1  6456 130 THYMOSIN BETA4 PREVENTS OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION, AND FIBROSIS IN ETHANOL- AND LPS-INDUCED LIVER INJURY IN MICE. THYMOSIN BETA 4 (TBETA4), AN ACTIN-SEQUESTERING PROTEIN, IS INVOLVED IN TISSUE DEVELOPMENT AND REGENERATION. IT PREVENTS INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS IN SEVERAL TISSUES. WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF TBETA4 IN CHRONIC ETHANOL- AND ACUTE LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE- (LPS-) INDUCED MOUSE LIVER INJURY. C57BL/6 MICE WERE FED 5% ETHANOL IN LIQUID DIET FOR 4 WEEKS PLUS BINGE ETHANOL (5 G/KG, GAVAGE) WITH OR WITHOUT LPS (2 MG/KG, INTRAPERITONEAL) FOR 6 HOURS. TBETA4 (1 MG/KG, INTRAPERITONEAL) WAS ADMINISTERED FOR 1 WEEK. WE DEMONSTRATED THAT TBETA4 PREVENTED ETHANOL- AND LPS-MEDIATED INCREASE IN LIVER INJURY MARKERS AS WELL AS CHANGES IN LIVER PATHOLOGY. IT ALSO PREVENTED ETHANOL- AND LPS-MEDIATED INCREASE IN OXIDATIVE STRESS BY DECREASING ROS AND LIPID PEROXIDATION AND INCREASING THE ANTIOXIDANTS, REDUCED GLUTATHIONE AND MANGANESE-DEPENDENT SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE. IT ALSO PREVENTED THE ACTIVATION OF NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B BY BLOCKING THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE INHIBITORY PROTEIN, IKAPPAB, THEREBY PREVENTED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION. MOREOVER, TBETA4 PREVENTED FIBROGENESIS BY SUPPRESSING THE EPIGENETIC REPRESSOR, METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2, THAT COORDINATELY REVERSED THE EXPRESSION OF PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA AND DOWNREGULATED FIBROGENIC GENES, PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR-BETA RECEPTOR, ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN, COLLAGEN 1, AND FIBRONECTIN, RESULTING IN REDUCED FIBROSIS. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT TBETA4 HAS ANTIOXIDANT, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, AND ANTIFIBROTIC POTENTIAL DURING ALCOHOLIC LIVER INJURY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
2  5010  28 PEROXIDATION OF LINOLEIC, ARACHIDONIC AND OLEIC ACID IN RELATION TO THE INDUCTION OF OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE AND CYTOGENETIC EFFECTS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF THE POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS LINOLEIC AND ARACHIDONIC ACID IN THE CHEMICAL INDUCTION OF CARCINOGENESIS HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED. ANALYSIS OF 7,8-DIHYDRO-8-OXO-2'-DEOXYGUANOSINE (8-OXODG) LEVELS IN 2'-DEOXYGUANOSINE (DG) AND ISOLATED DNA HAS DEMONSTRATED THAT LINOLEIC AND ARACHIDONIC ACID ARE CAPABLE OF INDUCING THIS SPECIFIC GENOTOXIC DAMAGE. THIS EFFECT APPEARS TO BE RELATED TO THE DEGREE OF FATTY ACID UNSATURATION, SINCE IT WAS NOT INDUCED BY MONOUNSATURATED OLEIC ACID. ENZYMATIC PEROXIDATION OF LINOLEIC AND ARACHIDONIC ACID RESULTED IN A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE. STUDIES ON THE INTERFERENCE OF RADICAL SCAVENGERS WITH THE INDUCTION OF 8-OXODG IN COMBINATION WITH ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY DEMONSTRATED THAT THE SUPEROXIDE ANION WAS GENERATED DURING PEROXIDATION OF THESE FATTY ACIDS AND THAT SINGLET OXYGEN IS MOST LIKELY INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION OF OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE. THE LEVEL OF OXIDATIVE DAMAGE IN DG AND SINGLE-STRANDED DNA WAS HIGHER AS COMPARED TO THAT IN NATIVE DNA AFTER EQUIMOLAR TREATMENT. EXPOSURE OF HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES TO LINOLEIC OR ARACHIDONIC ACID DID NOT RESULT IN A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN LEVELS OF 8-OXODG. THIS MAY INDICATE THAT THE RATE OF INTRACELLULAR PEROXIDATION IS RELATIVELY LOW AND/OR THAT NUCLEAR DNA IN INTACT CELLS IS EFFECTIVELY PROTECTED AGAINST GENETIC DAMAGE INDUCED BY REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES. IT IS THEREFORE CONCLUDED THAT RELATIVELY SHORT PERIODS OF LINOLEIC OR ARACHIDONIC ACID ADMINISTRATION ARE NOT LIKELY TO IMPOSE A DIRECT GENOTOXIC RISK. IT CAN, HOWEVER, NOT BE EXCLUDED THAT CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS INDUCES OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE OR IS RELATED TO CANCER RISK BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, AS IS ALSO INDICATED BY THE OBSERVED CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF LINOLEIC AND ARACHIDONIC ACID.	1994	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
3  4044  29 MACROPHAGES IN OXIDATIVE STRESS AND MODELS TO EVALUATE THE ANTIOXIDANT FUNCTION OF DIETARY NATURAL COMPOUNDS. ANTIOXIDANT TESTING OF NATURAL PRODUCTS HAS ATTRACTED INCREASING INTEREST IN RECENT YEARS, MAINLY DUE TO THE FACT THAT AN ANTIOXIDANT-RICH DIET MIGHT PROVIDE HEALTH BENEFITS. ACTIVATED MACROPHAGES ARE A MAJOR SOURCE OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES, REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES, AND PEROXYNITRITE GENERATED THROUGH THE SO-CALLED RESPIRATORY BURST. CONSTITUTIVELY RELEASED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE, ESPECIALLY TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA, TRIGGERS NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB, AND ACTIVATOR PROTEIN-1 TRANSLOCATION LEADING TO THE OVER PRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES AND REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES IN MACROPHAGES. ACTIVATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN THE LONG-LIVED TISSUE-RESIDENT MACROPHAGES AND/OR MONOCYTE-DERIVED MACROPHAGES, TRIGGER EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS LEADING TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC DISEASES. NUTRACEUTICALS INCLUDING LIPID RAFT STRUCTURE DISRUPTION AGENT, CHOLESTEROL DEPLETION AGENT, FARNESYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR, NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB BLOCKER (ALPHA,BETA-UNSATURATED CARBONYL COMPOUNDS), GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR AGONIST, AND PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA AGONIST HAVE LONG BEEN USED TO INACTIVE MACROPHAGE. THE INHIBITION EFFECTS ON THE FORMATION OF NITRIC OXIDE, SUPEROXIDE, AND NITRITE PEROXIDE MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY FUNCTIONALITIES. ACTIVATED MACROPHAGE MODELS COULD BE USED TO IDENTIFY THE ACTIVE COMPONENTS FOR FUNCTIONAL DIETS DEVELOPMENT THROUGH A MULTIPLE TARGETS STRATEGY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
4  5714  24 SIRT3 OVEREXPRESSION AND EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF CATALASE REGULATE ROS ACCUMULATION IN CLL CELLS ACTIVATING AXL SIGNALING AXIS. MITOCHONDRIAL METABOLISM IS THE KEY SOURCE FOR ABUNDANT ROS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) CELLS. HERE, WE DETECTED SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER SUPEROXIDE ANION (O(2)(-)) LEVELS WITH INCREASED ACCUMULATION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H(2)O(2)) IN CLL CELLS VS. NORMAL B-CELLS. FURTHER ANALYSIS INDICATED THAT MITOCHONDRIAL SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (SOD)2, WHICH CONVERTS O(2)(-) INTO H(2)O(2) REMAINED DEACETYLATED IN CLL CELLS DUE TO SIRT3 OVEREXPRESSION RESULTING ITS CONSTITUTIVE ACTIVATION. IN ADDITION, CATALASE EXPRESSION WAS ALSO REDUCED IN CLL CELLS SUGGESTING IMPAIRMENT OF H(2)O(2)-CONVERSION INTO WATER AND O(2) WHICH MAY CAUSE H(2)O(2)-ACCUMULATION. IMPORTANTLY, WE IDENTIFIED TWO CPG-ISLANDS IN THE CATALASE PROMOTER AND DISCOVERED THAT WHILE THE DISTAL CPG-ISLAND (-3619 TO -3765) REMAINED METHYLATED IN BOTH NORMAL B-CELLS AND CLL CELLS, VARIABLE DEGREES OF METHYLATION WERE DISCERNIBLE IN THE PROXIMAL CPG-ISLAND (-174 TO -332) ONLY IN CLL CELLS. FINALLY, TREATMENT OF CLL CELLS WITH A DEMETHYLATING AGENT INCREASED CATALASE MRNA LEVELS. FUNCTIONALLY, ROS ACCUMULATION IN CLL CELLS ACTIVATED THE AXL SURVIVAL AXIS WHILE UPREGULATED SIRT3, SUGGESTING THAT CLL CELLS RAPIDLY REMOVE HIGHLY REACTIVE O(2)(-) TO AVOID ITS CYTOTOXIC EFFECT BUT MAINTAIN INCREASED H(2)O(2)-LEVEL TO PROMOTE CELL SURVIVAL. THEREFORE, ABROGATION OF ABERRANTLY ACTIVATED CELL SURVIVAL PATHWAYS USING ANTIOXIDANTS CAN BE AN EFFECTIVE INTERVENTION IN CLL THERAPY IN COMBINATION WITH CONVENTIONAL AGENTS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
5   603  39 BETULINIC ACID INHIBITS ENDOMETRIOSIS THROUGH SUPPRESSION OF ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA SIGNALING PATHWAY. ENDOMETRIOSIS IS AN INFLAMMATORY GYNECOLOGICAL DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY ENDOMETRIAL TISSUE GROWTH LOCATED OUTSIDE OF THE UTERINE CAVITY IN ADDITION TO CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN AND INFERTILITY. IN THIS STUDY, WE AIM TO DEVELOP A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TREATMENT BASED ON THE PATHOGENESIS AND MECHANISM OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. OUR PRELIMINARY DATA SHOWED THAT THE EXPRESSION OF ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA (ERBETA) WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED, WHILE ERALPHA WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED, IN ENDOMETRIOTIC CELLS COMPARED TO NORMAL ENDOMETRIAL CELLS. FURTHER INVESTIGATION SHOWED THAT BETULINIC ACID (BA) TREATMENT SUPPRESSED ERBETA EXPRESSION THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION ON THE ERBETA PROMOTER, WHILE HAD NO EFFECT ON ERALPHA EXPRESSION. IN ADDITION, BA TREATMENT SUPPRESSES ERBETA TARGET GENES, INCLUDING SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE 2 (SOD2), NUCLEAR RESPIRATORY FACTOR-1 (NRF1), CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 (COX2), AND MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE-1 (MMP1), SUBSEQUENTLY INCREASING OXIDATIVE STRESS, TRIGGERING MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, DECREASING ELEVATED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, AND EVENTUALLY SUPPRESSING ENDOMETRIOTIC CELL PROLIFERATION, MIMICKING THE EFFECT OF ERBETA KNOCKDOWN. ON THE OTHER HAND, GAIN OF ERBETA BY LENTIVIRUS INFECTION IN NORMAL ENDOMETRIAL CELLS RESULTED IN INCREASED CELL PROLIFERATION AND PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE RELEASE, WHILE BA TREATMENT DIMINISHED THIS EFFECT THROUGH ERBETA SUPPRESSION WITH SUBSEQUENT OXIDATIVE STRESS AND APOPTOSIS. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT ERBETA MAY BE A MAJOR DRIVING FORCE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENDOMETRIOSIS, WHILE BA INHIBITS ENDOMETRIOSIS THROUGH SPECIFIC SUPPRESSION OF THE ERBETA SIGNALING PATHWAY. THIS STUDY PROVIDES A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR ENDOMETRIOSIS TREATMENT THROUGH BA-MEDIATED ERBETA SUPPRESSION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
6  5479  25 RESVERATROL ATTENUATES CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN HUMAN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS BY REGULATING THE MIR-34A/SIRT1/NF-KAPPAB PATHWAY. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS CHARACTERIZED BY ACCELERATED LUNG AGING. SMOKING IS THE CRITICAL RISK FACTOR FOR COPD. CELLULAR SENESCENCE OF AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS IS THE CYTOLOGICAL BASIS OF ACCELERATED LUNG AGING IN COPD, AND THE REGULATION OF MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) IS THE CENTRAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF CELLULAR SENESCENCE. RESVERATROL (RES) IS A POLYPHENOL WITH ANTI-AGING PROPERTIES. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED WHETHER RES ATTENUATES CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT (CSE)-INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN HUMAN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS (BEAS-2B) THROUGH THE MIR-34A/SIRT1/NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB (NF-KAPPAB) PATHWAY. BEAS-2B CELLS WERE TREATED WITH RES, CSE AND TRANSFECTED WITH MIR-34A-5P MIMICS. CELLULAR SENESCENCE WAS EVALUATED BY SENESCENCE -RELATED BETA-GALACTOSIDASE (SA-BETA-GAL) STAINING AND EXPRESSION OF SENESCENCE-RELATED GENES (P16, P21, AND P53). THE EXPRESSIONS OF MIR-34A-5P, SIRT1, AND NF-KAPPAB P65 WERE EXAMINED USING QUANTITATIVE REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND WESTERN BLOTTING. THE SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PHENOTYPE (SASP) CYTOKINES (IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-ALPHA) WERE ASSESSED BY ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY. THE BINDING BETWEEN MIR-34A-5P AND SIRT1 WAS CONFIRMED BY DUAL-LUCIFERASE REPORTER ASSAY. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT CSE DOSE-DEPENDENTLY DECREASED CELL VIABILITY AND ELEVATED CELLULAR SENESCENCE, CHARACTERIZED BY INCREASED SA-BETA-GAL STAINING AND SENESCENCE-RELATED GENE EXPRESSIONS (P16, P21, AND P53). FURTHER, CSE DOSE-DEPENDENTLY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF MIR-34A-5P AND SASP CYTOKINES (IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-ALPHA) IN BEAS-2B CELLS. PRETREATMENT WITH RES INHIBITED CSE-INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE AND SECRETION OF SASP CYTOKINES (IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-ALPHA) IN A DOSE-DEPENDENT MANNER. MOREOVER, RES REVERSED THE CSE-INDUCED DOWN-REGULATION OF SIRT1 AND UP-REGULATION OF MIR-34A-5P AND NF-KAPPAB P65. SIRT1 IS A TARGET OF MIR-34A-5P. OVEREXPRESSION OF MIR-34A-5P VIA TRANSFECTION WITH MIR-34A-5P MIMIC IN BEAS-2B CELLS ATTENUATED THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF RES ON CELLULAR SENESCENCE, ACCOMPANIED BY REVERSING THE EXPRESSION OF SIRT1 AND NF-KAPPAB P65. IN CONCLUSION, RES ATTENUATED CSE-INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN BEAS-2B CELLS BY REGULATING THE MIR-34A/SIRT1/NF-KAPPAB PATHWAY, WHICH MAY PROVIDE A NEW APPROACH FOR COPD TREATMENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
7  1353  31 DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A HYDROGEN PEROXIDE-RESISTANT CHOLANGIOCYTE CELL LINE: A NOVEL MODEL OF OXIDATIVE STRESS-RELATED CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA GENESIS. OXIDATIVE STRESS IS A CAUSE OF INFLAMMATION-RELATED DISEASES, INCLUDING CANCERS. CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA IS A LIVER CANCER WITH BILE DUCT EPITHELIAL CELL PHENOTYPES. OUR PREVIOUS STUDIES IN ANIMAL AND HUMAN MODELS INDICATED THAT OXIDATIVE STRESS IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA DEVELOPMENT. HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2) CAN GENERATE HYDROXYL RADICALS, WHICH DAMAGE LIPIDS, PROTEINS, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS, LEADING TO CELL DEATH. HOWEVER, SOME CELLS CAN SURVIVE BY ADAPTING TO OXIDATIVE STRESS CONDITIONS, AND SELECTIVE CLONAL EXPANSION OF THESE RESISTANT CELLS WOULD BE INVOLVED IN OXIDATIVE STRESS-RELATED CARCINOGENESIS. THE PRESENT STUDY AIMED TO ESTABLISH H2O2-RESISTANT CELL LINE FROM AN IMMORTAL CHOLANGIOCYTE CELL LINE (MMNK1) BY CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH LOW-CONCENTRATION H2O2 (25 MUM). AFTER 72 DAYS OF INDUCTION, H2O2-RESISTANT CELL LINES (OX-MMNK1-L) WERE OBTAINED. THE OX-MMNK1-L CELL LINE SHOWED H2O2-RESISTANT PROPERTIES, INCREASING THE EXPRESSION OF THE ANTI-OXIDANT GENES CATALASE (CAT), SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE-1 (SOD1), SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE-2 (SOD2), AND SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE-3 (SOD3) AND THE ENZYME ACTIVITIES OF CAT AND INTRACELLULAR SODS. FURTHERMORE, THE RESISTANT CELLS SHOWED INCREASED EXPRESSION LEVELS OF AN EPIGENETICS-RELATED GENE, DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE-1 (DNMT1), WHEN COMPARED TO THE PARENTAL CELLS. INTERESTINGLY, THE OX-MMNK1-L CELL LINE HAD A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER CELL PROLIFERATION RATE THAN THE MMNK1 NORMAL CELL LINE. MOREOVER, OX-MMNK1-L CELLS SHOWED PSEUDOPODIA FORMATION AND THE LOSS OF CELL-TO-CELL ADHESION (MULTI-LAYERS) UNDER ADDITIONAL OXIDATIVE STRESS (100 MUM H2O2). THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT H2O2-RESISTANT CELLS CAN BE USED AS A MODEL OF OXIDATIVE STRESS-RELATED CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA GENESIS THROUGH MOLECULAR CHANGES SUCH AS ALTERATION OF GENE EXPRESSION AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
8  6166  34 THE GLUTATHIONE SYSTEM: A NEW DRUG TARGET IN NEUROIMMUNE DISORDERS. GLUTATHIONE (GSH) HAS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN CELLULAR SIGNALING AND ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSES EITHER BY REACTING DIRECTLY WITH REACTIVE OXYGEN OR NITROGEN SPECIES OR BY ACTING AS AN ESSENTIAL COFACTOR FOR GSH S-TRANSFERASES AND GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASES. GSH ACTING IN CONCERT WITH ITS DEPENDENT ENZYMES, KNOWN AS THE GLUTATHIONE SYSTEM, IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DETOXIFICATION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN AND NITROGEN SPECIES (ROS/RNS) AND ELECTROPHILES PRODUCED BY XENOBIOTICS. ADEQUATE LEVELS OF GSH ARE ESSENTIAL FOR THE OPTIMAL FUNCTIONING OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN GENERAL AND T CELL ACTIVATION AND DIFFERENTIATION IN PARTICULAR. GSH IS A UBIQUITOUS REGULATOR OF THE CELL CYCLE PER SE. GSH ALSO HAS CRUCIAL FUNCTIONS IN THE BRAIN AS AN ANTIOXIDANT, NEUROMODULATOR, NEUROTRANSMITTER, AND ENABLER OF NEURON SURVIVAL. DEPLETION OF GSH LEADS TO EXACERBATION OF DAMAGE BY OXIDATIVE AND NITROSATIVE STRESS; HYPERNITROSYLATION; INCREASED LEVELS OF PROINFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS AND INFLAMMATORY POTENTIAL; DYSFUNCTIONS OF INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING NETWORKS, E.G., P53, NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB, AND JANUS KINASES; DECREASED CELL PROLIFERATION AND DNA SYNTHESIS; INACTIVATION OF COMPLEX I OF THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN; ACTIVATION OF CYTOCHROME C AND THE APOPTOTIC MACHINERY; BLOCKADE OF THE METHIONINE CYCLE; AND COMPROMISED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. AS SUCH, GSH DEPLETION HAS MARKED CONSEQUENCES FOR THE HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, OXIDATIVE AND NITROSATIVE STRESS (O&NS) PATHWAYS, REGULATION OF ENERGY PRODUCTION, AND MITOCHONDRIAL SURVIVAL AS WELL. GSH DEPLETION AND CONCOMITANT INCREASE IN O&NS AND MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTIONS PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DIVERSE NEUROIMMUNE DISORDERS, INCLUDING DEPRESSION, MYALGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS/CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME AND PARKINSON'S DISEASE, SUGGESTING THAT DEPLETED GSH IS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THESE DISEASES. THERAPEUTICAL INTERVENTIONS THAT AIM TO INCREASE GSH CONCENTRATIONS IN VIVO INCLUDE N-ACETYL CYSTEINE; NRF-2 ACTIVATION VIA HYPERBARIC OXYGEN THERAPY; DIMETHYL FUMARATE; PHYTOCHEMICALS, INCLUDING CURCUMIN, RESVERATROL, AND CINNAMON; AND FOLATE SUPPLEMENTATION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
9  2278  29 EPIGENETIC REGULATION BY SUV4-20H1 IN CARDIOPULMONARY PROGENITOR CELLS IS REQUIRED TO PREVENT PULMONARY HYPERTENSION AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. BACKGROUND: THE PATHOGENESIS OF LIFE-THREATENING CARDIOPULMONARY DISEASES SUCH AS PULMONARY HYPERTENSION (PH) AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) ORIGINATES FROM A COMPLEX INTERPLAY OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND GENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS THAT IS NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. LIKEWISE, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES OR EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATIONS THAT MIGHT PREDISPOSE FOR PH OR COPD IN ADULT INDIVIDUALS. METHODS: TO IDENTIFY PATHOLOGY-ASSOCIATED EPIGENETIC ALTERATION IN DISEASED LUNG TISSUES, WE SCREENED A COHORT OF HUMAN PATIENTS WITH PH AND COPD FOR CHANGES OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE STAINING. TO ANALYZE THE FUNCTION OF H4K20ME2/3 IN LUNG PATHOGENESIS, WE DEVELOPED A SERIES OF SUV4-20H1 KNOCKOUT MOUSE LINES TARGETING CARDIOPULMONARY PROGENITOR CELLS AND DIFFERENT HEART AND LUNG CELL TYPES, FOLLOWED BY HEMODYNAMIC STUDIES AND MORPHOMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF TISSUE SAMPLES. MOLECULAR, CELLULAR, AND BIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES WERE APPLIED TO ANALYZE THE FUNCTION OF SUV4-20H1-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC PROCESSES IN CARDIOPULMONARY PROGENITOR CELLS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES. RESULTS: WE DISCOVERED A STRONG REDUCTION OF THE HISTONE MODIFICATIONS OF H4K20ME2/3 IN HUMAN PATIENTS WITH COPD BUT NOT PATIENTS WITH PH THAT DEPEND ON THE ACTIVITY OF THE H4K20 DI-METHYLTRANSFERASE SUV4-20H1. LOSS OF SUV4-20H1 IN CARDIOPULMONARY PROGENITOR CELLS CAUSED A COPD-LIKE/PH PHENOTYPE IN MICE INCLUDING THE FORMATION OF PERIVASCULAR TERTIARY LYMPHOID TISSUE AND GOBLET CELL HYPERPLASIA, HYPERPROLIFERATION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS/MYOFIBROBLASTS, IMPAIRED ALVEOLARIZATION AND MATURATION DEFECTS OF THE MICROVASCULATURE LEADING TO MASSIVE RIGHT VENTRICULAR DILATATION AND PREMATURE DEATH. MECHANISTICALLY, SUV4-20H1 BINDS DIRECTLY TO THE 5'-UPSTREAM REGULATORY ELEMENT OF THE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE 3 (SOD3) GENE TO REPRESS ITS EXPRESSION. INCREASED LEVELS OF THE EXTRACELLULAR SOD3 ENZYME IN SUV4-20H1 MUTANTS INCREASES HYDROGEN PEROXIDE CONCENTRATIONS, CAUSING VASCULAR DEFECTS AND IMPAIRING ALVEOLARIZATION. CONCLUSIONS: OUR FINDINGS REVEAL A PIVOTAL ROLE OF THE HISTONE MODIFIER SUV4-20H1 IN CARDIOPULMONARY CODEVELOPMENT AND UNCOVER THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF CARDIOPULMONARY DISEASES. WE ASSUME THAT THE STUDY WILL FACILITATE THE UNDERSTANDING OF PATHOGENIC EVENTS CAUSING PH AND COPD AND AID THE DEVELOPMENT OF EPIGENETIC DRUGS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CARDIOPULMONARY DISEASES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                  
10  4890  31 OXIDATIVE STRESS AND HEPATIC NOX PROTEINS IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS C AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE MOST COMMON LIVER CANCER AND A LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED MORTALITY IN THE WORLD. HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) IS A MAJOR ETIOLOGIC AGENT OF HCC. A MAJORITY OF HCV INFECTIONS LEAD TO CHRONIC INFECTION THAT CAN PROGRESS TO CIRRHOSIS AND, EVENTUALLY, HCC AND LIVER FAILURE. A COMMON PATHOGENIC FEATURE PRESENT IN HCV INFECTION, AND OTHER CONDITIONS LEADING TO HCC, IS OXIDATIVE STRESS. HCV DIRECTLY INCREASES SUPEROXIDE AND H2O2 FORMATION IN HEPATOCYTES BY ELEVATING NOX PROTEIN EXPRESSION AND SENSITIZING MITOCHONDRIA TO REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES GENERATION WHILE DECREASING GLUTATHIONE. NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHESIS AND HEPATIC IRON ARE ALSO ELEVATED. FURTHERMORE, ACTIVATION OF PHAGOCYTIC NADPH OXIDASE (NOX) 2 OF HOST IMMUNE CELLS IS LIKELY TO EXACERBATE OXIDATIVE STRESS IN HCV-INFECTED PATIENTS. KEY MECHANISMS OF HCC INCLUDE GENOME INSTABILITY, EPIGENETIC REGULATION, INFLAMMATION WITH CHRONIC TISSUE INJURY AND SUSTAINED CELL PROLIFERATION, AND MODULATION OF CELL GROWTH AND DEATH. OXIDATIVE STRESS, OR NOX PROTEINS, PLAYS VARIOUS ROLES IN THESE MECHANISMS. NOX PROTEINS ALSO FUNCTION IN HEPATIC FIBROSIS, WHICH COMMONLY PRECEDES HCC, AND NOX4 ELEVATION BY HCV IS MEDIATED BY TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES MECHANISMS OF ONCOGENESIS BY HCV, HIGHLIGHTING THE ROLES OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND HEPATIC NOX ENZYMES IN HCC.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
11   449  23 APOCYNIN PREVENTS ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES OVEREXPRESSION INDUCED BY SUB-CHRONIC STRESS IN MICE. ANXIETY DISORDERS ARE COMMON MENTAL HEALTH DISEASES AFFECTING UP TO 7% OF PEOPLE AROUND THE WORLD. STRESS IS CONSIDERED ONE OF THE MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS TO PROMOTE ANXIETY DISORDERS THROUGH MECHANISMS INVOLVING EPIGENETIC CHANGES. MOREOVER, ALTERATION IN REDOX BALANCE AND INCREASED REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) PRODUCTION HAVE BEEN DETECTED IN ANXIETY PATIENTS AND IN STRESSED-ANIMAL MODELS OF ANXIETY. HERE WE TESTED IF THE ADMINISTRATION OF APOCYNIN, A NATURAL ORIGIN ANTIOXIDANT, MAY PREVENT THE ANXIETY-LIKE PHENOTYPE AND REDUCTION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION INDUCED BY A SUBCHRONIC FORCED SWIMMING STRESS (FSS) PARADIGM. WE FOUND THAT APOCYNIN PREVENTED THE ENHANCED LATENCY TIME IN THE NOVELTY-SUPPRESSED FEEDING TEST, AND THE PRODUCTION OF MALONDIALDEHYDE INDUCED BY FSS. MOREOVER, APOCYNIN WAS ABLE TO BLOCK THE UPREGULATION OF P47PHOX, A KEY SUBUNIT OF THE NADPH OXIDASE COMPLEX. FINALLY, APOCYNIN PREVENTED THE RISE OF HIPPOCAMPAL HDAC1, HDAC4 AND HDAC5, AND THE REDUCTION OF HISTONE-3 ACETYLATION LEVELS PROMOTED BY FSS EXPOSURE. IN CONCLUSION, OUR RESULTS PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT APOCYNIN REDUCES THE DELETERIOUS EFFECT OF STRESS AND SUGGESTS THAT OXIDATIVE STRESS MAY REGULATE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
12  3426  31 HUMAN UMBILICAL ARTERY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS FROM LARGE-FOR-GESTATIONAL-AGE NEWBORN HAVE INCREASED ANTIOXIDANT EFFICIENCY AND GENE EXPRESSION. OBESITY IS A PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM WORLDWIDE, AND ESPECIALLY IN WOMEN IN REPRODUCTIVE AGE WHERE MORE THAN ONE IN THREE HAVE OBESITY. MATERNAL OBESITY IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED MATERNAL, PLACENTAL, AND NEWBORN OXIDATIVE STRESS, WHICH HAS BEEN PROPOSED AS A CENTRAL FACTOR IN VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION IN LARGE-FOR-GESTATIONAL-AGE (LGA) NEWBORN. HOWEVER, CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BEHIND THIS EFFECT HAVE NOT BEEN ELUCIDATED. UNTREATED HUMAN UMBILICAL ARTERY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (HUAEC) FROM LGA (LGA-HUAEC) PRESENTED HIGHER O(2)(-) LEVELS, SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE ACTIVITY AND HEME OXYGENASE 1 MESSENGER RNA (MRNA) LEVELS, PARALLELED BY REDUCED GSH:GSSG RATIO AND NRF2 MRNA LEVELS. IN RESPONSE TO AN OXIDATIVE CHALLENGE (HYDROGEN PEROXIDE), ONLY HUAEC FROM LGA EXHIBITED AN ENHANCED GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE 1 (GPX1) EXPRESSION, AS WELL AS A MORE EFFICIENT ANTIOXIDANT MACHINERY MEASURED BY THE BIOSENSOR PROBE, HYPER. AN OPEN STATE OF CHROMATIN IN THE TSS REGION OF GPX1 IN LGA-HUAEC WAS EVIDENCED BY THE DNASE-HS ASSAY. ALTOGETHER, OUR DATA INDICATE THAT LGA-HUAEC HAVE AN ALTERED CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM. WE PROPOSE THAT A CHRONIC PRO-OXIDANT INTRAUTERINE MILIEU, AS EVIDENCED IN PREGESTATIONAL OBESITY, COULD INDUCE A MORE EFFICIENT ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM IN FETAL VASCULAR CELLS, WHICH COULD BE MAINTAINED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISM DURING POSTNATAL LIFE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
13  1826  38 EFFECTS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR ON EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PRODUCTION IN HUMAN NASAL POLYP ORGAN CULTURES. BACKGROUND: NASAL POLYPOSIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITION OF THE SINONASAL MUCOSA AND INVOLVES MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) ACCUMULATION. EPIGENETIC MODULATION BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS INCLUDING TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) HAS BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE INHIBITORY EFFECTS ON MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION IN LUNG AND RENAL FIBROBLASTS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF TSA ON MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND ECM PRODUCTION IN NASAL POLYP ORGAN CULTURES. METHODS: NASAL POLYP TISSUES FROM 18 PATIENTS WERE ACQUIRED DURING ENDOSCOPIC SINUS SURGERY. AFTER ORGAN CULTURE, NASAL POLYPS WERE STIMULATED WITH TGF-BETA1 AND THEN TREATED WITH TSA. ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA), FIBRONECTIN, AND COLLAGEN TYPE I EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE EXAMINED BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR), REAL-TIME PCR, WESTERN BLOT, AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STAINING. HDAC2, HDAC4, AND ACETYLATED H4 EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE ASSAYED BY WESTERN BLOT. CYTOTOXICITY WAS ANALYZED BY THE TERMINAL DEOXYNUCLEOTIDYL TRANSFERASE BIOTIN-DUTP NICK END LABELING ASSAY. RESULTS: THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF ALPHA-SMA, FIBRONECTIN, AND COLLAGEN TYPE 1 WERE INCREASED IN NASAL POLYP AFTER TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF) BETA1 TREATMENT. TSA-INHIBITED TGF-BETA1 INDUCED THESE GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS. FURTHERMORE, TSA SUPPRESSED PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HDAC2 AND HDAC4. HOWEVER, TSA INDUCED HYPERACETYLATION OF HISTONES H4. TREATMENT WITH TGF-BETA1 WITH OR WITHOUT TSA DID NOT HAVE CYTOTOXIC EFFECT. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND ECM PRODUCTION OF NASAL POLYP. TSA COULD BE A CANDIDATE OF A THERAPEUTIC AGENT FOR REVERSING THE TGF-BETA1-INDUCED ECM SYNTHESIS THAT LEADS TO NASAL POLYP DEVELOPMENT.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
14  5227  33 PRMT6 MEDIATES INFLAMMATION VIA ACTIVATION OF THE NF-KAPPAB/P65 PATHWAY ON A CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT-INDUCED MURINE EMPHYSEMA MODEL. INTRODUCTION: SMOKE-DRIVEN LUNG INFLAMMATION IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE MAJOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MECHANISM OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)/EMPHYSEMA. PROTEIN ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASE 6 (PRMT6) IS A KEY EPIGENETIC ENZYME, WHICH IS RELATED TO PROTECTING THE TRI-METHYLATION OF H3K4 (H3K4ME3). WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT PTMT6 PROTECTS LUNG INFLAMMATION THROUGH THE NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B (NF-KAPPAB) PATHWAY. METHODS: MICE WERE INJECTED WITH CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT (CSE) OR PBS TO ESTABLISH A MICE MODEL, INTRATRACHEALLY INSTILLED WITH OVEREXPRESSED PRMT6 OR NEGATIVE CONTROL VECTOR. MORPHOMETRY OF LUNG SLIDES AND LUNG FUNCTION WERE MEASURED. WE DETERMINED THE PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF PRMT6 AND ITS RELATED HISTONE TARGETS, THE ACTIVATION OF NF-KAPPAB PATHWAY, THE LEVEL OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNFALPHA) AND INTERLEUKIN-1BETA (IL-1BETA). RESULTS: AFTER PRMT6 OVEREXPRESSION, THE MORPHOMETRY INDEXES AND LUNG FUNCTION WERE IMPROVED. ALSO, THE EXPRESSION OF H3K4ME3 WAS DECREASED. OVEREXPRESSED PRMT6 COULD SUPPRESS CSE-INDUCED NF-KAPPAB ACTIVATION AND PRO-INFLAMMATION GENES EXPRESSION. CONCLUSIONS: THE OVEREXPRESSED PRMT6 COULD SERVE AS AN INFLAMMATION INHIBITOR, POTENTIALLY THROUGH BLOCKING THE NF-KAPPAB/P65 PATHWAY IN THE MURINE EMPHYSEMA MODEL.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
15  6078  29 THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE IN ZEBRAFISH. ARSENIC IS A PREVALENT ENVIRONMENTAL TOXIN AND A GROUP ONE HUMAN CARCINOGENIC AGENT. CHRONIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH MANY HUMAN DISEASES. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY IS TO EVALUATE ZEBRAFISH AS AN ANIMAL MODEL TO ASSESS ARSENIC TOXICITY IN ELEVATED LONG-TERM ARSENIC EXPOSURE. WITH PROLONGED EXPOSURE (6 MONTHS) TO VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF ARSENIC FROM 50 PPB TO 300 PPB, EFFECTS OF ARSENIC ACCUMULATION IN ZEBRAFISH TISSUES, AND PHENOTYPES WERE INVESTIGATED. RESULTS SHOWED THAT THERE ARE NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES OF ARSENIC RETENTION IN ZEBRAFISH TISSUES, AND ZEBRAFISH DID NOT EXHIBIT ANY VISIBLE TUMOR FORMATION UNDER ARSENIC EXPOSURE CONDITIONS. HOWEVER, THE ZEBRAFISH DEMONSTRATE A DYSFUNCTION IN THEIR NEUROLOGICAL SYSTEM, WHICH IS REFLECTED BY A REDUCTION OF LOCOMOTIVE ACTIVITY. MOREOVER, ELEVATED LEVELS OF THE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (SOD2) PROTEIN WERE DETECTED IN THE EYE AND LIVER, SUGGESTING INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS. IN ADDITION, THE PROGENIES OF ARSENIC-TREATED PARENTS DISPLAYED A SMALLER BIOMASS (FOUR-FOLD REDUCTION IN BODY WEIGHT) COMPARED WITH THOSE FROM THEIR PARENTAL CONTROLS. THIS RESULT INDICATES THAT ARSENIC MAY INDUCE GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT ARE THEN PASSED ON TO THE NEXT GENERATION. OVERALL, THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES THAT ZEBRAFISH IS A CONVENIENT VERTEBRATE MODEL WITH ADVANTAGES IN THE EVALUATION OF ARSENIC-ASSOCIATED NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AS WELL AS ITS INFLUENCES ON THE OFFSPRING.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
16  2950  14 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC DAMAGE INDUCED BY REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES: IMPLICATIONS IN CARCINOGENESIS. CHRONIC INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION ARE RECOGNIZED RISK FACTORS FOR HUMAN CANCER AT VARIOUS SITES. INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION CAN ACTIVATE AND INDUCE A VARIETY OF OXIDANT-GENERATING ENZYMES, INCLUDING NADPH OXIDASE AND INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. REACTIVE OXYGEN AND NITROGEN SPECIES PRODUCED BY SUCH ENZYMES REACT WITH EACH OTHER TO GENERATE NEW AND MORE POTENT REACTIVE SPECIES. THESE OXIDANTS NOT ONLY CAN DAMAGE DNA AND INDUCE MUTATIONS, BUT ALSO CAN ACTIVATE ONCOGENE PRODUCTS AND/OR INACTIVATE TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS, THUS CONTRIBUTING TO MOST PROCESSES OF CARCINOGENESIS. APPROPRIATE TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATION SHOULD BE FURTHER EXPLORED FOR CHEMOPREVENTION OF HUMAN CANCERS, ESPECIALLY THOSE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
17  2774  44 EXTRACELLULAR SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (EC-SOD) REGULATES GENE METHYLATION AND CARDIAC FIBROSIS DURING CHRONIC HYPOXIC STRESS. CHRONIC HYPOXIC STRESS INDUCES EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS MAINLY DNA METHYLATION IN CARDIAC FIBROBLASTS, INACTIVATING TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (RASSF1A) AND ACTIVATING KINASES (ERK1/2) LEADING TO FIBROBLAST PROLIFERATION AND CARDIAC FIBROSIS. THE RAS/ERK SIGNALING PATHWAY IS AN INTRACELLULAR SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION CRITICALLY INVOLVED IN FIBROBLAST PROLIFERATION. RASSF1A FUNCTIONS THROUGH ITS EFFECT ON DOWNSTREAM ERK1/2. THE ANTIOXIDANT ENZYME, EXTRACELLULAR SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (EC-SOD), DECREASES OXIDATIVE STRESS FROM CHRONIC HYPOXIA, BUT ITS EFFECTS ON THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAVE NOT BEEN FULLY EXPLORED. TO TEST OUR HYPOTHESIS, WE USED AN IN-VITRO MODEL: WILD-TYPE C57B6 MALE MICE (WT) AND TRANSGENIC MALES WITH AN EXTRA COPY OF HUMAN HEC-SOD (TG). THE STUDIED ANIMALS WERE HOUSED IN HYPOXIA (10% O(2)) FOR 21 DAYS. THE RIGHT VENTRICULAR TISSUE WAS STUDIED FOR CARDIAC FIBROSIS MARKERS USING RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSES. PRIMARY C57BL6 MOUSE CARDIAC FIBROBLAST TISSUE CULTURE WAS USED TO STUDY THE IN-VITRO MODEL, THE DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS OF RASSF-1 EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION, AND ITS RELATION TO ERK1/2. OUR FINDINGS SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN CARDIAC FIBROSIS MARKERS: COLLAGEN 1, ALPHA SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ASMA), AND SNAIL, IN THE WT HYPOXIC ANIMALS AS COMPARED TO THE TG HYPOXIC GROUP (P < 0.05). THE EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLATION ENZYMES (DNMT 1&3B) WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN THE WT HYPOXIC MICE AS COMPARED TO THE HYPOXIC TG MICE (P < 0.001). RASSF1A EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER AND ERK1/2 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN HYPOXIA WT COMPARED TO THE HYPOXIC TG GROUP (P < 0.05). USE OF SIRNA TO BLOCK RASSF1A GENE EXPRESSION IN MURINE CARDIAC FIBROBLAST TISSUE CULTURE LED TO INCREASED FIBROBLAST PROLIFERATION (P < 0.05). METHYLATION OF THE RASSF1A PROMOTER REGION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED IN THE TG HYPOXIC GROUP COMPARED TO THE WT HYPOXIC GROUP (0.59 VS. 0.75, RESPECTIVELY). BASED ON OUR FINDINGS, WE CAN SPECULATE THAT EC-SOD SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATES RASSF1A GENE METHYLATION AND CAN ALLEVIATE CARDIAC FIBROSIS INDUCED BY HYPOXIA.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
18  4303  37 MICRORNA-223 INHIBITS TISSUE FACTOR EXPRESSION IN VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. OBJECTIVE: ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PROCESS, IN WHICH VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (ECS) BECOME DYSFUNCTIONAL OWING TO THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES, SUCH AS INFLAMMATORY FACTOR AND GROWTH FACTORS. TISSUE FACTOR (TF) EXPRESSION IS INDUCED BY THE ABOVE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES IN ACTIVATED ECS. TF INITIATES THROMBOSIS ON DISRUPTED ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES WHICH PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE DURING THE ONSET OF ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES (ACS). INCREASING EVIDENCES SUGGEST THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF MICRORNAS AS EPIGENETIC REGULATORS OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC DISEASE. THE AIM OF OUR STUDY IS TO IDENTIFY IF MICRORNA-223 (MIR-223) TARGETS TF IN ECS. METHODS AND RESULTS: BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT TF IS A TARGET CANDIDATE OF MIR-223. WESTERN BLOTTING ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA) INCREASED TF EXPRESSION IN AORTA OF C57BL/6J MICE AND CULTURED ECS (EA.HY926 CELLS AND HUVEC) AFTER 4 H TREATMENT. IN TNF-ALPHA TREATED ECS, TF MRNA WAS ALSO INCREASED MEASURED BY REAL-TIME PCR. REAL-TIME PCR RESULTS SHOWED THAT MIR-223 LEVELS WERE DOWNREGULATED IN TNF-ALPHA-TREATED AORTA OF C57BL/6J MICE AND CULTURED ECS. TRANSFECTION OF ECS WITH MIR-223 MIMIC OR MIR-223 INHIBITOR MODIFIED TF EXPRESSION BOTH IN MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS. LUCIFERASE ASSAYS CONFIRMED THAT MIR-223 SUPPRESSED TF EXPRESSION BY BINDING TO THE SEQUENCE OF TF 3'-UNTRANSLATED REGIONS (3'UTR). TF PROCOAGULANT ACTIVITY WAS INHIBITED BY OVEREXPRESSING MIR-223 WITH OR WITHOUT TNF-ALPHA STIMULATION. CONCLUSIONS: MIR-223-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF TF EXPRESSION PROVIDES A NOVEL MOLECULAR MECHANISM FOR THE REGULATION OF COAGULATION CASCADE, AND SUGGESTS A CLUE AGAINST THROMBOGENESIS DURING THE PROCESS OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE RUPTURE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
19  1667  32 DOWNREGULATION OF PCAF BY MIR-181A/B PROVIDES FEEDBACK REGULATION TO TNF-ALPHA-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION OF PROINFLAMMATORY GENES IN LIVER EPITHELIAL CELLS. ABERRANT CELLULAR RESPONSES TO PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, SUCH AS TNF-ALPHA, ARE PATHOGENIC FEATURES IN MOST CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. A VARIETY OF EXTRACELLULAR AND INTRACELLULAR FEEDBACK PATHWAYS HAS EVOLVED TO PREVENT AN INAPPROPRIATE CELLULAR REACTION TO THESE PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. IN THIS STUDY, WE REPORT THAT TNF-ALPHA TREATMENT OF HUMAN AND MOUSE CHOLANGIOCYTES AND HEPATOCYTES DOWNREGULATED EXPRESSION OF P300/CBP-ASSOCIATED FACTOR (PCAF), A COACTIVATOR AND AN ACETYLTRANSFERASE THAT PROMOTES HISTONE ACETYLATION AND GENE TRANSCRIPTION. OF THESE UPREGULATED MICRORNAS IN TNF-ALPHA-TREATED CELLS, MIR-181A/B (MIR-181A AND MIR-181B) SUPPRESSED TRANSLATION OF PCAF MRNA. FUNCTIONAL MANIPULATION OF MIR-181A/B CAUSED RECIPROCAL ALTERATIONS IN PCAF PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN CULTURED CHOLANGIOCYTES AND HEPATOCYTES. INHIBITION OF MIR-181A/B FUNCTION WITH ANTI-MIRS BLOCKED TNF-ALPHA-INDUCED SUPPRESSION OF PCAF EXPRESSION. PROMOTER RECRUITMENT OF PCAF WAS SHOWN TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH TNF-ALPHA-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION OF INFLAMMATORY GENES. INTRIGUINGLY, PRETREATMENT OF CELLS WITH TNF-ALPHA INHIBITED TRANSCRIPTION OF INFLAMMATORY GENES IN RESPONSE TO SUBSEQUENT TNF-ALPHA STIMULATION. OVEREXPRESSION OF PCAF OR INHIBITION OF MIR-181A/B FUNCTION WITH ANTI-MIRS ATTENUATED THE INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF TNF-ALPHA PRETREATMENT ON EPITHELIAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO SUBSEQUENT TNF-ALPHA STIMULATION. DOWNREGULATION OF PCAF AND THE INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF TNF-ALPHA PRETREATMENT ON LIVER EPITHELIAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE WERE FURTHER CONFIRMED IN A MOUSE MODEL OF TNF-ALPHA I.P. INJECTION. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT PCAF IS A TARGET FOR MIR-181A/B, AND DOWNREGULATION OF PCAF BY TNF-ALPHA PROVIDES NEGATIVE FEEDBACK REGULATION TO INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS IN LIVER EPITHELIAL CELLS, A PROCESS THAT MAY BE RELEVANT TO THE EPIGENETIC FINE-TUNING OF EPITHELIAL INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES IN GENERAL.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
20  1848  35 EFFECTS OF VENLAFAXINE ON THE EXPRESSION LEVEL AND METHYLATION STATUS OF GENES INVOLVED IN OXIDATIVE STRESS IN RATS EXPOSED TO A CHRONIC MILD STRESS. RECENT HUMAN AND ANIMAL STUDIES INDICATE THAT OXIDATIVE AND NITROSATIVE STRESS MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE AETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF DEPRESSION. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATES THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION OF THE SEROTONIN-NOREPINEPHRINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR, VENLAFAXINE, ON THE EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION STATUS OF SOD1, SOD2, GPX1, GPX4, CAT, NOS1 AND NOS2 IN THE BRAIN AND BLOOD OF RATS EXPOSED TO A CHRONIC MILD STRESS (CMS) MODEL OF DEPRESSION. SEPARATE GROUPS OF ANIMALS WERE EXPOSED TO CMS FOR 2 OR 7 WEEKS; THE SECOND GROUP RECEIVED SALINE OR VENLAFAXINE (10 MG/KG/D, IP) FOR 5 WEEKS. AFTER COMPLETION OF BOTH STRESS CONDITIONS AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, THE MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF SELECTED GENES AND THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THEIR PROMOTERS WERE MEASURED IN PERIPHERAL MONONUCLEAR BLOOD CELLS (PBMCS) AND IN BRAIN STRUCTURES (HIPPOCAMPUS, AMYGDALA, HYPOTHALAMUS, MIDBRAIN, CORTEX, BASAL GANGLIA) WITH THE USE OF TAQMAN GENE EXPRESSION ASSAY, WESTERN BLOT AND METHYLATION-SENSITIVE HIGH-RESOLUTION MELTING TECHNIQUES. CMS CAUSED A DECREASE IN SUCROSE CONSUMPTION, AND THIS EFFECT WAS NORMALIZED BY FLUOXETINE. IN PBMCS, SOD1, SOD2 AND NOS2 MRNA EXPRESSION CHANGED ONLY AFTER VENLAFAXINE ADMINISTRATION. IN BRAIN, CAT, GPX1, GPX4 AND NOS1 GENE EXPRESSION CHANGED FOLLOWING CMS OR VENLAFAXINE EXPOSURE, MOST PROMINENTLY IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, MIDBRAIN AND BASAL GANGLIA. CMS INCREASED THE METHYLATION OF THE GPX1 PROMOTER IN PBMCS, THE SECOND GPX4 PROMOTER IN MIDBRAIN AND BASAL GANGLIA, AND SOD1 AND SOD2 IN HIPPOCAMPUS. THE CMS ANIMALS TREATED WITH VENLAFAXINE DISPLAYED A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER CAT LEVEL IN MIDBRAIN AND CEREBRAL CORTEX. CMS CAUSED AN ELEVATION OF GPX4 IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, WHICH WAS LOWERED IN CEREBRAL CORTEX BY VENLAFAXINE. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT CMS AND VENLAFAXINE ADMINISTRATION AFFECT THE METHYLATION OF PROMOTERS OF GENES INVOLVED IN OXIDATIVE AND NITROSATIVE STRESS. THEY ALSO INDICATE THAT PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL TISSUE DIFFER IN THEIR RESPONSE TO STRESS OR ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENTS. IT IS POSSIBLE THAT THAT APART FROM DNA METHYLATION, A CRUCIAL ROLE OF EXPRESSION LEVEL OF GENES MAY BE PLAYED BY OTHER FORMS OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION, SUCH AS HISTONE MODIFICATION OR MICRORNA INTERFERENCE. THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE STRONG EVIDENCE FOR THESIS THAT ANALYSIS OF THE LEVEL OF MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION AS WELL AS THE STATUS OF PROMOTER METHYLATION CAN HELP IN UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOMECHANISMS OF MENTAL DISEASES, INCLUDING DEPRESSION, AND THE MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF DRUGS EFFECTIVE IN THEIR THERAPY.	2020