1  5564 90 ROLE OF HYPERMETHYLATION OF DAP-KINASE CPG ISLAND IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THYROID LYMPHOMA. DEATH-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN-KINASE (DAP-KINASE) IS A SERINE/THREONINE KINASE WITH A DEATH DOMAIN THAT IS INVOLVED IN APOPTOSIS INDUCED BY INTERFERON-GAMMA, TNF-ALPHA, AND FAS LIGAND. EPIGENETIC DOWN-REGULATION OF DAP-KINASE GENE EXPRESSION BY HYPERMETHYLATION OF ITS PROMOTER REGION WAS REPORTED IN B-CELL MALIGNANCIES. PREVIOUS PATHOEPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES INDICATED THAT THYROID LYMPHOMA (TL) EVOLVES AMONG ACTIVE LYMPHOID CELLS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC THYROIDITIS (CLTH). WITH USE OF METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, THE METHYLATION STATUS OF DAP-KINASE CPG ISLAND WAS EXAMINED IN THYROID LESIONS OF 19 CASES WITH TL AND 9 WITH CLTH. THE FREQUENCY OF METHYLATION WAS HIGHER IN TL CASES (16 OF 19, 84.2%) THAN IN CLTH CASES (2 OF 9, 22.2%) (P < 0.01). DNA EXTRACTED FROM PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEUKOCYTES FROM TL AND CLTH CASES NEVER SHOWED METHYLATION, INDICATING THAT THE METHYLATION OCCURRED SOMATICALLY IN THE LESIONAL LYMPHOCYTES IN THYROID. THESE FINDINGS SUGGESTED THAT METHYLATION OF THE DAP-KINASE PROMOTER REGION MIGHT BE INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TL FROM CLTH.	2000	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2  6831 84 [HYPERMETHYLATION OF DAP-KINASE GENE CPG ISLAND IN MALIGNANT LYMPHOMA WITH B-CELL PHENOTYPE]. DEATH-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN-KINASE(DAP-KINASE) IS A PRO-APOPTOTIC SERINE/THREONINE KINASE WITH A DEATH DOMAIN, WHICH IS INVOLVED IN APOPTOSIS INDUCED BY INTERFERON-GAMMA, TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA, AND FAS LIGAND. EPIGENETIC DOWN-REGULATION OF DAP-KINASE GENE EXPRESSION BY HYPERMETHYLATION OF ITS PROMOTER REGION WAS REPORTED IN CERTAIN KINDS OF MALIGNANCIES. PREVIOUS PATHO-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES INDICATED THAT THYROID LYMPHOMA(TL) EVOLVES AMONG ACTIVE LYMPHOID CELLS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC THYROIDITIS(CLTH). WITH THE USE OF METHYLATION SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, METHYLATION STATUS OF DAP-KINASE CPG ISLAND WAS EXAMINED IN THYROID LESIONS OF 19 CASES WITH TL AND 9 WITH CLTH. FREQUENCY OF METHYLATION WAS HIGHER IN TL CASES(16 OF 19, 84.2%) THAN IN CLTH CASES(2 OF 9, 22.2%) (P < 0.01). DNA EXTRACTED FROM PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEUKOCYTES FROM TL AND CLTH CASES NEVER SHOWED METHYLATION, INDICATING THAT THE METHYLATION OCCURRED SOMATICALLY IN LESIONAL LYMPHOCYTES IN THE THYROID. WE ALSO EXAMINED THE METHYLATION STATUS OF DAP-KINASE GENE IN 16 CASES OF T-CELL MALIGNANCIES INCLUDING EIGHT ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA AND 24 NK/T-CELL, 34 B-CELL, AND TWO IMMUNOPHENOTYPICALLY UNDETERMINED LYMPHOMAS. FREQUENCY OF METHYLATION WAS HIGHER IN B-CELL(27 OF 34, 79.4%) THAN IN T-CELL MALIGNANCIES(EIGHT OF 16, 50%) (P < 0.05). FIFTEEN OF 24(62.5%) NK/T-CELL LYMPHOMAS SHOWED DNA METHYLATION. HEMATOPOIETIC CELL LINES WITH A METHYLATED GENE WERE RESISTANT TO APOPTOSIS. TREATMENT OF THE CELLS WITH A DEMETHYLATING AGENT RESTORED APOPTOTIC CELL DEATH IN ONE B-CELL LYMPHOMA CELL LINE WITH DNA METHYLATION. OUR RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT SUPPRESSION OF DAP-KINASE EXPRESSION BY DNA METHYLATION MIGHT PLAY A ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF B-CELL MALIGNANCIES.	2001	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
3  6908 11 [THYROID AND HEPATITIS C]. AUTOIMMUNE THYROID DISEASES ARE COMPLEX DISEASES THAT DEVELOP AS A RESULT OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. IFNA THERAPY OF CHRONIC HCV INFECTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLINICAL OR CLINICAL THYROIDITIS, WHILE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THYROIDITIS AND VIRUS C INFECTION IS STILL DEBATED.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
4  3258 17 HEPATITIS C AND INTERFERON INDUCED THYROIDITIS. AUTOIMMUNE THYROID DISEASES (AITDS) ARE COMPLEX DISEASES THAT DEVELOP AS A RESULT OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS HAS BEEN MADE IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS CONTRIBUTING TO AITD. THE MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS OF AITD INCLUDE IODINE, SMOKING, MEDICATIONS, PREGNANCY, AND POSSIBLY STRESS. IN THIS REVIEW WE WILL FOCUS ON TWO WELL-DOCUMENTED ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS OF AITD, HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) INFECTION AND INTERFERON ALPHA (IFNA) THERAPY. CHRONIC HCV INFECTION HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED INCIDENCE OF CLINICAL AND SUBCLINICAL AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS (I.E. THE PRESENCE OF THYROID ANTIBODIES IN EUTHYROID SUBJECTS). MOREOVER, IFNA THERAPY OF CHRONIC HCV INFECTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLINICAL OR CLINICAL THYROIDITIS IN UP TO 40% OF CASES WHICH CAN BE AUTOIMMUNE, OR NON-AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS. IN SOME CASES INTERFERON INDUCED THYROIDITIS (IIT) IN CHRONIC HCV PATIENTS MAY RESULT IN SEVERE SYMPTOMATOLOGY NECESSITATING DISCONTINUATION OF THERAPY. WHILE THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF HCV AND INTERFERON INDUCED THYROIDITIS HAVE BEEN WELL CHARACTERIZED, THE MECHANISMS CAUSING THESE CONDITIONS ARE STILL POORLY UNDERSTOOD.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
5  4963 26 PATHOGENESIS OF THYROID NODULES: HISTOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION? THYROID NODULE GENESIS MAY BE CONSIDERED AS AN AMPLIFICATION OF THYROID HETEROGENEITY DUE TO GENETIC AND/OR EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. WE CLASSIFIED THE THYROID NODULES IN FIVE TYPES WITH DISTINCT HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES: HYPERPLASTIC, NEOPLASTIC, COLLOID, CYSTIC AND THYROIDITIC NODULES. HYPERPLASTIC: THYROCYTE PROLIFERATION IS UNDER THE CONTROL OF TSH BUT SEVERAL OTHER PARACRINE AND AUTOCRINE FACTORS ARE SECRETED BY FOLLICULAR CELLS, THE STROMAL APPARATUS AND THE LYMPHOCYTES, WHICH ARE IMPLICATED IN INITIATION AND PERPETUATION OF THYROID HYPERPLASIA. GROWTH OCCURS MAINLY THROUGH TSHR, CAMP AND PKA. CONSTITUTIVE CAMP OVERPRODUCTION HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE DUE TO POINT MUTATION OF THE TSHR OR GS PROTEIN, PRODUCING OVERGROWTH AND HYPERFUNCTION. NEOPLASTIC: SEVERAL ACTIVATED ONCOGENES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN THYROID MALIGNANCIES. ONCOGENES RELEVANT TO THE THYROID CARCINOGENESIS ARE: MUTATED TSHR AND GSP (CONSTITUTIVE ACTIVATION OF CAMP); TRK (RECEPTOR FOR NGF); RET/PTC (PHOSPHORYLATION OF TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTOR)--AN ISOFORM OF THIS ONCOGENE IS INDUCED BY RADIATION: RAS (IT ENCODES GS PROTEINS TRANSDUCING MITOGENIC SIGNALS); AND C-MET (RECEPTOR FOR HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR). THE EVOLUTION OF A DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER TOWARDS AN UNDIFFERENTIATED CANCER IS DUE TO A MUTATION OF A FAMILY OF PROTEINS (I.E., P53), WHICH ACTS AS A BRAKE, PREVENTING THE GENOMIC INSTABILITY OF CANCER. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT A TUMOR INITIATES BY RET OR RAS AND POSSIBLY PROGRESSES--AS A RESULT OF ADDITIONAL MUTATIONS AND BY P53 MUTATION--TO ANAPLASTIC CARCINOMA. COLLOID: FLATTENING OF THE EPITHELIUM AND DILATATION OF FOLLICLES CONTAINING VISCOUS MATERIAL--MADE UP BY A CONCENTRATED SOLUTION OF THYROGLOBULIN (HTG)--IS THE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE COLLOID NODULE. A DEFECT OF INTRALUMINAL REABSORPTION OF HTG HAS BEEN SUGGESTED BUT NOT PROVEN. EXPERIMENTALLY, A LOAD OF IODINE IS ABLE TO CHANGE THYROID HYPERPLASIA TO A COLLOID FEATURE; HOWEVER, A LOAD OF IODINE IS RARELY FOUND IN THE CLINICAL HISTORY OF PATIENTS. A NEW CLUE TO THE PATHOGENESIS COMES FROM THE FINDING THAT A RELEVANT PART OF THE COLLOID (10-20%) IS MADE UP OF INSOLUBLE GLOBULES, WHERE HTG IS COMPACTED IN A POLYMERIC FORM. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT STOCKING HTG INTO GLOBULES IS DEFECTIVE IN COLLOID NODULES, LEADING TO ENORMOUS ENLARGEMENT OF THE FOLLICLE. CYSTIC: IT IS ESTIMATED THAT BETWEEN 15 AND 40% OF THYROID NODULES ARE PARTLY OR ENTIRELY CYSTIC. THE 'TRUE CYST' IS RARE; MOST OF THE SO-CALLED CYSTIC NODULES ARE 'PSEUDOCYSTS', WHICH FOLLOW NECROSIS AND COLLIQUATION. NECROSIS ISSUES AS AN IMBALANCE BETWEEN GROWTH AND THE PRECISELY REGULATED PROCESS OF ANGIOGENESIS. MORE RECENTLY, THE VEGF/VPF HAS BEEN FOUND TO BE AT THE ORIGIN OF RECENT AND RECURRENT CYSTS. IMMUNOTOXIC AND APOPTOTIC MECHANISMS HAVE ALSO BEEN SUGGESTED. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CYSTIC FLUID SHOWED A 'DENATURED' AND 'SERUM-LIKE' PATTERN SUGGESTING DIFFERENT MECHANISMS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE PSEUDOCYSTIC THYROID NODULES. THYROIDITIC: NODULAR LYMPHOCYTIC THYROIDITIS (NLT) INCLUDES TWO DIFFERENT ENTITIES: 1) LYMPHOCYTE THYROIDITIS GROWING AS A NODULE IN A HYPERPLASTIC OR NORMAL GLAND, AND 2) LYMPHOCYTE THYROIDITIS ASSOCIATED IN THE SAME NODULE WITH OTHER NODULAR DISEASES OF THE THYROID: PAPILLARY THYROID CARCINOMA AND LYMPHOMA HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE ASSOCIATED TO CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC THYROIDITIS.	2001	

6  5260 16 PROGRESSIVE OSSEOUS HETEROPLASIA, AS AN ISOLATED ENTITY OR OVERLAPPING WITH ALBRIGHT HEREDITARY OSTEODYSTROPHY. INTRODUCTION: PROGRESSIVE OSSEOUS HETEROPLASIA (POH) IS A CONDITION OF INVASIVE HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION. REPORTS OF PATIENTS WITH MILD POH WITH ALBRIGHT HEREDITARY OSTEODYSTROPHY (AHO), SPECIFICALLY PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM TYPE IA (PHP IA) WITH HORMONAL RESISTANCE, SUGGEST THE POSSIBILITY OF A COMMON MOLECULAR BASIS. GNAS HAS BEEN IMPLICATED TO ACCOUNT FOR OVERLAPPING FEATURES OF POH AND PHP IA. CASE 1: A 4-YEAR-OLD BOY WITH OBESITY, SPEECH DELAY, AND EXPANDING SUBCUTANEOUS MASSES ON BUTTOCK/FOREARM. PHYSICAL EXAM REVEALED ROUND FACIES AND BRACHYDACTYLY. BLOOD TESTS SHOWED NORMAL CA, P, MG, 25-OH VITAMIN D LEVELS BUT ELEVATED PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) AND THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH). ABDOMINAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) SHOWED AREAS WITH CALCIFICATIONS IN THE SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, FAT, AND MUSCLE. PATHOLOGY OF EXCISED TISSUE REVEALED OSSIFICATIONS. GENOMIC STUDY REVEALED NO GNAS MUTATION. HE HAD POH AND PHP IA. CASE 2: A 3-YEAR-OLD BOY WITH PAINFUL OSSIFICATIONS IN THE LEFT LOWER EXTREMITY. LAB TESTS WERE NOTABLE FOR ELEVATED PTH AND HIGH-NORMAL TSH. THE CT-SCAN SHOWED SUBCUTANEOUS/INTRAMUSCULAR CALCIFICATIONS. GENETIC TESTING SHOWED GNAS MUTATION IN EXON 12 [C.1024C>T (R342X)]. PATIENT HAD POH AND PHP IA. CASE 3: A 9-YEAR-OLD BOY WITH KNEE PAIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS OSSIFICATIONS IN BACK AND UPPER/LOWER EXTREMITY, CAUSING SIGNIFICANTLY LIMITED JOINT MOBILITY. LAB TESTS WERE NORMAL. THE CT-SCAN SHOWED AREAS CORRESPONDING TO SUBCUTANEOUS/INTRAMUSCULAR OSSIFICATIONS THROUGHOUT TORSO AND EXTREMITIES, CONSISTENT WITH POH. THERE WAS NO GNAS MUTATION. CONCLUSIONS: PATIENTS WITH HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATIONS PRESENT WITH A WIDE SPECTRUM OF DISEASE. ALTHOUGH GNAS-BASED MUTATIONS HAVE BEEN POSTULATED TO ACCOUNT FOR OVERLAPPING FEATURES OF AHO AND POH, NORMAL DNA STUDIES IN CERTAIN PATIENTS WITH POH/AHO SUGGEST THAT THERE MAY EXIST OTHER MOLECULAR/EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS EXPLAINING THEIR OVERLAPPING FEATURES.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7  5843 17 STUDIES ON THE CARCINOGENICITY OF POTASSIUM IODIDE IN F344 RATS. A CHRONIC TOXICITY AND CARCINOGENICITY STUDY, IN WHICH MALE AND FEMALE F344/DUCRJ RATS WERE GIVEN POTASSIUM IODIDE (KI) IN THE DRINKING WATER AT CONCENTRATIONS OF 0, 10, 100 OR 1000 PPM FOR 104 WEEKS, AND A TWO-STAGE CARCINOGENICITY STUDY OF APPLICATION AT 0 OR 1000 PPM FOR 83 WEEKS FOLLOWING A SINGLE INJECTION OF N-BIS(2-HYDROXYPROPYL)NITROSAMINE (DHPN), WERE CONDUCTED. IN THE FORMER, SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMAS WERE INDUCED IN THE SALIVARY GLANDS OF THE 1000 PPM GROUP, BUT NO TUMORS WERE OBSERVED IN THE THYROID. IN THE TWO-STAGE CARCINOGENICITY STUDY, THYROIDAL WEIGHTS AND THE INCIDENCE OF THYROID TUMORS DERIVED FROM THE FOLLICULAR EPITHELIUM WERE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN THE DHPN+KI AS COMPARED WITH THE DHPN ALONE GROUP. THE RESULTS OF OUR STUDIES SUGGEST THAT EXCESS KI HAS A THYROID TUMOR-PROMOTING EFFECT, BUT KI PER SE DOES NOT INDUCE THYROID TUMORS IN RATS. IN THE SALIVARY GLAND, KI WAS SUGGESTED TO HAVE CARCINOGENIC POTENTIAL VIA AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM, ONLY ACTIVE AT A HIGH DOSE.	2000	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
8  5652 24 SEX DIMORPHIC CHANGES IN TRH GENE METHYLATION AND THYROID-AXIS RESPONSE TO ENERGY DEMANDS IN MATERNALLY SEPARATED RATS. THE HYPOTHALAMUS-PITUITARY-THYROID (HPT) AXIS REGULATES ENERGY BALANCE THROUGH THE PLEIOTROPIC ACTION OF THYROID HORMONES. HPT BASAL ACTIVITY AND STIMULATION BY COLD OR VOLUNTARY EXERCISE ARE REPRESSED BY PREVIOUS CHRONIC STRESS IN ADULTS. MATERNAL SEPARATION (MS) MODIFIES HPT BASAL ACTIVITY; WE THUS STUDIED THE RESPONSE OF THE AXIS TO ENERGY DEMANDS AND ANALYZED POSSIBLE EPIGENETIC CHANGES ON TRH PROMOTER. NONHANDLED (NH) OR MS MALE WISTAR RATS WERE COLD EXPOSED 1 H AT ADULTHOOD; TRH EXPRESSION IN THE HYPOTHALAMIC PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS (PVN) AND SERUM THYROTROPIN (TSH) CONCENTRATION WERE INCREASED ONLY IN NH RATS. TWO WEEKS OF VOLUNTARY EXERCISE DECREASED FAT MASS AND INCREASED TRH EXPRESSION, AND THYROID HORMONES CONCENTRATION CHANGED PROPORTIONALLY TO RUNNING DISTANCE IN NH MALE RATS AND MS MALE RATS. ALTHOUGH NH FEMALES RAN MORE THAN MS AND MUCH MORE THAN MALES, EXERCISE DECREASED BODY WEIGHT AND FAT MASS ONLY IN NH RATS WITH NO CHANGE ON ANY PARAMETER OF THE HPT AXIS BUT INCREASED POMC EXPRESSION IN ARCUATE-NUCLEUS OF NH AND NPY IN MS FEMALES. OVERALL, THE METHYLATION PATTERN OF PVN TRH GENE PROMOTER WAS SIMILAR IN NH MALES AND FEMALES; MS MODIFIED METHYLATION OF SPECIFIC CPG SITES, A THYROID HORMONE RECEPTOR (THR)-BINDING SITE PRESENT AFTER THE INITIATION SITE WAS HYPOMETHYLATED IN MS MALES; IN MS FEMALES, THE THR BINDING SITE OF THE PROXIMAL PROMOTER (SITE 4) AND 2 SITES IN THE FIRST INTRON WERE HYPERMETHYLATED. OUR STUDIES SHOWED THAT, IN A SEX-DIMORPHIC MANNER, MS BLUNTED THE RESPONSES OF HPT AXIS TO ENERGY DEMANDS IN ADULT ANIMALS AND CAUSED METHYLATION CHANGES ON TRH PROMOTER THAT COULD ALTER T3 FEEDBACK.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
9  5830 24 STRESS, THYROID DYSREGULATION, AND THYROID CANCER IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: PROPOSED IMPENDING MECHANISMS. STRESS IS A POTENTIAL CATALYST FOR THYROID DYSREGULATION THROUGH CROSS-COMMUNICATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-THYROID (HPT) AXES. STRESS AND STRESSORS EXPOSURE MOTIVATES MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AFFECTING COMPOUND FEEDBACK LOOPS OF THE HPT AXIS. WHILE THERE IS EVIDENCE OF CONNECTION BETWEEN STRESS AND THYROID DYSREGULATION, THE QUESTION WHETHER THIS CONNECTION IS IMPLICATED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THYROID CANCER (TC) REMAINS UNANSWERED. IN VIEW OF THE RISING INCIDENCE OF TC IN BOTH ADULTS AND CHILDREN ALONGSIDE THE INCREASING STRESS IN OUR MODERN SOCIETY, THERE IS A NEED TO UNDERSTAND POSSIBLE INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN STRESS, THYROID DYSREGULATION, AND TC. PROLONGED GLUCOCORTICOID SECRETION DUE TO STRESS INTERFERES WITH IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSE BY ALTERING THE CYTOKINES, INDUCING LOW-GRADE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, AND SUPPRESSING FUNCTION OF IMMUNE-PROTECTIVE CELLS. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IS A RISK FACTOR LINKED TO TC. THE ROLE OF AUTOIMMUNITY HAS BEEN A MATTER OF CONTROVERSY. HOWEVER, THERE IS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CONNECTION BETWEEN AUTOIMMUNE THYROID DISEASE (AITD) AND TC; PATIENTS WITH AITD SHOW INCREASED INCIDENCE IN PAPILLARY THYROID CARCINOMA (PTC), AND THOSE WITH TC SHOW A HIGH PREVALENCE OF INTRATHYROIDAL LYMPHOCYTE INFILTRATION AND THYROID AUTOANTIBODIES. TIMING AND DURATION-DEPENDENT EXPOSURE TO SPECIFIC ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS (EDCS) HAS AN IMPACT ON THYROID DEVELOPMENT, FUNCTION, AND PROLIFERATION, LEADING TO THYROID DISEASE AND POTENTIALLY CANCER. THYROID HORMONE IMBALANCE, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, AND EDCS ARE POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS FOR OXIDATIVE STRESS. OXYGEN FREE RADICALS ARE CAPABLE OF CAUSING DNA DAMAGE VIA STIMULATION OF THE MITOGEN-ACTIVATING PROTEIN KINASE OR PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-3-KINASE AND/OR NUCLEAR FACTOR KB PATHWAYS, RESULTING IN TC-ASSOCIATED GENE MUTATIONS SUCH AS RET/PTC, AKAP9-BRAF, NTRK1, RAASF, PIK3CA, AND PTEN. STRESSFUL EVENTS DURING THE CRITICAL PERIODS OF PRENATAL AND EARLY LIFE CAN INFLUENCE NEUROENDOCRINE REGULATION AND INDUCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES. ABERRANT METHYLATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES SUCH AS P16INK4A, RASSF, AND PTEN IS ASSOCIATED WITH PTC; HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION IS SHOWN TO BE HIGHER IN TC, AND THYROID-SPECIFIC NONCODING RNAS ARE DOWNREGULATED IN PTC. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE ABOVE PROPOSED MECHANISMS THAT POTENTIALLY LEAD TO THYROID TUMORIGENESIS WITH THE AIM TO HELP IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL PROGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR TC.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
10  1148 21 CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM AND THYROID CANCER. DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CARCINOMA (DTC) COMBINED WITH CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM (CH) IS A RARE SITUATION, AND THERE IS NO WELL-ESTABLISHED CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP. CH IS A COMMON CONGENITAL ENDOCRINE, WHILE DTC OCCURRING IN CHILDHOOD REPRESENTS 0.4-3% OF ALL MALIGNANCIES AT THIS STAGE OF LIFE. THE ASSOCIATION OF CH WITH DTC COULD BE RELATED TO DYSHORMONOGENETIC GOITER (DHG) OR DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES. THIS REVIEW WILL EXPLORE THE CLINICAL FEATURES AND THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS POTENTIALLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE APPEARANCE OF DTC IN CH: SPORADIC SOMATIC DRIVER MUTATIONS, CHRONIC INCREASE OF THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) LEVELS, HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2), CELL DIVISION CYCLE ASSOCIATED 8 (BORELAIN/CDC8) GENE MUTATIONS, AND IN OTHERS GENES ASSOCIATED WITH CH - EITHER ALONE OR ASSOCIATED WITH THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN DYSHORMONOGENESIS. THERE ARE SOME PITFALLS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF THYROID CANCER IN PATIENTS WITH CH WITH NODULAR GOITER, AS THE PROPER CYTOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF NODULES OF PATIENTS WITH DYSHORMONOGENESIS MIGHT BE DEMANDING DUE TO THE SPECIFIC ARCHITECTURAL AND CYTOLOGICAL APPEARANCE, WHICH MAY LEAD TO AN ERRONEOUS INTERPRETATION OF MALIGNANCY. THE PURPOSE OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO SUGGEST AN ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK THAT EMBRACES THE FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE VARIOUS ASPECTS OF CH AND CDT. IN FACE OF THIS SCENARIO, THE ENTIRE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CONTEXT, THE COMPLEX FUNCTIONING, AND CROSS TALK OF CELL SIGNALING MAY DETERMINE CELLULAR MECHANISMS PROMOTING BOTH THE MAINTENANCE OF THE DIFFERENTIATED STATE OF THE THYROID FOLLICULAR CELL AND THE DISRUPTION OF ITS HOMEOSTASIS LEADING TO CANCER. WHEREAS, THE EXACT MECHANISMS FOR THYROID CANCER DEVELOPMENT IN CH REMAIN TO BE ELUCIDATED.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
11  6727 24 VITILIGO AND CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS. VITILIGO, THE DISCOLORATION OF THE SKIN, HAS DIFFERENT AUTOIMMUNE MECHANISMS REFLECTED BY MANY BIOMARKERS AS SHOWN BY SKIN HISTOLOGY, STAINING FOR CD4 AND CD8 T LYMPHOCYTES, CHEMOKINE LIGAND 9 OR CIRCULATING CYTOKINES SUCH AS INTERLEUKIN (IL)-1 BETA, INTERFERON (IFN)-GAMMA, TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF)-BETA, ANTIBODIES, MARKERS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS, CHEMOKINES, AND OTHERS. IN THIS NARRATIVE REVIEW, WE AIM TO OVERVIEW VITILIGO IN RELATIONSHIP WITH CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS. REGARDING VITILIGO, MORE THAN 50 DIFFERENT GENETIC LOCI HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH THIS DISEASE, AND THE HERITABILITY IS HIGH. THERE IS A 20% RISK OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL CONNECTION WHICH MAY ALSO ACT AS A TRIGGER; MOREOVER, THE ASSOCIATION WITH HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN (HLA) EXPRESSION IS WELL RECOGNIZED. THE SPECIFIC LESIONS DISPLAY CD8+ TISSUE-RESIDENT MEMORY T CELLS AS CONTINUOUS KEY ACTIVATORS OF MELANOCYTES. THE ASSOCIATION WITH CHRONIC THYROIDITIS IS BASED ON COMMON AUTOIMMUNE BACKGROUND AND EXCESSIVE REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES THAT DESTROY MELANOCYTES AND THYROCYTES (OXIDATIVE STRESS HYPOTHESIS) WITH THYROXINE AND MELANIN AS TARGET MOLECULES, THUS SHARING A COMMON ORIGIN: TYROSINE. MOREOVER, COMMON EPIGENETIC ANOMALIES OR MUTATIONS OF THE FORKHEAD TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR D3 (FOXD3) HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED. SINCE VITILIGO AFFECTS UP TO 1-2% OF THE POPULATION WORLDWIDE AND 34% OF PATIENTS HAVE POSITIVE THYROID ANTIBODIES, APART FROM COMMON AUTOIMMUNITY BACKGROUND AND OXIDATIVE STRESS TOXICITY, THE ASSOCIATION IS CLINICALLY RELEVANT FOR DIFFERENT PRACTITIONERS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
12  5022 17 PERSISTENT SUBCLINICAL INFLAMMATION AMONG A-BOMB SURVIVORS. PURPOSE: TO INVESTIGATE THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN INFLAMMATION TESTS AND RADIATION DOSE IN A-BOMB SURVIVORS. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: SUBJECTS WERE A-BOMB SURVIVORS WHO UNDERWENT INFLAMMATION TESTS OF LEUKOCYTE COUNTS, NEUTROPHIL COUNTS, ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE, CORRECTED ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE, ALPHA-1 GLOBULIN, ALPHA-2 GLOBULIN AND SIALIC ACID BETWEEN 1988 AND 1992. ASSOCIATIONS WITH RADIATION DOSE (DS86) WERE ANALYZED BY REGRESSION ANALYSIS AND HETEROGENEITY AMONG INFLAMMATORY DISEASES, ANAEMIA AT EXAMINATION, OR HISTORY OF CANCER WAS ALSO TESTED. RESULTS: THE ASSOCIATIONS WITH RADIATION DOSE WERE STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT FOR LEUKOCYTE COUNTS (71.0MM(-3) GY(-1), P=0.015), ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE (1.58 MM H(-1) GY(-1) , P = 0.0001), CORRECTED ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE (1.14MM H(-1) GY(-1), P=0.0001), ALPHA-1 GLOBULIN (0.0057 G DL(-1) GY(-1), P=0.0001), ALPHA-2 GLOBULIN (0.0128 G DL(-1) GY(-1), P=0.0001), AND SIALIC ACID (1.2711 MG DL(-1) GY(-1), P=0.0001) BUT NOT FOR NEUTROPHIL COUNTS (29.9 MM(-3) GY(-1), P=0.17). HETEROGENEITY WAS NOT STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT. AMONG INFLAMMATORY DISEASES, ASSOCIATIONS WERE THE STRONGEST FOR CHRONIC THYROIDITIS AND CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES. CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY SUGGESTS STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION BETWEEN INFLAMMATION IN A-BOMB SURVIVORS AND RADIATION DOSE OF DURING 1988-1992. THE ASSOCIATION MIGHT CONTRIBUTE, AS AN EPIGENETIC AND/OR BYSTANDER EFFECT, TO DEVELOPMENT OF SEVERAL RADIATION-INDUCED DISORDERS.	2001	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
13  1193 25 CORRELATION OF CYP2R1 GENE PROMOTER METHYLATION WITH CIRCULATING VITAMIN D LEVELS AMONG HEALTHY ADULTS. BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: DESPITE BEING A TROPICAL COUNTRY, VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY IS HIGHLY PREVALENT IN INDIA WITH STUDIES INDICATING 40-99 PER CENT PREVALENCE. APART FROM CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE METABOLISM, VITAMIN D IS INVOLVED IN CELL CYCLE REGULATION, CARDIOVASCULAR, HEPATOPROTECTION. THE METABOLISM OF VITAMIN D IS REGULATED BY VITAMIN D TOOL GENES (CYP2R1/CYP27B1/CYP24A1/VDR). THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF SOME OF THESE GENES HAVE CPG ISLANDS, MAKING THEM PRONE TO METHYLATION INDUCED GENE SILENCING, WHICH MAY CAUSE A REDUCTION IN CIRCULATING VITAMIN D LEVELS. EPIGENETIC BASIS OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY IS YET TO BE STUDIED IN INDIA, AND HENCE, THIS PILOT STUDY WAS AIMED TO ANALYZE WHETHER METHYLATION LEVELS OF CYP2R1 GENE WERE CORRELATED WITH THE LEVELS OF 25(OH)D IN HEALTHY, ADULT INDIVIDUALS IN INDIAN POPULATION. METHODS: IN THIS CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY, HEALTHY ADULTS OF 18-45 YR OF AGE WITH NO HISTORY OF MALABSORPTION, THYROIDECTOMY, CHRONIC ILLNESS OR THERAPEUTIC VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION WERE RECRUITED. DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS WAS CARRIED OUT BY METHYLATION SPECIFIC QUANTITATIVE PCR. SERUM CALCIUM, PHOSPHATE AND VITAMIN D LEVELS WERE ALSO QUANTIFIED. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WAS DONE BY R 4.0.5 SOFTWARE. RESULTS: A TOTAL OF 61 APPARENTLY HEALTHY ADULTS WERE ANALYZED. THE SERUM VITAMIN D LEVELS DID NOT CORRELATE WITH CYP2R1 METHYLATION LEVELS IN OUR STUDY POPULATION. SIGNIFICANT POSITIVE CORRELATION WAS OBSERVED BETWEEN AGE AND SERUM VITAMIN D LEVELS. SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION OF GENDER WAS FOUND WITH CYP2R1 METHYLATION LEVELS. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY FOUND NO SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN LEVELS OF CYP2R1 METHYLATION AND CIRCULATING 25(OH)D DEFICIENCY. FURTHER STUDIES ON THE INDIAN POPULATION HAVING A LARGER SAMPLE SIZE INCLUDING ENTIRE VITAMIN D TOOL GENES, AMONG DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS MAY BE CONDUCTED TO ELUCIDATE MOLECULAR ETIOLOGY OF CIRCULATING 25(OH)D DEFICIENCY. THE HIGH PREVALENCE OF NORMAL SERUM CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE LEVELS AMONG VITAMIN D DEFICIENT SUBJECTS IN THIS STUDY COUPLED WITH THE STRIKINGLY HIGH PREVALENCE OF THE DEFICIENCY AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL, MAY SUGGEST THE NEED TO REVISE THE CUT-OFF CRITERIA FOR VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY IN THE INDIAN POPULATION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
14   471 19 ARISTOLOCHIC ACID CONTAINING HERBS INDUCE GENDER-RELATED ONCOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES IN UPPER TRACT UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA PATIENTS. BACKGROUND: IN CHINA, UPPER TRACT UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA (UTUC) IS LESS PREVALENT BUT MORE MALIGNANT IN MALES. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATES THE PROGNOSTIC FACTORS AND CAUSES OF GENDER-BASED DIFFERENCES IN CHINESE POPULATIONS. METHODS: BETWEEN 1999 AND 2011, 687 UTUC PATIENTS WHO UNDERWENT SURGERY WERE UTILIZED FOR THIS STUDY. WE EVALUATED THE DIFFERENCES IN ONCOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS, EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS, CANCER-SPECIFIC SURVIVAL (CSS), BLADDER RECURRENCE (BR) RATE, AND CONTRALATERAL UPPER TRACT RECURRENCE (CUTR) RATE. SMOKING HISTORY, BENZENE EXPOSURE HISTORY, AND THE HISTORY OF USING ARISTOLOCHIC ACID (AA) CONTAINING HERBS WERE ANALYZED IN DETAIL. RESULTS: COMPARED WITH MALE PATIENTS, FEMALE PATIENTS SHOWED POORER RENAL FUNCTION, LOWER PROPORTIONS OF TUMOR STAGE III/IV, AND SMALLER TUMOR DIAMETERS. THE CSS IN MALE PATIENTS WAS LOWER THAN THAT IN FEMALE PATIENTS. SIGNIFICANT GENDER-RELATED DIFFERENCES WERE OBSERVED CONCERNING VARIOUS PROGNOSTIC FACTORS. IN FEMALE PATIENTS, POORER SURVIVAL RATES WERE ATTRIBUTED TO THE PRIMARY TUMOR LOCATION IN THE URETER, LARGE DIAMETER PRIMARY TUMORS, SEVERE CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, PAPILLARY TUMOR ARCHITECTURE, HIGH TUMOR STAGES, POSITIVE N STATUS, AND METHYLATED ABCC6 PROMOTERS. IN MALE PATIENTS, OLDER AGE, IPSILATERAL HYDRONEPHROSIS, LARGE TUMOR DIAMETERS, SESSILE TUMOR ARCHITECTURE, HIGH TUMOR STAGES, AND METHYLATED TMEFF2 PROMOTERS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER CANCER-SPECIFIC MORTALITY. AA MIGHT BE THE MAIN CAUSE OF THESE GENDER-BASED DIFFERENCES. THE AA-INDUCED UTUC PATIENTS PRESENTED SMALLER TUMOR DIAMETERS, LOWER TUMOR STAGES, FEWER POSITIVE N STATUSES, MORE MULTIFOCAL TUMORS, LOWER METHYLATION INDICES, AND POORER RENAL FUNCTION. ALTHOUGH AA-INDUCED UTUC PATIENTS EXHIBITED BETTER SURVIVAL RATES, BR AND CUTR RATES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY WORSE. CONCLUSION: IN CHINA, THERE EXIST SIGNIFICANT AA-INDUCED DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE UTUC PATIENTS. THE BLADDERS AND CONTRALATERAL UPPER URINARY TRACTS OF AA-INDUCED UTUC PATIENTS SHOULD BE CAREFULLY MONITORED AFTER SURGERY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
15  4246 33 METHYLATION STATUS OF THE T-CADHERIN GENE PROMOTOR IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS IS ASSOCIATED WITH HBV-RELATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA PROGRESSION. DNA METHYLATION IS ONE OF THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS TO REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION AND FREQUENTLY OCCURS IN HUMAN CANCER CELLS. T-CADHERIN (CDH13) IS A NEW MEMBER OF THE CADHERIN SUPERFAMILY AND POSSESSES MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS. OUR STUDY INCLUDED 26 NORMAL CONTROLS (NCS), 65 CHRONIC HEPATITIS B PATIENTS (CHB), 14 LIVER CIRRHOSIS PATIENTS (LC) AND 157 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA PATIENTS (HCC). WE MAINLY FOCUSED ON THE MRNA EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION STATUS OF CDH13 IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS), WHICH WERE DETECTED BY SEMI-QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (RT-QPCR) AND METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP) RESPECTIVELY. THE CDH13 MRNA LEVEL WAS LOWER IN HCC, ESPECIALLY IN EARLY-STAGE OF HCC THAN IN NCS AND CHB GROUPS (P < 0.05). METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF THE CDH13 PROMOTER WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN HCC PATIENTS THAN IN THE NCS AND CHB GROUPS (67.52 % VS 0.00 %, P < 0.001, 67.52 % VS 52.31 %, P < 0.05, RESPECTIVELY). CDH13 MRNA LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY AND RELATIVELY LOWER IN METHYLATED GROUPS THAN IN UNMETHYLATED GROUPS AMONG THE WHOLE PARTICIPANTS. THE METHYLATION LEVEL OF CDH13 PROMOTER IN HCC MIGHT BE INFLUENCED OR PARTLY INFLUENCED BY SOME CRITICAL FACTORS SUCH AS TBIL, ALB AND AFP (P < 0.05). AS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN SIGNALING PATHWAY REGULATING BY CDH13 TO PROMOTE CARCINOGENESIS, JNK LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN HCC WHICH HAD A HIGHER METHYLATION FREQUENCY THAN IN NCS, CHB AND LC (P < 0.05). FURTHERMORE, THE COMBINATION OF THE METHYLATED CDH13 LEVEL AND AFP LEVEL SHOWED A BETTER SCORE: AUC = 0.796 (SE = 0.031, 95 %CI 0.735-0.857; P < 0.001) IN MALE AND AUC = 0.832 (SE = 0.057, 95 %CI 0.721-0.944; P < 0.001) IN FEMALE COMPARED TO AFP ALONE FOR DIAGNOSING HCC FROM NCS, CHB AND LC. THE METHYLATION OF CDH13 PROMOTER WAS AN INDEPENDENT PREDICTOR FOR ASSESSING THE PROGNOSIS OF HCC PATIENTS (R=-1.378 P < 0.05). IN CONCLUSION, HYPERMETHYLATION OF CDH13 IN PBMCS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE UNDEREXPRESSION OF MRNA AND THE HIGH RISK OF HCC. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE CDH13 PROMOTER IN PBMCS WAS A POTENTIAL NONINVASIVE BIOMARKER TO PREDICT THE PROGNOSIS OF HCC PATIENTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
16  4835 28 ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEORETICAL PRESUMPTIONS ASBESTOS GENOTOXICITY AND THE PRACTICAL MONITORING OF EXPOSED WORKERS. FROM THE GENOTOXIC VIEWPOINT, THERE EXISTS A SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE FOR ASBESTOS CARCINOGENICITY TO HUMAN POPULATION AND ANIMALS. ASBESTOS IS A SOLID CANCER PROMOTER (COCARCINOGEN) OF NON-MUTAGENIC CHARACTER HAVING EPIGENETIC EFFECTS (15, 16). NO DATA HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED ON ITS MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY IN "IN VIVO" CONDITIONS IN MAN. THE ONLY RESULTS ARE THOSE OF OUR PILOT STUDY CARRIED OUT IN THE PERIOD OF 1981-1983, WHICH CAST DOUBTS ON THE OFFICIAL VIEW OF NON-MUTAGENIC CHARACTER OF ASBESTOS--AT LEAST UNDER OCCUPATIONAL CONDITIONS OF ITS PROCESSING (34, 36, 37). THE STUDY PRESENTED HERE REPRESENTS TEN YEARS' EFFORTS MADE IN THE BIOLOGICAL (CYTOGENETIC) MONITORING OF PERSONS OCCUPATIONALLY EXPOSED TO ASBESTOS IN A FACTORY FOR ITS PROCESSING (OCCUPATIONAL RISK). SIMULTANEOUSLY, A PRELIMINARY ANSWER IS GIVEN TO THE QUESTION WHETHER THE OSINEK FACTORY (SITUATED IN A HOUSING AREA) IS OR IS NOT DANGEROUS FOR INHABITANTS OF THE TOWN OF KOSTELEC NAD ORLICI, NAMELY FOR THEIR GENETIC APPARATUS (ENVIRONMENTAL RISK). USING THE METHOD OF CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS ANALYSIS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES, A TOTAL OF 431 SUBJECTS (245 MALES AND 186 FEMALES) WERE EXAMINED IN THE PERIOD OF 1981 TO 1988. OF THESE, 111 PERSONS WERE FROM CONTROL WORKPLACES (FROM OSINEK OR--STARTING FROM 1984--FROM OTHER PLANTS IN KOSTELEC NAD ORLICI; IN ADDITION TO THAT 14 PENSIONERS WITHOUT ANY OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE WERE EXAMINED). THE AVERAGE AGE OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO ASBESTOS RISK WAS 42.7 YEARS, IN THE CONTROLS IT WAS 43.9 YEARS, IN PENSIONERS EXPOSED TO ASBESTOS EARLIER 63.5 YEARS AND IN THOSE NEVER EXPOSED TO ASBESTOS 66.5 YEARS. THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF YEARS SPENT AT OSINEK FACTORY AMOUNTED TO 21.5 YEARS. ABOUT ONE THIRD OF EMPLOYEES WERE FOUND TO SUFFER FROM ALLERGIES (FIRST OF ALL THOSE OF AIR PASSAGES) AND ONE SIXTH FROM CHRONIC AILMENTS OF THE UPPER AIR PASSAGES (STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS, HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE AND STREPTOCOCCUS BETA-HAEMOLYTICUS WERE DIAGNOSED MOST FREQUENTLY). A THIRD PART OF WORKERS FROM HIGH-RISK WORKSHOPS ARE SMOKERS, ONLY A FOURTH OF THE CONTROLS. ABOUT 40% OF WORKERS REGULARLY CONSUME ALCOHOLIC DRINKS. THE AVERAGE MORBIDITY RATE AT OSINEK IN 1981 TO 1988 WAS 6.3% (IN WORKERS AS HIGH AS 9%), WHICH IS ABOUT 2% HIGHER AS COMPARED WITH MEAN VALUES OBTAINED IN THE DISTRICT OF RYCHNOV NAD KNEZNOU AND EAST-BOHEMIAN REGION. WITHIN THE NINE-YEAR PERIOD (1981-1989), 21 OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES WERE DIAGNOSED, WHILE IN THE PREVIOUS 24 YEARS THERE WERE 24 CASES OF AN OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE. EARLIER THEY WERE MAINLY ASBESTOSES (87%), IN THE LAST PERIOD MAINLY CANCER DISEASES COINCIDING WITH ASBESTOSIS (81%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)	1992	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
17  3453 26 HYPOMETHYLATED UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYME2 Q1 (UBE2Q1) GENE PROMOTER IN THE SERUM IS A PROMISING BIOMARKER FOR HEPATITIS B VIRUS-ASSOCIATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION, WHICH CAN BE DETECTED IN CIRCULATING CELL-FREE DNA (CFDNA), IS ONE OF THE MAJOR EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). UBE2Q1, A PUTATIVE MEMBER OF THE UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYME FAMILY, MIGHT PLAY SUBSTANTIAL ROLES IN TUMORIGENESIS. HOWEVER, THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE UBE2Q1 GENE IN HCC REMAINS UNKNOWN. WE AIMED TO DETERMINE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE UBE2Q1 GENE PROMOTER AND TO EVALUATE ITS POTENTIAL CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE FOR HCC DETECTION. THE METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP) ASSAY WAS USED TO DETECT THE UBE2Q1 GENE METHYLATION STATUS IN SERUM SAMPLES FROM 80 PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV)-RELATED HCC, 40 PATIENTS WITH LIVER CIRRHOSIS (LC), 40 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB), AND 20 HEALTHY CONTROLS (HCS). SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER METHYLATION FREQUENCIES WERE DETECTED IN HCC PATIENTS (33.75%) COMPARED WITH LC PATIENTS (55.00%, P = 0.026) AND CHB PATIENTS (60.00%, P = 0.006) AND HCS (65.00%, P = 0.011). HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE UBE2Q1 GENE WAS NEGATIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE TUMOR NODE METASTASIS STAGE (R(S) = -0.30, P = 0.008). THE UBE2Q1 GENE METHYLATION STATUS COMBINED WITH ALPHA FETOPROTEIN USING CUT-OFF POINTS OF 20, 200 AND 400 NG/ML SHOWED SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY VALUES OF 58.8% AND 75.0%, 53.8% AND 87.5%, AND 37.5% AND 88.7%, RESPECTIVELY, AND YIELDED A SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED AREA UNDER THE ROC CURVE (0.720, 0.760 AND 0.694, RESPECTIVELY) FOR DISCRIMINATING HCC FROM LC AND CHB. OUR STUDY RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE UBE2Q1 GENE PROMOTER IS A POTENTIAL BIOMARKER FOR DETECTING HBV-ASSOCIATED HCC.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
18  5270 31 PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION FREQUENCY AND CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL ROLE OF MIR-129-2 GENE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. OBJECTIVES: CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE ACCUMULATION OF APPARENTLY MATURE B-TYPE LYMPHOCYTES IN THE LYMPHOHEMATOPOIETIC ORGANS. METHYLATION IN PROMOTERS OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IS ONE OF THE MECHANISMS THAT CAUSES BLOOD MALIGNANCY. IN THIS STUDY, WE EVALUATED THE PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION STATUS OF MIR-129-2 TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH CLINICAL AND LABORATORY PARAMETERS OF PATIENTS WITH CLL. METHODS: WE STUDIED THE PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF THE MIR-129-2 GENE IN 50 PATIENTS WITH CLL AND 50 HEALTHY CONTROLS USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION METHODS. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED USING SPSS-18 SOFTWARE, AND A P-VALUE < 0.050 WAS CONSIDERED STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT. RESULTS: THE FREQUENCY OF PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION OF THE MIR-129-2 GENE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN THE CLL GROUP COMPARED WITH CONTROL GROUP (38.0% VS. 0.0%, P < 0.001; CHI(2) = 23.457). THE PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF MIR-129-2 GENE WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT BETWEEN THE TWO SEXES (P = 0.236). A SIGNIFICANT BUT WEAK CORRELATION WAS SEEN BETWEEN THE METHYLATED STATE OF THE MIR-129-2 GENE AND ORGANOMEGALY (P = 0.019, R = 0.330) AS WELL AS HEMOGLOBIN LEVELS (P = 0.020, R = -0.233). HOWEVER, BINARY LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS INDICATED ORGANOMEGALY AS THE ONLY CLINICAL BIOMARKER WITH A STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION WITH THE HYPERMETHYLATED MIR-129-2 GENE STATE (P = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS: THE HIGH FREQUENCY OF PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION OF THE MIR-129-2 GENE IN THE CLL GROUP COMPARED TO THE CONTROL GROUP, AS WELL AS ITS SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION WITH ORGANOMEGALY, SUGGESTS THE IMPORTANCE OF THIS EPIGENETIC BIOMARKER IN THE PATHOGENESIS AND PROGNOSIS OF CLL DISEASE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
19  4229 24 METHYLATION OF INK4 AND CIP/KIP FAMILIES OF CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA IN CHINESE PATIENTS. BACKGROUND: INK4 (P15, P16, P18 AND P19) AND CIP/KIP (P21, P27 AND P57) ARE TWO FAMILIES OF CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITORS (CKI) TARGETING CDK4/6 AND CDK2, RESPECTIVELY. AIM: TO STUDY THE ROLE OF METHYLATION IN THE INACTIVATION OF CKI IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CLL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION WAS CARRIED OUT ON DNA OBTAINED FROM THE BONE MARROW OF 56 NEWLY DIAGNOSED PATIENTS WITH CLL. RESULTS: SIMILAR DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES AND CLINICAL OUTCOME WERE OBSERVED IN OUR PATIENTS WHEN COMPARED WITH CAUCASIAN PATIENTS, INCLUDING AN INDOLENT CLINICAL COURSE (10-YEAR OVERALL SURVIVAL 51%) AND ADVANCED RAI STAGE (P = 0.006), AND A HIGH-RISK KARYOTYPE SUCH AS TRISOMY 12 AND COMPLEX ABERRATIONS (P = 0.03). IN THE INK4 FAMILY, METHYLATION IN P15 AND P16 OCCURRED IN 20 (35.7%) AND 8 (14.3%) PATIENTS, RESPECTIVELY. IN ALL, 5 (8.9%) CLL SAMPLES HARBOURED CONCURRENT METHYLATION OF BOTH P15 AND P16. APART FROM AN ASSOCIATION OF P16 METHYLATION WITH HIGHER PRESENTING LEUCOCYTE COUNT (64.5 X 10(9)/L IN METHYLATED P16 AND 16.0 X 10(9)/L IN UNMETHYLATED P16 PATIENTS; P = 0.016), THERE WAS NO ASSOCIATION BETWEEN P15 AND P16 METHYLATION AND AGE, SEX AND RAI STAGE. NO DIFFERENCE WAS OBSERVED IN THE OVERALL SURVIVAL FOR PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT P15 AND P16 METHYLATION. BY CONTRAST, P18 AND RB WERE UNMETHYLATED IN ALL SAMPLES. IN THE CIP/KIP FAMILY, APART FROM INFREQUENT METHYLATION OF P57 IN 4 (7.1%) PATIENTS, METHYLATION OF P21 AND P27 WAS UNIFORMLY ABSENT. CONCLUSION: P15 AND, LESS FREQUENTLY, P16 OF THE INK4 FAMILY OF CKI, INSTEAD OF THE CIP OR KIP FAMILY, WERE TARGETED BY METHYLATION IN CLL. P16 METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGHER LYMPHOCYTE COUNT AT PRESENTATION. THIS IS THE FIRST COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF THE EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION OF THE INK4 AND CIP/KIP FAMILIES OF CKI IN CHINESE PATIENTS WITH CLL.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
20  3558 22 IMPACT OF CHRONIC BENZENE POISONING ON ABERRANT MITOCHONDRIAL DNA METHYLATION: A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY. BENZENE IS USED AS AN INDUSTRIAL SOLVENT, WHICH MAY RESULT IN CHRONIC BENZENE POISONING (CBP). SEVERAL STUDIES SUGGESTED THAT CBP WAS ASSOCIATED WITH MITOCHONDRIAL EPIGENETIC REGULATION. THIS STUDY AIMED TO EXPLORE THE POTENTIAL RELATION BETWEEN CBP AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA (MTDNA) METHYLATION. THIS PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY ENROLLED CBP PATIENTS ADMITTED TO SHENZHEN PREVENTION AND TREATMENT CENTER FOR OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES HOSPITAL AND HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS BETWEEN 2018 AND 2021. THE WHITE BLOOD CELL (WBC), RED BLOOD CELL (RBC), HEMOGLOBIN (HB), AND PLATELET (PLT) COUNTS AND MTDNA METHYLATION LEVELS WERE MEASURED USING BLOOD FLOW CYTOMETRY AND TARGETED BISULFITE SEQUENCING, RESPECTIVELY. A TOTAL OF 90 PARTICIPANTS WERE RECRUITED, INCLUDING 30 CASES OF CBP (20 FEMALES, MEAN AGE 43.0 +/- 8.0 YEARS) AND 60 HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS (42 FEMALES, MEAN AGE 43.5 +/- 11.5 YEARS). THIS STUDY DETECTED 168 MITOCHONDRIAL METHYLATION SITES >0 IN ALL STUDY SUBJECTS. THE MTDNA METHYLATION LEVELS IN THE CBP CASES WERE LOWER THAN THE HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS [MEDIAN +/- INTERQUARTILE-RANGE (IQR), 25TH PERCENTILE, 75TH PERCENTILE: (1.140 +/- 0.570, 0.965, 1.535)% VS. MEDIAN +/- IQR, 25TH PERCENTILE, 75TH PERCENTILE: (1.705 +/- 0.205,1.240,2.445)%, P < 0.05]. ADDITIONALLY, THE SPEARMAN CORRELATION ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE MTDNA METHYLATION LEVELS WERE POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH THE COUNTS OF CIRCULATING LEUKOCYTES [WBC (R = 0.048, P = 0.036)] AND PLATELETS [PLT (R = 0.129, P < 0.01)]. WE PROVIDED SOLID EVIDENCE OF ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CBP AND ABERRANT MTDNA METHYLATION.	2023