1  2170 138 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN RESPIRATORY MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. EPIGENETIC EVENTS ARE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN THE LUNGS AND AIRWAYS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). MOREOVER, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN THE SKELETAL (PERIPHERAL) MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION OF COPD PATIENTS. WHETHER EPIGENETIC EVENTS MAY ALSO REGULATE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN COPD REMAINS UNKNOWN. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS WOULD BE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN THE MAIN INSPIRATORY MUSCLE (DIAPHRAGM) OF PATIENTS WITH COPD OF A WIDE RANGE OF DISEASE SEVERITY COMPARED TO HEALTHY CONTROLS. IN DIAPHRAGM MUSCLE SPECIMENS (THORACOTOMY DUE TO LUNG LOCALIZED NEOPLASMS) OF SEDENTARY PATIENTS WITH MILD-TO-MODERATE AND SEVERE COPD, WITH PRESERVED BODY COMPOSITION, AND SEDENTARY HEALTHY CONTROLS, EXPRESSION OF MUSCLE-ENRICHED MICRORNAS, HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATS) AND DEACETYLASES (HDACS), TOTAL DNA METHYLATION AND PROTEIN ACETYLATION, SMALL UBIQUITIN-RELATED MODIFIER (SUMO) LIGASES, MUSCLE-SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, AND MUSCLE STRUCTURE WERE EXPLORED. ALL SUBJECTS WERE ALSO CLINICALLY EVALUATED: LUNG AND MUSCLE FUNCTIONS AND EXERCISE CAPACITY. COMPARED TO HEALTHY CONTROLS, PATIENTS EXHIBITED MODERATE AIRFLOW LIMITATION AND DIFFUSION CAPACITY, AND REDUCED EXERCISE TOLERANCE AND TRANSDIAPHRAGMATIC STRENGTH. MOREOVER, IN THE DIAPHRAGM OF THE COPD PATIENTS, MUSCLE-SPECIFIC MICRORNA EXPRESSION WAS DOWNREGULATED, WHILE HDAC4 AND MYOCYTE ENHANCER FACTOR (MEF)2C PROTEIN LEVELS WERE HIGHER, AND DNA METHYLATION LEVELS, MUSCLE FIBER TYPES AND SIZES DID NOT DIFFER BETWEEN PATIENTS AND CONTROLS. IN THE MAIN RESPIRATORY MUSCLE OF COPD PATIENTS WITH A WIDE RANGE OF DISEASE SEVERITY AND NORMAL BODY COMPOSITION, MUSCLE-SPECIFIC MICRORNAS WERE DOWNREGULATED, WHILE HDAC4 AND MEF2C LEVELS WERE UPREGULATED. IT IS LIKELY THAT THESE EPIGENETIC EVENTS ACT AS BIOLOGICAL ADAPTIVE MECHANISMS TO BETTER OVERCOME THE CONTINUOUS INSPIRATORY LOADS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN COPD. THESE FINDINGS MAY OFFER NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO SPECIFICALLY TARGET RESPIRATORY MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH COPD.	2014	

2  5334  69 QUADRICEPS MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND ATROPHY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A DIFFERENTIAL EPIGENETIC PROFILE IN ADVANCED COPD. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATE MUSCLE MASS AND FUNCTION IN MODELS OF MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION AND ATROPHY. WE ASSESSED WHETHER QUADRICEPS MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND ATROPHY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION PROFILE OF EPIGENETIC EVENTS IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED COPD (CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE). IN VASTUS LATERALIS (VL) OF SEDENTARY SEVERE COPD PATIENTS (N=41), WHO WERE FURTHER SUBDIVIDED INTO THOSE WITH (N=25) AND WITHOUT (N=16) MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND HEALTHY CONTROLS (N=19), EXPRESSION OF MUSCLE-ENRICHED MIRNAS, HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATS) AND DEACETYLASES (HDACS), GROWTH AND ATROPHY SIGNALLING MARKERS, TOTAL PROTEIN AND HISTONE ACETYLATION, TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, SMALL UBIQUITIN-RELATED MODIFIER (SUMO) LIGASES AND MUSCLE STRUCTURE WERE EXPLORED. ALL SUBJECTS WERE CLINICALLY EVALUATED. COMPARED WITH CONTROLS, IN VL OF ALL COPD TOGETHER AND IN MUSCLE-WEAKNESS PATIENTS, EXPRESSION OF MIR-1, MIR-206 AND MIR-27A, LEVELS OF LYSINE-ACETYLATED PROTEINS AND HISTONES AND ACETYLATED HISTONE 3 WERE INCREASED, WHEREAS EXPRESSION OF HDAC3, HDAC4, SIRTUIN-1 (SIRT-1), IGF-1 (INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-1) WERE DECREASED, AKT (V-AKT MURINE THYMOMA VIRAL ONCOGENE HOMOLOGUE 1) EXPRESSION DID NOT DIFFER, FOLLISTATIN EXPRESSION WAS GREATER, WHEREAS MYOSTATIN EXPRESSION WAS LOWER, SERUM REPONSE FACTOR (SRF) EXPRESSION WAS INCREASED AND FIBRE SIZE OF FAST-TWITCH FIBRES WAS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED. IN VL OF SEVERE COPD PATIENTS WITH MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND ATROPHY, EPIGENETIC EVENTS REGULATE MUSCLE DIFFERENTIATION RATHER THAN PROLIFERATION AND MUSCLE GROWTH AND ATROPHY SIGNALLING, PROBABLY AS FEEDBACK MECHANISMS TO PREVENT THOSE MUSCLES FROM UNDERGOING FURTHER ATROPHY. LYSINE-HYPERACETYLATION OF HISTONES MAY DRIVE ENHANCED PROTEIN CATABOLISM IN THOSE MUSCLES. THESE FINDINGS MAY HELP DESIGN NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES (ENHANCERS OF MIRNAS PROMOTING MYOGENESIS AND ACETYLATION INHIBITORS) TO SELECTIVELY TARGET MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND ATROPHY IN SEVERE COPD.	2015	
                                                                                                          
3  2571  22 EPIGENETICS OF CHRONIC PAIN AFTER THORACIC SURGERY. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: CHRONIC PAIN AFTER SURGERY IS A MAJOR PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM AND A MAJOR CONCERN FOR PERIOPERATIVE PHYSICIANS. THORACIC SURGERY PRESENTS A UNIQUE CHALLENGE, AS THORACOTOMY IS AMONG THE HIGHEST RISK SURGERIES TO DEVELOP PERSISTENT POSTSURGICAL PAIN. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO DISCUSS THE RELEVANCE OF RESEARCH IN PAIN EPIGENETICS TO PATIENTS WITH PERSISTENT PAIN AFTER THORACIC SURGERY. RECENT FINDINGS: RECENT ADVANCES HAVE LINKED CHRONIC PAIN STATES TO GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES. PROGRESS IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF CHRONIC PAIN HAS HIGHLIGHTED THE IMPORTANCE OF IMMUNE MODULATION OF PAIN. IT IS POSSIBLE THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES DRIVING CHRONIC PAIN OCCUR IN THE PERIOPERATIVE SETTING VIA HISTONE MODIFICATION AND DNA METHYLATION. SUMMARY: THE TRANSITION FROM ACUTE TO CHRONIC PAIN AFTER THORACIC SURGERY MAY BE MEDIATED BY EPIGENETICS. HERE, WE DISCUSS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED IN ANIMAL MODELS OF CHRONIC PAIN THAT MAY PREDISPOSE PATIENTS TO PERSISTENT NEUROPATHIC PAIN AFTER THORACIC SURGERY.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
4  1633  77 DO EPIGENETIC EVENTS TAKE PLACE IN THE VASTUS LATERALIS OF PATIENTS WITH MILD CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE? MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IS A MAJOR COMORBIDITY IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). SEVERAL BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS INCLUDING EPIGENETIC EVENTS REGULATE MUSCLE MASS AND FUNCTION IN MODELS OF MUSCLE ATROPHY. INVESTIGATIONS CONDUCTED SO FAR HAVE FOCUSED ON THE ELUCIDATION OF BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN ADVANCED COPD. WE ASSESSED WHETHER THE EPIGENETIC PROFILE MAY BE ALTERED IN THE VASTUS LATERALIS OF PATIENTS WITH MILD COPD, NORMAL BODY COMPOSITION, AND MILDLY IMPAIRED MUSCLE FUNCTION AND EXERCISE CAPACITY. IN VASTUS LATERALIS (VL) OF MILD COPD PATIENTS WITH WELL-PRESERVED BODY COMPOSITION AND IN HEALTHY AGE-MATCHED CONTROLS, EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLATION, MUSCLE-ENRICHED MICRORNAS, HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HTAS) AND DEACETYLASES (HDACS), PROTEIN ACETYLATION, SMALL UBIQUITIN-RELATED MODIFIER (SUMO) LIGASES, AND MUSCLE STRUCTURE WERE EXPLORED. ALL SUBJECTS WERE CLINICALLY EVALUATED. COMPARED TO HEALTHY CONTROLS, IN THE VL OF MILD COPD PATIENTS, MUSCLE FUNCTION AND EXERCISE CAPACITY WERE MODERATELY REDUCED, DNA METHYLATION LEVELS DID NOT DIFFER, MIR-1 EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE INCREASED AND POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH BOTH FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME IN ONE SECOND (FEV1) AND QUADRICEPS FORCE, HDAC4 PROTEIN LEVELS WERE INCREASED, AND MUSCLE FIBER TYPES AND SIZES WERE NOT DIFFERENT. MODERATE SKELETAL MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IS A RELEVANT FEATURE IN PATIENTS WITH MILD COPD AND PRESERVED BODY COMPOSITION. SEVERAL EPIGENETIC EVENTS ARE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN THE LIMB MUSCLES OF THESE PATIENTS, PROBABLY AS AN ATTEMPT TO COUNTERBALANCE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS THAT ALTER MUSCLE FUNCTION AND MASS. THE STUDY OF PATIENTS AT EARLY STAGES OF THEIR DISEASE IS OF INTEREST AS THEY ARE A TARGET FOR TIMELY THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS THAT MAY SLOW DOWN THE COURSE OF THE DISEASE AND PREVENT THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF MAJOR COMORBIDITIES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                   
5  2910  37 GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING OF EPIGENETIC CHROMATIN MODIFICATION ENZYMES AND HISTONE MARKS BY CIGARETTE SMOKE: IMPLICATIONS FOR COPD AND LUNG CANCER. CHROMATIN-MODIFYING ENZYMES MEDIATE DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS ON RECRUITMENT TO SPECIFIC TARGET GENE LOCI IN RESPONSE TO VARIOUS STIMULI. THE KEY ENZYMES THAT REGULATE CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY FOR MAINTENANCE OF MODIFICATIONS IN DNA AND HISTONES, AND FOR MODULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS IN RESPONSE TO CIGARETTE SMOKE (CS), ARE NOT KNOWN. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT CS EXPOSURE ALTERS THE GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS OF CHROMATIN-MODIFYING ENZYMES, WHICH THEN AFFECTS MULTIPLE DOWNSTREAM PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE RESPONSE TO CS. WE HAVE, THEREFORE, ANALYZED CHROMATIN-MODIFYING ENZYME PROFILES AND VALIDATED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR (QPCR). WE ALSO PERFORMED IMMUNOBLOT ANALYSIS OF TARGETED HISTONE MARKS IN C57BL/6J MICE EXPOSED TO ACUTE AND SUBCHRONIC CS, AND OF LUNGS FROM NONSMOKERS, SMOKERS, AND PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). WE FOUND A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN EXPRESSION OF SEVERAL CHROMATIN MODIFICATION ENZYMES, INCLUDING DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES, HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES, HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASES, AND SET DOMAIN PROTEINS, HISTONE KINASES, AND UBIQUITINASES. OUR QPCR VALIDATION DATA REVEALED A SIGNIFICANT DOWNREGULATION OF DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, HDAC2, HDAC4, HAT1, PRMT1, AND AURKB WE IDENTIFIED TARGETED CHROMATIN HISTONE MARKS (H3K56AC AND H4K12AC), WHICH ARE INDUCED BY CS. THUS CS-INDUCED GENOTOXIC STRESS DIFFERENTIALLY AFFECTS THE EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC MODULATORS THAT REGULATE TRANSCRIPTION OF TARGET GENES VIA DNA METHYLATION AND SITE-SPECIFIC HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. THIS MAY HAVE IMPLICATIONS IN DEVISING EPIGENETIC-BASED THERAPIES FOR COPD AND LUNG CANCER.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
6  3447  37 HYPERMETHYLATION OF MITOCHONDRIAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR A INDUCED BY CIGARETTE SMOKE IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: CIGARETTE SMOKING IS A LEADING ENVIRONMENTAL CONTRIBUTOR TO CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD), BUT ITS EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF MTTFA GENE REMAINS ELUSIVE. THIS STUDY AIMS TO EXPLORE THE RELATIONSHIP OF DNA METHYLATION OF MTTFA AND CIGARETTE SMOKING IN COPD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: WE ANALYZED DNA METHYLATION ON MTTFA PROMOTERS IN CLINICAL SAMPLES FROM COPD PATIENTS AND SUBJECTS WITH NORMAL PULMONARY FUNCTION. EXPRESSION OF MTTFA MRNA IN THE CLINICAL SAMPLES AND MTTFA MRNA AND PROTEIN IN HUMAN UMBILICAL VEIN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS(HUVECS) TREATED WITH CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT (CSE) WAS EVALUATED. MTTFA MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS WERE MEASURED TO DETERMINE EFFECTS OF DEMETHYLATION AGENTS ON CSE-TREATED HUVECS. RESULTS: THE DNA METHYLATION LEVEL OF THE MTTFA PROMOTER WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN COPD GROUP. EXPRESSION OF MTTFA MRNA WAS DOWNREGULATED IN THE LUNGS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF HYPERMETHYLATION OF MTTFA PROMOTER. EXPRESSION OF MTTFA MRNA AND PROTEIN WAS DOWNREGULATED IN CSE-TREATED HUVECS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE MTTFA PROMOTER. MTTFA EXPRESSION IN CSE-TREATED HUVECS WAS RESTORED BY THE METHYLATION INHIBITOR, 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE(AZA). CONCLUSIONS: CIGARETTE SMOKE-INDUCED HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE MTTFA PROMOTER IS RELATED TO THE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF COPD. OUR FINDING MAY PROVIDE A NEW STRATEGY FOR THE INTERVENTION OF COPD BY DEVELOPING DEMETHYLATION AGENTS TARGETING MTTFA HYPERMETHYLATION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
7  1012  28 CIGARETTE SMOKE INDUCES DISTINCT HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN LUNG CELLS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PATHOGENESIS OF COPD AND LUNG CANCER. CIGARETTE SMOKE (CS)-MEDIATED OXIDATIVE STRESS INDUCES SEVERAL SIGNALING CASCADES, INCLUDING KINASES, WHICH RESULTS IN CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS (HISTONE ACETYLATION/DEACETYLATION AND HISTONE METHYLATION/DEMETHYLATION). WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED THAT CS INDUCES CHROMATIN REMODELING IN PRO-INFLAMMATORY GENE PROMOTERS; HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING SITE-SPECIFIC HISTONE MARKS FORMED IN HISTONES H3 AND H4 DURING CS EXPOSURE IN LUNGS IN VIVO AND IN LUNG CELLS IN VITRO, WHICH CAN EITHER DRIVE GENE EXPRESSION OR REPRESSION, ARE NOT KNOWN. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT CS EXPOSURE IN MOUSE AND HUMAN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL CELLS (H292) CAN CAUSE SITE-SPECIFIC POSTTRANSLATIONAL HISTONE MODIFICATIONS (PTMS) THAT MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CS-INDUCED CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES. WE USED A BOTTOM-UP MASS SPECTROMETRY APPROACH TO IDENTIFY SOME POTENTIALLY NOVEL HISTONE MARKS, INCLUDING ACETYLATION, MONOMETHYLATION, AND DIMETHYLATION, IN SPECIFIC LYSINE AND ARGININE RESIDUES OF HISTONES H3 AND H4 IN MOUSE LUNGS AND H292 CELLS. WE FOUND THAT CS-INDUCED DISTINCT POSTTRANSLATIONAL HISTONE MODIFICATION PATTERNS IN HISTONE H3 AND HISTONE H4 IN LUNG CELLS, WHICH MAY BE CONSIDERED AS USABLE BIOMARKERS FOR CS-INDUCED CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES. THESE IDENTIFIED HISTONE MARKS (HISTONE H3 AND HISTONE H4) MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE EPIGENETIC STATE DURING THE PATHOGENESIS OF SMOKING-INDUCED CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES, SUCH AS CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE AND LUNG CANCER.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
8  4889  34 OXIDATIVE STRESS AND CHROMATIN REMODELING IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE AND SMOKING-RELATED DISEASES. SIGNIFICANCE: CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS PREDOMINANTLY A TOBACCO SMOKE-TRIGGERED DISEASE WITH FEATURES OF CHRONIC LOW-GRADE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION AND AGING (INFLAMMAGING) OF THE LUNG ASSOCIATED WITH STEROID RESISTANCE INDUCED BY CIGARETTE SMOKE (CS)-MEDIATED OXIDATIVE STRESS. OXIDATIVE STRESS INDUCES VARIOUS KINASE SIGNALING PATHWAYS LEADING TO CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS (HISTONE ACETYLATION/DEACETYLATION AND HISTONE METHYLATION/DEMETHYLATION) IN INFLAMMATION, SENESCENCE, AND STEROID RESISTANCE. RECENT ADVANCES: HISTONE MONO-, DI-, OR TRI-METHYLATION AT LYSINE RESIDUES RESULT IN EITHER GENE ACTIVATION (H3K4, H3K36, AND H3K79) OR REPRESSION (H3K9, H3K27, AND H3K20). CROSS-TALK OCCURS BETWEEN VARIOUS EPIGENETIC MARKS ON HISTONES AND DNA METHYLATION. BOTH CS AND OXIDANTS ALTER HISTONE ACETYLATION/DEACETYLATION AND METHYLATION/DEMETHYLATION LEADING TO ENHANCED PROINFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION. CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS OCCUR IN LUNGS OF PATIENTS WITH COPD. HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 (HDAC2) REDUCTION (LEVELS AND ACTIVITY) IS ASSOCIATED WITH STEROID RESISTANCE IN RESPONSE TO OXIDATIVE STRESS. CRITICAL ISSUES: HISTONE MODIFICATIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DNA DAMAGE/REPAIR AND EPIGENOMIC INSTABILITY AS WELL AS PREMATURE LUNG AGING, WHICH HAVE IMPLICATIONS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF COPD. HDAC2/SIRTUIN1 (SIRT1)-DEPENDENT CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DNA DAMAGE-INDUCED INFLAMMATION AND SENESCENCE IN RESPONSE TO CS-MEDIATED OXIDATIVE STRESS. FUTURE DIRECTIONS: UNDERSTANDING CS/OXIDATIVE STRESS-MEDIATED CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS AND THE CROSS-TALK BETWEEN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION WILL DEMONSTRATE THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CHROMATIN REMODELING IN INFLAMMAGING. THIS WILL LEAD TO IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL EPIGENETIC-BASED THERAPIES AGAINST COPD AND OTHER SMOKING-RELATED LUNG DISEASES. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVATION OF HDAC2/SIRT1 OR REVERSAL OF THEIR OXIDATIVE POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS MAY OFFER THERAPIES FOR TREATMENT OF COPD AND CS-RELATED DISEASES BASED ON EPIGENETIC HISTONE MODIFICATIONS.	2013	
               
9  1251  31 CURRENT PERSPECTIVES ON ROLE OF CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS AND DEACETYLASES IN LUNG INFLAMMATION IN COPD. CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION ARE CRITICAL FOR SUSTAINED AND ABNORMAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SEEN IN LUNGS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) BECAUSE THE ACTIVITIES OF ENZYMES THAT REGULATE THESE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE ALTERED IN RESPONSE TO CIGARETTE SMOKE. CIGARETTE SMOKE INDUCES CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES BY CAUSING POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES, AND HISTONE/NON-HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS), SUCH AS HDAC2 AND SIRTUIN 1 (SIRT1), WHICH LEADS TO CHROMATIN REMODELING. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSSED THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON CIGARETTE SMOKE/OXIDANTS-INDUCED POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF DEACETYLASES (HDAC2 AND SIRT1), DISRUPTION OF HDAC2/SIRT1-RELA/P65 COREPRESSOR COMPLEX ASSOCIATED WITH ACETYLATION OF RELA/P65, AND CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS (HISTONE H3 PHOSPHO-ACETYLATION) LEADING TO SUSTAINED PRO-INFLAMMATORY GENE TRANSCRIPTION. KNOWLEDGE ON MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN ABNORMAL LUNG INFLAMMATION WILL HELP IN UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF COPD WHICH MAY LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL EPIGENETIC THERAPIES IN THE NEAR FUTURE.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
10  6799  25 [EPIGENETIC AND CURRENT TREATMENT APPROACHES IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE]. EPIGENETICS MECHANISMS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE ACETYLATION AND NON-CODING RNAS MAY PLAY ARE A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). RESEARCHS WITH REGARD EPIGENETIC IN COPD CAN SHED LIGHT ON PATHOGENES AND MAY BE RELEVANT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL TARGETED THERAPIES. THE AIM OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO REVIEW EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS NEW TREATMENTS APPROACHES IN COPD.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
11  4026  27 LUNG CANCER AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE: UPDATE ON NEXUS OF EPIGENETICS. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) AND LUNG CANCER ARE THE LEADING CAUSES OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WORLDWIDE. THE CURRENT RESEARCH IS FOCUSED ON IDENTIFYING THE COMMON AND DISPARATE EVENTS INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT CONCURRENTLY OCCUR DURING THE PATHOGENESIS OF COPD AND LUNG CANCER. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO DESCRIBE THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN PATHOGENESIS OF COPD AND LUNG CANCER. RECENT FINDINGS: THIS REVIEW PROVIDES AN UPDATE ON ADVANCES OF HOW EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE LINKED TO COPD AND LUNG CANCER, AND THEIR COMMONALITIES AND DISPARITIES. THE KEY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION ENZYMES (E.G. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES -- CPG METHYLATION, HISTONE ACETYLASES/DEACETYLASES AND HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASES/DEMETHYLASES) THAT ARE IDENTIFIED TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN COPD AND LUNG TUMORIGENESIS AND PROGRESSION ARE DESCRIBED IN THIS REVIEW. SUMMARY: DISTINCT DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE MODIFICATION ENZYMES ARE DIFFERENTIALLY INVOLVED IN PATHOGENESIS OF LUNG CANCER AND COPD, ALTHOUGH SOME OF THE MODIFICATIONS ARE COMMON. UNDERSTANDING THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INVOLVED IN PATHOGENESIS OF LUNG CANCER OR COPD WITH RESPECT TO COMMON AND DISPARATE MECHANISMS WILL LEAD TO TARGETING OF EPIGENETIC THERAPIES AGAINST THESE DISORDERS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
12  2505  47 EPIGENETICS AND MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS A COMMON, PREVENTABLE, AND TREATABLE DISEASE AND A MAJOR LEADING CAUSE OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WORLDWIDE. IN COPD, COMORBIDITIES, ACUTE EXACERBATIONS, AND SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATIONS NEGATIVELY INFLUENCE DISEASE SEVERITY AND PROGRESSION REGARDLESS OF THE RESPIRATORY CONDITION. SKELETAL MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION, WHICH IS ONE OF THE COMMONEST SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH COPD, HAS A TREMENDOUS IMPACT ON THEIR EXERCISE CAPACITY AND QUALITY OF LIFE. SEVERAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR UNDERLYING MECHANISMS INCLUDING EPIGENETICS (THE PROCESS WHEREBY GENE EXPRESSION IS REGULATED BY HERITABLE MECHANISMS THAT DO NOT AFFECT DNA SEQUENCE) HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO PARTICIPATE IN THE ETIOLOGY OF COPD MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION. THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IDENTIFIED SO FAR IN CELLS INCLUDE DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION, AND NONCODING RNAS SUCH AS MICRORNAS. HEREIN, WE FIRST REVIEW THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT AND ADAPTATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN SEVERAL MODELS. MOREOVER, THE EPIGENETIC EVENTS REPORTED SO FAR TO BE POTENTIALLY INVOLVED IN MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION AND MASS LOSS OF PATIENTS WITH COPD ARE ALSO DISCUSSED. FURTHERMORE, THE DIFFERENT EXPRESSION PROFILE OF SEVERAL MUSCLE-ENRICHED MICRORNAS IN THE DIAPHRAGM AND VASTUS LATERALIS MUSCLES OF PATIENTS WITH COPD ARE ALSO REVIEWED FROM RESULTS RECENTLY OBTAINED IN OUR GROUP. THE ROLE OF PROTEIN HYPERACETYLATION IN ENHANCED MUSCLE PROTEIN CATABOLISM OF LIMB MUSCLES IS ALSO DISCUSSED. FUTURE RESEARCH SHOULD FOCUS ON THE FULL ELUCIDATION OF THE TRIGGERS OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND THEIR SPECIFIC DOWNSTREAM BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS IN COPD MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION AND WASTING.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
13  6839  29 [LUNG CANCER AND ITS EPIGENETICS ASSOCIATION WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE]. LUNG CANCER AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) ARE THE LEADING CAUSES OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WORLDWIDE. DEVELOPMENT OF LUNG CANCER INVOLVES BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENT FACTORS. IN ADDITION TO GENETIC ALTERATIONS, EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IS CLOSELY INVOLVED IN PATHOGENESIS OF LUNG CANCER. CHARACTERIZED BY AN ABNORMAL PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO NOXIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULATION, COPD HAS SHOWN TO INCREASE THE SUSCEPTIBILITY FOR LUNG TUMORIGENESIS IN PREVIOUS RESEARCH. CURRENT RESEARCH ON EPIGENETICS OF LUNG CANCER AND COPD HAS FOCUSED ON ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE ACETYLATION AND NON-CODING RNAS REGULATION. THE ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION ASSOCIATED WITH LUNG CANCER AND COPD HAS INCLUDED OVEREXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE, GLOBAL DNA HYPOMETHYLATION AND DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN PROMOTER REGIONS, WHILE HISTONE ACETYLATION AND HISTONE METHYLATION ARE THE MAJOR CHANGES FOR HISTONE MODIFICATION, IN WHICH HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES, HISTONE DEACETYLASES, HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEMETHYLASES PLAY THE MOST IMPORTANT ROLES. RNA INTERFERENCE AND MICRORNAS ARE BOTH HOT TOPICS OF RESEARCH ON NON-CODING RNAS REGULATION. UNDERSTANDING OF CONCURRENT EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF LUNG CANCER AND COPD MAY FACILITATE IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC TARGETS AND DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE TREATMENT.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
14  2161  31 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION MAY AFFECT THE EXPRESSION OF MULTIPLE INFLAMMATORY GENES IN LUNGS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). MAJOR EPIGENETIC EVENTS INCLUDE DNA METHYLATION AND VARIOUS POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF HISTONES, SUCH AS HISTONE METHYLATION, ACETYLATION, PHOSPHORYLATION, UBIQUITINATION, AND SUMOYLATION. ENZYMES WHICH REGULATE THESE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS CAN BE ACTIVATED BY SMOKING. BOTH ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC FACTORS PLAY SIGNIFICANT EFFECT IN DEVELOPMENT OF COPD WHICH HAVE BEEN REPORTED BY MOST REFERENCES; HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE DISEASE. UNDERSTANDING THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS CAN HELP US CLARIFY THE PATHOGENESIS OF COPD AND IDENTIFY NOVEL TARGETS FOR DEVELOPING NEW THERAPIES FOR PATIENTS WITH COPD.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
15  2487  33 EPIGENETIC: A MISSING PARADIGM IN CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PATHWAYS OF SULFUR MUSTARD LUNG: A PROSPECTIVE AND COMPARATIVE STUDY. SULFUR MUSTARD (SM, BIS- (2-CHLOROETHYL) SULPHIDE) IS A CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENT THAT CAUSES DNA ALKYLATION, PROTEIN MODIFICATION AND MEMBRANE DAMAGE. SM CAN TRIGGER SEVERAL MOLECULAR PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS, WHICH CAUSE CELL NECROSIS AND APOPTOSIS, AND LOSS OF CELLS INTEGRITY AND FUNCTION. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IS A GROWING RESEARCH TOPIC AND IS ADDRESSED BY DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATION, CHROMATIN REMODELING, AND NONCODING RNAS EXPRESSION. IT SEEMS SM CAN INDUCE THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT ARE TRANSLATED INTO CHANGE IN GENE EXPRESSION. CLASSIFICATION OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS LONG AFTER EXPOSURE TO SM WOULD CLARIFY ITS MECHANISM AND PAVES A BETTER STRATEGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF SM-AFFECTED PATIENTS. IN THIS STUDY, WE REVIEW THE KEY ABERRANT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT HAVE IMPORTANT ROLES IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) AND COMPARED WITH MUSTARD LUNG.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
16  1244  32 CURRENT CONCEPTS ON OXIDATIVE/CARBONYL STRESS, INFLAMMATION AND EPIGENETICS IN PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS A GLOBAL HEALTH PROBLEM. THE CURRENT THERAPIES FOR COPD ARE POORLY EFFECTIVE AND THE MAINSTAYS OF PHARMACOTHERAPY ARE BRONCHODILATORS. A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF COPD IS CRITICAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPIES. IN THE PRESENT REVIEW, WE HAVE DISCUSSED THE ROLES OF OXIDATIVE/ALDEHYDE STRESS, INFLAMMATION/IMMUNITY, AND CHROMATIN REMODELING IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF COPD. AN IMBALANCE OF OXIDANTS/ANTIOXIDANTS CAUSED BY CIGARETTE SMOKE AND OTHER POLLUTANTS/BIOMASS FUELS PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF COPD BY REGULATING REDOX-SENSITIVE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS (E.G., NF-KAPPAB), AUTOPHAGY AND UNFOLDED PROTEIN RESPONSE LEADING TO CHRONIC LUNG INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE. CIGARETTE SMOKE ALSO ACTIVATES CANONICAL/ALTERNATIVE NF-KAPPAB PATHWAYS AND THEIR UPSTREAM KINASES LEADING TO SUSTAINED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN LUNGS. RECENTLY, EPIGENETIC REGULATION HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE CRITICAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF COPD BECAUSE THE EXPRESSION/ACTIVITY OF ENZYMES THAT REGULATE THESE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS HAVE BEEN REPORTED TO BE ABNORMAL IN AIRWAYS OF COPD PATIENTS. HENCE, THE SIGNIFICANT ADVANCES MADE IN UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF COPD AS DESCRIBED HEREIN WILL IDENTIFY NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR INTERVENTION IN COPD.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
17  1550  35 DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION IN PATIENTS LIVING WITH HIV. INTRODUCTION: PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV (PLWH) SUFFER FROM AGE-RELATED COMORBIDITIES SUCH AS COPD. THE PROCESSES RESPONSIBLE FOR REDUCED LUNG FUNCTION IN PLWH ARE LARGELY UNKNOWN. WE PERFORMED AN EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER BLOOD DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPAIRED LUNG FUNCTION IN PLWH. METHODS: USING BLOOD DNA METHYLATION PROFILES FROM 161 PLWH, WE TESTED THE EFFECT OF METHYLATION ON FEV(1), FEV(1)/FVC RATIO AND FEV(1) DECLINE OVER A MEDIAN OF 5 YEARS. WE EVALUATED THE GLOBAL METHYLATION OF PLWH WITH AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION BY TESTING THE DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS ALU AND LINE-1, A WELL-DESCRIBED MARKER OF EPIGENETIC AGEING. RESULTS: AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION AS DEFINED BY A FEV(1)/FVC<0.70 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH 1393 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED POSITIONS (DMPS), WHILE 4676 WERE ASSOCIATED WITH AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION BASED ON THE FEV(1)/FVC<LOWER LIMIT OF NORMAL. THESE DMPS WERE ENRICHED FOR BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC VIRAL INFECTIONS. THE AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION GROUP WAS GLOBALLY HYPOMETHYLATED COMPARED WITH THOSE WITHOUT AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION. 103 AND 7112 DMPS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH FEV(1) AND FEV(1)/FVC, RESPECTIVELY. NO POSITIONS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH FEV(1) DECLINE. CONCLUSION: A LARGE NUMBER OF DMPS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION AND LUNG FUNCTION IN A UNIQUE COHORT OF PLWH. AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION IN EVEN RELATIVELY YOUNG PLWH IS ASSOCIATED WITH GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION, SUGGESTING ADVANCED EPIGENETIC AGEING COMPARED WITH THOSE WITH NORMAL LUNG FUNCTION. THE DISTURBANCE OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF KEY GENES NOT PREVIOUSLY IDENTIFIED IN NON-HIV COPD COHORTS COULD EXPLAIN THE UNIQUE RISK OF COPD IN PLWH.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
18  3767  29 INTEGRATIVE EPIGENOMIC ANALYSIS IN DIFFERENTIATED HUMAN PRIMARY BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL CELLS EXPOSED TO CIGARETTE SMOKE. CIGARETTE SMOKE (CS) IS ONE OF THE MAJOR RISK FACTORS FOR MANY PULMONARY DISEASES, INCLUDING CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) AND LUNG CANCER. THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE FOR CS EXPOSURE IS THE BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL CELLS. ELUCIDATION OF THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES DURING CS EXPOSURE IS KEY TO GAINING A MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING INTO HOW MATURE AND DIFFERENTIATED BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL CELLS RESPOND TO CS. THEREFORE, WE PERFORMED EPIGENOMIC PROFILING IN CONJUNCTION WITH TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILING IN WELL-DIFFERENTIATED HUMAN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL (HBE) CELLS CULTURED IN AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE (ALI) EXPOSED TO THE VAPOR PHASE OF CS. THE GENOME-WIDE ENRICHMENT OF HISTONE 3 LYSINE 27 ACETYLATION WAS DETECTED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION FOLLOWED BY NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING (CHIP-SEQ) IN HBE CELLS AND SUGGESTED THE PLAUSIBLE BINDING OF SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS RELATED TO CS EXPOSURE. ADDITIONALLY, INTERROGATION OF CHIP-SEQ DATA WITH GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING OF HBE CELLS AFTER CS EXPOSURE FOR DIFFERENT DURATIONS (3 HOURS, 2 DAYS, 4 DAYS) SUGGESTED THAT EARLIER EPIGENETIC CHANGES (3 HOURS AFTER CS EXPOSURE) MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH LATER GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES INDUCED BY CS EXPOSURE (4 DAYS). THE INTEGRATION OF EPIGENETICS AND GENE EXPRESSION DATA REVEALED SIGNALING PATHWAYS RELATED TO CS-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HBE CELLS THAT MAY IDENTIFY NOVEL REGULATORY PATHWAYS RELATED TO CS-INDUCED COPD.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
19  5883  30 SYSTEMIC AND AIRWAY EPIGENETIC DISRUPTIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HEALTH STATUS IN COPD. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE COMMON IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD); HOWEVER, THEIR CLINICAL RELEVANCE IS LARGELY UNKNOWN. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT EPIGENETIC DISRUPTIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SYMPTOMS AND HEALTH STATUS IN COPD. WE PROFILED THE BLOOD (N = 57) AND AIRWAYS (N = 62) OF COPD PATIENTS FOR DNA METHYLATION (N = 55 PAIRED). THE PATIENTS' HEALTH STATUS WAS ASSESSED USING THE ST. GEORGE'S RESPIRATORY QUESTIONNAIRE (SGRQ). WE CONDUCTED DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION ANALYSES AND IDENTIFIED PATHWAYS CHARACTERIZED BY EPIGENETIC DISRUPTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH SGRQ SCORES AND ITS INDIVIDUAL DOMAINS. 29,211 AND 5044 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED POSITIONS (DMPS) WERE ASSOCIATED WITH TOTAL SGRQ SCORES IN BLOOD AND AIRWAY SAMPLES, RESPECTIVELY. THE ACTIVITY, IMPACT, AND SYMPTOM DOMAINS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH 9161, 25,689 AND 17,293 DMPS IN BLOOD, RESPECTIVELY; AND 4674, 3730 AND 5063 DMPS IN AIRWAYS, RESPECTIVELY. THERE WAS A SUBSTANTIAL OVERLAP OF DMPS BETWEEN AIRWAY AND BLOOD. DMPS WERE ENRICHED FOR PATHWAYS RELATED TO COMMON CO-MORBIDITIES OF COPD (E.G., AGEING, CANCER AND NEUROLOGICAL) IN BOTH TISSUES. HEALTH STATUS IN COPD IS ASSOCIATED WITH AIRWAY AND SYSTEMIC EPIGENETIC CHANGES ESPECIALLY IN PATHWAYS RELATED TO CO-MORBIDITIES OF COPD. THERE ARE MORE BLOOD DMPS THAN IN THE AIRWAYS SUGGESTING THAT BLOOD EPIGENOME IS A PROMISING SOURCE TO DISCOVER BIOMARKERS FOR CLINICAL OUTCOMES IN COPD.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
20  4577  34 MYOSTATIN: BASIC BIOLOGY TO CLINICAL APPLICATION. MYOSTATIN IS A MEMBER OF THE TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF)-BETA SUPERFAMILY. IT IS EXPRESSED BY ANIMAL AND HUMAN SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS WHERE IT LIMITS MUSCLE GROWTH AND PROMOTES PROTEIN BREAKDOWN. ITS EFFECTS ARE INFLUENCED BY COMPLEX MECHANISMS INCLUDING TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION AND MODULATION BY EXTRACELLULAR BINDING PROTEINS. DUE TO ITS ACTIONS IN PROMOTING MUSCLE ATROPHY AND CACHEXIA, MYOSTATIN HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED AS A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC TARGET TO COUNTERACT MUSCLE MASS LOSS IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS AND PATIENTS AFFECTED BY DIFFERENT MUSCLE-WASTING CONDITIONS. MOREOVER, GROWING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT MYOSTATIN, BEYOND TO REGULATE SKELETAL MUSCLE GROWTH, MAY HAVE A ROLE IN MANY PHYSIOLOGIC AND PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES, SUCH AS OBESITY, INSULIN RESISTANCE, CARDIOVASCULAR AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. IN THIS CHAPTER, WE REVIEW MYOSTATIN BIOLOGY, INCLUDING INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR REGULATORY PATHWAYS, AND THE ROLE OF MYOSTATIN IN MODULATING PHYSIOLOGIC PROCESSES, SUCH AS MUSCLE GROWTH AND AGING. MOREOVER, WE DISCUSS THE MOST RELEVANT EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE EXTRA-MUSCLE EFFECTS OF MYOSTATIN. FINALLY, WE CONSIDER THE MAIN STRATEGIES DEVELOPED AND TESTED TO INHIBIT MYOSTATIN IN CLINICAL TRIALS AND DISCUSS THE LIMITS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH ON MYOSTATIN.	2022