONSTRATE MILD LESION/MUTATION EPIGENETIC LEVEL. THIS STUDY COMPARES THE HYPERMETHYLATION STATUS OF E-CADHERIN AND COX-2 GENES WHICH ARE OFTEN FOUND IN BREAST CANCER PATIENTS WITH THAT IN CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS. METHODS: TOTAL DNA WAS EXTRACTED FROM THE BLOOD SAMPLES OF 108 SYSTEMICALLY HEALTHY NON-PERIODONTITIS SUBJECTS, AND THE GINGIVAL TISSUES AND BLOOD SAMPLES OF 110 CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS PATIENT AS WELL AS NEOPLASTIC TISSUES OF 106 BREAST CANCER PATIENTS. METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR FOR E-CADHERIN AND COX-2 WAS PERFORMED ON THESE SAMPLES AND THE PCR PRODUCTS WERE ANALYZED ON 2% AGAROSE GEL. RESULTS: HYPERMETHYLATION OF E-CADHERIN AND COX-2 WAS OBSERVED IN 38% AND 35% OF THE BREAST CANCER SAMPLES, RESPECTIVELY. IN CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS PATIENTS THE DETECTION RATE WAS 25% AND 19% RESPECTIVELY, AND NONE WAS FOUND IN THE SYSTEMICALLY HEALTHY NON-PERIODONTITIS CONTROL SUBJECTS. THE HYPERMETHYLATION STATUS WAS SHOWN TO BE CORRELATED AMONG THE THREE GROUPS WITH STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE (P < 0.0001). THE METHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS IN E-CADHERIN AND COX-2 GENES IN PERIODONTITIS PATIENTS OCCURS MORE FREQUENTLY IN PERIODONTITIS PATIENTS THAN IN THE CONTROL SUBJECTS, BUT OCCURS LESS FREQUENTLY THAN IN THE BREAST CANCER PATIENTS. CONCLUSIONS: THIS SET OF DATA SHOWS THAT THE EPIGENETIC CHANGE IN E-CADHERIN AND CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS. THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES PRESENTED IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION PATIENTS MIGHT DEMONSTRATE AN IRREVERSIBLE DESTRUCTION IN THE TISSUES OR ORGANS SIMILAR TO THE EFFECTS OF CANCER. CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS TO SOME EXTENT MIGHT BE ASSOCIATED WITH DNA HYPERMETHYLATION WHICH IS RELATED TO CANCER RISK FACTORS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
3  1582 29 DNA METHYLATION PROFILES IN PRECANCEROUS TISSUE AND CANCERS: CARCINOGENETIC RISK ESTIMATION AND PROGNOSTICATION BASED ON DNA METHYLATION STATUS. ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION, WHICH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE ABNORMALITIES AND RESULT IN SILENCING OF TUMOR-RELATED GENES AND CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY, ARE INVOLVED EVEN IN PRECANCEROUS CHANGES IN VARIOUS ORGANS. DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS ALSO ACCOUNT FOR THE HISTOLOGICAL HETEROGENEITY AND CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF HUMAN CANCERS. THEREFORE, WE HAVE ANALYZED DNA METHYLATION ON A GENOME-WIDE SCALE IN CLINICAL TISSUE SAMPLES. OUR APPROACH USING THE BACTERIAL ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOME ARRAY-BASED METHYLATED CPG ISLAND AMPLIFICATION METHOD HAS REVEALED THAT DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS CORRELATED WITH THE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF MORE MALIGNANT CANCERS ARE ALREADY ACCUMULATED AT THE PRECANCEROUS STAGE IN THE KIDNEY, LIVER AND URINARY TRACT. DNA METHYLATION PROFILES AT PRECANCEROUS STAGES ARE BASICALLY INHERITED BY THE CORRESPONDING CANCERS DEVELOPING IN INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS. SUCH DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS MAY CONFER VULNERABILITY TO FURTHER GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, GENERATE MORE MALIGNANT CANCERS, AND THUS DETERMINE PATIENT OUTCOME. ON THE BASIS OF BACTERIAL ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOME ARRAY-BASED METHYLATED CPG ISLAND AMPLIFICATION DATA, INDICATORS FOR CARCINOGENETIC RISK ESTIMATION HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED USING LIVER TISSUE SPECIMENS FROM PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS VIRUS INFECTION, CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND LIVER CIRRHOSIS OR HISTOLOGICALLY NORMAL UROTHELIA, AND FOR PROGNOSTICATION USING BIOPSY OR SURGICALLY RESECTED SPECIMENS FROM PATIENTS WITH RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA. SUCH GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION PROFILING HAS NOW FIRMLY ESTABLISHED THE CLINICAL RELEVANCE OF TRANSLATIONAL EPIGENETICS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
4  3067 30 GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION PROFILES IN PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS AND CANCERS. ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION, WHICH RESULT IN CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY AND SILENCING OF TUMOR-RELATED GENES, ARE AMONG THE MOST CONSISTENT EPIGENETIC CHANGES OBSERVED IN HUMAN CANCERS. ANALYSIS OF TISSUE SPECIMENS HAS REVEALED THAT DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS PARTICIPATE IN MULTISTAGE CARCINOGENESIS, EVEN FROM THE EARLY AND PRECANCEROUS STAGES, ESPECIALLY IN ASSOCIATION WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND/OR PERSISTENT VIRAL INFECTION, SUCH AS CHRONIC HEPATITIS OR LIVER CIRRHOSIS RESULTING FROM INFECTION WITH HEPATITIS B OR C VIRUS. DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS CAN ACCOUNT FOR THE HISTOLOGICAL HETEROGENEITY AND CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF HUMAN CANCERS. OVEREXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 IS NOT A SECONDARY RESULT OF INCREASED CELL PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY, BUT IS SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH ACCUMULATION OF DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN CPG ISLANDS OF TUMOR-RELATED GENES. ALTERATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3B SPLICING MAY RESULT IN CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY THROUGH DNA HYPOMETHYLATION IN PERICENTROMERIC SATELLITE REGIONS. GENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS OF DNA METHYLATION STATUS HAS REVEALED THAT THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILE AT THE PRECANCEROUS STAGE IS BASICALLY INHERITED BY THE CORRESPONDING CANCERS DEVELOPING IN INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS. DNA METHYLATION STATUS IS NOT SIMPLY ALTERED AT THE PRECANCEROUS STAGE; RATHER, DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS AT THE PRECANCEROUS STAGE MAY CONFER VULNERABILITY TO FURTHER GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, GENERATE MORE MALIGNANT CANCERS, AND THUS DETERMINE PATIENT OUTCOME. THEREFORE, GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION PROFILING MAY PROVIDE OPTIMAL INDICATORS FOR CARCINOGENETIC RISK ESTIMATION AND PROGNOSTICATION, AND THUS PROVIDE AN AVENUE FOR CANCER PREVENTION AND THERAPY ON AN INDIVIDUAL BASIS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
5  3686 28 INFLAMMATION-RELATED ABERRANT PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION: DETECTION AND ROLE IN EPIGENETIC DEREGULATION OF CANCER CELL TRANSCRIPTOME. IT IS NOW APPARENT THAT EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES, IN PARTICULAR ALTERED DNA METHYLATION, PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF HUMAN CANCERS. DNA HYPERMETHYLATION AT PROMOTER CPG ISLANDS IS NOW RECOGNIZED AS A THIRD MECHANISM BY WHICH INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES OCCURS. ABERRANT CPG ISLAND HYPERMETHYLATION IS ALSO FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND PRECANCEROUS LESIONS, WHICH SUGGESTS THAT IT IS AN EARLY EVENT IN TUMORIGENESIS THAT COULD SERVE AS A USEFUL TUMOR MARKER. A VARIETY OF SCREENING TECHNIQUES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED FOR GENOME-WIDE SCREENING OF METHYLATION STATUS. OF THOSE, TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS COUPLED WITH PHARMACOLOGICAL UNMASKING HAS EMERGED AS A POWERFUL TOOL FOR REVEALING DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN CANCER CELLS AND IDENTIFYING NEW TUMOR MARKER CANDIDATES.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
6   287 31 AGING AND CHRONIC SUN EXPOSURE CAUSE DISTINCT EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HUMAN SKIN. EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE WIDELY CONSIDERED TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN AGING, BUT EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THIS HYPOTHESIS HAS BEEN SCARCE. WE HAVE USED ARRAY-BASED ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE GENOME-SCALE DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS FROM HUMAN SKIN SAMPLES AND TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF AGING, CHRONIC SUN EXPOSURE, AND TISSUE VARIATION. OUR RESULTS REVEAL A HIGH DEGREE OF TISSUE SPECIFICITY IN THE METHYLATION PATTERNS AND ALSO SHOWED VERY LITTLE INTERINDIVIDUAL VARIATION WITHIN TISSUES. DATA STRATIFICATION BY AGE REVEALED THAT DNA FROM OLDER INDIVIDUALS WAS CHARACTERIZED BY A SPECIFIC HYPERMETHYLATION PATTERN AFFECTING LESS THAN 1% OF THE MARKERS ANALYZED. INTERESTINGLY, STRATIFICATION BY SUN EXPOSURE PRODUCED A FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT PATTERN WITH A SIGNIFICANT TREND TOWARDS HYPOMETHYLATION. OUR RESULTS THUS IDENTIFY DEFINED AGE-RELATED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AND SUGGEST THAT THESE ALTERATIONS MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THE PHENOTYPIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH SKIN AGING.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
7  6692 28 VARIABLE DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS ASSOCIATED WITH PROGRESSION OF DISEASE IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) MOST COMMONLY ARISES FROM CHRONIC INFLAMMATION DUE TO VIRAL INFECTION, AS A RESULT OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES. A GLOBAL PICTURE OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HCC IS LACKING. WE USED METHYLATED CPG ISLAND AMPLIFICATION MICROARRAYS (MCAMS) TO STUDY 6458 CPG ISLANDS IN HCC AND ADJACENT PRENEOPLASTIC TISSUES [CHRONIC HEPATITIS (CH) OR LIVER CIRRHOSIS (LC)] IN COMPARISON WITH NORMAL LIVER TISSUES WHERE NEITHER VIRAL INFECTION NOR HEPATITIS HAS EXISTED. MCAM IDENTIFIED 719 (11%) PROMINENT GENES OF HYPERMETHYLATION IN HCCS. HCCS ARISING FROM LC HAD SIGNIFICANTLY MORE METHYLATION THAN THOSE ARISING FROM CH (1249 GENES OR 19% VERSUS 444 GENES OR 7%, P < 0.05). THERE WERE FOUR PATTERNS OF ABERRANT METHYLATION: TYPE I (4%, E.G. MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 14) SHOWS A SUBSTANTIALLY HIGH METHYLATION LEVEL IN ADJACENT TISSUE AND DOES NOT INCREASE FURTHER IN CANCER. TYPE II (55%, E.G. RASSF1A) SHOWS PROGRESSIVELY INCREASING METHYLATION FROM ADJACENT TISSUE TO HCC. TYPE III (4%, E.G. GNA14) SHOWS DECREASED METHYLATION IN ADJACENT TISSUE BUT EITHER SIMILAR OR INCREASED METHYLATION IN HCC. TYPE IV (37%, E.G. CDKN2A) SHOWS LOW LEVELS OF METHYLATION IN NORMAL TISSUE AND ADJACENT TISSUE BUT HIGH LEVELS IN HCC. THESE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES WERE CONFIRMED BY QUANTITATIVE PYROSEQUENCING METHYLATION ANALYSIS IN REPRESENTATIVE 24 GENES AND WERE ANALYZED FOR CORRELATION WITH CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN 38 PATIENTS. INTRIGUINGLY, METHYLATION IN THE TYPE IV GENES IS CHARACTERISTIC OF MODERATELY/POORLY DIFFERENTIATED CANCER. OUR GLOBAL EPIGENOME ANALYSIS REVEALS DISTINCT PATTERNS OF METHYLATION THAT ARE PROBABLY TO REPRESENT DIFFERENT PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC PROCESSES IN HCCS.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
8  2766 52 EXPRESSION, POLYMORPHISM AND METHYLATION PATTERN OF INTERLEUKIN-6 IN PERIODONTAL TISSUES. PERIODONTITIS IS CONSIDERED AN INFLAMMATORY DISORDER OF BACTERIAL ETIOLOGY THAT RESULTS IN PERIODONTAL TISSUE DESTRUCTION, AS A RESULT OF COMPLEX INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PERIODONTAL PATHOGENS, HOST AND IMMUNE RESPONSE. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY MODULATE THE INDIVIDUAL RESPONSE SINCE IT IS ABLE TO INFLUENCE THE GENE EXPRESSION. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE IMPACT OF -174 G/C POLYMORPHISM AND THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE PROMOTER REGION OF IL-6 GENE ON THE EXPRESSION OF IL-6 IN GINGIVAL SAMPLES FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS. GINGIVAL BIOPSIES WERE COLLECTED FROM 21 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS AND 21 CONTROLS. HISTOLOGIC SECTIONS STAINED BY HEMATOXYLIN-EOSIN WERE USED FOR HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EVALUATION. THE IL-6 GENE EXPRESSION WAS ASSESSED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR. THE POLYMORPHISM IL-6 -174 C/G WAS STUDIED BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) AMPLIFICATION AND RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE DIGESTION (HSPII). METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION WAS USED TO VERIFY THE DNA METHYLATION PATTERN. THE NUMBER OF INFLAMMATORY CELLS IN TISSUE FRAGMENTS FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS WAS HIGHER THAN IN THE CONTROL GROUP AND THE INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATE WAS PREDOMINANTLY MONONUCLEAR. THE EXPRESSION OF IL-6 WAS HIGHER IN THE GROUP WITH PERIODONTITIS. IN POLYMORPHISM ASSAY, NO STATISTICAL DIFFERENCE IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF GENOTYPES AND ALLELES IN BOTH GROUPS WERE OBSERVED. THE MOST OF SAMPLES WERE PARTIALLY METHYLATED. NO DIFFERENCE WAS OBSERVED IN METHYLATION PATTERN FROM TWO DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE IL-6 GENE AMONG GROUPS. THE HIGH EXPRESSION OF IL-6 IS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR RELATED TO CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS, BUT WAS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH METHYLATION STATUS OR THE -174 (G/C) GENETIC POLYMORPHISM, SUGGESTING THAT OTHER MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN THIS GENE TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
9   342 27 ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION ASSOCIATED WITH ABNORMALITIES OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES IN HUMAN CANCERS DURING TRANSITION FROM A PRECANCEROUS TO A MALIGNANT STATE. ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION ARE ONE OF THE MOST CONSISTENT EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HUMAN CANCERS. HUMAN CANCERS GENERALLY SHOW GLOBAL DNA HYPOMETHYLATION ACCOMPANIED BY REGION-SPECIFIC HYPERMETHYLATION. ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION MAY RESULT IN CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY AS A RESULT OF CHANGES IN CHROMATIN STRUCTURE. DNA HYPERMETHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS SILENCES VARIOUS TUMOR-RELATED GENES. ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION ARE FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN CANCERS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND/OR PERSISTENT INFECTION WITH VIRUSES OR OTHER PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS, SUCH AS HEPATITIS B OR C VIRUSES, EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS, HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS AND HELICOBACTER PYLORI, OR WITH CIGARETTE SMOKING. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION ARE INVOLVED EVEN IN THE EARLY AND PRECANCEROUS STAGES. ON THE OTHER HAND, IN PATIENTS WITH CANCERS, ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH POORER TUMOR DIFFERENTIATION, TUMOR AGGRESSIVENESS AND POOR PROGNOSIS. PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS SHOWING ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION MAY PROGRESS RAPIDLY AND GENERATE MORE MALIGNANT CANCERS. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) 1 OVER-EXPRESSION IS NOT A SECONDARY RESULT OF INCREASED CELL PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY BUT IS SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH THE CPG ISLAND METHYLATOR PHENOTYPE, WHICH IS DEFINED AS FREQUENT DNA HYPERMETHYLATION OF C-TYPE CPG ISLANDS THAT ARE USUALLY METHYLATED IN A CANCER-SPECIFIC (NOT AGE-DEPENDENT) MANNER. SPLICING ALTERATION OF DNMT3B MAY RESULT IN CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY THROUGH DNA HYPOMETHYLATION OF PERICENTROMERIC SATELLITE REGIONS. ALTERATION OF DNA METHYLATION MAY BECOME AN INDICATOR FOR CARCINOGENETIC RISK ESTIMATION AND EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF CANCERS AND A BIOLOGICAL PREDICTOR OF POOR PROGNOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH CANCERS. CORRECTION OF DNA METHYLATION STATUS MAY OFFER A NEW STRATEGY FOR PREVENTION AND THERAPY OF CANCERS.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
10  4677 30 NEW LNCRNAS IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS C PROGRESSION: FROM FIBROSIS TO HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE THIRD LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED DEATH IN THE WORLD, AND ABOUT 80% OF THE CASES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATITIS B OR C. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE ACCUMULATED OVER DECADES OF CHRONIC INJURY AND MAY AFFECT THE FUNCTIONING OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AND PROTOONCOGENES. STUDIES HAVE EVIDENCED THE ROLE OF LONG NON-CODING RNAS (LNCRNA) WITH ONCOGENIC OR TUMOR SUPPRESSOR ACTIVITIES, SUGGESTING A GREAT POTENTIAL IN THE TREATMENT, DIAGNOSIS OR INDICATOR OF PROGNOSIS IN CANCER. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE GLOBAL EXPRESSION PROFILE LNCRNA IN HEPATIC TISSUE SAMPLES WITH DIFFERENT STAGES OF FIBROSIS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C, HCC AND NORMAL LIVER, IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY NEW LNCRNAS THAT COULD CONTRIBUTE TO STUDY THE PROGRESSION OF HEPATIC FIBROSIS TO HCC ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C. RNA-SEQ WAS PERFORMED ON ILLUMINA NEXTSEQ PLATFORM TO IDENTIFY LNCRNAS EXPRESSED DIFFERENTLY IN 15 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C, THREE PATIENTS WITH HCC AND THREE NORMAL LIVER SPECIMENS. WHEN THE PATHOLOGICAL TISSUES (FIBROSIS AND CARCINOMA) WERE COMPARED TO NORMAL HEPATIC TISSUE, WERE IDENTIFIED 2, 6 E 34 DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED LNCRNAS IN MODERATE FIBROSIS, ADVANCED FIBROSIS AND HCC, RESPECTIVELY. THE CARCINOMA GROUP HAD THE HIGHEST PROPORTION OF DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED LNCRNA (34) AND OF THESE, 29 WERE EXCLUSIVE IN THIS TYPE OF TISSUE. A HEAT MAP OF THE DEREGULATED LNCRNA REVEALED DIFFERENT EXPRESSION PATTERNS ALONG THE PROGRESSION OF FIBROSIS TO HCC. THE RESULTS SHOWED THE DEREGULATION OF SOME LNCRNA ALREADY CLASSIFIED AS TUMOR SUPPRESSORS IN HCC AND OTHER CANCERS, AS WELL AS SOME UNPUBLISHED LNCRNA WHOSE FUNCTION IS UNKNOWN. SOME OF THESE LNCRNAS ARE DYSREGULATED SINCE THE EARLY STAGES OF LIVER INJURY IN PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS C, OTHERS OVEREXPRESSED ONLY IN TUMOR TISSUE, INDICATING THEMSELVES AS CANDIDATES OF MARKERS OF FIBROSIS PROGRESSION OR TUMOR, WITH POTENTIAL CLINICAL APPLICATIONS IN PROGNOSIS AS WELL AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET. ALTHOUGH THERE ARE ALREADY STUDIES ON LNCRNA IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA, THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY CONDUCTED IN SAMPLES EXCLUSIVELY OF HCV-RELATED LIVER AND HCV HCC.	2020	

11     3 31 "EPIGENOME-WIDE METHYLATION PROFILE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE-DERIVED ARTERIAL DNA UNCOVERS NOVEL PATHWAYS IN DISEASE-ASSOCIATED CARDIOVASCULAR PATHOLOGY.". CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) RELATED CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) IS CHARACTERIZED BY VASCULAR REMODELLING WITH WELL-ESTABLISHED STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN THE VASCULAR WALL SUCH AS ARTERIAL STIFFNESS, MATRIX DEPOSITION, AND CALCIFICATION. THESE PHENOTYPIC CHANGES RESEMBLE PATHOLOGY SEEN IN AGEING, AND ARE LIKELY TO BE MEDIATED BY SUSTAINED ALTERATIONS IN GENE EXPRESSION, WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY EPIGENETIC CHANGES SUCH AS TISSUE-SPECIFIC DNA METHYLATION. WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE TISSUE SPECIFIC CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION THAT OCCUR IN CKD-RELATED CVD. GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES WERE EXAMINED IN BISULPHITE CONVERTED GENOMIC DNA ISOLATED FROM THE VASCULAR MEDIA OF CKD AND HEALTHY ARTERIES. METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR WAS USED TO VALIDATE THE ARRAY DATA, AND THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION AND GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION WAS EXAMINED. THE DNA METHYLATION AGE WAS COMPARED TO THE CHRONOLOGICAL AGE IN BOTH CASES AND CONTROLS. THREE HUNDRED AND NINETEEN DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMR) WERE IDENTIFIED SPREAD ACROSS THE GENOME. PATHWAY ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT DMRS ASSOCIATED WITH GENES WERE INVOLVED IN EMBRYONIC AND VASCULAR DEVELOPMENT, AND SIGNALLING PATHWAYS SUCH AS TGFBETA AND FGF. EXPRESSION OF TOP DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENE HOXA5 SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE CORRELATION WITH DNA METHYLATION. INTERESTINGLY, DNA METHYLATION AGE AND CHRONOLOGICAL AGE WERE HIGHLY CORRELATED, BUT THERE WAS NO EVIDENCE OF ACCELERATED AGE-RELATED DNA METHYLATION IN THE ARTERIES OF CKD PATIENTS. IN CONCLUSION, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION IN THE ARTERIAL TISSUE OF CKD PATIENTS REPRESENTS A POTENTIAL MEDIATOR OF ARTERIAL PATHOLOGY AND MAY BE USED TO UNCOVER NOVEL PATHWAYS IN THE GENESIS OF CKD-ASSOCIATED COMPLICATIONS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
12  3796 34 INTERLEUKIN-6 PROMOTES TUMORIGENESIS BY ALTERING DNA METHYLATION IN ORAL CANCER CELLS. WORLDWIDE ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA (OSCC) ACCOUNTS FOR MORE THAN 100,000 DEATHS EACH YEAR. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION CONSTITUTES ONE OF THE KEY RISK FACTORS FOR OSCC. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO OSCC TUMORIGENESIS. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED WHETHER CHRONIC INFLAMMATION ALTERS DNA METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF CANCER-ASSOCIATED GENES IN OSCC. WE ESTABLISHED AN IN VITRO MODEL OF INTERLEUKIN (IL)-6 MEDIATING CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN OSCC CELL LINES. THEREAFTER, WE MEASURED THE ABILITY OF IL-6 TO INDUCE GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION OF LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEAR ELEMENT-1 (LINE-1) SEQUENCES, AS WELL AS CPG METHYLATION CHANGES USING MULTIPLE METHODOLOGIES INCLUDING QUANTITATIVE PYROSEQUENCING, METHYLATION-SPECIFIC MULTIPLEX LIGATION-DEPENDENT PROBE AMPLIFICATION AND SENSITIVE MELTING ANALYSIS AFTER REAL-TIME-METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR). GENE EXPRESSION WAS INVESTIGATED BY QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE-PCR. IL-6 INDUCED SIGNIFICANT GLOBAL LINE-1 HYPOMETHYLATION (P=0.016) IN OUR IN VITRO MODEL OF INFLAMMATORY STRESS IN OSCC CELL LINES. SIMULTANEOUSLY, IL-6 INDUCED CPG PROMOTER METHYLATION CHANGES IN SEVERAL IMPORTANT PUTATIVE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES INCLUDING CHFR, GATA5 AND PAX6. METHYLATION CHANGES CORRELATED INVERSELY WITH THE CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF CORRESPONDING GENES. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT IL-6-INDUCED INFLAMMATION PROMOTES TUMORIGENESIS IN THE ORAL CAVITY BY ALTERING GLOBAL LINE-1 HYPOMETHYLATION. IN ADDITION, CONCURRENT HYPERMETHYLATION OF MULTIPLE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES BY IL-6 SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC GENE SILENCING MAY BE AN IMPORTANT CONSEQUENCE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN THE ORAL CAVITY. THESE FINDINGS HAVE CLINICAL RELEVANCE, AS BOTH METHYLATION AND INFLAMMATION ARE SUITABLE TARGETS FOR DEVELOPING NOVEL PREVENTIVE AND THERAPEUTIC MEASURES.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
13  3659 32 INDUCTION OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE ON CARCINOGENESIS. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IS DEEPLY INVOLVED IN DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CANCERS, SUCH AS GASTRIC AND LIVER CANCERS. INDUCTION OF CELL PROLIFERATION, PRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES, AND DIRECT STIMULATION OF EPITHELIAL CELLS BY INFLAMMATION-INDUCING FACTORS HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED AS MECHANISMS INVOLVED. INFLAMMATION-RELATED CANCERS ARE KNOWN FOR THEIR MULTIPLE OCCURRENCES, AND ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS KNOWN TO BE PRESENT EVEN IN NONCANCEROUS TISSUES. IMPORTANTLY, FOR SOME CANCERS, THE DEGREE OF ACCUMULATION HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO BE CORRELATED WITH RISK OF DEVELOPING CANCERS. THIS INDICATES THAT INFLAMMATION INDUCES ABERRANT EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN A TISSUE EARLY IN THE PROCESS OF CARCINOGENESIS, AND ACCUMULATION OF SUCH ALTERATIONS FORMS "AN EPIGENETIC FIELD FOR CANCERIZATION." THIS ALSO SUGGESTS THAT INHIBITION OF INDUCTION OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND REMOVAL OF THE ACCUMULATED ALTERATIONS ARE NOVEL APPROACHES TO CANCER PREVENTION. DISTURBANCES IN CYTOKINE AND CHEMOKINE SIGNALS AND INDUCTION OF CELL PROLIFERATIONS ARE IMPORTANT MECHANISMS OF HOW INFLAMMATION INDUCES ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS INDUCED IN SPECIFIC GENES, AND GENE EXPRESSION LEVELS, THE PRESENCE OF RNA POLYMERASE II (ACTIVE OR STALLED), AND TRIMETHYLATION OF H3K4 ARE INVOLVED IN THE SPECIFICITY. EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS) IS NOT NECESSARILY INDUCED BY INFLAMMATION, AND LOCAL IMBALANCE BETWEEN DNMTS AND FACTORS THAT PROTECT GENES FROM DNA METHYLATION SEEMS TO BE IMPORTANT.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
14  4230 32 METHYLATION OF POLYCOMB TARGET GENES IN INTESTINAL CANCER IS MEDIATED BY INFLAMMATION. EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH CANCER DEVELOPMENT. DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH GENE SILENCING AND IS OFTEN OBSERVED IN CPG ISLANDS. RECENTLY, IT WAS SUGGESTED THAT ABERRANT CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IN TUMORS IS DIRECTED BY POLYCOMB (PCG) PROTEINS. HOWEVER, SPECIFIC MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR METHYLATION OF PCG TARGET GENES IN CANCER ARE NOT KNOWN. CHRONIC INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION CONTRIBUTE TO UP TO 25% OF ALL CANCERS WORLDWIDE. USING GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE, GPX1 AND GPX2, DOUBLE KNOCKOUT (GPX1/2-KO) MICE AS A MODEL OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE PREDISPOSING TO INTESTINAL CANCER, WE ANALYZED GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION IN THE MOUSE ILEUM DURING CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, AGING, AND CANCER. WE FOUND THAT INFLAMMATION LEADS TO ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN PCG TARGET GENES, WITH 70% OF THE APPROXIMATELY 250 GENES METHYLATED IN THE INFLAMED TISSUE BEING PCG TARGETS IN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS AND 59% OF THE METHYLATED GENES BEING MARKED BY H3K27 TRIMETHYLATION IN THE ILEUM OF ADULT WILD-TYPE MICE. ACQUISITION OF DNA METHYLATION AT CPG ISLANDS IN THE ILEUM OF GPX1/2-KO MICE FREQUENTLY CORRELATES WITH LOSS OF H3K27 TRIMETHYLATION AT THE SAME LOCI. INFLAMMATION-ASSOCIATED DNA METHYLATION OCCURS PREFERENTIALLY IN TISSUE-SPECIFIC SILENT GENES AND, IMPORTANTLY, IS MUCH MORE FREQUENTLY REPRESENTED IN TUMORS THAN IS AGE-DEPENDENT DNA METHYLATION. SIXTY PERCENT OF ABERRANT METHYLATION FOUND IN TUMORS IS ALSO PRESENT IN THE INFLAMED TISSUE. IN SUMMARY, INFLAMMATION CREATES A SIGNATURE OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION, WHICH IS OBSERVED LATER IN THE MALIGNANT TISSUE AND IS DIRECTED BY THE PCG COMPLEX.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
15  3646 25 INCREASED PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) 1 IS SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH THE MALIGNANT POTENTIAL AND POOR PROGNOSIS OF HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS. ALTERATION OF DNA METHYLATION IS ONE OF THE MOST CONSISTENT EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HUMAN CANCERS. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) 1 IS A MAJOR ENZYME INVOLVED IN ESTABLISHING GENOMIC METHYLATION PATTERNS. MOST OF THE STUDIES CONCERNING DNMT1 EXPRESSION IN HUMAN CANCERS HAVE BEEN PERFORMED ONLY AT THE MRNA LEVEL. TO DIRECTLY EXAMINE DNMT1 PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS DURING HUMAN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS, 16 HISTOLOGICALLY NORMAL LIVER TISSUES, 51 NONCANCEROUS LIVER TISSUES EXHIBITING CHRONIC HEPATITIS OR CIRRHOSIS, WHICH ARE CONSIDERED TO BE PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS, AND 53 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS (HCCS) WERE SUBJECTED TO IMMUNOHISTOCHEMIC EXAMINATION. IF MORE THAN 20% OF THE CELLS EXHIBITED NUCLEAR DNMT1 STAINING, THE TISSUE SAMPLE WAS CONSIDERED TO BE DNMT1-POSITIVE. DNMT1 IMMUNOREACTIVITY WAS OBSERVED IN 23 (43%) OF THE HCCS, BUT IN NONE (0%) OF THE HISTOLOGICALLY NORMAL LIVER OR NONCANCEROUS LIVER TISSUES EXHIBITING CHRONIC HEPATITIS OR CIRRHOSIS. THE INCIDENCE OF INCREASED DNMT1 PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN HCCS CORRELATED SIGNIFICANTLY WITH POOR TUMOR DIFFERENTIATION (P = 0.0006) AND PORTAL VEIN INVOLVEMENT (P = 0.0002). MOREOVER, THE RECURRENCE-FREE (P = 0.0001) AND OVERALL (P < 0.0001) SURVIVAL RATES OF PATIENTS WITH HCCS EXHIBITING INCREASED DNMT1 PROTEIN EXPRESSION WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN THOSE OF PATIENTS WITH HCCS THAT DID NOT EXHIBIT INCREASED EXPRESSION. INCREASED DNMT1 PROTEIN EXPRESSION MAY PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE MALIGNANT PROGRESSION OF HCCS AND BE A BIOLOGIC PREDICTOR OF BOTH HCC RECURRENCE AND A POOR PROGNOSIS IN HCC PATIENTS.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
16  2122 28 EPIGENETIC IMPACT OF INFECTION ON CARCINOGENESIS: MECHANISMS AND APPLICATIONS. VIRAL AND BACTERIAL INFECTIONS ARE INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CANCERS, SUCH AS LIVER, NASOPHARYNGEAL, CERVICAL, HEAD AND NECK, AND GASTRIC CANCERS. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS FREQUENTLY PRESENT IN THESE CANCERS, AND SOME OF THE ABERRANTLY METHYLATED GENES ARE CAUSALLY INVOLVED IN CANCER DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION. NOTABLY, ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION CAN BE PRESENT EVEN IN NON-CANCEROUS OR PRECANCEROUS TISSUES, AND ITS LEVELS CORRELATE WITH THE RISK OF CANCER DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCING A SO-CALLED 'EPIGENETIC FIELD FOR CANCERIZATION'. MECHANISTICALLY, MOST VIRAL OR BACTERIAL INFECTIONS INDUCE DNA METHYLATION INDIRECTLY VIA CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, BUT RECENT STUDIES HAVE INDICATED THAT SOME VIRUSES HAVE DIRECT EFFECTS ON THE EPIGENETIC MACHINERY OF HOST CELLS. FROM A TRANSLATIONAL VIEWPOINT, A RECENT MULTICENTER PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT ASSESSMENT OF THE EXTENT OF ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION IN NON-CANCEROUS TISSUES CAN BE USED TO PREDICT CANCER RISK. FURTHERMORE, SUPPRESSION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION WAS SHOWN TO BE A USEFUL STRATEGY FOR CANCER PREVENTION IN AN ANIMAL MODEL. HERE, WE REVIEW THE INVOLVEMENT OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN VARIOUS TYPES OF INFECTION-ASSOCIATED CANCERS, ALONG WITH INDIVIDUAL INDUCTION MECHANISMS, AND WE DISCUSS THE APPLICATION OF THESE FINDINGS FOR CANCER PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, AND THERAPY.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
17  4114 32 MECHANISMS FOR THE INDUCTION OF GASTRIC CANCER BY HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION: ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION PATHWAY. MULTIPLE PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS BY WHICH HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION INDUCES GASTRIC CANCER HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED IN THE LAST TWO DECADES. IN PARTICULAR, ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS INDUCED IN MULTIPLE DRIVER GENES, WHICH INACTIVATES THEM. METHYLATION PROFILES IN GASTRIC CANCER ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIFIC SUBTYPES, SUCH AS MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY. RECENT COMPREHENSIVE AND INTEGRATED ANALYSES SHOWED THAT MANY CANCER-RELATED PATHWAYS ARE MORE FREQUENTLY ALTERED BY ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION THAN BY MUTATIONS. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION CAN EVEN BE PRESENT IN NONCANCEROUS GASTRIC MUCOSAE, PRODUCING AN "EPIGENETIC FIELD FOR CANCERIZATION." MECHANISTICALLY, H. PYLORI-INDUCED CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, BUT NOT H. PYLORI ITSELF, PLAYS A DIRECT ROLE IN THE INDUCTION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. THE EXPRESSION OF THREE INFLAMMATION-RELATED GENES, IL1B, NOS2, AND TNF, IS HIGHLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE INDUCTION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. IMPORTANTLY, THE DEGREE OF ACCUMULATED ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS STRONGLY CORRELATED WITH GASTRIC CANCER RISK. A RECENT MULTICENTER PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY DEMONSTRATED THE UTILITY OF EPIGENETIC CANCER RISK DIAGNOSIS FOR METACHRONOUS GASTRIC CANCER. SUPPRESSION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION BY A DEMETHYLATING AGENT WAS SHOWN TO INHIBIT GASTRIC CANCER DEVELOPMENT IN AN ANIMAL MODEL. INDUCTION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS THE MAJOR PATHWAY BY WHICH H. PYLORI INFECTION INDUCES GASTRIC CANCER, AND THIS CAN BE UTILIZED FOR TRANSLATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
18  5960 19 TELOMERE LENGTH IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND PAIRED ADJACENT NON-TUMOR TISSUES BY QUANTITATIVE PCR. TELOMERE SHORTENING LIMITS THE PROLIFERATIVE CAPACITY OF HUMAN CELLS, RESTRAINS THE REGENERATIVE CAPACITY OF ORGAN SYSTEMS DURING CHRONIC DISEASES AND AGING AND ALSO INDUCES CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY AS WELL AS INITIATION OF CANCER. PREVIOUS STUDIES DEMONSTRATED THAT TELOMERES ARE OFTEN SIGNIFICANTLY SHORTER IN TUMOR TISSUE, INCLUDING HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC), COMPARED TO THE SURROUNDING TISSUE, BUT TELOMERE LENGTH IN HCC TISSUES WAS NOT CORRELATED WITH SEVERAL CLINICAL PARAMETERS, SUCH AS AGE, SEX, HBV OR HCV INFECTIONS AND TUMOR SIZE. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, THE TELOMERE LENGTH RATIO OF 36 PAIRED HCC, AND THEIR ADJACENT NON-TUMOR TISSUES WAS MEASURED BY QUANTITATIVE PCR (Q-PCR). THE MEAN TELOMERE LENGTHS (SD) FOR HCC AND ADJACENT NON-TUMOR TISSUES WERE 0.26 (0.10) AND 0.47 (0.20) RESPECTIVELY (T = 6.22, P < 0.0001). THERE WAS A LARGE DIFFERENCE IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF SUBJECTS BASED ON TELOMERE LENGTH IN TUMOR AND ADJACENT NON-TUMOR TISSUES. THE NUMBER OF TUMORS WITH TELOMERE LENGTH SHORTER THAN 0.50 WAS MUCH HIGHER THAN THAT OF ADJACENT NON-TUMOR TISSUES; MORE THAN 90% OF THE TISSUES WITH TELOMERE LENGTH > OR = 0.50 WERE ADJACENT NON-TUMOR TISSUES. THE CORRELATIONS BETWEEN TELOMERE LENGTH AND AFLATOXIN B1- AND POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON-DNA ADDUCTS LEVEL, P53 MUTATIONS AND P16 HYPERMETHYLATION STATUS WERE ALSO TESTED, BUT NO SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATIONS WERE FOUND. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TELOMERE LENGTH SHORTENING, CHEMICAL CARCINOGEN EXPOSURE, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS NEEDS FURTHER INVESTIGATION.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
19   925 31 CHRONIC INFLAMMATION INDUCES A NOVEL EPIGENETIC PROGRAM THAT IS CONSERVED IN INTESTINAL ADENOMAS AND IN COLORECTAL CANCER. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION REPRESENTS A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR TUMOR FORMATION, BUT THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS HAVE REMAINED LARGELY UNKNOWN. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS CAN RECORD THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES ON THE GENOME LEVEL AND COULD THEREFORE PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFLAMMATION-ASSOCIATED TUMORS. USING SINGLE-BASE METHYLATION MAPS AND TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSES OF A COLITIS-INDUCED MOUSE COLON CANCER MODEL, WE IDENTIFIED A NOVEL EPIGENETIC PROGRAM THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY HYPERMETHYLATION OF DNA METHYLATION VALLEYS THAT ARE CHARACTERIZED BY LOW CPG DENSITY AND ACTIVE CHROMATIN MARKS. THIS PROGRAM IS CONSERVED AND FUNCTIONAL IN MOUSE INTESTINAL ADENOMAS AND RESULTS IN SILENCING OF ACTIVE INTESTINAL GENES THAT ARE INVOLVED IN GASTROINTESTINAL HOMEOSTASIS AND INJURY RESPONSE. FURTHER ANALYSES REVEAL THAT THE PROGRAM REPRESENTS A PROMINENT FEATURE OF HUMAN COLORECTAL CANCER AND CAN BE USED TO CORRECTLY CLASSIFY COLORECTAL CANCER SAMPLES WITH HIGH ACCURACY. TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT INFLAMMATORY SIGNALS ESTABLISH A NOVEL EPIGENETIC PROGRAM THAT SILENCES A SPECIFIC SET OF GENES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO INFLAMMATION-INDUCED CELLULAR TRANSFORMATION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
20  2483 23 EPIGENETIC VARIATION AND HUMAN DISEASE. CYTOSINE GUANINE DINUCLEOTIDE (CPG) ISLAND METHYLATION IS A KNOWN MECHANISM OF EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE IN POSTMEIOTIC CELLS. THROUGH ASSOCIATED CHROMATIN CHANGES AND SILENCING, SUCH EPIGENETIC STATES CAN INFLUENCE CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY AND AFFECT DISEASE RISK AND SEVERITY. OUR STUDIES OF CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IN NORMAL COLORECTAL MUCOSA REVEALED PROGRESSIVE AGE-RELATED INCREASES AT MULTIPLE GENE LOCI, SUGGESTING GENOME-WIDE MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS WITH POTENTIAL TO SILENCE GENE EXPRESSION. HOWEVER, THERE WAS CONSIDERABLE VARIATION IN THE DEGREE OF METHYLATION AMONG INDIVIDUALS OF COMPARABLE AGES. SUCH VARIATION COULD BE RELATED TO GENETIC FACTORS, LIFESTYLE, OR ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES. STUDIES IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CIRRHOSIS AND NEOPLASIA REVEALED THAT CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY STATES ARE ACCOMPANIED BY MARKED INCREASES IN CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IN NORMAL-APPEARING TISSUES, CONFIRMING THE HYPOTHESIS THAT PROINFLAMMATORY EXPOSURES COULD ACCOUNT FOR PART OF THE EPIGENETIC VARIATION IN HUMAN POPULATIONS. PRELIMINARY DATA ALSO SUGGEST POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF LIFESTYLE AND EXPOSURE FACTORS ON CPG ISLAND METHYLATION. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT EPIGENETIC VARIATION RELATED TO AGING, LIFESTYLE, EXPOSURES AND POSSIBLY GENETIC FACTORS, IS ONE OF THE MODULATORS OF ACQUIRED, AGE-RELATED HUMAN DISEASES, INCLUDING NEOPLASIA.	2002