1  5384 136 REDIFFERENTIATION OF RADIOIODINE-REFRACTORY THYROID CANCERS. THE MANAGEMENT OF RADIOIODINE REFRACTORY THYROID CANCERS (RAIR TC) IS CHALLENGING FOR THE CLINICIAN. TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS CLASSICALLY PRESCRIBED IN THIS SETTING CAN FAIL DUE TO PRIMARY OR ACQUIRED RESISTANCE OR THE NECESSITY OF DRUG WITHDRAWAL BECAUSE OF SERIOUS OR MODERATE BUT CHRONIC AND DELETERIOUS ADVERSE EFFECTS. THUS, THE CONCEPT OF REDIFFERENTIATION STRATEGY, WHICH INVOLVES TREATING PATIENTS WITH ONE OR MORE DRUGS CAPABLE OF RESTORING RADIOIODINE SENSITIVITY FOR RAIR TC, HAS EMERGED. THE AREA OF REDIFFERENTIATION STRATEGY LEADS TO THE CREATION OF NEW DEFINITIONS OF RAIR TC INCLUDING PERSISTENT NON RADIOIODINE-AVID PATIENTS AND 'TRUE' RAIR TC PATIENTS. THE LATTER GROUP PRESENTS A RESTORED OR INCREASED RADIOIODINE UPTAKE IN METASTATIC LESIONS BUT WITH NO RADIOLOGICAL RESPONSE ON CONVENTIONAL IMAGING, THAT IS, PROGRESSION OF A METASTATIC DISEASE, THUS PROVING THAT THEY ARE 'TRULY' RESISTANT TO THE RADIATION DELIVERED BY RADIOIODINE. UNLIKE THESE PATIENTS, METASTATIC TC PATIENTS WITH RESTORED RADIOIODINE UPTAKE OFFER THE HOPE OF PROLONGED REMISSION OR EVEN CURE OF THE DISEASE AS FOR RADIOIODINE-AVID METASTATIC TC. HERE, WE REVIEW THE DIFFERENT REDIFFERENTIATION STRATEGIES BASED ON THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISM LEADING TO THE SODIUM IODIDE SYMPORTER (NIS) AND RADIOIODINE UPTAKE REINDUCTION, THAT IS, BY MODULATING SIGNALING PATHWAYS, NIS TRANSCRIPTION, NIS TRAFFICKING TO THE PLASMA MEMBRANE, NIS POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION, BY GENE THERAPY AND OTHER POTENTIAL STRATEGIES. WE DISCUSS CLINICAL TRIALS AND PROMISING PRECLINICAL DATA OF POTENTIAL FUTURE TARGETS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
2  4472  32 MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA. BACKGROUND: CHOLANGIOCARCINOMAS ARE A HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF MALIGNANCIES ARISING FROM A NUMBER OF CELLS OF ORIGIN ALONG THE BILIARY TREE. ALTHOUGH MOST CASES IN WESTERN COUNTRIES ARE SPORADIC, LARGE POPULATION-BASED STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED A NUMBER OF RISK FACTORS. THIS REVIEW SUMMARISES THE EVIDENCE BEHIND REPORTED RISK FACTORS AND CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA, WITH A FOCUS ON INFLAMMATION AND CHOLESTASIS AS THE DRIVING FORCES IN CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA DEVELOPMENT. RISK FACTORS FOR CHOLANGIOCARCINOGENESIS: CHOLESTATIC LIVER DISEASES (E.G. PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS AND FIBROPOLYCYSTIC LIVER DISEASES), LIVER CIRRHOSIS, AND BILIARY STONE DISEASE ALL INCREASE THE RISK OF CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA. CERTAIN BACTERIAL, VIRAL OR PARASITIC INFECTIONS SUCH AS HEPATITIS B AND C AND LIVER FLUKES ALSO INCREASE CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA RISK. OTHER RISK FACTORS INCLUDE INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS (SUCH AS INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE AND CHRONIC PANCREATITIS), TOXINS (E.G. ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO), METABOLIC CONDITIONS (DIABETES, OBESITY AND NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE) AND A NUMBER OF GENETIC DISORDERS. MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA: REGARDLESS OF AETIOLOGY, MOST RISK FACTORS CAUSE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OR CHOLESTASIS. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION LEADS TO INCREASED EXPOSURE OF CHOLANGIOCYTES TO THE INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS INTERLEUKIN-6, TUMOUR NECROSIS FACTOR-A, CYCLO-OXYGENASE-2 AND WNT, RESULTING IN PROGRESSIVE MUTATIONS IN TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENES, PROTO-ONCOGENES AND DNA MISMATCH-REPAIR GENES. ACCUMULATING BILE ACIDS FROM CHOLESTASIS LEAD TO REDUCED PH, INCREASED APOPTOSIS AND ACTIVATION OF ERK1/2, AKT AND NF-KAPPAB PATHWAYS THAT ENCOURAGE CELL PROLIFERATION, MIGRATION AND SURVIVAL. OTHER MEDIATORS UPREGULATED IN CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA INCLUDE TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA, VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR, HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR AND SEVERAL MICRORNAS. INCREASED EXPRESSION OF THE CELL SURFACE RECEPTOR C-MET, THE GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER GLUT-1 AND THE SODIUM IODIDE SYMPORTER LEAD TO TUMOUR GROWTH, ANGIOGENESIS AND CELL MIGRATION. STROMAL CHANGES ARE ALSO OBSERVED, RESULTING IN ALTERATIONS TO THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX COMPOSITION AND RECRUITMENT OF FIBROBLASTS AND MACROPHAGES THAT CREATE A MICROENVIRONMENT PROMOTING CELL SURVIVAL, INVASION AND METASTASIS. CONCLUSION: REGARDLESS OF AETIOLOGY, MOST RISK FACTORS FOR CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA CAUSE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND/OR CHOLESTASIS, LEADING TO THE ACTIVATION OF COMMON INTRACELLULAR PATHWAYS THAT RESULT IN REACTIVE CELL PROLIFERATION, GENETIC/EPIGENETIC MUTATIONS AND CHOLANGIOCARCINOGENESIS. AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA IS VITAL WHEN DEVELOPING NEW DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS AND TARGETED THERAPIES FOR THIS DISEASE.	2019	

3  6441  27 THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES FOR NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE: ESTABLISHED TARGETS AND DRUGS. NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD), AS A MULTISYSTEMIC DISEASE, IS THE MOST PREVALENT CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY EXTREMELY COMPLEX PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS AND MULTIFACTORIAL ETIOLOGY, WHICH OFTEN DEVELOPS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF OBESITY, METABOLIC SYNDROME. PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NAFLD INCLUDE DIET, OBESITY, INSULIN RESISTANCE (IR), GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC DETERMINANTS, INTESTINAL DYSBIOSIS, OXIDATIVE/NITROSATIVE STRESS, AUTOPHAGY DYSREGULATION, HEPATIC INFLAMMATION, GUT-LIVER AXIS, GUT MICROBES, IMPAIRED MITOCHONDRIAL METABOLISM AND REGULATION OF HEPATIC LIPID METABOLISM. SOME OF THE NEW DRUGS FOR THE TREATMENT OF NAFLD ARE INTRODUCED HERE. ALL OF THEM ACHIEVE THERAPEUTIC OBJECTIVES BY INTERFERING WITH CERTAIN PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS OF NAFLD, INCLUDING FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS (FGF) ANALOGUES, PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPARS) AGONISTS, GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) AGONISTS, G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS (GPCRS), SODIUM-GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER-2 INHIBITORS (SGLT-2I), FARNESOID X RECEPTOR (FXR), FATTY ACID SYNTHASE INHIBITOR (FASNI), ANTIOXIDANTS, ETC. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES SOME PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF NAFLD AND ESTABLISHED TARGETS AND DRUGS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
4  5221  30 PRIMARY BILIARY CHOLANGITIS: PATHOGENESIS AND THERAPEUTIC OPPORTUNITIES. PRIMARY BILIARY CHOLANGITIS IS A CHRONIC, SEROPOSITIVE AND FEMALE-PREDOMINANT INFLAMMATORY AND CHOLESTATIC LIVER DISEASE, WHICH HAS A VARIABLE RATE OF PROGRESSION TOWARDS BILIARY CIRRHOSIS. SUBSTANTIAL PROGRESS HAS BEEN MADE IN PATIENT RISK STRATIFICATION WITH THE GOAL OF PERSONALIZED CARE, INCLUDING EARLY ADOPTION OF NEXT-GENERATION THERAPY WITH LICENSED USE OF OBETICHOLIC ACID OR OFF-LABEL FIBRATE DERIVATIVES FOR THOSE WITH INSUFFICIENT BENEFIT FROM URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID, THE CURRENT FIRST-LINE DRUG. THE DISEASE BIOLOGY SPANS GENETIC RISK, EPIGENETIC CHANGES, DYSREGULATED MUCOSAL IMMUNITY AND ALTERED BILIARY EPITHELIAL CELL FUNCTION, ALL OF WHICH INTERACT AND ARISE IN THE CONTEXT OF ILL-DEFINED ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS. A CURRENT FOCUS OF RESEARCH ON NUCLEAR RECEPTOR PATHWAY MODULATION THAT SPECIFICALLY AND POTENTLY IMPROVES BILIARY EXCRETION, REDUCES INFLAMMATION AND ATTENUATES FIBROSIS IS REDEFINING THERAPY. PATIENTS ARE BENEFITING FROM PHARMACOLOGICAL AGONISTS OF FARNESOID X RECEPTOR AND PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS. IMMUNOTHERAPY REMAINS A CHALLENGE, WITH A LACK OF TARGET DEFINITION, PLEIOTROPIC IMMUNE PATHWAYS AND AN INTERPLAY BETWEEN HEPATIC IMMUNE RESPONSES AND CHOLESTASIS, WHEREIN BILE ACID-INDUCED INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS ARE DOMINANT CLINICALLY. THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENT SYMPTOMS, PARTICULARLY PRURITUS, IS A NOTABLE GOAL REFLECTED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RATIONAL THERAPY WITH APICAL SODIUM-DEPENDENT BILE ACID TRANSPORTER INHIBITORS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
5  5013  37 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR HEPATIC FIBROSIS: FROM BENCH TO BEDSIDE. HEPATIC FIBROSIS IS A DYNAMIC CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE OCCURRING AS A CONSEQUENCE OF WOUND-HEALING RESPONSES TO VARIOUS HEPATIC INJURIES. THIS DISORDER IS ONE OF PRIMARY PREDICTORS FOR LIVER-ASSOCIATED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WORLDWIDE. TO DATE, NO PHARMACOLOGICAL AGENT HAS BEEN APPROVED FOR HEPATIC FIBROSIS OR COULD BE RECOMMENDED FOR ROUTINE USE IN CLINICAL CONTEXT. CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR UNDERSTANDING OF HEPATIC FIBROSIS HAS REVEALED THAT PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA (PPARGAMMA), THE FUNCTIONING RECEPTOR FOR ANTIDIABETIC THIAZOLIDINEDIONES, PLAYS A PIVOTAL ROLE IN THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSCS), WHOSE ACTIVATION IS THE CENTRAL EVENT IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF HEPATIC FIBROSIS. ACTIVATION OF PPARGAMMA INHIBITS HSC COLLAGEN PRODUCTION AND MODULATES HSC ADIPOGENIC PHENOTYPE AT TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC LEVELS. THESE MOLECULAR INSIGHTS INDICATE PPARGAMMA AS A PROMISING DRUG TARGET FOR ANTIFIBROTIC CHEMOTHERAPY. INTENSIVE ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT STIMULATION OF PPARGAMMA REGULATORY SYSTEM THROUGH GENE THERAPY APPROACHES AND PPARGAMMA LIGANDS HAS THERAPEUTIC PROMISE FOR HEPATIC FIBROSIS INDUCED BY A VARIETY OF ETIOLOGIES. AT THE SAME TIME, THIAZOLIDINEDIONE AGENTS HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED FOR THEIR CLINICAL BENEFITS PRIMARILY IN PATIENTS WITH NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS, A COMMON METABOLIC LIVER DISORDER WITH HIGH POTENTIAL TO PROGRESS TO FIBROSIS AND LIVER-RELATED DEATH. ALTHOUGH SOME STUDIES HAVE SHOWN INITIAL PROMISE, NONE HAS ESTABLISHED LONG-TERM EFFICACY IN WELL-CONTROLLED RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS. THIS COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW COVERS THE 10-YEAR DISCOVERIES OF THE MOLECULAR BASIS FOR PPARGAMMA REGULATION OF HSC PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND THEN FOCUSES ON THE ANIMAL INVESTIGATIONS AND CLINICAL TRIALS OF VARIOUS THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES TARGETING PPARGAMMA FOR HEPATIC FIBROSIS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
6  4659  37 NEW APPROACHES FOR STUDYING ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE. ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE (ALD) IS MAJOR CAUSE OF CHRONIC LIVER INJURY WHICH RESULTS IN LIVER FIBROSIS AND CIRRHOSIS. ACCORDING TO THE SURVEILLANCE REPORT PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM, LIVER CIRRHOSIS IS THE 12TH LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH IN THE UNITED STATES WITH 48 % OF THESE DEATHS BEING ATTRIBUTED TO EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION. ALD INCLUDES A SPECTRUM OF DISORDERS FROM SIMPLE STEATOSIS TO STEATOHEPATITIS, FIBROSIS, AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. SEVERAL MECHANISMS PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ALD. THESE INCLUDE ETHANOL-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DEPLETION OF GLUTATHIONE, PATHOLOGICAL METHIONINE METABOLISM, INCREASED GUT PERMEABILITY AND RELEASE OF ENDOTOXINS INTO THE PORTAL BLOOD, RECRUITMENT AND ACTIVATION OF INFLAMMATORY CELLS INCLUDING BONE MARROW-DERIVED AND LIVER RESIDENT MACROPHAGES (KUPFFER CELLS). CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION RESULTS IN LIVER DAMAGE AND ACTIVATION OF HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSCS) AND MYOFIBROBLASTS, LEADING TO LIVER FIBROSIS. HERE WE DISCUSS THE CURRENT VIEW ON FACTORS THAT ARE SPECIFIC FOR DIFFERENT STAGES OF ALD AND THOSE THAT REGULATE ITS PROGRESSION, INCLUDING CYTOKINES AND CHEMOKINES, ALCOHOL-RESPONSIVE INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS, AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTORS. WE ALSO REVIEW RECENT STUDIES DEMONSTRATING THAT ALCOHOL-MEDIATED CHANGES CAN BE REGULATED ON AN EPIGENETIC LEVEL, INCLUDING MICRORNAS. FINALLY, WE DISCUSS THE REVERSIBILITY OF LIVER FIBROSIS AND INACTIVATION OF HSCS AS A POTENTIAL STRATEGY FOR TREATING ALCOHOL-INDUCED LIVER DAMAGE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
7   319  26 ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE. ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE (ALD) IS THE MOST PREVALENT TYPE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE WORLDWIDE. ALD CAN PROGRESS FROM ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER (AFL) TO ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (ASH), WHICH IS CHARACTERIZED BY HEPATIC INFLAMMATION. CHRONIC ASH CAN EVENTUALLY LEAD TO FIBROSIS AND CIRRHOSIS AND IN SOME CASES HEPATOCELLULAR CANCER (HCC). IN ADDITION, SEVERE ASH (WITH OR WITHOUT CIRRHOSIS) CAN LEAD TO ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS, WHICH IS AN ACUTE CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF ALD THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER FAILURE AND HIGH MORTALITY. MOST INDIVIDUALS CONSUMING >40 G OF ALCOHOL PER DAY DEVELOP AFL; HOWEVER, ONLY A SUBSET OF INDIVIDUALS WILL DEVELOP MORE ADVANCED DISEASE. GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND NON-GENETIC FACTORS MIGHT EXPLAIN THE CONSIDERABLE INTERINDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN ALD PHENOTYPE. THE PATHOGENESIS OF ALD INCLUDES HEPATIC STEATOSIS, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ACETALDEHYDE-MEDIATED TOXICITY AND CYTOKINE AND CHEMOKINE-INDUCED INFLAMMATION. DIAGNOSIS OF ALD INVOLVES ASSESSING PATIENTS FOR ALCOHOL USE DISORDER AND SIGNS OF ADVANCED LIVER DISEASE. THE DEGREE OF AFL AND LIVER FIBROSIS CAN BE DETERMINED BY ULTRASONOGRAPHY, TRANSIENT ELASTOGRAPHY, MRI, MEASUREMENT OF SERUM BIOMARKERS AND LIVER BIOPSY HISTOLOGY. ALCOHOL ABSTINENCE ACHIEVED BY PSYCHOSOMATIC INTERVENTION IS THE BEST TREATMENT FOR ALL STAGES OF ALD. IN THE CASE OF ADVANCED DISEASE SUCH AS CIRRHOSIS OR HCC, LIVER TRANSPLANTATION MAY BE REQUIRED. THUS, NEW THERAPIES ARE URGENTLY NEEDED.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
8  6486  25 TP53 AND LIVER CARCINOGENESIS. PRIMARY HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON MALIGNANCIES AND HAS THE FOURTH HIGHEST MORTALITY RATE WORLDWIDE. THE MAJOR RISK FACTORS, INCLUDING CHRONIC INFECTIONS WITH THE HEPATITIS B OR C VIRUS, ARE EXPOSURE TO DIETARY AFLATOXIN B1(AFB1), VINYL CHLORIDE, OR ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION. SOUTHERN CHINA AND SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA HAVE THE HIGHEST DIETARY AFB1 EXPOSURE, MAKING IT AND HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) THE MAJOR CAUSES OF CANCER MORTALITY IN THESE GEOGRAPHIC AREAS. RECENT STUDIES HAVE DISCOVERED GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES INVOLVED IN THE MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF HCC, INCLUDING SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN THE P53 TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE (TP53). AFB1 INDUCES TYPICAL G:C TO T:A TRANSVERSIONS AT THE THIRD BASE IN CODON 249 OF P53. CHRONIC ACTIVE HEPATITIS B AND C (HCV) INFECTION, AND FURTHER INFLAMMATORY AND OXYRADICAL DISORDERS INCLUDING WILSON DISEASE (WD) OR HEMOCHROMATOSIS, GENERATE REACTIVE OXYGEN/NITROGEN SPECIES THAT CAN DAMAGE DNA AND MUTATE THE P53 GENE. THE X GENE OF HBV (HBX) IS THE MOST COMMON OPEN READING FRAME INTEGRATED INTO THE HOST GENOME IN HCC. THE INTEGRATED HBX IS FREQUENTLY MUTATED AND HAS A DIMINISHED ABILITY TO FUNCTION AS A TRANSCRIPTIONAL COTRANSACTIVATOR AND TO ACTIVATE THE NF-KAPPA B PATHWAY. HOWEVER, THE MUTANT HBX PROTEINS STILL RETAIN THEIR ABILITY TO BIND TO AND ABROGATE P53-MEDIATED APOPTOSIS. IN SUMMARY, BOTH VIRUSES AND CHEMICALS ARE IMPLICATED IN THE ETIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF HCC. THE RESULTANT MOLECULAR CHANGES IN THE RAS AND WNT SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS, AND THE P53 AND RB TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PATHWAYS SIGNIFICANTLY CONTRIBUTE TO LIVER CARCINOGENESIS	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
9  3245  21 HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS AS KEY TARGET IN LIVER FIBROSIS. PROGRESSIVE LIVER FIBROSIS, INDUCED BY CHRONIC VIRAL AND METABOLIC DISORDERS, LEADS TO MORE THAN ONE MILLION DEATHS ANNUALLY VIA DEVELOPMENT OF CIRRHOSIS, ALTHOUGH NO ANTIFIBROTIC THERAPY HAS BEEN APPROVED TO DATE. TRANSDIFFERENTIATION (OR "ACTIVATION") OF HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS IS THE MAJOR CELLULAR SOURCE OF MATRIX PROTEIN-SECRETING MYOFIBROBLASTS, THE MAJOR DRIVER OF LIVER FIBROGENESIS. PARACRINE SIGNALS FROM INJURED EPITHELIAL CELLS, FIBROTIC TISSUE MICROENVIRONMENT, IMMUNE AND SYSTEMIC METABOLIC DYSREGULATION, ENTERIC DYSBIOSIS, AND HEPATITIS VIRAL PRODUCTS CAN DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY INDUCE STELLATE CELL ACTIVATION. DYSREGULATED INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING, EPIGENETIC CHANGES, AND CELLULAR STRESS RESPONSE REPRESENT CANDIDATE TARGETS TO DEACTIVATE STELLATE CELLS BY INDUCING REVERSION TO INACTIVATED STATE, CELLULAR SENESCENCE, APOPTOSIS, AND/OR CLEARANCE BY IMMUNE CELLS. CELL TYPE- AND TARGET-SPECIFIC PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTION TO THERAPEUTICALLY INDUCE THE DEACTIVATION WILL ENABLE MORE EFFECTIVE AND LESS TOXIC PRECISION ANTIFIBROTIC THERAPIES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
10    74  36 A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH AND CURRENT PERSPECTIVE OF NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. IN RECENT TIMES, NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) HAS BEEN CONSIDERED ONE OF THE MAJOR CAUSES OF LIVER DISEASE ACROSS THE WORLD. NAFLD IS DEFINED AS THE DEPOSITION OF TRIGLYCERIDES IN THE LIVER AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY AND METABOLIC SYNDROME. HYPERINSULINEMIA, INSULIN RESISTANCE (IR), FATTY LIVER, HEPATOCYTE INJURY, UNBALANCED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, LIVER INFLAMMATION, AND FIBROSIS ARE THE MAIN PATHOGENESIS IN NAFLD. RECENT STUDIES SUGGEST THAT THE ACTION OF INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA THROUGH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, INCREASED INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY, AND ENERGY UPTAKE PLAYS A VITAL ROLE IN NAFLD. MOREOVER, POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME ALSO CAUSES NAFLD DEVELOPMENT THROUGH IR. AGE, GENDER, RACE, ETHNICITY, SLEEP, DIET, SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS ARE SOME CONTRIBUTING FACTORS OF NAFLD THAT CAN EXACERBATE THE RISK OF LIVER CIRRHOSIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) AND EVENTUALLY LEAD TO DEATH. NAFLD HAS VARIOUS PRESENTATIONS, INCLUDING FATIGUE, UNEXPLAINED WEIGHT LOSS, BLOATING, UPPER ABDOMINAL PAIN, DECREASED APPETITE, HEADACHE, ANXIETY, POOR SLEEP, INCREASED THIRST, PALPITATION, AND A FEELING OF WARMTH. SOME STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT NAFLD WITH SEVERE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) HAS POOR OUTCOMES. THE GOLD STANDARD FOR NAFLD DIAGNOSIS IS LIVER BIOPSY. OTHER DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS ARE IMAGING TESTS, SERUM BIOMARKERS, MICROBIOTA MARKERS, AND TESTS FOR EXTRAHEPATIC COMPLICATIONS. THERE ARE NO SPECIFIC TREATMENTS FOR NAFLD. THEREFORE, THE MAIN CONCERN FOR NAFLD IS TREATING THE COMORBID CONDITIONS SUCH AS ANTI-DIABETIC AGENTS FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, STATINS TO REDUCE HCC PROGRESSION, ANTIOXIDANTS TO PREVENT HEPATOCELLULAR DAMAGE, AND BARIATRIC SURGERY FOR PATIENTS WITH A BMI OF >40 KG/M(2) AND >35 KG/M(2) WITH COMORBIDITIES. LIFESTYLE AND DIETARY CHANGES ARE CONSIDERED PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES AGAINST NAFLD ADVANCEMENT. INADEQUATE TREATMENT OF NAFLD FURTHER LEADS TO CARDIAC CONSEQUENCES, SLEEP APNEA, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, AND INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. IN THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, WE HAVE BRIEFLY DISCUSSED THE RISK FACTORS, PATHOGENESIS, CLINICAL FEATURES, AND NUMEROUS CONSEQUENCES OF NAFLD. WE HAVE ALSO REVIEWED VARIOUS GUIDELINES FOR NAFLD DIAGNOSIS ALONG WITH EXISTING THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR THE MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION OF THE DISEASE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
11  5807  26 STRATEGIES, MODELS AND BIOMARKERS IN EXPERIMENTAL NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE RESEARCH. NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE ENCOMPASSES A SPECTRUM OF LIVER DISEASES, INCLUDING SIMPLE STEATOSIS, STEATOHEPATITIS, LIVER FIBROSIS AND CIRRHOSIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE IS CURRENTLY THE MOST DOMINANT CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE IN WESTERN COUNTRIES DUE TO THE FACT THAT HEPATIC STEATOSIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH INSULIN RESISTANCE, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, OBESITY, METABOLIC SYNDROME AND DRUG-INDUCED INJURY. A VARIETY OF CHEMICALS, MAINLY DRUGS, AND DIETS IS KNOWN TO CAUSE HEPATIC STEATOSIS IN HUMANS AND RODENTS. EXPERIMENTAL NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE MODELS RELY ON THE APPLICATION OF A DIET OR THE ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS TO LABORATORY ANIMALS OR THE EXPOSURE OF HEPATIC CELL LINES TO THESE DRUGS. MORE RECENTLY, GENETICALLY MODIFIED RODENTS OR ZEBRAFISH HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED AS NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE MODELS. CONSIDERABLE INTEREST NOW LIES IN THE DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL NON-INVASIVE BIOMARKERS OF NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE, WITH SPECIFIC FOCUS ON HEPATIC STEATOSIS. EXPERIMENTAL DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS OF NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE, SUCH AS (EPI)GENETIC PARAMETERS AND '-OMICS'-BASED READ-OUTS ARE STILL IN THEIR INFANCY, BUT SHOW GREAT PROMISE. IN THIS PAPER, THE ARRAY OF TOOLS AND MODELS FOR THE STUDY OF LIVER STEATOSIS IS DISCUSSED. FURTHERMORE, THE CURRENT STATE-OF-ART REGARDING EXPERIMENTAL BIOMARKERS SUCH AS EPIGENETIC, GENETIC, TRANSCRIPTOMIC, PROTEOMIC AND METABONOMIC BIOMARKERS WILL BE REVIEWED.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
12  5987  20 TGF-BETA SIGNAL SHIFTING BETWEEN TUMOR SUPPRESSION AND FIBRO-CARCINOGENESIS IN HUMAN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES. PERTURBATION OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF)-BETA SIGNALING IN HEPATOCYTES PERSISTENTLY INFECTED WITH HEPATITIS VIRUSES PROMOTES BOTH FIBROGENESIS AND CARCINOGENESIS (FIBRO-CARCINOGENESIS). INSIGHTS INTO HEPATOCYTIC FIBRO-CARCINOGENESIS HAVE EMERGED FROM RECENT DETAILED ANALYSES OF CONTEXT-DEPENDENT AND CELL TYPE-SPECIFIC TGF-BETA SIGNALING PROCESSES DIRECTED BY MULTIPLE PHOSPHORYLATED FORMS (PHOSPHO-ISOFORMS) OF SMAD MEDIATORS. IN THE COURSE OF HEPATITIS VIRUS-RELATED CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, ONGOING VIRAL INFECTION, AND HOST GENETIC/EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ADDITIVELY SHIFT HEPATOCYTIC SMAD PHOSPHO-ISOFORM SIGNALING FROM TUMOR SUPPRESSION TO FIBRO-CARCINOGENESIS, ACCELERATING LIVER FIBROSIS AND INCREASING RISK OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). AFTER SUCCESSFUL ANTIVIRAL THERAPY, PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS CAN EXPERIENCE LESS RISK OF HCC OCCURRENCE BY REVERSING SMAD PHOSPHO-ISOFORM SIGNALING FROM FIBRO-CARCINOGENESIS TO TUMOR SUPPRESSION. HOWEVER, PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS CAN STILL DEVELOP HCC OWING TO SUSTAINED, INTENSE FIBRO-CARCINOGENIC SIGNALING. RECENT PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING SMAD PHOSPHO-ISOFORM SIGNALING SHOULD PERMIT USE OF SMAD PHOSPHORYLATION AS A TOOL PREDICTING THE LIKELIHOOD OF LIVER DISEASE PROGRESSION, AND AS A BIOMARKER FOR ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERVENTIONS AIMED AT REDUCING FIBROSIS AND CANCER RISK.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
13  4448  33 MOLECULAR MECHANISM AND TREATMENT OF VIRAL HEPATITIS-RELATED LIVER FIBROSIS. HEPATIC FIBROSIS IS A WOUND-HEALING RESPONSE TO VARIOUS CHRONIC STIMULI, INCLUDING VIRAL HEPATITIS B OR C INFECTION. ACTIVATED MYOFIBROBLASTS, PREDOMINANTLY DERIVED FROM THE HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSCS), REGULATE THE BALANCE BETWEEN MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES AND THEIR TISSUE INHIBITORS TO MAINTAIN EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX HOMEOSTASIS. TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA AND PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR ARE CLASSIC PROFIBROGENIC SIGNALS THAT ACTIVATE HSC PROLIFERATION. IN ADDITION, PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND CHEMOKINES COORDINATE MACROPHAGES, T CELLS, NK/NKT CELLS, AND LIVER SINUSOIDAL ENDOTHELIAL CELLS IN COMPLEX FIBROGENIC AND REGRESSION PROCESSES. IN ADDITION, FIBROGENESIS INVOLVES ANGIOGENESIS, METABOLIC REPROGRAMMING, AUTOPHAGY, MICRORNA, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS. HEPATIC INFLAMMATION IS THE DRIVING FORCE BEHIND LIVER FIBROSIS; HOWEVER, HOST SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS AND VIRAL FACTORS, INCLUDING THE GENOTYPE, VIRAL LOAD, VIRAL MUTATION, AND VIRAL PROTEINS, HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH FIBROSIS PROGRESSION. ELIMINATING THE UNDERLYING ETIOLOGY IS THE MOST CRUCIAL ANTIFIBROTIC THERAPY. GROWING EVIDENCE HAS INDICATED THAT PERSISTENT VIRAL SUPPRESSION WITH ANTIVIRAL THERAPY CAN RESULT IN FIBROSIS REGRESSION, REDUCED LIVER DISEASE PROGRESSION, DECREASED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA, AND IMPROVED CHANCES OF SURVIVAL. PRECLINICAL STUDIES AND CLINICAL TRIALS ARE CURRENTLY EXAMINING SEVERAL INVESTIGATIONAL AGENTS THAT TARGET KEY FIBROGENIC PATHWAYS; THE RESULTS ARE PROMISING AND SHED LIGHT ON THIS DEBILITATING ILLNESS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
14  5907  46 TARGET-BASED SMALL MOLECULE DRUG DISCOVERY TOWARDS NOVEL THERAPEUTICS FOR INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD), INCLUDING ULCERATIVE COLITIS (UC) AND CROHN'S DISEASE (CD), IS A CLASS OF SEVERE AND CHRONIC DISEASES OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) TRACT WITH RECURRENT SYMPTOMS AND SIGNIFICANT MORBIDITY. LONG-TERM PERSISTENCE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN IBD IS A MAJOR CONTRIBUTING FACTOR TO NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF COLITIS-ASSOCIATED COLORECTAL CANCER. CONVERSELY, PERSISTENCE OF TRANSMURAL INFLAMMATION IN CD IS ASSOCIATED WITH FORMATION OF FIBROSING STRICTURES, RESULTING IN SUBSTANTIAL MORBIDITY. THE RECENT INTRODUCTION OF BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE MODIFIERS AS IBD THERAPIES, SUCH AS ANTIBODIES NEUTRALIZING TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR (TNF)-ALPHA, HAVE REPLACED NONSELECTIVE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CORTICOSTEROIDS IN DISEASE MANAGEMENT. HOWEVER, A LARGE PROPORTION (~40%) OF PATIENTS WITH THE TREATMENT OF ANTI-TNF-ALPHA ANTIBODIES ARE DISCONTINUED OR WITHDRAWN FROM THERAPY BECAUSE OF (1) PRIMARY NONRESPONSE, (2) SECONDARY LOSS OF RESPONSE, (3) OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION, OR (4) ONSET OF CANCER. THEREFORE, THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL AND EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTICS TARGETING SPECIFIC SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF IBD IS URGENTLY NEEDED. IN THIS COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE RECENT ADVANCES IN DRUG DISCOVERY OF NEW SMALL MOLECULES IN PRECLINICAL OR CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT FOR TREATING IBD THAT TARGET BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT PATHWAYS IN MUCOSAL INFLAMMATION. THESE INCLUDE INTRACELLULAR ENZYMES (JANUS KINASES, RECEPTOR INTERACTING PROTEIN, PHOSPHODIESTERASE 4, IKAPPAB KINASE), INTEGRINS, G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS (S1P, CCR9, CXCR4, CB2) AND INFLAMMASOME MEDIATORS (NLRP3), ETC. WE WILL ALSO DISCUSS EMERGING EVIDENCE OF A DISTINCT MECHANISM OF ACTION, BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 4, AN EPIGENETIC REGULATOR OF PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE ACTIVATION, COMMUNICATION, AND TRAFFICKING OF IMMUNE CELLS. WE HIGHLIGHT THEIR CHEMOTYPES, MODE OF ACTIONS, STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS, CHARACTERIZATIONS, AND THEIR IN VITRO/IN VIVO ACTIVITIES AND THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL. THE PERSPECTIVES ON THE RELEVANT CHALLENGES, NEW OPPORTUNITIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN THIS FIELD ARE ALSO DISCUSSED.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
15   852  31 CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS (PSC): A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW. CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA (CCA) IS THE MOST COMMON MALIGNANCY IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS (PSC) AND CARRIES A HIGH RATE OF MORTALITY. ALTHOUGH THE PATHOGENESIS OF CCA IN PSC IS LARGELY UNKNOWN, INFLAMMATION-DRIVEN CARCINOGENESIS CONCOMITANT WITH VARIOUS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES ARE UNDERLYING FACTORS. THE MAJORITY OF CCA CASES DEVELOP FROM A DOMINANT STRICTURE (DS), WHICH IS DEFINED AS A STRICTURE WITH A DIAMETER < 1.5 MM IN THE COMMON BILE DUCT OR < 1.0 MM IN THE HEPATIC DUCT. IN PSC PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH AN ABRUPT AGGRAVATION OF JAUNDICE, PAIN, FATIGUE, PRURITUS, WEIGHT LOSS, OR WORSENING LIVER BIOCHEMISTRIES, CCA SHOULD BE SUSPECTED AND EVALUATED UTILIZING A VARIETY OF DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES. HOWEVER, EARLY RECOGNITION OF CCA IN PSC REMAINS A MAJOR CHALLENGE. IMPORTANTLY, 30-50% OF CCA IN PSC PATIENTS ARE OBSERVED WITHIN THE FIRST YEAR FOLLOWING THE DIAGNOSIS OF PSC FOLLOWED BY AN ANNUAL INCIDENCE RANGING FROM 0.5 TO 1.5 PER 100 PERSONS, WHICH IS NEARLY 10 TO 1000 TIMES HIGHER THAN THAT IN THE GENERAL POPULATION. CUMULATIVE 5-YEAR, 10-YEAR, AND LIFETIME INCIDENCES ARE 7%, 8-11%, AND 9-20%, RESPECTIVELY. WHEN PSC-ASSOCIATED CCA IS DIAGNOSED, MOST TUMORS ARE UNRESECTABLE, AND NO EFFECTIVE MEDICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE. GIVEN THE POOR THERAPEUTIC OUTCOME, THE SURVEILLANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF PSC PATIENTS WHO ARE AT AN INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING CCA ARE OF IMPORTANCE. SUCH PATIENTS INCLUDE OLDER MALES WITH LARGE-DUCT PSC AND POSSIBLY CONCURRENT ULCERATIVE COLITIS. THUS, MORE ATTENTION SHOULD BE PAID TO PATIENTS WITH THESE CLINICAL FEATURES, IN PARTICULAR WITHIN THE FIRST YEAR AFTER PSC DIAGNOSIS. IN CONTRAST, CCA IS LESS FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN PEDIATRIC OR FEMALE PSC PATIENTS OR IN THOSE WITH SMALL-DUCT PSC OR CONCURRENT CROHN'S DISEASE. RECENTLY, NEW BIOMARKERS SUCH AS ANTIBODIES TO GLYCOPROTEIN 2 HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING CCA IN PSC. HEREIN, WE REVIEW THE LITERATURE ON THE PATHOGENESIS, INCIDENCE, CLINICAL FEATURES, AND RISK FACTORS, WITH A FOCUS ON VARIOUS DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES OF PSC-ASSOCIATED CCA.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
16  3931  21 LIVER INJURY AND THE ACTIVATION OF THE HEPATIC MYOFIBROBLASTS. LIVER FIBROSIS IS A WOUND HEALING PROCESS, THE END RESULT OF CHRONIC LIVER INJURY ELICITED BY DIFFERENT NOXIOUS STIMULI. ACTIVATED HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS OR MYOFIBROBLASTS AND PORTAL MYOFIBROBLASTS ARE CONSIDERED AS THE MAIN PRODUCERS OF THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX IN THE LIVER. UPON LIVER INJURY THE QUIESCENT STELLATE CELLS TRANSDIFFERENTIATE INTO MYOFIBROBLASTS A PROCESS HIGHLIGHTED BY THE LOSS OF VITAMIN A STORES, UPREGULATION OF INTERSTITIAL TYPE COLLAGENS, SMOOTH MUSCLE ALPHA ACTIN, MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES, PROTEOGLYCANS, AND THE INDUCTION OF CELL SURVIVAL PATHWAYS. ACTIVATION OF HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS IS A RESULT OF A COMPLEX INTERPLAY BETWEEN THE PARENCHYMAL CELLS, IMMUNE CELLS, EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX MECHANICS AND EXTRAHEPATIC MILIEU SUCH AS THE GUT MICROBIOME. IN THIS REVIEW WE WILL FOCUS ON THE PATHOMECHANISM OF STELLATE CELL ACTIVATION FOLLOWING CHRONIC LIVER INJURY; WITH THE AIM OF IDENTIFYING POSSIBLE TREATMENT TARGETS FOR ANTI-FIBROGENIC AGENTS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
17  4890  27 OXIDATIVE STRESS AND HEPATIC NOX PROTEINS IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS C AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE MOST COMMON LIVER CANCER AND A LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED MORTALITY IN THE WORLD. HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) IS A MAJOR ETIOLOGIC AGENT OF HCC. A MAJORITY OF HCV INFECTIONS LEAD TO CHRONIC INFECTION THAT CAN PROGRESS TO CIRRHOSIS AND, EVENTUALLY, HCC AND LIVER FAILURE. A COMMON PATHOGENIC FEATURE PRESENT IN HCV INFECTION, AND OTHER CONDITIONS LEADING TO HCC, IS OXIDATIVE STRESS. HCV DIRECTLY INCREASES SUPEROXIDE AND H2O2 FORMATION IN HEPATOCYTES BY ELEVATING NOX PROTEIN EXPRESSION AND SENSITIZING MITOCHONDRIA TO REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES GENERATION WHILE DECREASING GLUTATHIONE. NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHESIS AND HEPATIC IRON ARE ALSO ELEVATED. FURTHERMORE, ACTIVATION OF PHAGOCYTIC NADPH OXIDASE (NOX) 2 OF HOST IMMUNE CELLS IS LIKELY TO EXACERBATE OXIDATIVE STRESS IN HCV-INFECTED PATIENTS. KEY MECHANISMS OF HCC INCLUDE GENOME INSTABILITY, EPIGENETIC REGULATION, INFLAMMATION WITH CHRONIC TISSUE INJURY AND SUSTAINED CELL PROLIFERATION, AND MODULATION OF CELL GROWTH AND DEATH. OXIDATIVE STRESS, OR NOX PROTEINS, PLAYS VARIOUS ROLES IN THESE MECHANISMS. NOX PROTEINS ALSO FUNCTION IN HEPATIC FIBROSIS, WHICH COMMONLY PRECEDES HCC, AND NOX4 ELEVATION BY HCV IS MEDIATED BY TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES MECHANISMS OF ONCOGENESIS BY HCV, HIGHLIGHTING THE ROLES OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND HEPATIC NOX ENZYMES IN HCC.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
18   537  25 ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA: IS IT REALLY ASYMPTOMATIC? PURPOSE OF REVIEW: HYPERURICEMIA IS HIGHLY PREVALENT, AFFECTING APPROXIMATELY 38 MILLION INDIVIDUALS IN THE UNITED STATES. HOWEVER, THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA - HYPERURICEMIA IN THE ABSENCE OF GOUT - CONTINUES TO BE DEBATED. RECENT FINDINGS: ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA RESULTS IN MONOSODIUM URATE CRYSTAL DEPOSITION IN TISSUES, WHICH MAY PROMOTE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. INTRACELLULARLY, HYPERURICEMIA INHIBITS THE MASTER REGULATOR ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE (AMP)-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN KINASE AND MAY CONDITION INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES THROUGH DURABLE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. AT THE POPULATION LEVEL, ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIPLE COMORBIDITIES, INCLUDING HYPERTENSION, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE, AND DIABETES; LIMITATIONS OF THESE STUDIES INCLUDE THAT MOST ARE RETROSPECTIVE AND SOME DO NOT RIGOROUSLY DISTINGUISH BETWEEN ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA AND GOUT. TREATMENT STUDIES SUGGEST THAT URATE LOWERING MAY REDUCE THE RISK OF INCIDENCE OR PROGRESSION OF SOME OF THESE COMORBIDITIES; UNFORTUNATELY, MANY OF THESE TREATMENT STUDIES ARE SMALL OR FLAWED, AND NOT ALL STUDY RESULTS ARE CONSISTENT. SUMMARY: ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA CONTRIBUTES TO THE COMORBIDITIES WITH WHICH IT ASSOCIATES AND THAT PROPER ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA TREATMENT MAY REDUCE FUTURE RISK. ADDITIONAL PROSPECTIVE TRIALS ARE NEEDED TO DEFINITELY ESTABLISH CAUSALITY AND SUPPORT DECISION-MAKING AS TO WHETHER, AND WHICH PATIENTS WITH ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA WOULD WARRANT URATE-LOWERING TREATMENT.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
19   320  30 ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE: PATHOGENESIS AND NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE (ALD) IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE WORLDWIDE AND CAN LEAD TO FIBROSIS AND CIRRHOSIS. THE LATEST SURVEILLANCE REPORT PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM SHOWED THAT LIVER CIRRHOSIS WAS THE 12TH LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH IN THE UNITED STATES, WITH A TOTAL OF 29,925 DEATHS IN 2007, 48% OF WHICH WERE ALCOHOL RELATED. THE SPECTRUM OF ALD INCLUDES SIMPLE STEATOSIS, ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS, FIBROSIS, CIRRHOSIS, AND SUPERIMPOSED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. EARLY WORK ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE DISEASE FOCUSED ON ETHANOL METABOLISM-ASSOCIATED OXIDATIVE STRESS AND GLUTATHIONE DEPLETION, ABNORMAL METHIONINE METABOLISM, MALNUTRITION, AND PRODUCTION OF ENDOTOXINS THAT ACTIVATE KUPFFER CELLS. WE REVIEW FINDINGS FROM RECENT STUDIES THAT HAVE CHARACTERIZED SPECIFIC INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS, TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTORS, ASPECTS OF INNATE IMMUNITY, CHEMOKINES, EPIGENETIC FEATURES, MICRORNAS, AND STEM CELLS THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ALD, IMPROVING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF ITS PATHOGENESIS. DESPITE THIS PROGRESS, NO TARGETED THERAPIES ARE AVAILABLE. THE CORNERSTONE OF TREATMENT FOR ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS REMAINS AS IT WAS 40 YEARS AGO: ABSTINENCE, NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT, AND CORTICOSTEROIDS. THERE IS AN URGENT NEED TO DEVELOP NEW PATHOPHYSIOLOGY-ORIENTED THERAPIES. RECENT TRANSLATIONAL STUDIES OF HUMAN SAMPLES AND ANIMAL MODELS HAVE IDENTIFIED PROMISING THERAPEUTIC TARGETS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
20  6757  41 WNT SIGNALING IN LIVER FIBROSIS: PROGRESS, CHALLENGES AND POTENTIAL DIRECTIONS. LIVER FIBROSIS IS A COMMON WOUND-HEALING RESPONSE TO CHRONIC LIVER INJURIES, INCLUDING ALCOHOLIC OR DRUG TOXICITY, PERSISTENT VIRAL INFECTION, AND GENETIC FACTORS. MYOFIBROBLASTIC TRANSDIFFERENTIATION (MTD) IS THE PIVOTAL EVENT DURING LIVER FIBROGENESIS, AND RESEARCH IN THE PAST FEW YEARS HAS IDENTIFIED KEY MEDIATORS AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR MTD OF HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSCS). HSCS ARE UNDIFFERENTIATED CELLS WHICH PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN LIVER REGENERATION. RECENT EVIDENCE DEMONSTRATES THAT HSCS DERIVE FROM MESODERM AND AT LEAST IN PART VIA SEPTUM TRANSVERSUM AND MESOTHELIUM, AND HSCS EXPRESS MARKERS FOR DIFFERENT CELL TYPES WHICH DERIVE FROM MULTIPOTENT MESENCHYMAL PROGENITORS. THERE IS A REGULATORY COMMONALITY BETWEEN DIFFERENTIATION OF ADIPOCYTES AND THAT OF HSC, AND THE SHIFT FROM ADIPOGENIC TO MYOGENIC OR NEURONAL PHENOTYPE CHARACTERIZES HSC MTD. CENTRAL OF THIS SHIFT IS A LOSS OF EXPRESSION OF THE MASTER ADIPOGENIC REGULATOR PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA (PPARGAMMA). RESTORED EXPRESSION OF PPARGAMMA AND/OR OTHER ADIPOGENIC TRANSCRIPTION GENES CAN REVERSE MYOFIBROBLASTIC HSCS TO DIFFERENTIATED CELLS. VERTEBRATE WNT AND DROSOPHILA WINGLESS ARE HOMOLOGOUS GENES, AND THEIR TRANSLATED PROTEINS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO PARTICIPATE IN THE REGULATION OF CELL PROLIFERATION, CELL POLARITY, CELL DIFFERENTIATION, AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL ROLES. MORE RECENTLY, WNT SIGNALING IS IMPLICATED IN HUMAN FIBROSING DISEASES, SUCH AS PULMONARY FIBROSIS, RENAL FIBROSIS, AND LIVER FIBROSIS. BLOCKING THE CANONICAL WNT SIGNAL PATHWAY WITH THE CO-RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST DICKKOPF-1 (DKK1) ABROGATES THESE EPIGENETIC REPRESSIONS AND RESTORES THE GENE PPARGAMMA EXPRESSION AND HSC DIFFERENTIATION. THE IDENTIFIED MORPHOGEN MEDIATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF PPARGAMMA AND HSC DIFFERENTIATION ALSO SERVES AS NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR LIVER FIBROSIS AND LIVER REGENERATION. IN CONCLUSION, THE WNT SIGNALING PROMOTES LIVER FIBROSIS BY ENHANCING HSC ACTIVATION AND SURVIVAL, AND WE HEREIN DISCUSS WHAT WE CURRENTLY KNOW AND WHAT WE EXPECT WILL COME IN THIS FIELD IN THE NEXT FUTURE.	2013