1  6682 165 UTERINE LEIOMYOMA: AVAILABLE MEDICAL TREATMENTS AND NEW POSSIBLE THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS. CONTEXT: UTERINE LEIOMYOMAS (FIBROIDS OR MYOMAS) ARE BENIGN TUMORS OF THE UTERUS AND ARE CLINICALLY APPARENT IN UP TO 25% OF REPRODUCTIVE-AGE WOMEN. HEAVY OR ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING, PELVIC PAIN OR PRESSURE, INFERTILITY, AND RECURRENT PREGNANCY LOSS ARE GENERALLY ASSOCIATED WITH LEIOMYOMA. ALTHOUGH SURGICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL THERAPIES ARE FREQUENTLY USED FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF THIS TUMOR, MEDICAL THERAPIES ARE CONSIDERED THE FIRST-LINE TREATMENT OF LEIOMYOMA. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION AND SYNTHESIS: A REVIEW WAS CONDUCTED OF ELECTRONIC AND PRINT DATA COMPRISING BOTH ORIGINAL AND REVIEW ARTICLES ON PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICAL TREATMENTS OF UTERINE LEIOMYOMA RETRIEVED FROM THE PUBMED OR GOOGLE SCHOLAR DATABASE UP TO JUNE 2012. THESE RESOURCES WERE INTEGRATED WITH THE AUTHORS' KNOWLEDGE OF THE FIELD. CONCLUSION: TO DATE, SEVERAL PATHOGENETIC FACTORS SUCH AS GENETIC FACTORS, EPIGENETIC FACTORS, ESTROGENS, PROGESTERONE, GROWTH FACTORS, CYTOKINES, CHEMOKINES, AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX COMPONENTS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN LEIOMYOMA DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH. ON THE BASIS OF CURRENT HYPOTHESES, SEVERAL MEDICAL THERAPIES HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED. GNRH AGONIST HAS BEEN APPROVED BY US FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION FOR REDUCING FIBROID VOLUME AND RELATED SYMPTOMS. IN ADDITION, THE FDA ALSO APPROVED AN INTRAUTERINE DEVICE, LEVONORGESTREL-RELEASING INTRAUTERINE SYSTEM (MIRENA), FOR ADDITIONAL USE TO TREAT HEAVY MENSTRUAL BLEEDING IN INTRAUTERINE DEVICE USERS ONLY. CURRENTLY, MIFEPRISTONE, ASOPRISNIL, ULIPRISTAL ACETATE, AND EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE EFFECTIVE FOR FIBROID REGRESSION AND SYMPTOMATIC IMPROVEMENT WHICH ARE ALL IN CLINICAL TRIAL. IN ADDITION, SOME SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL COMPOUNDS AS WELL AS GROWTH FACTOR INHIBITORS ARE NOW UNDER LABORATORY INVESTIGATION, AND THEY COULD SERVE AS FUTURE THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
2  6185  27 THE IMPACT OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA ON REDOX STABILITY AND EPIGENETIC INFLAMMATION PATHWAYS: CROSSTALK ON PERIOPERATIVE ANTIOXIDANT THERAPY. WORLDWIDE, THE PREVALENCE OF SURGERY UNDER GENERAL ANESTHESIA HAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED, BOTH BECAUSE OF MODERN ANESTHETIC AND PAIN-CONTROL TECHNIQUES AND BECAUSE OF BETTER DIAGNOSIS AND THE INCREASED COMPLEXITY OF SURGICAL TECHNIQUES. APART FROM DEVELOPING NEW CONCEPTS IN THE SURGICAL FIELD, RESEARCHERS AND CLINICIANS ARE NOW WORKING ON MINIMIZING THE IMPACT OF SURGICAL TRAUMA AND OFFERING MINIMAL INVASIVE PROCEDURES DUE TO THE RECENT DISCOVERIES IN THE FIELD OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THAT HAVE REVEALED A SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY AND PRO-OXIDATIVE IMPACT NOT ONLY IN THE PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD BUT ALSO IN THE LONG TERM, CONTRIBUTING TO MORE DIFFICULT RECOVERY, INCREASED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY, AND A NEGATIVE FINANCIAL IMPACT. DETAILED MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ANALYSIS HAS SHOWN AN OVERPRODUCTION OF INFLAMMATORY AND PRO-OXIDATIVE SPECIES, RESPONSIBLE FOR AUGMENTING THE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY STATUS AND MAKING POSTOPERATIVE RECOVERY MORE DIFFICULT. MOREOVER, THERE ARE A SERIES OF CHANGES IN CERTAIN EPIGENETIC STRUCTURES, THE MOST IMPORTANT BEING THE MICRORNAS. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES THE MOST IMPORTANT MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS THAT IMPACT THE SURGICAL PATIENT UNDERGOING GENERAL ANESTHESIA, AND IT PRESENTS A SERIES OF ANTIOXIDANT THERAPIES THAT CAN REDUCE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
3  3821  35 INTRODUCTION: FROM PATHOGENESIS TO THERAPY, DEEP ENDOMETRIOSIS REMAINS A SOURCE OF CONTROVERSY. DEEP ENDOMETRIOSIS REMAINS A SOURCE OF CONTROVERSY. A NUMBER OF THEORIES MAY EXPLAIN ITS PATHOGENESIS AND MANY ARGUMENTS SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE A PREREQUISITE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF LESIONS INTO DEEP ENDOMETRIOSIS. DEEP ENDOMETRIOSIS IS FREQUENTLY RESPONSIBLE FOR PELVIC PAIN, DYSMENORRHEA, AND/OR DEEP DYSPAREUNIA, BUT CAN ALSO CAUSE OBSTETRICAL COMPLICATIONS. DIAGNOSIS MAY BE IMPROVED BY HIGH-QUALITY IMAGING. THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES ARE A SOURCE OF CONTENTION AS WELL. IN THIS ISSUE'S VIEWS AND REVIEWS, MEDICAL AND SURGICAL STRATEGIES ARE DISCUSSED, AND IT IS EMPHASIZED THAT TREATMENT SHOULD BE DESIGNED ACCORDING TO A PATIENT'S SYMPTOMS AND INDIVIDUAL NEEDS. IT IS ALSO VITAL THAT REFERRAL CENTERS HAVE THE KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE TO TREAT DEEP ENDOMETRIOSIS MEDICALLY AND/OR SURGICALLY. THE DEBATE MUST CONTINUE BECAUSE EMERGING TRENDS IN THERAPY NEED TO BE FOLLOWED AND INVESTIGATED FOR OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
4  5280  27 PROMOTING SYMPATHOVAGAL BALANCE IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; PHARMACOLOGICAL, NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL, AND SURGICAL STRATEGIES. ACCUMULATED EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT CARDIOVASCULAR AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS) DYSFUNCTION MAY BE THE UNDERLYING CAUSE OF MANY MS CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS, INCLUDING NEURODEGENERATION AND REDUCED RESPONSE TO IMMUNOMODULATORY THERAPIES, DEPRESSION, FATIGUE AND SLEEP DISORDERS, MIGRAINE, OSTEOPOROSIS, AND CHRONIC CEREBROSPINAL VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY, THE NEWER MS VASCULAR ETIOLOGY. WE HAVE RECENTLY DESCRIBED THE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS WITH THE POTENTIAL INFLUENCING ANS ACTIVITY, AND THE INTERACTIONS AMONG THESE FACTORS. THIS REVIEW EXPANDS UPON PREVIOUS ONES, DESCRIBING THE PHARMACOLOGICAL, NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL, AND SURGICAL STRATEGIES THAT COULD BE ADOPTED TO PREVENT AND MINIMIZE THE DETERIORATION IN ANS FUNCTION, PROMOTING A STATE OF SYMPATHOVAGAL BALANCE. HOWEVER, THESE STRATEGIES SHOULD NOT BE APPLIED AS "ONE SIZE FITS ALL", BUT SHOULD TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE NATURE AND THE DEGREE OF ANS DYSFUNCTION. THESE STRATEGIES WOULD BE EFFECTIVE IN IMPROVING ANS FUNCTION NOT ONLY IN MS, BUT ALSO IN OTHER AUTOIMMUNE AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES, WHERE THE DYSFUNCTION OF THIS SYSTEM PLAYS A ROLE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
5  4053  41 MANAGING KELOID SCARS: FROM RADIATION THERAPY TO ACTUAL AND POTENTIAL DRUG DELIVERIES. THE AETIOLOGY OF KELOIDS IS BECOMING CLEARER, BUT MANY QUESTIONS REMAIN, INCLUDING ABOUT THE MOST OPTIMAL TREATMENT. CURRENT THERAPIES INCLUDE SURGICAL EXCISION, RADIOTHERAPY, AND VARIOUS PHARMACEUTICAL DRUGS. HOWEVER, NONE OF THESE DRUGS ARE KELOID-SPECIFIC. MOREOVER, ALL CURRENT INTERVENTIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH RECURRENCE RATES. HERE, WE REVIEW THE PHARMACEUTICAL INTERVENTIONS THAT ARE CURRENTLY AVAILABLE. ALL ARE BASED ON THE FACT THAT KELOIDS ARE AN EXPANDING SOLID MASS WITH INTENSE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AT ITS ADVANCING EDGES. CONSEQUENTLY, CURRENT PHARMACEUTICALS AIM TO REDUCE THE MASS AND/OR SYMPTOMS OF KELOIDS, SIMILAR TO SURGERY AND RADIOTHERAPY. THEY INCLUDE CHEMOTHERAPIES, IMMUNOTHERAPIES, VOLUME-REDUCING THERAPIES, AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY THERAPIES. WE ALSO DESCRIBE NEW ADVANCES IN KELOID PHARMACEUTICALS. THEY INCLUDE DRUGS THAT WERE DESIGNED TO TREAT SYSTEMIC DISEASES SUCH AS HYPERTENSION OR BREAST CANCER BUT WERE FOUND TO ALSO TREAT KELOIDS. FURTHERMORE, RECENT PROGRESS IN GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND STEM CELL THERAPIES SUGGESTS THAT THEY COULD BECOME USEFUL IN THE KELOID FIELD. THIS REVIEW OF PHARMACEUTICAL ADVANCES WILL HOPEFULLY PROMOTE ADDITIONAL RESEARCH AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE AND SPECIFIC PHARMACEUTICALS FOR KELOIDS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
6  4413  41 MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR INSIGHTS INTO THE DEVELOPMENT OF UTERINE FIBROIDS. UTERINE LEIOMYOMAS REPRESENT THE MOST COMMON BENIGN GYNECOLOGIC TUMOR. THESE HORMONE-DEPENDENT SMOOTH-MUSCLE FORMATIONS OCCUR WITH AN ESTIMATED PREVALENCE OF ~70% AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE AND CAUSE SYMPTOMS INCLUDING PAIN, ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING, INFERTILITY, AND RECURRENT ABORTION. DESPITE THE PREVALENCE AND PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACT OF UTERINE LEIOMYOMAS, AVAILABLE TREATMENTS REMAIN LIMITED. AMONG THE POTENTIAL CAUSES OF LEIOMYOMAS, EARLY HORMONAL EXPOSURE DURING PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT MAY RESULT IN DEVELOPMENTAL REPROGRAMMING VIA EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT PERSIST IN ADULTHOOD, LEADING TO DISEASE ONSET OR PROGRESSION. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN UNBIASED HIGH-THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGY ENABLE POWERFUL APPROACHES TO DETECT DRIVER MUTATIONS, YIELDING NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE GENOMIC INSTABILITY OF LEIOMYOMAS. CURRENT DATA ALSO SUGGEST THAT EACH LEIOMYOMA ORIGINATES FROM THE CLONAL EXPANSION OF A SINGLE TRANSFORMED SOMATIC STEM CELL OF THE MYOMETRIUM. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PROPOSE AN INTEGRATED CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR VIEW OF THE ORIGINS OF LEIOMYOMAS, AS WELL AS PARADIGM-SHIFTING STUDIES THAT WILL LEAD TO BETTER UNDERSTANDING AND THE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF NON-SURGICAL TREATMENTS FOR THESE HIGHLY FREQUENT TUMORS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
7  5497  36 REVIEW: ANIMAL MODELS OF ACQUIRED EPILEPSY: INSIGHTS INTO MECHANISMS OF HUMAN EPILEPTOGENESIS. IN MANY PATIENTS WHO SUFFER FROM EPILEPSIES, RECURRENT EPILEPTIC SEIZURES DO NOT START AT BIRTH BUT DEVELOP LATER IN LIFE. THIS HOLDS PARTICULARLY TRUE FOR EPILEPSIES WITH A FOCAL SEIZURE ORIGIN INCLUDING FOCAL CORTICAL DYSPLASIAS AND TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY (TLE). TLE MOST FREQUENTLY HAS ITS SEIZURE ONSET IN THE HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION. HIPPOCAMPAL BIOPSIES OF PHARMACORESISTANT TLE PATIENTS UNDERGOING EPILEPSY SURGERY FOR SEIZURE CONTROL MOST FREQUENTLY REVEAL THE DAMAGE PATTERN OF HIPPOCAMPAL SCLEROSIS, THAT IS, SEGMENTAL NEURONAL CELL LOSS AND CONCOMITANT ASTROGLIOSIS. MANY TLE PATIENTS REPORT ON TRANSIENT BRAIN INSULTS EARLY IN LIFE, WHICH IS FOLLOWED BY A 'LATENCY' PERIOD LACKING SEIZURE ACTIVITY OF MONTHS OR EVEN YEARS BEFORE CHRONIC RECURRENT SEIZURES START. THE PLETHORA OF STRUCTURAL AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS THAT CONVERT THE HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION TO BECOME CHRONICALLY HYPEREXCITABLE AFTER A TRANSIENT INSULT TO THE BRAIN ARE SUMMARIZED UNDER THE TERM EPILEPTOGENESIS. IN CONTRAST TO THE OBSTACLES ARISING FOR EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF EPILEPTOGENESIS ASPECTS IN HUMAN SURGICAL HIPPOCAMPAL TISSUE, RECENT ANIMAL MODEL APPROACHES ALLOW INSIGHTS INTO MECHANISMS OF EPILEPTOGENESIS. RELEVANT MODELS OF TRANSIENT BRAIN INSULTS IN THIS CONTEXT COMPRISE SEVERAL DISTINCT TYPES OF LESIONS INCLUDING EXCITOXIC STATUS EPILEPTICUS (SE), ELECTRICAL SEIZURE INDUCTION, TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY, INDUCTION OF INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES BY HYPERTHERMIA AND VIRAL INFLAMMATION AND OTHERS. IN PATHOGENETIC TERMS, ABERRANT TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING, ACQUIRED CHANNEL- AND SYNAPTOPATHIES, NEURONAL NETWORK AND BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER DYSFUNCTION AS WELL AS INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY-MEDIATED DAMAGE PLAY MAJOR ROLES. IN SUBSEQUENT STEPS, RESPECTIVE ANIMAL MODELS HAVE BEEN USED IN ORDER TO TEST WHETHER THIS DYNAMIC PROCESS CAN BE EITHER RETARDED OR EVEN ABOLISHED BY INTERFERING WITH EPILEPTOGENIC MECHANISMS. WELL-CONTROLLED SUBSEQUENT ANALYSES OF EPILEPTOGENIC CASCADES CHARACTERIZED IN ANIMAL MODELS USING CAREFULLY STRATIFIED HUMAN HIPPOCAMPAL BIOPSIES TO EXPLOIT THE UNIQUE OPPORTUNITIES GIVEN BY THESE RARE AND PRECIOUS BRAIN TISSUE SAMPLES AIM TO TRANSLATE INTO NOVEL ANTIEPILEPTOGENIC APPROACHES. RESPECTIVE PRECLINICAL TESTS CAN OPEN ENTIRELY NEW PERSPECTIVES FOR TAILOR-MADE TREATMENTS IN PATIENTS WITH THE POTENTIAL TO AVOID THE EMERGENCE OF CHRONIC FOCAL SEIZURE EVENTS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
8  3773  27 INTERACTION OF CERVICAL MICROBIOME WITH EPIGENOME OF EPITHELIAL CELLS: SIGNIFICANCE OF INFLAMMATION TO PRIMARY HEALTHCARE. ONE PILLAR OF THE PREDICTIVE, PREVENTIVE, AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE FRAMEWORK STRATEGIES IS THE FEMALE HEALTH. THE EVALUATION OF WOMEN'S LIFESTYLE AND DIETARY HABITS IN CONTEXT WITH GENETIC AND MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS MAY REFLECT THE PREVENTION OF CERVICAL CANCER BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF CLINICAL SYMPTOMS AND PREDICTION OF CERVICAL LESION BEHAVIOR. THE MAIN AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO ANALYZE PUBLICATIONS IN THE FIELD OF PRECISION MEDICINE THAT ALLOW THE USE OF RESEARCH KNOWLEDGE OF CERVICAL MICROBIOME, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AND INFLAMMATION IN POTENTIAL APPLICATION IN CLINICAL PRACTICE. PERSONALIZED APPROACH IN EVALUATING PATIENT'S RISK OF FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF CERVICAL ABNORMALITY SHOULD CONSIDER THE BIOMARKERS OF THE LOCAL MICROENVIRONMENT CHARACTERIZED BY THE MICROBIAL COMPOSITION, EPIGENETIC PATTERN OF CERVICAL EPITHELIUM, AND PRESENCE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. NOVEL SEQUENCING TECHNIQUES ENABLE A MORE DETAILED CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTUAL STATE IN CERVICAL EPITHELIUM. BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF ALL CHANGES IN MULTIOMICS LEVEL ENABLES A BETTER ASSESSMENT OF DISEASE PROGNOSIS AND SELECTS THE ELIGIBLE TARGETED THERAPY IN PERSONALIZED MEDICINE. RESTORING OF HEALTHY VAGINAL MICROFLORA AND REVERSING THE OUTBREAK OF CERVICAL ABNORMALITY CAN BE ALSO ACHIEVED BY DIETARY HABITS AS WELL AS UPTAKE OF PREBIOTICS, PROBIOTICS, SYNBIOTICS, MICROBIAL TRANSPLANTATION, AND OTHERS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
9  5025  32 PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS. PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS (CVD), ALSO REFERRED TO AS PERSONALIZED OR PRECISION CARDIOLOGY IN ACCORDANCE WITH GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, IS SELECTION OF THE BEST TREATMENT FOR AN INDIVIDUAL PATIENT. IT INVOLVES THE INTEGRATION OF VARIOUS "OMICS" TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS AS WELL AS OTHER NEW TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY. MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS AND BIOMARKERS ARE IMPORTANT FOR LINKING DIAGNOSIS WITH THERAPY AND MONITORING THERAPY. BECAUSE CVD INVOLVE PERTURBATIONS OF LARGE COMPLEX BIOLOGICAL NETWORKS, A SYSTEMS BIOLOGY APPROACH TO CVD RISK STRATIFICATION MAY BE USED FOR IMPROVING RISK-ESTIMATING ALGORITHMS, AND MODELING OF PERSONALIZED BENEFIT OF TREATMENT MAY BE HELPFUL FOR GUIDING THE CHOICE OF INTERVENTION. BIOINFORMATICS TOOLS ARE HELPFUL IN ANALYZING AND INTEGRATING LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES. PERSONALIZED THERAPY IS CONSIDERED DURING DRUG DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING METHODS OF TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY AND CLINICAL TRIALS. INDIVIDUALIZED RECOMMENDATIONS CONSIDER MULTIPLE FACTORS - GENETIC AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC - FOR PATIENTS' RISK OF HEART DISEASE. EXAMPLES OF PERSONALIZED TREATMENT ARE THOSE OF CHRONIC MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA, HEART FAILURE, AND HYPERTENSION. SIMILAR APPROACHES CAN BE USED FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA, AS WELL AS THE USE OF ANTICOAGULANTS. PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT INCLUDES PHARMACOTHERAPY, SURGERY, LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS, AND COMBINATIONS THEREOF. FURTHER PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOMECHANISM OF COMPLEX CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND IDENTIFICATION OF CAUSATIVE FACTORS AT THE INDIVIDUAL PATIENT LEVEL WILL PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALIZED CARDIOLOGY. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE WILL IMPROVE THE CARE OF THE PATIENTS WITH CVD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
10  1888  39 ENDOMETRIOSIS AND IN VITRO FERTILISATION. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT REVIEW WAS TO DISCUSS A MATTER OF CONCERN IN THE CLINICAL FIELD OF OBSTETRICS/GYNECOLOGY, NAMELY THE POTENCY OF IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF) IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ENDOMETRIOSIS-ASSOCIATED INFERTILITY. ENDOMETRIOSIS IS A MEDICAL CONDITION AFFECTING ONE TENTH OF WOMEN IN THEIR FERTILE YEARS, AND ACCOUNTS FOR UP TO 50% OF INFERTILE WOMEN. THUS, SUCH HIGH PREVALENCE HAS ESTABLISHED THE NECESSITY FOR INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES IN ERADICATING THE DISEASE AND CONSTRAINING INFERTILITY AS WELL AS THE ACCOMPANYING PAIN SYMPTOMS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS CONNECTING ENDOMETRIOSIS WITH LOW FECUNDITY HAVE BEEN EXTENSIVELY STUDIED, BOTH IN TERMS OF GENETIC ALTERATIONS AND EPIGENETIC EVENTS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE MANIFESTATION OF AN INFERTILITY PHENOTYPE IN WOMEN WITH THE DISEASE. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE DEALT WITH THE IMPACT OF IVF IN PREGNANCY RATES (PRS) ON PATIENTS WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS, PARTICULARLY REGARDING WOMEN WHO WISH TO CONCEIVE. RESULTS RETRIEVED FROM STUDIES AND META-ANALYSES DEPICT A DIVERSE PATTERN OF IVF SUCCESS, UNDERLINING THE INVOLVEMENT OF INDIVIDUAL PARAMETERS IN THE CONFIGURATION OF THE FINAL OUTCOME. THE ULTIMATE DECISION ON UNDERGOING IVF TREATMENT SHOULD BE BASED ON OBJECTIVE CRITERIA AND CLINICIANS' EXPERIENCE, CUSTOMIZED ACCORDING TO PATIENTS' INDIVIDUAL NEEDS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
11  5039  42 PHARMACOGENETICS OF CHRONIC PAIN MANAGEMENT. OBJECTIVE: THE EXPERIENCE OF CHRONIC PAIN IS ONE OF THE COMMONEST REASONS INDIVIDUALS SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION, MAKING THE MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN A MAJOR ISSUE IN CLINICAL PRACTICE. DRUG METABOLISM AND RESPONSES ARE AFFECTED BY MANY FACTORS, WITH GENETIC VARIATIONS OFFERING ONLY A PARTIAL EXPLANATION OF AN INDIVIDUAL'S RESPONSE. THERE IS A PAUCITY OF EVIDENCE FOR THE BENEFITS OF PHARMACOGENETIC TESTING IN THE CONTEXT OF PAIN MANAGEMENT. DESIGN AND METHODS: WE REVIEWED THE LITERATURE BETWEEN 2000 AND 2013, AND REFERENCES CITED THEREIN, USING VARIOUS KEYWORDS RELATED TO PAIN MANAGEMENT, PHARMACOLOGY AND PHARMACOGENETICS. RESULTS: OPIOIDS CONTINUE TO BE THE MAINSTAY OF CHRONIC PAIN MANAGEMENT. SEVERAL NON-OPIOID BASED THERAPIES, SUCH AS TREATMENT WITH CANNABINOIDS, GENE THERAPY AND EPIGENETIC-BASED APPROACHES ARE NOW AVAILABLE FOR THESE PATIENTS. ADJUVANT THERAPIES WITH ANTIDEPRESSANTS, BENZODIAZEPINES OR ANTICONVULSANTS CAN ALSO BE USEFUL IN MANAGING PAIN. CURRENTLY, LABORATORY MONITORING OF PAIN MANAGEMENT PATIENTS, IF PERFORMED, IS LARGELY THROUGH URINE DRUG MEASUREMENTS. CONCLUSIONS: DRUG HALF-LIFE CALCULATIONS CAN BE USED AS FUNCTIONAL MARKERS OF THE CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF PHARMACOGENETICS AND DRUG-DRUG INTERACTIONS. ASSESSMENT OF HALF-LIFE AND THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS MAY BE MORE USEFUL THAN GENETIC TESTING IN PREVENTING ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS TO PAIN MEDICATIONS, WHILE ENSURING EFFECTIVE ANALGESIA. DEFINITIVE, MASS SPECTROMETRY-BASED METHODS, CAPABLE OF MEASURING PARENT DRUG AND METABOLITE LEVELS, ARE THE MOST USEFUL ASSAYS FOR THIS PURPOSE. URINE DRUG MEASUREMENTS DO NOT NECESSARILY CORRELATE WITH SERUM DRUG CONCENTRATIONS OR THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS. THEREFORE, THEY ARE LIMITED IN THEIR USE IN MONITORING EFFICACY AND TOXICITY.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
12  2924  22 GENERAL ANESTHETIC NEUROTOXICITY IN THE YOUNG: MECHANISM AND PREVENTION. GENERAL ANESTHESIA (GA) IS USUALLY CONSIDERED TO SAFELY INDUCE A REVERSIBLE UNCONSCIOUS STATE ALLOWING SURGERY TO BE PERFORMED WITHOUT PAIN. A GROWING NUMBER OF STUDIES, IN PARTICULAR PRE-CLINICAL STUDIES, HOWEVER, DEMONSTRATE THAT GENERAL ANESTHETICS CAN CAUSE NEURONAL DEATH AND EVEN LONG-TERM NEUROLOGICAL DEFICITS. HEREIN, WE REPORT OUR LITERATURE REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS DATA OF THE NEUROLOGICAL OUTCOMES AFTER ANESTHESIA IN THE YOUNG. WE ALSO REVIEW AVAILABLE MECHANISTIC AND EPIGENETIC DATA OF GA EXPOSURE RELATED TO COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT PER SE AND THE POTENTIAL PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES INCLUDING NATURAL HERBAL COMPOUNDS TO ATTENUATE THOSE SIDE EFFECTS. IN SUMMARY, ANESTHETIC-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY MAY BE TREATABLE AND NATURAL HERBAL COMPOUNDS AND OTHER MEDICATIONS MAY HAVE GREAT POTENTIAL FOR SUCH USE BUT WARRANTS FURTHER STUDY BEFORE CLINICAL APPLICATIONS CAN BE INITIATED.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
13   103  26 A REHABILOMICS FRAMEWORK FOR PERSONALIZED AND TRANSLATIONAL REHABILITATION RESEARCH AND CARE FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES: PERSPECTIVES AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR SPINAL CORD INJURY. DESPITE MANY PEOPLE HAVING SIMILAR CLINICAL PRESENTATION, DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS, AND CLINICAL CARE, OUTCOME CAN DIFFER FOR THOSE SUSTAINING SIGNIFICANT INJURY SUCH AS SPINAL CORD INJURY (SCI) AND TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI). IN ADDITION TO TRADITIONAL DEMOGRAPHIC, SOCIAL, AND CLINICAL FACTORS, VARIABILITY ALSO MAY BE ATTRIBUTABLE TO INNATE (INCLUDING GENETIC, TRANSCRIPTOMIC PROTEOMIC, EPIGENETIC) BIOLOGICAL VARIATION THAT INDIVIDUALS BRING TO RECOVERY AND THEIR UNIQUE RESPONSE TO THEIR CARE AND ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES COLLECTIVELY CALLED "-OMICS" ENABLE SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF AN ENORMOUS NUMBER OF BIOMOLECULES THAT CAN CAPTURE MANY POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTORS TO HETEROGENEITY OF INJURY/DISEASE COURSE AND OUTCOME. DUE TO THE NATURE OF INJURY AND COMPLEX DISEASE, AND ITS ASSOCIATIONS WITH IMPAIRMENT, DISABILITY, AND RECOVERY, REHABILITATION DOES NOT LEND ITSELF TO A SINGULAR "PROTOCOLIZED" PLAN OF THERAPY. YET, BY NATURE AND BY NECESSITY, REHABILITATION MEDICINE OPERATES AS A FUNCTIONAL MODEL OF "PERSONALIZED CARE". THUS, THE CHALLENGE FOR SUCCESSFUL PROGRAMS OF TRANSLATIONAL REHABILITATION CARE AND RESEARCH IS TO IDENTIFY VIABLE APPROACHES TO EXAMINE BROAD POPULATIONS, WITH VARIED IMPAIRMENTS AND FUNCTIONAL LIMITATIONS, AND TO IDENTIFY EFFECTIVE TREATMENT RESPONSES THAT INCORPORATE PERSONALIZED PROTOCOLS TO OPTIMIZE FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY. THE REHABILOMICS FRAMEWORK IS A TRANSLATIONAL MODEL THAT PROVIDES AN "-OMICS" OVERLAY TO THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF REHABILITATION PROCESSES AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL OUTCOMES. REHABILOMICS RESEARCH PROVIDES NOVEL OPPORTUNITIES TO EVALUATE THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF COMPLEX INJURY OR CHRONIC DISEASE AND CAN BE USED TO EXAMINE METHODS AND TREATMENTS FOR PERSON-CENTERED CARE AMONG POPULATIONS WITH DISABILITIES. EXEMPLARS FOR APPLICATION IN SCI AND OTHER NEUROREHABILITATION POPULATIONS ARE DISCUSSED.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
14  2900  39 GENDER BIAS IN THERAPEUTIC EFFORT: FROM RESEARCH TO HEALTH CARE. THERE ARE RELEVANT DIMENSIONS FROM A GENDER PERSPECTIVE RELATED TO THERAPEUTIC EFFORT. TO ILLUSTRATE AND DISCUSS POSSIBLE GENDER BIAS RELATED TO MEDICINES, THROUGH THE CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS IN WOMEN, THE PRESCRIPTION OF BIOLOGICAL DRUGS ACCORDING TO SEX, THE POTENTIAL GENDER INEQUALITY IN ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS, AND RESEARCH WITH CLINICAL TRIALS, AS WELL AS THE DECISIONS OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE MARKETING OF MEDICINAL PRODUCTS. THERE IS GREATER TENDENCY TO PRESCRIBE PAIN RELIEVERS, REGARDLESS OF PAIN, AND DRUGS FOR LOW INTENSITY DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN WOMEN THAN IN MEN. THE OPPOSITE OCCURS IN THE PRESCRIPTION OF STATINS AND ADEQUATE DOSES, AND WITH THE GREATER PROBABILITY OF PRESCRIBING ANTI-TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR IN MEN THAN IN WOMEN WITH ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS, DESPITE A SIMILAR DISEASE BURDEN. ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS ARE OBSERVED MORE FREQUENTLY IN WOMEN THAN IN MEN, WHERE DETERMINANTS SUCH AS BODY WEIGHT ARE HAVING LITTLE INFLUENCE ON THE DOSAGE. IT IS CURRENTLY SCARCELY CONSIDERED IN THE PRESCRIPTION THAT WOMEN HAVE DIFFERENCES IN THE ACTIVITY OF CYTOCHROME CYPP450 ENZYMES, WHICH CAN AFFECT THE LIVER'S METABOLISM RATE. THERE ARE EVEN IMMUNOLOGICAL, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC EFFECTS (DUE TO HEREDITY AND UNEVEN GENE DOSING LOCATED IN THE X AND Y CHROMOSOMES) THAT CAN INFLUENCE THESE DIFFERENCES BY SEX. FINALLY, THROUGH CASES OF HORMONAL THERAPY CLINICAL TRIALS, A DRUG FOR WOMEN'S INHIBITED SEXUAL DESIRE AND A CONTRACEPTIVE FOR MEN, GENDER BIAS AND STEREOTYPES ARE SHOWN TO INFLUENCE A POTENTIAL GENERATION OF INEQUALITIES, ESPECIALLY IN ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS TO THE DETRIMENT OF WOMEN. IN CONCLUSION, HEALTH PROFESSIONALS FREQUENTLY ATTRIBUTE PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS TO WOMEN'S EMOTIONALITY, INFLUENCING THEIR GREATER PRESCRIPTION OF SYMPTOMATIC DRUGS. WHETHER THE SAME REASON INFLUENCES THE LOWER PRESCRIPTION OF THERAPEUTIC DRUGS IN WOMEN THAN IN MEN SHOULD BE ANALYZED. THERE ARE BIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS TO CONSIDER DUE TO THEIR INFLUENCE ON A GREATER PHARMACOLOGICAL TOXICITY IN WOMEN. CLINICAL TRIALS SHOULD IMPROVE ACCORDING TO THE GENDER RECOMMENDATIONS BY THE FOOD AND DRUGS ADMINISTRATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
15  5127  39 POSTMENOPAUSAL UTERINE LEIOMYOMAS AND CHRONIC LYMPHADENOPATHY: EXPLORING EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY. UTERINE LEIOMYOMAS (LM) ARE TUMORS ARISING FROM THE NON-NEOPLASTIC PROLIFERATION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS WITHIN THE MYOMETRIUM. LIKE BENIGN TUMORS, LM ARE NOT GENERALLY SPREAD THROUGH THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM, AND THEREFORE SHOULD NOT BE ASSOCIATED WITH LYMPHADENOPATHY. HEREIN, WE PRESENT A CASE OF A 60-YEAR-OLD FEMALE WHO PRESENTED TO THE CLINIC WITH POSTMENOPAUSAL BLEEDING IN THE SETTING OF SONOGRAPHICALLY EVIDENT UTERINE LM AND ABDOMINAL LYMPHADENOPATHY. A LYMPH NODE BIOPSY REVEALED PLASMA CELLS AND AN EOSINOPHILIC MATERIAL PRESUMPTIVELY DIAGNOSED AS AMYLOID. SHE THEN UNDERWENT AN ABDOMINAL HYSTERECTOMY FOR DEFINITIVE TREATMENT OF LM. SURGICAL PATHOLOGY CONFIRMED THE CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF UTERINE AND CERVICAL LEIOMYOMA. CURRENT LITERATURE SUGGESTS THAT GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF LM IN ADDITION TO HORMONAL SIGNALS SUCH AS ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE. IT IS UNUSUAL FOR LM TO OCCUR IN POST-MENOPAUSAL WOMEN DUE TO REDUCED HORMONAL INFLUENCE. THEREFORE, THIS CASE EXPLORED AN ALTERNATIVE MECHANISM OF TUMOR PROLIFERATION. THIS CASE HYPOTHESIZES THAT GENETIC MUTATIONS AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES RESULTING FROM CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY OFFENSES CONTRIBUTED TO LM GROWTH AND LYMPHADENOPATHY.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
16  6813  31 [EPILEPSY-ASSOCIATED TUMORS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: EPILEPSY SURGERY AND ONCOLOGICAL ASPECTS]. BACKGROUND: AMONG THE TUMORS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC EPILEPSY, DYSEMBRYOPLASTIC NEUROEPITHELIAL TUMOR AND GANGLIOGLIOMA ARE THE MOST COMMON BESIDES ANGIOCENTRIC GLIOMA, PLEOMORPHIC XANTHOASTROCYTOMA AND PILOCYTIC ASTROCYTOMA. THESE TUMORS ARE USUALLY CONSIDERED AS BEING BENIGN. OBJECTIVE: TO DETERMINE THE BEST CONSERVATIVE AND SURGICAL TREATMENT OF TUMORS ASSOCIATED WITH EPILEPSY. MATERIAL AND METHODS: THIS ARTICLE PRESENTS CASE REPORTS OF MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF A DYSEMBRYOPLASTIC NEUROEPITHELIAL TUMOR AND OF A TUMOR INITIALLY DIAGNOSED AS A GANGLIOGLIOMA BASED ON MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) CRITERIA. DESCRIPTION OF REFERENCES IN THE LITERATURE ON EPILEPSY SURGERY AND THE NEURO-ONCOLOGY OF EPILEPSY-ASSOCIATED TUMORS. RESULTS: IN THE CASE OF THE INITIALLY HISTOPATHOLOGICALLY DIAGNOSED DYSEMBRYOPLASTIC NEUROEPITHELIAL TUMOR, A MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OCCURRED 5 YEARS AFTER INCOMPLETE RESECTION. THE DIFFERENTIATION FROM A GLIOBLASTOMA WAS POSSIBLE THROUGH THE ANALYSIS OF THE METHYLATION PROFILE. IN ANOTHER CASE A TUMOR ASSUMED TO BE A GANGLIOGLIOMA SHOWED AN INCREASE IN SIZE AFTER 6 YEARS. INITIAL HISTOPATHOLOGICAL RESULTS REVEALED A GLIOBLASTOMA. THE ANALYSIS OF THE METHYLATION PROFILE SUGGESTED THE DIAGNOSIS OF AN ANAPLASTIC PLEOMORPHIC XANTHOASTROCYTOMA AND AS A DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AN ANAPLASTIC GANGLIOGLIOMA. TUMOR PROGRESS CORRELATED WITH THE WORSENING OF SEIZURES. CONCLUSION: RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT IN THE TREATMENT OF PREDOMINANTLY BENIGN EPILEPSY-ASSOCIATED TUMORS NEURO-ONCOLOGICAL ASPECTS SHOULD ALSO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN ADDITION TO THE EPILEPTOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS. IN THE CASE OF MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION EPIGENETIC SCREENING (METHYLATION PROFILES) CAN HELP TO CLASSIFY THE TUMOR ENTITY MORE PRECISELY.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
17  4957  34 PATHOGENESIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS: THE GENETIC/EPIGENETIC THEORY. OBJECTIVE: TO STUDY THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. DESIGN: OVERVIEW OF OBSERVATIONS ON ENDOMETRIOSIS. SETTING: NOT APPLICABLE. PATIENT(S): NONE. INTERVENTIONS(S): NONE. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): THE HYPOTHESIS IS COMPATIBLE WITH ALL OBSERVATIONS. RESULT(S): ENDOMETRIOSIS, ENDOMETRIUM-LIKE TISSUE OUTSIDE THE UTERUS, HAS A VARIABLE MACROSCOPIC APPEARANCE AND A POORLY UNDERSTOOD NATURAL HISTORY. IT IS A HEREDITARY AND HETEROGENEOUS DISEASE WITH MANY BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE LESIONS, WHICH ARE CLONAL IN ORIGIN. IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN, INFERTILITY, ADENOMYOSIS, AND CHANGES IN THE JUNCTIONAL ZONE, PLACENTATION, IMMUNOLOGY, PLASMA, PERITONEAL FLUID, AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE PERITONEAL CAVITY. THE SAMPSON HYPOTHESIS OF IMPLANTED ENDOMETRIAL CELLS FOLLOWING RETROGRADE MENSTRUATION, ANGIOGENIC SPREAD, LYMPHOGENIC SPREAD, OR THE METAPLASIA THEORY CANNOT EXPLAIN ALL OBSERVATIONS IF METAPLASIA IS DEFINED AS CELLS WITH REVERSIBLE CHANGES AND AN ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR/MORPHOLOGY DUE TO THE ABNORMAL ENVIRONMENT. WE PROPOSE A POLYGENETIC/POLYEPIGENETIC MECHANISM. THE SET OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC INCIDENTS TRANSMITTED AT BIRTH COULD EXPLAIN THE HEREDITARY ASPECTS, THE PREDISPOSITION, AND THE ENDOMETRIOSIS-ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN THE ENDOMETRIUM, IMMUNOLOGY, AND PLACENTATION. TO DEVELOP TYPICAL, CYSTIC OVARIAN OR DEEP ENDOMETRIOSIS LESIONS, A VARIABLE SERIES OF ADDITIONAL TRANSMISSIBLE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC INCIDENTS ARE REQUIRED TO OCCUR IN A CELL WHICH MAY VARY FROM ENDOMETRIAL TO STEM CELLS. SUBTLE LESIONS ARE VIEWED AS ENDOMETRIUM IN A DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENT UNTIL ADDITIONAL INCIDENTS OCCUR. TYPICAL CYSTIC OVARIAN OR DEEP ENDOMETRIOSIS LESIONS ARE HETEROGENEOUS AND REPRESENT THREE DIFFERENT DISEASES. CONCLUSION(S): THE GENETIC EPIGENETIC THEORY IS COMPATIBLE WITH ALL OBSERVATIONS ON ENDOMETRIOSIS. IMPLICATIONS FOR TREATMENT AND PREVENTION ARE DISCUSSED.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
18  6653  30 UPDATE ON PANCREATIC CANCER AND ALCOHOL-ASSOCIATED RISK. DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE PANCREAS IS CHARACTERIZED BY EXTREMELY AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, WITH AN OVERALL 5-YEAR SURVIVAL OF <4%. BECAUSE CONVENTIONAL AND SPECIFICALLY TAILORED THERAPEUTIC REGIMENS HAVE LITTLE IMPACT ON PATIENT SURVIVAL, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH AIMS AT IDENTIFYING AND REDUCING RISK FACTORS. CIGARETTE SMOKING, OBESITY, DIABETES MELLITUS, AND CHRONIC PANCREATITIS ARE AMENABLE TO MEDICAL PREVENTION OR THERAPY. HEAVY ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IS AN INCONSISTENT SINGLE RISK FACTOR FOR PANCREATIC CANCER BUT MAY PROMOTE CARCINOGENESIS BY INCREASING THE RISK OF DIABETES MELLITUS OR CHRONIC PANCREATITIS. FOR VARIOUS AGENTS, THE KEY CARCINOGENIC EFFECT IS PROBABLY AN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE PANCREATIC TISSUE. ON THE MOLECULAR LEVEL, MUTATIONS OF ONCOGENES AND TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES, AS WELL AS VARIOUS EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, SUCH AS OVEREXPRESSION OF GROWTH FACTORS AND THEIR RECEPTORS, ARE IMPORTANT IN TUMORIGENESIS. COMPLETE AND SAFE SURGICAL RESECTION, TOGETHER WITH ADJUVANT THERAPY, OFFERS PROLONGED SURVIVAL, WITH 5-YEAR SURVIVAL RATES OF APPROXIMATELY 25%. HOWEVER, FOR UNRESECTABLE OR DISSEMINATED DISEASE, WHICH CONSTITUTES THE VAST MAJORITY OF CASES, TREATMENT IS PALLIATIVE. DESPITE INCREASING KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY OF PANCREATIC CANCER AND DESPITE ADVANCES IN TREATMENT, THE OVERALL COURSE OF THE DISEASE IS DISMAL, AND REINFORCED EFFORTS TO REDUCE INCIDENCE AND IMPROVE OUTCOME ARE NEEDED DESPERATELY.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
19  5331  45 PUTTING THE PIECES TOGETHER IN GILLES DE LA TOURETTE SYNDROME: EXPLORING THE LINK BETWEEN CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS AND THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF DYSFUNCTION. GILLES DE LA TOURETTE SYNDROME IS A COMPLEX, IDIOPATHIC NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDER WHOSE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS HAVE YET TO BE ELUCIDATED. IT IS PHENOTYPICALLY HETEROGENEOUS AND MANIFESTS MORE OFTEN THAN NOT WITH BOTH MOTOR AND BEHAVIORAL IMPAIRMENT, ALTHOUGH TICS ARE ITS CLINICAL HALLMARK. TICS THEMSELVES PRESENT WITH A COMPLEX PROFILE AS THEY CHARACTERISTICALLY WAX AND WANE AND ARE OFTEN PRECEDED BY PREMONITORY SOMATOSENSORY SENSATIONS TO WHICH IT IS SAID A TIC IS THE RESPONSE. HIGHLY COMORBID WITH OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER AND ATTENTION DEFICIT-HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER, IT IS PURPORTED TO BE AN EPIGENETIC, NEURODEVELOPMENTAL SPECTRUM DISORDER WITH A COMPLEX GENETIC PROFILE. IT HAS A CHILDHOOD ONSET, OCCURS DISPROPORTIONATELY IN MALES, AND SHOWS SPONTANEOUS SYMPTOMATIC ATTENUATION BY ADULTHOOD IN THE MAJORITY OF THOSE AFFLICTED. ALTHOUGH NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD, ITS NEUROBIOLOGICAL BASIS IS LINKED TO DYSFUNCTION IN THE CORTICO-BASAL GANGLIA-THALAMO-CORTICAL NETWORK. TREATMENT MODALITIES FOR TOURETTE SYNDROME INCLUDE BEHAVIORAL, PHARMACOLOGICAL AND SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS, BUT THERE IS PRESENTLY NO CURE FOR THE DISORDER. FOR THOSE SEVERELY AFFECTED, DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION (DBS) HAS RECENTLY BECOME A VIABLE THERAPEUTIC OPTION. A KEY FACTOR TO ATTAINING OPTIMAL RESULTS FROM THIS SURGERY IS TARGET SELECTION, A TOPIC STILL UNDER DEBATE DUE TO THE COMPLEX CLINICAL PROFILE PRESENTED BY GTS PATIENTS. DEPENDING ON ITS PHENOTYPIC EXPRESSION AND THE MOST PROBLEMATIC ASPECT OF THE DISORDER FOR THE INDIVIDUAL, ONE OF THREE BRAIN REGIONS IS MOST COMMONLY CHOSEN FOR STIMULATION: THE THALAMUS, GLOBUS PALLIDUS, OR NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL ANALYSES OF INTRA- AND POST-OPERATIVE HUMAN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL RECORDINGS FROM CLINICAL DBS STUDIES SUGGEST A LINK BETWEEN TIC BEHAVIOR AND ACTIVITY IN BOTH THE THALAMUS AND GLOBUS PALLIDUS. IN PARTICULAR, CHRONIC RECORDINGS FROM THE THALAMUS HAVE SHOWN A CORRELATION BETWEEN SYMPTOMATOLOGY AND (1) SPECTRAL ACTIVITY IN GAMMA BAND POWER AND (2) THETA/GAMMA CROSS FREQUENCY COHERENCE. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST GAMMA OSCILLATIONS AND THETA/GAMMA CROSS CORRELATION DYNAMICS MAY SERVE AS BIOMARKERS FOR DYSFUNCTION. WHILE ACUTE AND CHRONIC RECORDINGS FROM HUMAN SUBJECTS UNDERGOING DBS HAVE PROVIDED BETTER INSIGHT INTO TIC GENESIS AND THE NEUROPATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING TOURETTE SYNDROME, THESE STUDIES ARE STILL SPARSE AND THE FIELD WOULD GREATLY BENEFIT FROM FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS. THIS REVIEW REPORTS DATA AND DISCOVERIES OF SCIENTIFIC AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE FROM A WIDE VARIETY OF METHODS AND PROVIDES UP-TO-DATE INFORMATION ABOUT OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE PATHOMECHANISMS UNDERLYING TOURETTE SYNDROME. IT GIVES A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE AND ADDRESSES OPEN QUESTIONS IN THE FIELD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
20  3934  45 LIVER TUMOR INDUCTION. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF NODULAR LIVER LESIONS IN RODENTS FOLLOWING THE ADMINISTRATION OF TEST AGENTS RAISES SEVERAL QUESTIONS WHICH COULD BE PLACED IN ONE OF TWO GENERAL CATEGORIES: DIAGNOSTIC AND INTERPRETATIONAL. FROM A DIAGNOSTIC POINT OF VIEW, THE PROPER CLASSIFICATION OF LIVER TUMORS INTO A BENIGN AND MALIGNANT CATEGORY HAS TO BE BASED ON THE DIRECT CORRELATION BETWEEN THE MORPHOLOGY AND THE BIOLOGIC BEHAVIOR OF THE LESIONS. THEREFORE, EXTREME CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN TO SEPARATE THE MALIGNANT TUMORS FROM THE BENIGN AND THE BENIGN NEOPLASIA FROM THE HYPERPLASIA. THE SUBSTITUTION OF THE TERM "NEOPLASTIC NODULE" FOR HYPERPLASTIC NODULE IN RATS IS MISLEADING. MOST OF THESE NODULES, WHEN INDUCED UNDER SPECIAL EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS, MAY REGRESS OR REMODEL AND THUS THEY ARE NOT NEOPLASTIC IN NATURE. CHRONIC CARCINOGENICITY BIOASSAYS SHOULD INCLUDE "STOP" TYPE OF TREATMENT LEAVING ENOUGH OF THE OBSERVATIONAL TIME TO ESTABLISH THE FATE OF INDUCED NODULAR LESIONS. THE INDUCTION OF HISTOCHEMICALLY CHANGED FOCI CAN SERVE ONLY AS AN INDICATION OF POTENTIAL HEPATOCARCINOGENICITY AND SHOULD NOT BE EQUATED WITH THE INDUCTION OF BONA FIDE CANCER. THE BIOLOGIC INTERPRETATION OF NODULAR LIVER LESIONS, ESPECIALLY IN MICE, NEEDS FURTHER SCRUTINY BECAUSE THESE LESIONS HAVE A TENDENCY TO DEVELOP SPONTANEOUSLY WITH HIGH INCIDENCE IN SOME STRAINS. THIS CHARACTERISTIC THEN RAISES THE QUESTION AS TO THE MECHANISM BY WHICH VARIOUS AGENTS AUGMENT AND/OR ACCELERATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUCH TUMORS. IS THIS ACTION PRIMARILY PROMOTING OR INITIATING IN NATURE OR DOES IT REPRESENT THE INDUCTION OF TUMORS DE NOVO? THE ANSWER TO THIS DILEMMA MAY HAVE A DECISIVE BEARING ON CARCINOGENIC RISK ASSESSMENT AND THE TYPE OF REGULATORY ACTION, SINCE THE PROMOTING AGENTS POSSESS A THRESHOLD EFFECT AND THE PROMOTED CHANGES MAY REGRESS FOLLOWING WITHDRAWAL OF TREATMENT. THE INTERPRETATION OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IS FURTHER COMPLICATED BY THE FACT THAT SEVERAL FACTORS, SUCH AS SEX HORMONAL ENVIRONMENT, INCREASED MITOTIC ACTIVITY FOLLOWING AN EXCESSIVE LOSS OF PARENCHYMAL CELLS, DEGREE OF CALORIC INTAKE, ENZYMATIC COMPLEMENT, AND ANIMALS' AGE AT THE TIME OF THE EXPOSURE TO A TEST AGENT, MAY INFLUENCE THE OUTCOME OF LIVER TUMOR DEVELOPMENT BY MODULATING "INITIATION" AND/OR "PROMOTION" OF CARCINOGENESIS. BROAD FLUCTUATION IN THE HISTORIC INCIDENCE OF LIVER TUMORS FURTHER COMPOUNDS THE COMPLEXITY OF THE PROPER BIOASSAY INTERPRETATION. THE SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED EXPERIMENTS MAY HAVE THE OBJECTIVE TO EXPLORE PREDOMINANTLY THE INITIATING OR PROMOTING EFFECTS OF THE AGENT. SUCH PROTOCOLS SHOULD BE USED WHENEVER NECESSARY TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THESE TWO MECHANISMS OF ACTION. IN THE CAUCASIANS, THE "SPONTANEOUS" DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRIMARY HEPATOCELLULAR TUMORS IS RARE. THE MAJORITY OF THESE TUMORS ARE MALIGNANT AND RAPIDLY FATAL. ACCORDING TO SOME HUMAN PATHOLOGISTS, THE BENIGN VARIETY OF LIVER TUMORS IS RARE AND IT DOES NOT REPRESENT NECESSARILY A PREMALIGNANT STAGE IN TUMOR DEVELOPMENT. CARCINOMA OF THE LIVER MAY OCCUR IN INFANCY, ESPECIALLY IN MALES BEFORE THE AGE OF 2 YEARS. THIS SUGGESTS A GENETIC CAUSATION OR CARCINOGENIC EXPOSURE IN UTERO. ONE OF THE GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS WHICH SIGNIFICANTLY ENHANCES THE INCIDENCE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN HUMANS IS EXPOSURE TO AFLATOXIN B(1) WHICH IS APPARENTLY POTENTIATED BY CONCURRENT LIVER CIRRHOSIS. BECAUSE MANY MORE AGENTS HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE HEPATOCARCINOGENIC IN MICE AND RATS THAN IN MEN, A QUESTION ARISES AS TO THE DIRECT RELEVANCE OF RODENT STUDIES TO HUMANS. A BALANCED ASSESSMENT OF THE CARCINOGENICITY OF THE AGENT COULD ONLY BE REACHED IN CONSIDERING BOTH THE PHARMACOKINETICS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF MALIGNANT NEOPLASIA IN OTHER ORGANS. IN THE CASE OF POSITIVE CARCINOGENICITY ASSESSMENT, THE OUTCOME OF THE MUTAGENICITY BIOASSAYS CAN SUGGEST GENIC (GENOTOXIC) OR PARAGENIC (EPIGENETIC) MODE OF ACTION IN MAMMALIAN SYSTEMS.	1982