1  5764 155 SORAFENIB ATTENUATES FIBROTIC HEPATIC INJURY THROUGH MEDIATING LYSINE CROTONYLATION. BACKGROUND: LIVER FIBROSIS IS AN INDEPENDENT CONTRIBUTOR OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES, AND REGRESSING LIVER FIBROSIS IS CONSIDERED A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES. WE AIMED TO EXPLORE THE EFFECTS AND MECHANISM OF SORAFENIB IN LIVER FIBROSIS. METHODS: MALE SPRAGUE DAWLEY (SD) RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE (CCL(4)) FOR 8 WEEKS TO INDUCE LIVER FIBROSIS AND THEN TREATED WITH SORAFENIB. THE DEGREE OF LIVER FIBROSIS WAS ANALYZED BY HEMATOXYLIN-EOSIN (H&E) STAINING, MASSON STAINING, AND PICROSIRIUS RED (PSR) STAINING. SERUM BIOCHEMICAL INDEXES WERE DETECTED BY FULLY AUTOMATIC BIOCHEMICAL ANALYZER OR ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA). QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QRT-PCR) WAS PERFORMED TO DETECT THE EXPRESSION OF PRO-FIBROTIC GENES. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING AND WESTERN BLOTTING WERE CARRIED OUT TO EVALUATE THE LEVELS OF LYSINE CROTONYLATION. RESULTS: LIVER INDEX WAS REDUCED WITH ORAL SORAFENIB IN CCL(4)-INDUCED RATS. SERUM LIVER FUNCTION (ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE (ALT), ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE (AST), AND TOTAL BILIRUBIN (TBIL)) AND FIBROSIS INDICATORS (TYPE III PROCOLLAGEN (PC-III), HYALURONIC ACID (HA), AND LAMININ (LN)) WERE ATTENUATED WITH SORAFENIB TREATMENT. SORAFENIB IMPROVED THE HEPATIC STRUCTURE AND FIBROTIC PROGRESSION. THE EXPRESSION OF FIBROSIS-RELATED GENES WAS REMARKELY REDUCED WITH SORAFENIB TREATMENT. MEANWHILE, SORAFENIB INHIBITED ALPHA-SMA AND COLLAGEN I CUMULATION INDUCED BY CCL(4) INJECTION. BESIDES, PROTEIN LYSINE CROTONYLATION ESPECIALLY THE CROTONYLATED H2BK12 (H2BK12CR) AND CROTONYLATED H3K18 (H3K18CR) WERE REVERSED BY SORAFENIB, WHICH WERE DECREASED IN RESPONSE TO CCL(4) TREATMENT. SPEARMAN CORRELATION ANALYSIS SHOWN LYSINE CROTONYLATION EXPRESSION WAS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH SERUM FIBROTIC INDICATORS. CONVERSELY, CROTONYLATION-REGULATED ENZYMES, WHICH NEGATIVELY REGULATE PROTEIN CROTONYLATION, WERE INCREASED IN RESPONSE TO CCL(4) TREATMENT, WHILE SORAFENIB REDUCED THEIR EXPRESSION. CONCLUSION: SORAFENIB EXERTS SIGNIFICANT ANTI-FIBROTIC EFFECTS THROUGH MEDIATING CROTONYLATION-REGULATED ENZYMES AND PROTEIN CROTONYLATION IN FIBROTIC RATS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2  4747  26 NOVEL MODULATORS OF HEPATOSTEATOSIS, INFLAMMATION AND FIBROGENESIS. ALCOHOLIC STEATOSIS, INSTEAD OF BEING INNOCUOUS, PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN LIVER INFLAMMATION AND FIBROGENESIS. THE SEVERITY OF FATTY LIVER IS GOVERNED BY THE CONCERTED BALANCE BETWEEN LIPID TRANSPORT, SYNTHESIS, AND DEGRADATION. WHEREAS SCAVENGER RECEPTOR CLASS B, TYPE I (SR-B1) IS CRITICAL FOR REVERSE CHOLESTEROL UPTAKE BY THE LIVER, PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA (PPARGAMMA) COACTIVATOR-1ALPHA AND -BETA (PGC1ALPHA AND PGC1BETA) ARE CRITICAL FOR LIPID DEGRADATION AND SYNTHESIS, RESPECTIVELY. BECAUSE BETAINE IS A LIPOTROPIC AGENT, WE HAVE EVALUATED ITS EFFECTS ON ALCOHOLIC STEATOSIS. BETAINE EFFECTIVELY PREVENTED CHRONIC ALCOHOL-MEDIATED (I) IMPAIRED SR-B1 GLYCOSYLATION, PLASMA MEMBRANE LOCALIZATION, AND CONSEQUENT IMPAIRED CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT; AND (II) UP REGULATION OF PGC-1BETA, STEROL REGULATORY ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN 1C AND DOWNSTREAM LIPOGENIC GENES WITH CONCOMITANT INCREASED LIVER CHOLESTEROL, TRIGLYCERIDES AND HEPATIC LIPID SCORE. SIMILARLY, BECAUSE OF ITS ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI-FIBROTIC EFFECTS IN OTHER ORGANS, WE EVALUATED THE PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF THYMOSIN BETA4 (TBETA4) AGAINST CARBON TETRACHLORIDE (CCL4)-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN RAT. TBETA4 PREVENTED CCL4-INDUCED (I) NECROSIS, INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATION AND UP-REGULATION OF ALPHA1(2)COLLAGEN, ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA), PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR BETA (PDGF-BETA) RECEPTOR AND FIBRONECTIN MRNA EXPRESSION; (II) DOWN-REGULATION OF ADIPOGENIC GENE, PPARGAMMA AND THE UP-REGULATION OF EPIGENETIC REPRESSOR GENE, METHYL CPG BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) MRNA LEVELS, SUGGESTING THAT THE ANTI-FIBROGENIC ACTIONS OF TBETA4 INVOLVE THE PREVENTION OF TRANS-DIFFERENTIATION OF QUIESCENT HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS INTO MYO-FIBROBLASTS LARGELY BY UP-REGULATING PPARGAMMA AND BY DOWN-REGULATING MECP2 GENES. WE THEREFORE CONCLUDE THAT BETAINE AND TBETA4 CAN EFFECTIVELY PROTECT AGAINST ALCOHOLIC HEPATOSTEATOSIS AND HEPATIC FIBROGENESIS, RESPECTIVELY.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
3  6456  29 THYMOSIN BETA4 PREVENTS OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION, AND FIBROSIS IN ETHANOL- AND LPS-INDUCED LIVER INJURY IN MICE. THYMOSIN BETA 4 (TBETA4), AN ACTIN-SEQUESTERING PROTEIN, IS INVOLVED IN TISSUE DEVELOPMENT AND REGENERATION. IT PREVENTS INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS IN SEVERAL TISSUES. WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF TBETA4 IN CHRONIC ETHANOL- AND ACUTE LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE- (LPS-) INDUCED MOUSE LIVER INJURY. C57BL/6 MICE WERE FED 5% ETHANOL IN LIQUID DIET FOR 4 WEEKS PLUS BINGE ETHANOL (5 G/KG, GAVAGE) WITH OR WITHOUT LPS (2 MG/KG, INTRAPERITONEAL) FOR 6 HOURS. TBETA4 (1 MG/KG, INTRAPERITONEAL) WAS ADMINISTERED FOR 1 WEEK. WE DEMONSTRATED THAT TBETA4 PREVENTED ETHANOL- AND LPS-MEDIATED INCREASE IN LIVER INJURY MARKERS AS WELL AS CHANGES IN LIVER PATHOLOGY. IT ALSO PREVENTED ETHANOL- AND LPS-MEDIATED INCREASE IN OXIDATIVE STRESS BY DECREASING ROS AND LIPID PEROXIDATION AND INCREASING THE ANTIOXIDANTS, REDUCED GLUTATHIONE AND MANGANESE-DEPENDENT SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE. IT ALSO PREVENTED THE ACTIVATION OF NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B BY BLOCKING THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE INHIBITORY PROTEIN, IKAPPAB, THEREBY PREVENTED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION. MOREOVER, TBETA4 PREVENTED FIBROGENESIS BY SUPPRESSING THE EPIGENETIC REPRESSOR, METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2, THAT COORDINATELY REVERSED THE EXPRESSION OF PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA AND DOWNREGULATED FIBROGENIC GENES, PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR-BETA RECEPTOR, ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN, COLLAGEN 1, AND FIBRONECTIN, RESULTING IN REDUCED FIBROSIS. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT TBETA4 HAS ANTIOXIDANT, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, AND ANTIFIBROTIC POTENTIAL DURING ALCOHOLIC LIVER INJURY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
4   692  37 BRD4 PROMOTES HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS ACTIVATION AND HEPATIC FIBROSIS VIA MEDIATING P300/H3K27AC/PLK1 AXIS. HEPATIC FIBROSIS (HF) IS A REVERSIBLE WOUND-HEALING RESPONSE CHARACTERIZED BY EXCESSIVE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) DEPOSITION AND SECONDARY TO PERSISTENT CHRONIC INJURY. BROMODOMAIN PROTEIN 4 (BRD4) COMMONLY FUNCTIONS AS A "READER" TO REGULATE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INVOLVED IN VARIOUS BIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL EVENTS, BUT THE MECHANISM OF HF REMAINS UNCLEAR. IN THIS STUDY, WE ESTABLISHED A CCL(4)-INDUCED HF MODEL AND SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY MODEL IN MICE AND FOUND ABERRANT BRD4 EXPRESSION, WHICH WAS CONSISTENT WITH THE RESULTS IN HUMAN HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSCS)- LX2 CELLS IN VITRO. SUBSEQUENTLY, WE FOUND THAT DISTRICTION AND INHIBITION OF BRD4 RESTRAINED TGFBETA-INDUCED TRANS-DIFFERENTIATION OF LX2 CELLS INTO ACTIVATED, PROLIFERATIVE MYOFIBROBLASTS AND ACCELERATED APOPTOSIS, AND BRD4 OVEREXPRESSION BLOCKED MDI-INDUCED LX2 CELLS INACTIVATION AND PROMOTED THE PROLIFERATION AND INHIBITED APOPTOSIS OF INACTIVATED CELLS. ADDITIONALLY, ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRUS SEROTYPE 8-LOADED SHORT HAIRPIN RNA-MEDIATED BRD4 KNOCKDOWN IN MICE SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED CCL(4)-INDUCED FIBROTIC RESPONSES INCLUDING HSCS ACTIVATION AND COLLAGEN DEPOSITION. MECHANISTICALLY, BRD4 DEFICIENCY INHIBITED PLK1 EXPRESSION IN ACTIVATED LX2 CELLS, AND CHIP AND CO-IP ASSAYS REVEALED THAT BRD4 REGULATION OF PLK1 WAS DEPENDENT ON P300-MEDIATED ACETYLATION MODIFICATION FOR H3K27 ON THE PLK1 PROMOTER. IN CONCLUSION, BRD4 DEFICIENCY IN THE LIVER ALLEVIATES CCL(4)-INDUCED HF IN MICE, AND BRD4 PARTICIPATES IN THE ACTIVATION AND REVERSAL OF HSCS THROUGH POSITIVELY REGULATING THE P300/H3K27AC/PLK1 AXIS, PROVIDING A POTENTIAL INSIGHT FOR HF THERAPY.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
5  4159  40 MECP2 CONTROLS AN EPIGENETIC PATHWAY THAT PROMOTES MYOFIBROBLAST TRANSDIFFERENTIATION AND FIBROSIS. BACKGROUND & AIMS: MYOFIBROBLAST TRANSDIFFERENTIATION GENERATES HEPATIC MYOFIBROBLASTS, WHICH PROMOTE LIVER FIBROGENESIS. THE PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA (PPARGAMMA) IS A NEGATIVE REGULATOR OF THIS PROCESS. WE INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF PPARGAMMA AND MYOFIBROBLAST TRANSDIFFERENTIATION. METHODS: CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAYS ASSESSED THE BINDING OF METHYL-CPG BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) TO PPARGAMMA AND CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS THAT SILENCE THIS GENE. MECP2(-/Y) MICE AND AN INHIBITOR (DZNEP) OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATORY PROTEIN EZH2 WERE USED IN THE CARBON TETRACHLORIDE MODEL OF LIVER FIBROSIS. LIVER TISSUES FROM MICE WERE ASSESSED BY HISTOLOGIC ANALYSIS; MARKERS OF FIBROSIS WERE MEASURED BY QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QPCR). REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION PCR DETECTED CHANGES IN EXPRESSION OF THE MICRORNA MIR132 AND ITS TARGET, ELONGATED TRANSCRIPTS OF MECP2. MYOFIBROBLASTS WERE TRANSFECTED WITH MIR132; PPARGAMMA AND MECP2 EXPRESSIONS WERE ANALYZED BY QPCR OR IMMUNOBLOTTING. RESULTS: MYOFIBROBLAST TRANSDIFFERENTIATION OF HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS IS CONTROLLED BY A COMBINATION OF MECP2, EZH2, AND MIR132 IN A RELAY PATHWAY. THE PATHWAY IS ACTIVATED BY DOWN-REGULATION OF MIR132, RELEASING THE TRANSLATIONAL BLOCK ON MECP2. MECP2 IS RECRUITED TO THE 5' END OF PPARGAMMA, WHERE IT PROMOTES METHYLATION BY H3K9 AND RECRUITS THE TRANSCRIPTION REPRESSOR HP1ALPHA. MECP2 ALSO STIMULATES EXPRESSION OF EZH2 AND METHYLATION OF H3K27 TO FORM A REPRESSIVE CHROMATIN STRUCTURE IN THE 3' EXONS OF PPARGAMMA. GENETIC AND PHARMACOLOGIC DISRUPTIONS OF MECP2 OR EZH2 REDUCED THE FIBROGENIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MYOFIBROBLASTS AND ATTENUATED FIBROGENESIS. CONCLUSIONS: LIVER FIBROSIS IS REGULATED BY AN EPIGENETIC RELAY PATHWAY THAT INCLUDES MECP2, EZH2, AND MIR132. REAGENTS THAT INTERFERE WITH THIS PATHWAY MIGHT BE DEVELOPED TO REDUCE FIBROGENESIS IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
6  5850  40 SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) REDUCES FIBROSIS MARKERS AND DEACTIVATES HUMAN STELLATE CELLS VIA THE EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT). HEPATIC FIBROSIS IS KNOWN AS THE ACCUMULATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE SECONDARY TO CHRONIC DAMAGE TO THE LIVER. EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT) CORRESPONDING INCREASE IN LIVER FIBROGENESIS WAS SHOWN WITH IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY AND PCR-BASED STUDIES. SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA), A SYNTHETIC COMPOUND APPROVED AS A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR (HDAC) BY THE FDA TO TREAT CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA IS UNDER INVESTIGATION FOR THE TREATMENT OF LUNG AND RENAL FIBROSIS. EXPERIMENTAL MODELING FOR HEPATIC FIBROSIS CAN BE CONSTRUCTED WITH AN LX2 CELL LINE ISOLATED FROM HUMAN HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSCS). IN THIS STUDY, WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE MODULATION OF SAHA IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF LIVER FIBROSIS BY DETECTING THE LEVELS OF PROTEINS; (E-CADHERIN (E-CAD), N-CADHERIN (N-CAD), VIMENTIN (VIM), AND GENES; E-CAD, N-CAD, VIM, TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA (TGF-BETA), ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA), TYPE 1 COLLAGEN (COL1A1), TYPE 3 COLLAGEN (COL3A1)) THAT PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN EMT WITH THE LX2 CELL LINE. WE ALSO EVALUATED THE ACTION OF SAHA WITH CELL PROLIFERATION, CLONOGENIC, AND MIGRATION ASSAY. CELL PROLIFERATION WAS PERFORMED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY. ALL THE PROTEIN LEVELS WERE DETERMINED BY WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS, AND GENE EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE MEASURED BY REAL-TIME PCR. OUR STUDY OBSERVED THAT SAHA TREATMENT DECREASED CELL VIABILITY, COLONY FORMATION AND MIGRATION IN LX2 CELLS. WE FOUND THAT SAHA INCREASED E-CAD EXPRESSION LEVEL, WHILE IT DECREASED N-CAD, VIM, COL1A1, COL3A1, ALPHA-SMA TGF-BETA GENES EXPRESSION LEVELS. SAHA DECREASED THE LEVEL OF E-CAD, N-CAD, AND VIM PROTEIN LEVELS. WE THOUGHT THAT SAHA POSSESSES POTENT ANTIFIBROTIC AND ANTI-EMT PROPERTIES IN LX2.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
7   699  31 BROMODOMAIN PROTEIN 4 IS A KEY MOLECULAR DRIVER OF TGFBETA1-INDUCED HEPATIC STELLATE CELL ACTIVATION. LIVER FIBROSIS IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE EXCESSIVE DEPOSITION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX IN LIVER. CHRONIC LIVER INJURY INDUCES THE ACTIVATION OF HEPATIC STELLATE CELL (HSCS), A KEY STEP IN LIVER FIBROGENESIS. THE ACTIVATED HSC IS THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF ECM AND CONTRIBUTES SIGNIFICANTLY TO LIVER FIBROSIS. TGFBETA1 IS THE MOST POTENT PRO-FIBROTIC CYTOKINE. BROMODOMAIN PROTEIN 4 (BRD4), AN EPIGENETIC READER OF HISTONE ACETYLATION MARKS, WAS CRUCIAL FOR PROFIBROTIC GENE EXPRESSION IN HSCS. THE PRESENT STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLES OF BRD4 IN TGFBETA1-DEPENDENT HSC ACTIVATION AND LIVER FIBROSIS, FOCUSING ON TGFBETA1-INDUCED ALTERATIONS OF THE LEVELS OF THE FIBROTIC-RELATED IMPORTANT PROTEINS IN HSCS BY EMPLOYING THE HETEROZYGOUS TGFBETA1 KNOCKOUT MICE AND BRD4 KNOCKDOWN IN VIVO AND IN VITRO. RESULTS REVEALED THAT BRD4 PROTEIN LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED BY TGFBETA1 AND BRD4 KNOCKDOWN REDUCED TGFBETA1-INDUCED HSC ACTIVATION AND LIVER FIBROSIS. BRD4 WAS REQUIRED FOR THE INFLUENCES OF TGFBETA1 ON PDGFBETA RECEPTOR AND ON THE PATHWAYS OF SMAD3, STAT3, AND AKT. BRD4 ALSO MEDIATED TGFBETA1-INDUCED INCREASES IN HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE P300, THE PIVOTAL PRO-INFLAMMATORY NFKB P65, AND TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE 1 WHEREAS BRD4 REDUCED CASPASE-3 PROTEIN LEVELS IN HSCS DURING LIVER INJURY, INDEPENDENT OF TGFBETA1. FURTHER EXPERIMENTS INDICATED THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TGFBETA1-INDUCED BRD4 AND NFKB P65 IN HSCS AND IN LIVER OF TAA-INDUCED LIVER INJURY. HUMAN CIRRHOTIC LIVERS WERE DEMONSTRATED A PARALLEL INCREASE IN THE PROTEIN LEVELS OF BRD4 AND NFKB P65 IN HSCS. THIS STUDY REVEALED THAT BRD4 WAS A KEY MOLECULAR DRIVER OF TGFBETA1-INDUCED HSC ACTIVATION AND LIVER FIBROSIS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
8  1826  43 EFFECTS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR ON EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PRODUCTION IN HUMAN NASAL POLYP ORGAN CULTURES. BACKGROUND: NASAL POLYPOSIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITION OF THE SINONASAL MUCOSA AND INVOLVES MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) ACCUMULATION. EPIGENETIC MODULATION BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS INCLUDING TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) HAS BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE INHIBITORY EFFECTS ON MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION IN LUNG AND RENAL FIBROBLASTS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF TSA ON MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND ECM PRODUCTION IN NASAL POLYP ORGAN CULTURES. METHODS: NASAL POLYP TISSUES FROM 18 PATIENTS WERE ACQUIRED DURING ENDOSCOPIC SINUS SURGERY. AFTER ORGAN CULTURE, NASAL POLYPS WERE STIMULATED WITH TGF-BETA1 AND THEN TREATED WITH TSA. ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA), FIBRONECTIN, AND COLLAGEN TYPE I EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE EXAMINED BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR), REAL-TIME PCR, WESTERN BLOT, AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STAINING. HDAC2, HDAC4, AND ACETYLATED H4 EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE ASSAYED BY WESTERN BLOT. CYTOTOXICITY WAS ANALYZED BY THE TERMINAL DEOXYNUCLEOTIDYL TRANSFERASE BIOTIN-DUTP NICK END LABELING ASSAY. RESULTS: THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF ALPHA-SMA, FIBRONECTIN, AND COLLAGEN TYPE 1 WERE INCREASED IN NASAL POLYP AFTER TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF) BETA1 TREATMENT. TSA-INHIBITED TGF-BETA1 INDUCED THESE GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS. FURTHERMORE, TSA SUPPRESSED PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HDAC2 AND HDAC4. HOWEVER, TSA INDUCED HYPERACETYLATION OF HISTONES H4. TREATMENT WITH TGF-BETA1 WITH OR WITHOUT TSA DID NOT HAVE CYTOTOXIC EFFECT. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND ECM PRODUCTION OF NASAL POLYP. TSA COULD BE A CANDIDATE OF A THERAPEUTIC AGENT FOR REVERSING THE TGF-BETA1-INDUCED ECM SYNTHESIS THAT LEADS TO NASAL POLYP DEVELOPMENT.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
9  2784  34 EZH2 PROMOTES EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX DEGRADATION VIA NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB (NF-KAPPAB) AND P38 SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN PULPITIS. PULPITIS IS A COMPLICATED CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PROCESS WHICH CAN BE IN A DYNAMIC BALANCE BETWEEN DAMAGE AND REPAIR. THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PLAYS AN IMPORTANT REGULATORY ROLE IN WOUND HEALING AND TISSUE REPAIR. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXPLORE THE ROLE OF THE EPIGENETIC MARK, ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2 (EZH2) ON THE DEGRADATION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX DURING PULPITIS. QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION WAS USED TO ASSESS THE EXPRESSION OF MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES (MMPS) AND TYPE I COLLAGEN IN HUMAN DENTAL PULP CELLS (HDPCS) UPON EZH2 AND EI1 (EZH2 INHIBITOR) STIMULATION. THE MECHANISM OF EZH2 AFFECTING EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX WAS EXPLORED THROUGH QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND WESTERN BLOT. A RAT MODEL OF DENTAL PULP INFLAMMATION WAS ESTABLISHED, AND THE EXPRESSION OF TYPE I COLLAGEN IN DENTAL PULP UNDER EZH2 STIMULATION WAS DETECTED BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING. EZH2 UPREGULATED THE EXPRESSION OF MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-8, AND MMP-10 AND DECREASED THE PRODUCTION OF TYPE I COLLAGEN IN HDPCS, WHILE EI1 HAD THE OPPOSITE EFFECT. EZH2 ACTIVATED THE NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B (NF-KAPPAB) AND P38 SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN HDPCS, THE INHIBITION OF WHICH REVERSED THE INDUCTION OF MMPS AND THE SUPPRESSION OF TYPE I COLLAGEN. EZH2 CAN DOWNREGULATE THE TYPE I COLLAGEN LEVELS IN AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF DENTAL PULPITIS IN RATS. EZH2 PROMOTES EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX DEGRADATION VIA NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB (NF-KAPPAB) AND P38 SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN PULPITIS. EZH2 CAN DECREASE THE TYPE I COLLAGEN LEVELS IN VIVO AND IN VITRO.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
10  3048  33 GENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT DZNEP REDUCES TUBULOINTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS VIA DOWN-REGULATION OF PRO-FIBROTIC GENES. TUBULOINTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS HAS BEEN RECENTLY REPORTED TO BE CAUSED BY THE COLLAPSE OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF KIDNEY DISEASES. WE EXAMINED WHETHER PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITION OF HISTONE MODIFICATION IS EFFECTIVE AGAINST RENAL FIBROSIS. DZNEP (3-DEAZANEPLANOCIN A) WAS ORIGINALLY DEVELOPED AS AN ANTI-CANCER DRUG TO INHIBIT THE REPRESSIVE HISTONE MARK, H3K27ME3. WE USED A MODEL OF CHRONIC TUBULOINTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS INDUCED BY UNILATERAL ISCHAEMIA/REPERFUSION AND ADMINISTERED DZNEP INTRAVENOUSLY TO THE MICE FOR 8 WEEKS. WE FOUND DZNEP CONTRIBUTES TO THE REDUCTION OF TUBULOINTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS. WE SELECTED ONLY TUBULAR CELLS FROM IN VIVO SAMPLES USING LASER-CAPTURE MICRODISSECTION BECAUSE EPIGENETIC REGULATION IS SPECIFIC TO THE CELL TYPES, AND WE FOCUSED ON THE CHANGES IN THE TUBULAR CELLS. WE PERFORMED A GENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS OF TUBULAR CELLS USING HIGH-THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING (RNA-SEQ) TO IDENTIFY NOVEL EPIGENETIC FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH RENAL FIBROSIS. WE FOUND THAT PRO-FIBROTIC GENES SUCH AS COL3A1 (COLLAGEN TYPE 3A1) AND TIMP2 (TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE 2) WERE SUPPRESSED BY DZNEP IN VIVO. IN ADDITION, PRO-FIBROTIC GENES SUCH AS COL4A1 (COLLAGEN TYPE 4A1), TIMP2 AND MMP14 WERE DOWN-REGULATED BY DZNEP IN VITRO. IN CONCLUSION, WE FOUND THAT PHARMACOLOGICAL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION BY DZNEP DECREASED THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF FIBROGENIC GENES IN TUBULAR CELLS AND INHIBITED TUBULOINTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
11  1906  34 ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2-CATALYSED H3K27 TRIMETHYLATION PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN ACUTE-ON-CHRONIC LIVER FAILURE VIA TNF-MEDIATED PATHWAY. ACUTE-ON-CHRONIC LIVER FAILURE IS MAINLY DUE TO HOST IMMUNITY SELF-DESTRUCTION. THE HISTONE H3 LYSINE 27 (H3K27) TRIMETHYLATING ENZYME, ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2 (EZH2) MEDIATES EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF GENE EXPRESSION AND REGULATES IMMUNITY, ALSO INVOLVES PATHOGENESIS OF SEVERAL LIVER DISEASES. THE CURRENT STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE THE ROLE OF METHYLTRANSFERASE EZH2 AND ITS CATALYSED H3K27 TRIMETHYLATION (H3K27ME3) IN LIVER FAILURE, AND TO FURTHER INVESTIGATE THE POTENTIAL TARGET FOR LIVER FAILURE TREATMENT. EZH2 AND ITS CATALYSED H3K27ME3 WERE DETERMINED IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMC) FROM LIVER FAILURE PATIENTS AND KUPFFER CELLS FROM EXPERIMENTAL MICE. FURTHERMORE, GSK126 (AN INHIBITOR FOR EZH2 TRIMETHYLATION FUNCTION) WAS APPLIED IN LIVER FAILURE MICE IN VIVO, AND LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-STIMULATED MONONUCLEAR CELLS IN VITRO. EZH2 AND H3K27ME3 WERE SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED IN HUMAN PBMC FROM LIVER FAILURE PATIENTS OR MURINE KUPFFER CELLS FROM THE LIVER FAILURE ANIMALS, RESPECTIVELY. GSK126 AMELIORATED DISEASE SEVERITY IN LIVER FAILURE MICE, WHICH MAYBE ATTRIBUTE TO DOWN-REGULATE CIRCULATING AND HEPATIC PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, ESPECIALLY TNF VIA REDUCING H3K27ME3. IN-DEPTH CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ANALYSIS UNRAVELLED THAT DECREASED ENRICHMENT OF H3K27ME3 ON TNF PROMOTOR, RESULTING IN TNF ELEVATION IN KUPFFER CELLS FROM LIVER FAILURE MICE. NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B (NF-KAPPAB) AND PROTEIN KINASE B (AKT) SIGNALLING PATHWAYS WERE ACTIVATED UPON LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE STIMULATION, BUT ATTENUATED BY USING GSK126, ACCOMPANIED WITH DECREASED TNF IN VITRO. IN CONCLUSION, EZH2 AND H3K27ME3 CONTRIBUTED TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF LIVER FAILURE VIA TRIGGERING TNF AND OTHER INDISPENSABLE PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. EZH2 WAS TO MODIFY H3K27ME3 ENRICHMENT, AS WELL AS, ACTIVATION OF THE DOWNSTREAM NF-KAPPAB AND AKT SIGNALLING PATHWAYS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12  1764  31 EARLY-IMMEDIATE GENE EGR1 IS ASSOCIATED WITH TGFBETA1 REGULATION OF EPIGENETIC READER BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 VIA THE CANONICAL SMAD3 SIGNALING IN HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. UPON CHRONIC DAMAGE TO THE LIVER, MULTIPLE CYTOKINES STIMULATE HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSCS), CAUSING THE ALTERATIONS OF GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES AND THUS LEADING TO HSC ACTIVATION, A KEY STEP IN LIVER FIBROGENESIS. ACTIVATED HSCS ARE THE DOMINANT CONTRIBUTORS TO LIVER FIBROSIS. BROMODOMAIN CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 (BRD4), AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC READER, WAS DEMONSTRATED TO CONCENTRATE ON HUNDREDS OF ENHANCERS ASSOCIATED WITH GENES INVOLVED IN MULTIPLE PROFIBROTIC PATHWAYS, THEREBY DIRECTING HSC ACTIVATION AND THE FIBROTIC RESPONSES. THE PRESENT STUDIES WERE DESIGNED TO EXAMINE THE EFFECT OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA-1 (TGFBETA1), THE MOST POTENT PRO-FIBROTIC CYTOKINE, ON BRD4 EXPRESSION IN HSCS AND, IF SO, ELUCIDATED THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. THE EXPERIMENTS EMPLOYED THE HETEROGENEOUS TGFBETA1 KNOCKOUT (TGFBETA1(+/-) ) MICE, GENE KNOCKDOWN IN VIVO, AND A MODEL OF THIOACETAMIDE (TAA)-INDUCED LIVER INJURY. THE RESULTS REVEALED THAT TGFBETA1 ENHANCED BRD4 EXPRESSION IN HSCS, WHICH WAS MEDIATED, AT LEAST, BY SMAD3 SIGNALING AND EARLY-IMMEDIATE GENE EGR1 (EARLY GROWTH RESPONSE-1). TGFBETA1-INDUCED SMAD3 SIGNALING INCREASED EGR1 EXPRESSION AND PROMOTED EGR1 BINDING TO BRD4 PROMOTER AT A SITE AROUND -111 BP, PROMOTING BRD4 EXPRESSION. EGR1 KNOCKDOWN REDUCED BRD4 EXPRESSION IN HSCS IN A MOUSE MODEL OF TAA-INDUCED LIVER INJURY AND LESSENED LIVER FIBROSIS. DOUBLE FLUORESCENCE STAINING DEMONSTRATED A STRONG INCREASE IN BRD4 EXPRESSION IN ACTIVATED HSCS IN FIBROTIC AREAS OF THE HUMAN LIVERS, PARALLELING THE UPREGULATION OF P-SMAD3 AND EGR1. THIS RESEARCH SUGGESTED NOVEL MOLECULAR EVENTS UNDERLYING THE ROLES OF THE MASTER PRO-FIBROTIC CYTOKINE TGFBETA1 IN HSC ACTIVATION AND LIVER FIBROGENESIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
13  2326  37 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HOTAIR IN ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. PURPOSE: CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) ACCOUNTS FOR ~10% OF LEUKEMIA CASES, AND ITS PROGRESSION INVOLVES EPIGENETIC GENE REGULATION. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HOTAIR AND ITS TARGET MICRORNA, MIR-143, IN ADVANCED CML. PATIENTS AND METHODS: WE FIRST ISOLATED BONE MARROW MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM 70 PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT PHASES OF CML AND FROM HEALTHY DONORS AS NORMAL CONTROL; WE ALSO CULTURED K562 AND KCL22 CELLS, TREATED WITH DEMETHYLATION DRUG; MTT ASSAY, FLOW CYTOMETRY, QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QPCR), METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP), WESTERN BLOT, LUCIFERASE ASSAY, RNA PULL-DOWN ASSAY AND RNA-BINDING PROTEIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (RIP) ASSAY WERE PERFORMED. RESULT: AS MEASURED BY QPCR, HOTAIR EXPRESSION IN K562 CELLS, KCL22 CELLS, AND SAMPLES FROM CASES OF ADVANCED-STAGE CML INCREASED WITH LEVELS OF SEVERAL DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEACETYLATES, INCLUDING DNMT1, DNMT3A, HDAC1, EZH2, AND LSD1, AND MIR-143 LEVELS WERE DECREASED AND HOTAIR LEVELS WERE INCREASED. TREATMENT WITH 5-AZACYTIDINE, A DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR, DECREASED DNMT1, DNMT3A, HDAC1, EZH2, LSD1 MRNA, PROTEIN LEVELS, AND HOTAIR MRNA LEVELS BUT INCREASED MIR-143 LEVELS. HOTAIR KNOCKDOWN AND MIR-143 OVEREXPRESSION BOTH INHIBITED PROLIFERATION AND PROMOTED APOPTOSIS IN KCL22 AND K562 CELLS THROUGH THE PI3K/AKT PATHWAY. RNA PULL-DOWN, MASS SPECTROMETRY, AND RIP ASSAYS SHOWED THAT HOTAIR INTERACTED WITH EZH2 AND LSD1. A DUAL-LUCIFERASE ASSAY DEMONSTRATED THAT HOTAIR INTERACTED WITH MIR-143. CONCLUSION: OUR FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THE KEY EPIGENETIC INTERACTIONS OF HOTAIR RELATED TO CML PROGRESSION AND SUGGEST HOTAIR AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR ADVANCED CML. FURTHERMORE, OUR RESULTS SUPPORT THE USE OF DEMETHYLATION DRUGS AS A CML TREATMENT STRATEGY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
14  2466  32 EPIGENETIC THERAPY: NOVEL TRANSLATIONAL IMPLICATIONS FOR ARREST OF ENVIRONMENTAL DIOXIN-INDUCED DISEASE IN FEMALES. INCREASED TOXICANT EXPOSURE AND RESULTANT ENVIRONMENTALLY INDUCED DISEASES ARE A TRADEOFF OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTIVITY. DIOXIN [2,3,7,8 TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (TCDD)], A UBIQUITOUS BYPRODUCT, IS ASSOCIATED WITH A SPECTRUM OF DISEASES INCLUDING ENDOMETRIOSIS, A COMMON, CHRONIC DISEASE IN WOMEN. TCDD ACTIVATES CYTOCHROME (CYP) P450 METABOLIC ENZYMES THAT ALTER ORGAN FUNCTION TO CAUSE DISEASE. IN CONTRAST, THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR, KRUPPEL-LIKE FACTOR (KLF) 11, REPRESSES THESE ENZYMES VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. IN THIS STUDY, WE CHARACTERIZED THESE OPPOSING MECHANISMS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO AS WELL AS DETERMINING POTENTIAL TRANSLATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF EPIGENETIC INHIBITOR THERAPY. KLF11 ANTAGONIZED TCDD-MEDIATED ACTIVATION OF CYP3A4 GENE EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION IN ENDOMETRIAL CELLS. THE REPRESSION WAS PHARMACOLOGICALLY REPLICATED BY SELECTIVE USE OF AN EPIGENETIC HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR (HATI). WE FURTHER SHOWED PHENOTYPIC RELEVANCE OF THIS MECHANISM USING AN ANIMAL MODEL FOR ENDOMETRIOSIS. FIBROTIC EXTENT IN TCDD-EXPOSED WILD-TYPE ANIMALS WAS SIMILAR TO THAT PREVIOUSLY OBSERVED IN KLF11-/- ANIMALS. WHEN TCDD-EXPOSED ANIMALS WERE TREATED WITH A HATI, CYP3 MESSENGER RNA LEVELS AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION DECREASED ALONG WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION. FIBROTIC PROGRESSION IS UBIQUITOUS IN ENVIRONMENTALLY INDUCED CHRONIC, UNTREATABLE DISEASES; THIS REPORT SHOWS THAT RELENTLESS DISEASE PROGRESSION CAN BE ARRESTED THROUGH TARGETED EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF PROTECTIVE MECHANISMS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
15  3330  39 HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR GIVINOSTAT ALLEVIATES LIVER FIBROSIS BY REGULATING HEPATIC STELLATE CELL ACTIVATION. HEPATIC FIBROSIS, A COMMON PATHOLOGICAL MANIFESTATION OF CHRONIC LIVER INJURY, IS GENERALLY CONSIDERED TO BE THE END RESULT OF AN INCREASE IN EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PRODUCED BY ACTIVATED HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSCS). THE AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO TARGET THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING HSC ACTIVATION IN ORDER TO PROVIDE A POWERFUL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF LIVER FIBROSIS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, A HIGH?THROUGHPUT SCREENING ASSAY WAS ESTABLISHED, AND THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR GIVINOSTAT WAS IDENTIFIED AS A POTENT INHIBITOR OF HSC ACTIVATION IN VITRO. GIVINOSTAT SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED HSC ACTIVATION IN VIVO, AMELIORATED CARBON TETRACHLORIDE?INDUCED MOUSE LIVER FIBROSIS AND LOWERED PLASMA AMINOTRANSFERASES. TRANSCRIPTOMIC ANALYSIS REVEALED THE MOST SIGNIFICANTLY REGULATED GENES IN THE GIVINOSTAT TREATMENT GROUP IN COMPARISON WITH THOSE IN THE SOLVENT GROUP, AMONG WHICH, DERMOKINE (DMKN), MESOTHELIN (MSLN) AND UROPLAKIN?3B (UPK3B) WERE IDENTIFIED AS POTENTIAL REGULATORS OF HSC ACTIVATION. GIVINOSTAT SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF DMKN, MSLN AND UPK3B IN BOTH A MOUSE LIVER FIBROSIS MODEL AND IN HSC?LX2 CELLS. KNOCKDOWN OF ANY OF THE AFOREMENTIONED GENES INHIBITED THE TGF?BETA1?INDUCED EXPRESSION OF ALPHA?SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN AND COLLAGEN TYPE I, INDICATING THAT THEY ARE CRUCIAL FOR HSC ACTIVATION. IN SUMMARY, USING A NOVEL STRATEGY TARGETING HSC ACTIVATION, THE PRESENT STUDY IDENTIFIED A POTENTIAL EPIGENETIC DRUG FOR THE TREATMENT OF HEPATIC FIBROSIS AND REVEALED NOVEL REGULATORS OF HSC ACTIVATION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
16  2349  37 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PRODUCTION IN NASAL POLYP-DERIVED FIBROBLASTS. BACKGROUND: NASAL POLYPOSIS IS A MULTI-FACTORIAL DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITION OF THE PARANASAL SINUSES. MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) ACCUMULATION ARE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF NASAL POLYPOSIS. OBJECTIVE: THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA), A HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR, ON TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF)-BETA1-INDUCED MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND ECM ACCUMULATION IN NASAL POLYP-DERIVED FIBROBLASTS (NPDFS). METHODS: NASAL POLYP-DERIVED FIBROBLASTS WERE ISOLATED FROM NASAL POLYPS OF PATIENTS WHO HAVE CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYP. TSA WAS TREATED IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED NPDFS. EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HDAC2, ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (SMA), TGF-BETA1, COLLAGEN TYPE I, ACETYLATED HISTONE H3, ACETYLATED HISTONE H4, PHOSPHORYLATED SMAD2/3 AND SMAD7 WERE DETERMINED BY RT-PCR, WESTERN BLOT AND/OR IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STAINING. THE TOTAL COLLAGEN AMOUNT PRODUCTION WAS ANALYSED BY SIRCOL SOLUBLE COLLAGEN ASSAY AND CONTRACTILE ACTIVITY WAS MEASURED BY COLLAGEN GEL CONTRACTION ASSAY. HDAC2 INHIBITION BY TSA OR HDAC2 SILENCING WAS ESTABLISHED BY RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOT. THE EPIGENETIC EFFECT ON ALPHA-SMA GENE INACTIVATION WAS EXAMINED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY. PROLIFERATION WAS DETERMINED BY KI67-POSITIVE CELL STAINING AND CYTOTOXICITY WAS ASSESSED BY 3-(4,5- DIMETHYLTHIAZOL-2YL)-2,5-DIPHENYL-2H-TETRAZOLIUM BROMIDE (MTT) ASSAY. RESULTS: THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HDAC2, ALPHA-SMA AND TGF-BETA1 WERE INCREASED IN NASAL POLYP TISSUES COMPARED TO NORMAL INFERIOR TURBINATE TISSUES. TSA AND HDAC2 SILENCING INHIBITED EXPRESSION LEVELS ALPHA-SMA, COLLAGEN AND HDAC2. TSA INDUCED HYPERACETYLATION OF HISTONE AND SUPPRESSED OPENING OF ALPHA-SMA GENE PROMOTER IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED NPDFS. TSA INHIBITED TGF-BETA1-INDUCED SMAD 2/3 AND RESCUED TGF-BETA1-SUPPRESSED SMAD7 SIGNALLING PATHWAY. FINALLY, TSA BLOCKED PROLIFERATION IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED NPDFS AND HAS NO CYTOTOXIC EFFECT IN NPDFS. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HDAC INHIBITION IS ASSOCIATED WITH MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND EXTRACELLUAR MATRIX ACCUMULATION IN NASAL POLYPOSIS. TSA MAY BE USEFUL AS AN INHIBITOR OF NASAL POLYP GROWTH, AND THUS HAS POTENTIAL TO BE USED AS A NOVEL TREATMENT OPTION FOR NASAL POLYPOSIS.	2012	

17   446  32 APABETALONE DOWNREGULATES FIBROTIC, INFLAMMATORY AND CALCIFIC PROCESSES IN RENAL MESANGIAL CELLS AND PATIENTS WITH RENAL IMPAIRMENT. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE IMPLICATED IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAMS DRIVING CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD). APABETALONE IS AN ORALLY AVAILABLE INHIBITOR OF BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL (BET) PROTEINS, WHICH ARE EPIGENETIC READERS THAT MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION. IN THE PHASE 3 BETONMACE TRIAL, APABETALONE REDUCED RISK OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIAC EVENTS (MACE) BY 50% IN THE CKD SUBPOPULATION, INDICATING FAVORABLE EFFECTS ALONG THE KIDNEY-HEART AXIS. ACTIVATION OF HUMAN RENAL MESANGIAL CELLS (HRMCS) TO A CONTRACTILE PHENOTYPE THAT OVERPRODUCES EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) AND INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, AND PROMOTES CALCIFICATION, FREQUENTLY ACCOMPANIES CKD TO DRIVE PATHOLOGY. HERE, WE SHOW APABETALONE DOWNREGULATED HRMC ACTIVATION WITH TGF-BETA1 STIMULATION BY SUPPRESSING TGF-BETA1-INDUCED ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA) EXPRESSION, ALPHA-SMA ASSEMBLY INTO STRESS FIBERS, ENHANCED CONTRACTION, COLLAGEN OVERPRODUCTION, AND EXPRESSION OF KEY DRIVERS OF FIBROSIS, INFLAMMATION, OR CALCIFICATION INCLUDING THROMBOSPONDIN, FIBRONECTIN, PERIOSTIN, SPARC, INTERLEUKIN 6, AND ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE. LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-STIMULATED EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY GENES IL6, IL1B, AND PTGS2 WAS ALSO SUPPRESSED. TRANSCRIPTOMICS CONFIRMED APABETALONE AFFECTED GENE SETS OF ECM REMODELING AND INTEGRINS. CLINICAL TRANSLATION OF IN VITRO RESULTS WAS INDICATED IN CKD PATIENTS WHERE A SINGLE DOSE OF APABETALONE REDUCED PLASMA LEVELS OF KEY PRO-FIBROTIC AND INFLAMMATORY MARKERS, AND INDICATED INHIBITION OF TGF-BETA1 SIGNALING. WHILE PLASMA PROTEINS CANNOT BE TRACED TO THE KIDNEY ALONE, ANTI-FIBROTIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF APABETALONE IDENTIFIED IN THIS STUDY ARE CONSISTENT WITH THE OBSERVED DECREASE IN CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN CKD PATIENTS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
18   614  36 BINGE ALCOHOL-INDUCED MICROVESICULAR LIVER STEATOSIS AND INJURY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DOWN-REGULATION OF HEPATIC HDAC 1, 7, 9, 10, 11 AND UP-REGULATION OF HDAC 3. BACKGROUND: BINGE, AS WELL AS CHRONIC, ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AFFECTS GLOBAL HISTONE ACETYLATION LEADING TO CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION. IT IS BECOMING INCREASINGLY EVIDENT THAT THESE HISTONE-ASSOCIATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOL-MEDIATED HEPATIC INJURY. METHODS: C57BL/6 MICE WERE GAVAGED 3 TIMES (12-HOUR INTERVALS) WITH ETHANOL (ETOH; 4.5 G/KG). HEPATIC HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) MRNAS WERE ASSESSED BY QRT-PCR. TOTAL HDAC ACTIVITY WAS ESTIMATED BY A COLORIMETRIC HDAC ACTIVITY/INHIBITION ASSAY. HISTONE ACETYLATION LEVELS WERE EVALUATED BY WESTERN BLOT. LIVER STEATOSIS AND INJURY WERE EVALUATED BY HISTOPATHOLOGY, PLASMA AMINOTRANSFERASE (ALT) ACTIVITY, AND LIVER TRIGLYCERIDE ACCUMULATION. EXPRESSION OF FATTY ACID SYNTHASE (FAS) AND CARNITINE PALMITOYL TRANSFERASE 1A (CPT1A) WAS ALSO EXAMINED. HDAC 9 ASSOCIATION WITH FAS PROMOTER WAS ANALYZED. RESULTS: BINGE ALCOHOL EXPOSURE RESULTED IN ALTERATIONS OF HEPATIC HDAC MRNA LEVELS. DOWN-REGULATION OF HDAC CLASS I (HDAC 1), CLASS II (HDAC 7, 9, 10), AND CLASS IV (HDAC 11) AND UP-REGULATION OF HDAC CLASS I (HDAC 3) GENE EXPRESSION WERE OBSERVED. CORRESPONDENT TO THE DECREASE IN HDAC ACTIVITY, AN INCREASE IN HEPATIC HISTONE ACETYLATION WAS OBSERVED. THESE MOLECULAR EVENTS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH MICROVESICULAR HEPATIC STEATOSIS AND INJURY CHARACTERIZED BY INCREASED HEPATIC TRIGLYCERIDES (48.02 +/- 3.83 VS. 19.90 +/- 3.48 MG/G LIVER, P < 0.05) AND ELEVATED PLASMA ALT ACTIVITY (51.98 +/- 6.91 VS. 20.8 +/- 0.62 U/L, P < 0.05). HEPATIC STEATOSIS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE IN FAS AND A DECREASE IN CPT1A MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION. FAS PROMOTER ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT BINGE ETOH TREATMENT DECREASED HDAC 9 OCCUPANCY AT THE FAS PROMOTER RESULTING IN ITS TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION. CONCLUSIONS: DEREGULATION OF HEPATIC HDAC EXPRESSION LIKELY PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN THE BINGE ALCOHOL-INDUCED HEPATIC STEATOSIS AND LIVER INJURY BY AFFECTING LIPOGENESIS AND FATTY ACID BETA-OXIDATION.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
19  1945  26 EPIGALLOCATECHIN-3-GALLATE, A HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR, INHIBITS EBV-INDUCED B LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION VIA SUPPRESSION OF RELA ACETYLATION. BECAUSE THE P300/CBP-MEDIATED HYPERACETYLATION OF RELA (P65) IS CRITICAL FOR NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB (NF-KAPPAB) ACTIVATION, THE ATTENUATION OF P65 ACETYLATION IS A POTENTIAL MOLECULAR TARGET FOR THE PREVENTION OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. DURING OUR ONGOING SCREENING STUDY TO IDENTIFY NATURAL COMPOUNDS WITH HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR (HATI) ACTIVITY, WE IDENTIFIED EPIGALLOCATECHIN-3-GALLATE (EGCG) AS A NOVEL HATI WITH GLOBAL SPECIFICITY FOR THE MAJORITY OF HAT ENZYMES BUT WITH NO ACTIVITY TOWARD EPIGENETIC ENZYMES INCLUDING HDAC, SIRT1, AND HMTASE. AT A DOSE OF 100 MICROMOL/L, EGCG ABROGATES P300-INDUCED P65 ACETYLATION IN VITRO AND IN VIVO, INCREASES THE LEVEL OF CYTOSOLIC IKAPPABALPHA, AND SUPPRESSES TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNFALPHA)-INDUCED NF-KAPPAB ACTIVATION. WE ALSO SHOWED THAT EGCG PREVENTS TNFALPHA-INDUCED P65 TRANSLOCATION TO THE NUCLEUS, CONFIRMING THAT HYPERACETYLATION IS CRITICAL FOR NF-KAPPAB TRANSLOCATION AS WELL AS ACTIVITY. FURTHERMORE, EGCG TREATMENT INHIBITED THE ACETYLATION OF P65 AND THE EXPRESSION OF NF-KAPPAB TARGET GENES IN RESPONSE TO DIVERSE STIMULI. FINALLY, EGCG REDUCED THE BINDING OF P300 TO THE PROMOTER REGION OF INTERLEUKIN-6 GENE WITH AN INCREASED RECRUITMENT OF HDAC3, WHICH HIGHLIGHTS THE IMPORTANCE OF THE BALANCE BETWEEN HATS AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES IN THE NF-KAPPAB-MEDIATED INFLAMMATORY SIGNALING PATHWAY. IMPORTANTLY, EGCG AT 50 MICROMOL/L DOSE COMPLETELY BLOCKS EBV INFECTION-INDUCED CYTOKINE EXPRESSION AND SUBSEQUENTLY THE EBV-INDUCED B LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION. THESE RESULTS SHOW THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF ACETYLATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INFLAMMATORY-RELATED DISEASES.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
20  1632  30 DNMTS ARE INVOLVED IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITIONS IN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS. CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS (CRS) PATHOGENESIS IS CLOSELY RELATED TO TISSUE REMODELING, INCLUDING EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT). EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY KEY ROLES IN EMT. DNA METHYLATION, MEDIATED BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS), IS AN EPIGENETIC MARKER THAT IS CRITICAL TO EMT. THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER DNMTS WERE INVOLVED IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EMT AND ELUCIDATE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS IN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT ACTIVITY WERE QUANTIFIED. DNMT EXPRESSION WAS MEASURED USING REAL-TIME PCR (QRT-PCR) IN HUMAN CRS TISSUES. MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS OF DNMTS, E-CADHERIN, VIMENTIN, ALPHA-SMA, AND FIBRONECTIN WERE DETERMINED USING RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOTTING, RESPECTIVELY. DNMT1, DNMT3A, AND DNMT3B GENE EXPRESSION WERE KNOCKED DOWN USING SIRNA TRANSFECTION. MAPK PHOSPHORYLATION AND EMT-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR LEVELS WERE DETERMINED USING WESTERN BLOTTING. SIGNALING PATHWAYS WERE ANALYZED USING SPECIFIC INHIBITORS OF MAPK. WE DEMONSTRATED THESE DATA IN PRIMARY NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION, DNMT ACTIVITY, AND DNMT EXPRESSION INCREASED IN CRS TISSUES. DNMT EXPRESSION WAS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH LUND-MCKAY CT SCORES. TGF-BETA1 DOSE-DEPENDENTLY INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION. FURTHER, 5-AZA INHIBITED TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT, SNAIL, AND SLUG EXPRESSION RELATED TO EMT, AS WELL AS P38 AND JNK PHOSPHORYLATION IN A549 CELLS AND TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION AND EMT IN PRIMARY NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION LEADS TO DNA METHYLATION AND EMT VIA P38, JNK, SNAIL, AND SLUG SIGNALING PATHWAYS. INHIBITION OF DNMT SUPPRESSED THE EMT PROCESS AND THEREFORE IS POTENTIALLY A CRS THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY.	2022