1  4757 105 NOVEL TREATMENT OPPORTUNITIES FOR SULFUR MUSTARD-RELATED CANCERS: GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PERSPECTIVES. SULFUR MUSTARD (SM), ALSO KNOWN AS MUSTARD GAS, IS A CHEMICAL WEAPON WHICH BY NOW HAS BEEN USED IN MANY WARS. THE MOST CONCERNING SM TOXIC EFFECT IS PROBABLE CARCINOGENICITY. IN THIS STUDY, THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF SM CARCINOGENICITY, BY FOCUSING ON TREATMENT OF SM-ASSOCIATED MALIGNANCIES, PARTICULARLY GENE THERAPEUTICS, CANCER VACCINES, AND EPIGENETIC MEDICATIONS, HAVE BEEN CRITICIZED. THE REQUIRED DATA WERE COLLECTED THROUGH AN ORGANIZED SEARCH ON VALID SCIENTIFIC DATABASES. FOR SM CARCINOGENICITY DUE TO ACUTE OR CHRONIC EXPOSURE, THE ENTIRE ORIGINAL AND REVIEW ARTICLES WERE EVALUATED. IN ADDITION, STUDIES ON THE THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF AVAILABLE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MEDICATIONS WERE INCLUDED. CURRENTLY, FOUR GENE THERAPEUTICS, TWO CANCER VACCINES WITH GENETIC BASES, AND SEVEN EPIGENETIC MEDICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FOR CANCER TREATMENT. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CANCER TREATMENTS INCLUDING GENDICINE, IMLYGIC, PROVENGE, CIMAVAX-EGF, AZACITIDINE, VORINOSTAT, ROMIDEPSIN, AND BELINOSTAT WILL YIELD OUTSTANDING BENEFITS FOR SM-EXPOSED PATIENTS WHO SUFFER FROM CANCER.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
2  1294  36 DECREASED EXPRESSION OF MIR-20A AND MIR-92A IN THE SERUM FROM SULFUR MUSTARD-EXPOSED PATIENTS DURING THE CHRONIC PHASE OF RESULTING ILLNESS. CONTEXT: SULFUR MUSTARD (SM), WITH EXTENSIVE NUCLEOPHILIC AND ALKYLATING PROPERTIES, WAS EMPLOYED DURING THE IRAN-IRAQ WAR BY IRAQI FORCES. THE MOST CRITICAL COMPLICATIONS ATTRIBUTED TO SM ARE RELATED TO DANGEROUS PULMONARY DISORDERS COLLECTIVELY KNOWN AS "MUSTARD LUNG". THE SYMPTOMS GRADUALLY EMERGE OVER A LONG PERIOD, BECOMING CHRONIC, AND ARE DEPENDENT ON TIME AND THE AMOUNT OF EXPOSED SM. BECAUSE OF THE UNKNOWN AND COMPLEX NATURE OF THE DISEASE, NO DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC METHOD OR ABSOLUTE TREATMENT STRATEGY HAS BEEN FORMALLY DEVELOPED. OBJECTIVE: THE AIM OF OUR STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE THE EXPRESSION PATTERN OF THE MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) MIR-92A AND MIR-20A IN THE SERUM OF PATIENTS WITH MUSTARD LUNG ALONG WITH THAT OF NORMAL INDIVIDUALS. MIRNAS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO POSSESS STABLE PERSISTENCE IN BIOFLUIDS LIKE PLASMA AND SERUM AND ARE CONSIDERED NON-AGGRESSIVE BIOMARKERS HELPFUL FOR DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF MANY DISEASES. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A HIGHLY SENSITIVE APPROACH CALLED STEM-LOOP REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION WAS EMPLOYED TO STUDY THE EXPRESSION OF MIRNAS. RESULTS: THE EXPRESSION OF MIR-92A AND MIR-20A WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DOWN-REGULATED IN THE SERUM OF PATIENTS WITH MUSTARD LUNG COMPARED TO THE CONTROL GROUP. DISCUSSION: DOWN-REGULATION OF MIR-92A AND MIR-20A MAY BE DUE TO CHRONIC EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AFTER SM EXPOSURE, WHICH FINALLY LEADS TO CHANGES IN VITAL CELLULAR PROCESSES SUCH AS DIFFERENTIATION, PROLIFERATION AND SO FORTH. CONCLUSION: OUR FINDINGS MAY PROVIDE A DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC METHOD THAT IS EFFECTIVE FOR DIAGNOSING LUNG DISEASES CAUSED BY SM EXPOSURE. ADDITIONALLY, THESE MIRNAS MAY BE REGARDED AS PROBABLE TARGETS FOR TREATMENT OF LUNG INJURIES.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
3  2487  27 EPIGENETIC: A MISSING PARADIGM IN CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PATHWAYS OF SULFUR MUSTARD LUNG: A PROSPECTIVE AND COMPARATIVE STUDY. SULFUR MUSTARD (SM, BIS- (2-CHLOROETHYL) SULPHIDE) IS A CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENT THAT CAUSES DNA ALKYLATION, PROTEIN MODIFICATION AND MEMBRANE DAMAGE. SM CAN TRIGGER SEVERAL MOLECULAR PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS, WHICH CAUSE CELL NECROSIS AND APOPTOSIS, AND LOSS OF CELLS INTEGRITY AND FUNCTION. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IS A GROWING RESEARCH TOPIC AND IS ADDRESSED BY DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATION, CHROMATIN REMODELING, AND NONCODING RNAS EXPRESSION. IT SEEMS SM CAN INDUCE THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT ARE TRANSLATED INTO CHANGE IN GENE EXPRESSION. CLASSIFICATION OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS LONG AFTER EXPOSURE TO SM WOULD CLARIFY ITS MECHANISM AND PAVES A BETTER STRATEGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF SM-AFFECTED PATIENTS. IN THIS STUDY, WE REVIEW THE KEY ABERRANT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT HAVE IMPORTANT ROLES IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) AND COMPARED WITH MUSTARD LUNG.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
4  1223  30 CRITICAL REVIEW ON EMERGING HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND ITS SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT. INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ) IS ONE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS AFFECTING PEOPLE'S HEALTH AND WELL-BEING. CURRENTLY, THERE IS A LACK OF AWARENESS AMONG PEOPLE ABOUT THE QUANTIFICATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND POSSIBLE HEALTH EFFECTS OF IAQ. AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS SUCH AS VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOCS), PARTICULATE MATTER (PM), SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2), CARBON MONOXIDE (CO), NITROUS OXIDE (NO), POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS) MICROBIAL SPORES, POLLEN, ALLERGENS, ETC. PRIMARILY CONTRIBUTE TO IAQ DETERIORATION. THIS REVIEW DISCUSSES THE SOURCES OF MAJOR INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS, MOLECULAR TOXICITY MECHANISMS, AND THEIR EFFECTS ON CARDIOVASCULAR, OCULAR, NEUROLOGICAL, WOMEN, AND FOETAL HEALTH. ADDITIONALLY, CONTEMPORARY STRATEGIES AND SUSTAINABLE METHODS FOR REGULATING AND REDUCING POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS ARE EMPHASIZED, AND CURRENT INITIATIVES TO ADDRESS AND ENHANCE IAQ ARE EXPLORED, ALONG WITH THEIR UNIQUE ADVANTAGES AND POTENTIALS. DUE TO THEIR LONGER EXPOSURE TIMES AND PARTICULAR PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS, WOMEN AND CHILDREN ARE MORE AT RISK FOR POOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY. BY TRIGGERING MANY TOXICITY MECHANISMS, INCLUDING OXIDATIVE STRESS, DNA METHYLATION, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AND GENE ACTIVATION, INDOOR AIR POLLUTION CAN CAUSE A RANGE OF HEALTH ISSUES. LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, ACUTE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS, SICK BUILDING SYNDROMES (SBS), AND EARLY DEATH ARE MORE PREVALENT IN EXPOSED RESIDENTS. ON THE OTHER HAND, THE MAIN CAUSES OF INCAPACITY AND EARLY MORTALITY ARE LUNG CANCER, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS. IT'S CRUCIAL TO ACKNOWLEDGE ANTICIPATED RESEARCH NEEDS AND IMPLEMENTED EFFICIENT INTERVENTIONS AND POLICIES TO LOWER HEALTH HAZARDS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
5  2255  27 EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS IN EARLY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS AND DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN HUMAN SKIN AFTER SULFUR MUSTARD EXPOSURE. VICTIMS THAT WERE EXPOSED TO THE CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENT SULFUR MUSTARD (SM) SUFFER FROM CHRONIC DERMAL AND OCULAR LESIONS, SEVERE PULMONARY PROBLEMS AND CANCER DEVELOPMENT. IT HAS BEEN PROPOSED THAT EPIGENETIC PERTURBATIONS MIGHT BE INVOLVED IN THAT PROCESS BUT THIS HAS NOT BEEN INVESTIGATED SO FAR. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS IN VITRO USING EARLY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (EEC) THAT WERE EXPOSED TO DIFFERENT SM CONCENTRATIONS (0.5, 1.0, 23.5 AND 50MUM). A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF 78 GENES RELATED TO EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS (I.E., DNA-METHYLATION AND POST-TRANSLATIONAL HISTONE MODIFICATIONS) WAS PERFORMED. MOREOVER, WE ANALYZED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN VITRO IN EEC AFTER SM EXPOSURE AS A MAKER FOR EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS AND IN VIVO USING HUMAN SKIN SAMPLES THAT WERE OBTAINED FROM A PATIENT 1 YEAR AFTER AN ACCIDENTLY EXPOSURE TO PURE SM. SM EXPOSURE RESULTED IN A COMPLEX REGULATION PATTERN OF EPIGENETIC MODULATORS WHICH WAS ACCOMPANIED BY A GLOBAL INCREASE OF DNA METHYLATION IN VITRO. EXAMINATION OF THE SM EXPOSED HUMAN SKIN SAMPLES ALSO REVEALED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE OF GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN VIVO, UNDERLINING THE BIOLOGICAL RELEVANCE OF OUR FINDINGS. THUS, WE DEMONSTRATED FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT SM AFFECTS EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS AND CAUSES EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS BOTH IN VIVO AND IN VITRO.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
6  6491  29 TRAFFIC-DERIVED PARTICULATE MATTER EXPOSURE AND HISTONE H3 MODIFICATION: A REPEATED MEASURES STUDY. BACKGROUND: AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) MAY INDUCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT POTENTIALLY LEAD TO CHRONIC DISEASES. HISTONE MODIFICATIONS REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION BY INFLUENCING CHROMATIN STRUCTURE THAT CAN CHANGE GENE EXPRESSION STATUS. WE EVALUATED WHETHER TRAFFIC-DERIVED PM EXPOSURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH FOUR TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTALLY INDUCIBLE GLOBAL HISTONE H3 MODIFICATIONS. METHODS: THE BEIJING TRUCK DRIVER AIR POLLUTION STUDY INCLUDED 60 TRUCK DRIVERS AND 60 OFFICE WORKERS EXAMINED TWICE, 1-2 WEEKS APART, FOR AMBIENT PM(10) (BOTH DAY-OF AND 14-DAY AVERAGE EXPOSURES), PERSONAL PM(2.5), BLACK CARBON (BC), AND ELEMENTAL COMPONENTS (POTASSIUM, SULFUR, IRON, SILICON, ALUMINUM, ZINC, CALCIUM, AND TITANIUM). FOR BOTH PM(10) MEASURES, WE OBTAINED HOURLY AMBIENT PM(10) DATA FOR THE STUDY PERIOD FROM THE BEIJING MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL BUREAU'S 27 REPRESENTATIVELY DISTRIBUTED MONITORING STATIONS. WE THEN CALCULATED A 24H AVERAGE FOR EACH EXAMINATION DAY AND A MOVING AVERAGE OF AMBIENT PM(10) MEASURED IN THE 14 DAYS PRIOR TO EACH EXAMINATION. EXAMINATIONS MEASURED GLOBAL LEVELS OF H3 LYSINE 9 ACETYLATION (H3K9AC), H3 LYSINE 9 TRI-METHYLATION (H3K9ME3), H3 LYSINE 27 TRI-METHYLATION (H3K27ME3), AND H3 LYSINE 36 TRI-METHYLATION (H3K36ME3) IN BLOOD LEUKOCYTES COLLECTED AFTER WORK. WE USED ADJUSTED LINEAR MIXED-EFFECT MODELS TO EXAMINE PERCENT CHANGES IN HISTONE MODIFICATIONS PER EACH MUG/M(3) INCREASE IN PM EXPOSURE. RESULTS: IN ALL PARTICIPANTS EACH MUG/M(3) INCREASE IN 14-DAY AVERAGE AMBIENT PM(10) EXPOSURE WAS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER H3K27ME3 (BETA=-1.1%, 95% CI: -1.6, -0.6) AND H3K36ME3 LEVELS (BETA=-0.8%, 95% CI: -1.4, -0.1). OCCUPATION-STRATIFIED ANALYSES SHOWED ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN BC AND BOTH H3K9AC AND H3K36ME3 THAT WERE STRONGER IN OFFICE WORKERS (BETA=4.6%, 95% CI: 0.9, 8.4; AND BETA=4.1%, 95% CI: 1.3; 7.0 RESPECTIVELY) THAN IN TRUCK DRIVERS (BETA=0.1%, 95% CI: -1.3, 1.5; AND BETA=0.9%, 95% CI: -0.9, 2.7, RESPECTIVELY; BOTH P(INTERACTION) <0.05). SEX-STRATIFIED ANALYSES SHOWED ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN EXAMINATION-DAY PM(10) AND H3K9AC, AND BETWEEN BC AND H3K9ME3, WERE STRONGER IN WOMEN (BETA=10.7%, 95% CI: 5.4, 16.2; AND BETA=7.5%, 95% CI: 1.2, 14.2, RESPECTIVELY) THAN IN MEN (BETA=1.4%, 95% CI: -0.9, 3.7; AND BETA=0.9%, 95% CI: -0.9, 2.7, RESPECTIVELY; BOTH P(INTERACTION) <0.05). WE OBSERVED NO ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PERSONAL PM(2.5) OR ELEMENTAL COMPONENTS AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS SUGGEST A POSSIBLE ROLE OF GLOBAL HISTONE H3 MODIFICATIONS IN EFFECTS OF TRAFFIC-DERIVED PM EXPOSURES, PARTICULARLY BC EXPOSURE. FUTURE STUDIES SHOULD ASSESS THE ROLES OF THESE MODIFICATIONS IN HUMAN DISEASES AND AS POTENTIAL MEDIATORS OF AIR POLLUTION-INDUCED DISEASE, IN PARTICULAR BC EXPOSURE.	2017	

7  1066  30 CLINICAL USE OF AMINO ACIDS AS DIETARY SUPPLEMENT: PROS AND CONS. NITROGEN SUPPLY IS PIVOTAL FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF LIFE. AMINO ACIDS CAN BE UTILIZED TO SYNTHESIZE BOTH GLUCOSE AND LIPIDS. THE OPPOSITE, I.E., PRODUCTION OF AMINO ACIDS FROM EITHER ONE OF THEM, IS NOT POSSIBLE IN THE ABSENCE OF OTHER AMINO ACIDS AS DONORS OF NITROGEN. THE QUALITY OF AMINO ACID CONTENT IN PROTEIN HAS BEEN RE-EVALUATED RECENTLY, AND THE RELEVANCE OF ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS HAS BEEN REPEATEDLY UNDERLINED. ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS IN DIFFERENT MAMMALS ARE NOT IDENTICAL, AND RATIOS AMONG THEM SHOULD BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT WHEN PROJECTING AN EFFICIENT FORMULATION. RECENT RESEARCH HAS DEMONSTRATED THAT GENES RESPOND TO DIFFERENT QUALITIES AND QUANTITIES OF NUTRITIONAL SUPPLY, AND INCREASED PROVISION OF ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS INCREASES LIFESPAN IN ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS THROUGH MITOCHONDRIOGENESIS AND MAINTENANCE OF ELEVATED RATES OF SYNTHESIS OF ANTI-OXIDANT MOLECULES. MOREOVER, GENETIC EXPRESSION OF KEY CONTROLLERS OF SYNTHESIS, LIKE MTOR, MAY BE PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT FOR UNDERSTANDING SKELETAL MUSCLE MAINTENANCE. LOSSES OF MUSCLE MASS AND IMPAIRED IMMUNE FUNCTION ARE RELATED TO REDUCED PROTEIN SUPPLY, AND THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE THAT REGULAR ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID INTAKE AS PART OF AN ORAL DIET IS EFFECTIVE IN REVERSING MUSCLE CATABOLISM, PROMOTING MUSCLE ANABOLISM, AND RESTORING IMMUNOLOGICAL FUNCTION. THEREFORE, THE USE OF AMINO ACIDS AS SUPPLEMENTS TO DIET WOULD BE EXPANDING IN THE NEAR FUTURE. IS THIS SAFE? FEW DATA ARE AVAILABLE ON AMINO ACID TOXICITY, AND ONLY ONE ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID MAY BE CONSIDERED TO HAVE CLINICALLY RELEVANT TOXICITY: METHIONINE, BECAUSE IT IS TRANSFORMED INTO A TOXIC INTERMEDIATE, HOMOCYSTEINE, WHEN CYSTEINE SYNTHESIS IS REQUIRED BY METABOLIC NEEDS. MATCHING OF STOICHIOMETRIC RATIOS BETWEEN METHIONINE AND CYSTEINE MAY SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF SUPPLYING SUFFICIENT AMOUNTS OF SULFUR TO THE BODY. ARGININE AND GLUTAMINE ARE TWO NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS THAN CAN BECOME "CONDITIONALLY ESSENTIAL" BECAUSE OF ELEVATED NEEDS DURING PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, AND METABOLISM MAY NOT BE ABLE TO MAINTAIN THEIR CONCENTRATIONS AT SUFFICIENT LEVELS TO MATCH METABOLIC REQUIREMENTS. CHRONIC EXOGENOUS ARGININE SUPPLEMENTATION HAS NOT PROVEN TO EXERT POSITIVE CLINICAL EFFECTS IN DIFFERENT TRIALS, AND SEQUENTIAL ARTICULATION OF THE KNOWLEDGE OF INTRODUCTION OF ARGININE-DRIVEN TRANSCRIPTIONAL, TRANSLATIONAL, AND EPIGENETIC ADAPTATIONS MAY GIVE US A KEY FOR INTERPRETING THOSE PUZZLING RESULTS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
8  5209  24 PRENATAL XENOBIOTIC EXPOSURE AND INTRAUTERINE HYPOTHALAMUS-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS PROGRAMMING ALTERATION. THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT NEUROENDOCRINE AXES AND PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN STRESS DEFENSE RESPONSES BEFORE AND AFTER BIRTH. PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO XENOBIOTICS, INCLUDING ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS (SUCH AS SMOKE, SULFUR DIOXIDE AND CARBON MONOXIDE), DRUGS (SUCH AS SYNTHETIC GLUCOCORTICOIDS), AND FOODS AND BEVERAGE CATEGORIES (SUCH AS ETHANOL AND CAFFEINE), AFFECTS FETAL DEVELOPMENT INDIRECTLY BY CHANGING THE MATERNAL STATUS OR DAMAGING THE PLACENTA. CERTAIN XENOBIOTICS (SUCH AS CAFFEINE, ETHANOL AND DEXAMETHASONE) MAY ALSO AFFECT THE FETUS DIRECTLY BY CROSSING THE PLACENTA INTO THE FETUS DUE TO THEIR LIPOPHILIC PROPERTIES AND LOWER MOLECULAR WEIGHTS. ALL OF THESE FACTORS PROBABLY RESULT IN INTRAUTERINE PROGRAMMING ALTERATION OF THE HPA AXIS, WHICH SHOWED A LOW BASAL ACTIVITY BUT HYPERSENSITIVITY TO CHRONIC STRESS. THESE ALTERATIONS WILL, THEREFORE, INCREASE THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ADULT NEUROPSYCHIATRIC (SUCH AS DEPRESSION AND SCHIZOPHRENIA) AND METABOLIC DISEASES (SUCH AS HYPERTENSION, DIABETES AND NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE). THE "OVER-EXPOSURE OF FETUSES TO MATERNAL GLUCOCORTICOIDS" MAY BE THE MAIN INITIATION FACTOR BY WHICH THE FETAL HPA AXIS PROGRAMMING IS ALTERED. MEANTIME, XENOBIOTICS CAN DIRECTLY INDUCE ABNORMAL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND EXPRESSION ON THE IMPORTANT FETAL GENES (SUCH AS HIPPOCAMPAL GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR, ADRENAL STEROIDOGENIC ACUTE REGULATORY PROTEIN, ET AL) OR DAMAGE BY IN SITU OXIDATIVE METABOLISM OF FETAL ADRENALS, WHICH MAY ALSO BE CONTRIBUTED TO THE PROGRAMMING ALTERATION OF FETAL HPA AXIS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
9  5616  25 SAMUL-TANG AMELIORATES OOCYTE DAMAGE DUE TO CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE-INDUCED CHRONIC OVARIAN DYSFUNCTION IN MICE. SAMUL-TANG (SM), A TRADITIONAL HERBAL MEDICINE, HAS BEEN USED TO TREAT MENSTRUAL IRREGULARITIES AND INFERTILITY IN WOMEN. HOWEVER, THE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE EFFECTS OF SM REMAIN ELUSIVE. WE INVESTIGATED THE POTENTIAL PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF SM AGAINST CHRONIC OVARIAN DYSFUNCTION AND USED BIOINFORMATICS ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY ITS UNDERLYING MECHANISM IN A MOUSE MODEL OF CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE (CP)-INDUCED DIMINISHED OVARIAN RESERVE. FEMALE C57BL/6 MICE WERE INTRAPERITONEALLY INJECTED WITH CP THREE TIMES A WEEK, FOLLOWED BY ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF DISTILLED WATER (CP GROUP) OR SM (CP + SM GROUP) FOR 4 WEEKS. FOUR WEEKS LATER, THE EFFECT OF SM WAS ASSESSED BY OVARIAN TISSUE HISTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS, STEROID HORMONE MEASUREMENT, OOCYTE QUALITY, AND MRNA AND MICRORNA MICROARRAY ANALYSIS IN THE OVARIES. ALTHOUGH SM ADMINISTRATION DID NOT PREVENT CP-INDUCED FOLLICLE LOSS IN MICE, THE QUALITY OF OOCYTES WAS BETTER IN CP + SM MICE THAN IN CP MICE. GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT THE EXPRESSION OF FERTILISATION- AND OVARIAN FOLLICLE DEVELOPMENT-RELATED GENES WAS ALTERED BY CP TREATMENT BUT NORMALIZED AFTER SM ADMINISTRATION. FURTHER BIOINFORMATICS ANALYSIS SHOWED POSSIBLE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED MRNAS AND MICRORNAS. THEREFORE, WE DEMONSTRATED THE PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF SM ON OVARIAN FUNCTION AND OOCYTE MATURATION AGAINST CP-INDUCED DAMAGE VIA MULTIPLE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
10  6220  18 THE KIDNEY IS THE MAJOR SITE OF S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE DISPOSAL IN HUMANS. S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE (SAH), THE METABOLIC PRECURSOR OF HOMOCYSTEINE IN THE BODY, IS A POTENT INHIBITOR OF METHYLATION REACTIONS. SEVERAL METHYLATION REACTIONS PLAY A MAJOR ROLE IN EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF PROTEIN EXPRESSION, ATHEROSCLEROSIS, AND CANCER DEVELOPMENT. HERE WE STUDIED THE MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF CIRCULATING SAH LEVELS BY MEASUREMENT OF THE ARTERIO-VENOUS DIFFERENCES ACROSS THE KIDNEY, SPLANCHNIC ORGANS, AND THE LUNG IN HUMANS. THE LUNGS DID NOT REMOVE OR ADD ANY CIRCULATING SAH, WHEREAS THE LIVER RELEASED IT INTO THE HEPATIC VEINS. THE KIDNEY EXTRACTED 40% OF SAH AND THE SAH ARTERIO-VENOUS DIFFERENCE ACROSS THE KIDNEY WAS DIRECTLY AND SIGNIFICANTLY RELATED TO ITS ARTERIAL LEVELS. THUS, THE KIDNEY PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN MAINTAINING SAH LEVELS AND MAY, INDIRECTLY, CONTROL TISSUE TRANSMETHYLATION REACTIONS. OUR FINDINGS OF A PIVOTAL ROLE FOR THE HUMAN KIDNEY IN SULFUR AMINO ACID METABOLISM MAY ALSO ACCOUNT FOR THE INCREASED PLASMA LEVELS OF SAH IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASES.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
11  6909  30 [TOXIC COMPONENTS OF PM(2.5) AND THEIR TOXICITY MECHANISMS-ON THE TOXICITY OF SULFATE AND CARBON COMPONENTS]. RECENTLY, THE MAIN AIR POLLUTANT HAS BEEN FINE PARTICULATE MATTER (PM(2.5)), WHICH IS TAKEN UP BY THE WHOLE BODY WITH SEVERE ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS. THE MAIN CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF PM(2.5) ARE SALTS OF SULFATE (AND NITRATE) AND CARBONS. HOWEVER, IT REMAINS UNKNOWN WHICH COMPONENTS ARE TOXIC. HERE, THE AUTHOR REVIEWED THE LITERATURES TO DETERMINE WHICH COMPONENTS ARE TOXIC AND THE MAIN MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THEIR TOXICITY. MANY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT SULFATE CONCENTRATION IS STRONGLY RELATED TO MORTALITY. HOWEVER, THERE IS NO EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE SHOWING THAT SULFATE AT ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS OF PM(2.5) CAUSES CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE OR OTHER DISEASE. ON THE OTHER HAND, CARBON COMPONENTS SUCH AS ELEMENTARY CARBON (EC) PRODUCES HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) VIA ITS PHAGOCYTOSIS BY MACROPHAGES, AND ORGANIC CARBON (OC) ALSO PRODUCES HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF ROS DURING ITS METABOLIC PROCESSES, AND THE ROS CAUSE ACUTE AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. THEY CAUSE MANY DISEASES INCLUDING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, ASTHMA AND CANCER. FURTHERMORE, THERE ARE MANY LINES OF EVIDENCE SHOWING THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION OR MICRORNA EXPRESSION INDUCED BY PARTICULATE MATTERS ALSO INDUCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANY DISEASES SUCH AS THOSE MENTIONED ABOVE. IT HAS BEEN REPORTED THAT CARBON COMPONENTS ARE INCORPORATED INTO THE BRAIN AND PRODUCE ROS, AND THAT THE ROS CAUSE DAMAGE TO BRAIN CELLS AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND COGNITIVE DISORDERS IN THE ELDERLY.FROM THESE LINES OF EVIDENCE, THE AUTHOR WOULD LIKE TO EMPHASIZE THAT THE MAIN TOXICITY OF PM(2.5) IS DUE TO CARBON COMPONENTS, AND IT IS IMPORTANT TO TAKE COUNTERMEASURES TO DECREASE THE CONCENTRATION OF CARBON COMPONENTS IN AMBIENT AIR.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12  2940  29 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN NORMAL AND SENSITIVE COPD-DISEASED HUMAN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL CELLS REPEATEDLY EXPOSED TO AIR POLLUTION-DERIVED PM(2.5). EVEN THOUGH CLINICAL, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES HAVE PROGRESSIVELY PROVIDED A BETTER KNOWLEDGE OF THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS BY WHICH AIR POLLUTION-DERIVED PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) EXERTS ITS HARMFUL HEALTH EFFECTS, FURTHER IN VITRO STUDIES ON RELEVANT CELL SYSTEMS ARE STILL NEEDED. HENCE, AIMING OF GETTING CLOSER TO THE HUMAN IN VIVO CONDITIONS, PRIMARY HUMAN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL CELLS DERIVED FROM NORMAL SUBJECTS (NHBE) OR SENSITIVE CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)-DISEASED PATIENTS (DHBE) WERE DIFFERENTIATED AT THE AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE. THEREAFTER, THEY WERE REPEATEDLY EXPOSED TO AIR POLLUTION-DERIVED PM(2.5) TO STUDY THE OCCURRENCE OF SOME RELEVANT GENETIC AND/OR EPIGENETIC ENDPOINTS. CONCENTRATION-, EXPOSURE- AND SEASON-DEPENDENT INCREASES OF OH-B[A]P METABOLITES IN NHBE, AND TO A LESSER EXTENT, COPD-DHBE CELLS WERE REPORTED; HOWEVER, THERE WERE MORE TETRA-OH-B[A]P AND 8-OHDG DNA ADDUCTS IN COPD-DHBE CELLS. NO INCREASE IN PRIMARY DNA STRAND BREAK NOR CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATION WAS OBSERVED IN REPEATEDLY EXPOSED CELLS. TELOMERE LENGTH AND TELOMERASE ACTIVITY WERE MODIFIED IN A CONCENTRATION- AND EXPOSURE-DEPENDENT MANNER IN NHBE AND PARTICULARLY COPD-DHBE CELLS. THERE WERE A GLOBAL DNA HYPOMETHYLATION, A P16 GENE PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION, AND A DECREASING DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY IN NHBE AND NOTABLY COPD-DHBE CELLS REPEATEDLY EXPOSED. CHANGES IN SITE-SPECIFIC METHYLATION, ACETYLATION, AND PHOSPHORYLATION OF HISTONE H3 (I.E., H3K4ME3, H3K9AC, H3K27AC, AND H3S10PH) AND RELATED ENZYME ACTIVITIES OCCURRED IN A CONCENTRATION- AND EXPOSURE-DEPENDENT MANNER IN ALL THE REPEATEDLY EXPOSED CELLS. COLLECTIVELY, THESE RESULTS HIGHLIGHTED THE KEY ROLE PLAYED BY GENETIC AND EVEN EPIGENETIC EVENTS IN NHBE AND PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE COPD-DHBE CELLS REPEATEDLY EXPOSED TO AIR POLLUTION-DERIVED PM(2.5) AND THEIR DIFFERENT RESPONSIVENESS. WHILE THESE SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAVE BEEN ALREADY DESCRIBED IN COPD AND EVEN LUNG CANCER PHENOTYPES, OUR FINDINGS SUPPORTED THAT, TOGETHER WITH GENETIC EVENTS, THESE EPIGENETIC EVENTS COULD DRAMATICALLY CONTRIBUTE TO THE SHIFT FROM HEALTHY TO DISEASED PHENOTYPES FOLLOWING REPEATED EXPOSURE TO RELATIVELY LOW DOSES OF AIR POLLUTION-DERIVED PM(2.5).	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
13  4955  24 PATHOGENESIS OF COVID-19 DESCRIBED THROUGH THE LENS OF AN UNDERSULFATED AND DEGRADED EPITHELIAL AND ENDOTHELIAL GLYCOCALYX. THE GLYCOCALYX SURROUNDS EVERY EUKARYOTIC CELL AND IS A COMPLEX MESH OF PROTEINS AND CARBOHYDRATES. IT CONSISTS OF PROTEOGLYCANS WITH GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN SIDE CHAINS, WHICH ARE HIGHLY SULFATED UNDER NORMAL PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. THE DEGREE OF SULFATION AND THE POSITION OF THE SULFATE GROUPS MAINLY DETERMINE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION. THE INTACT HIGHLY SULFATED GLYCOCALYX OF THE EPITHELIUM MAY REPEL SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME-RELATED CORONAVIRUS 2 (SARS-COV-2) THROUGH ELECTROSTATIC FORCES. HOWEVER, IF THE GLYCOCALYX IS UNDERSULFATED AND 3-O-SULFOTRANSFERASE 3B (3OST-3B) IS OVEREXPRESSED, AS IS THE CASE DURING CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS, SARS-COV-2 ENTRY MAY BE FACILITATED BY THE GLYCOCALYX. THE DEGREE OF SULFATION AND POSITION OF THE SULFATE GROUPS WILL ALSO AFFECT FUNCTIONS SUCH AS IMMUNE MODULATION, THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, VASCULAR PERMEABILITY AND TONE, COAGULATION, MEDIATION OF SHEER STRESS, AND PROTECTION AGAINST OXIDATIVE STRESS. THE RATE-LIMITING FACTOR TO SULFATION IS THE AVAILABILITY OF INORGANIC SULFATE. VARIOUS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS WILL AFFECT SULFUR METABOLISM AND INORGANIC SULFATE AVAILABILITY, SUCH AS VARIOUS DIETARY FACTORS, AND EXPOSURE TO DRUGS, ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS, AND BIOTOXINS, WHICH WILL DEPLETE INORGANIC SULFATE. THE ROLE THAT UNDERSULFATION PLAYS IN THE VARIOUS COMORBID CONDITIONS THAT PREDISPOSE TO CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19), IS ALSO CONSIDERED. THE UNDERSULFATED GLYCOCALYX MAY NOT ONLY INCREASE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO SARS-COV-2 INFECTION, BUT WOULD ALSO RESULT IN A HYPERINFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, VASCULAR PERMEABILITY, AND SHEDDING OF THE GLYCOCALYX COMPONENTS, GIVING RISE TO A PROCOAGULANT AND ANTIFIBRINOLYTIC STATE AND EVENTUAL MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. THESE SYMPTOMS RELATE TO A DIAGNOSIS OF SYSTEMIC SEPTIC SHOCK SEEN IN ALMOST ALL COVID-19 DEATHS. THE FOCUS OF PREVENTION AND TREATMENT PROTOCOLS PROPOSED IS THE PRESERVATION OF EPITHELIAL AND ENDOTHELIAL GLYCOCALYX INTEGRITY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
14  5522  32 RISK OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS, SILICON AND ARSENIC ON PULMONARY DISORDERS: UNDERSTANDING THE GENETIC-EPIGENETIC INTERPLAY AND FUTURE PROSPECTS. BACKGROUND: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES SUGGEST STRONG ASSOCIATION OF LUNG DISORDERS WITH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS, SILICON AND ARSENIC. THE CHRONIC OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE PRIMARILY THROUGH INHALATION RESULTS IN ADVERSE OUTCOME ON THE RESPIRATORY TRACT WHICH MAY ALSO BE FATAL. ALTHOUGH SEVERAL MECHANISMS HAVE ATTRIBUTED TOWARDS THESE DISEASES; THE MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS IS STILL UNKNOWN. OBJECTIVE: IN THIS REVIEW, WE INVESTIGATED THE PLAUSIBLE MOLECULAR MECHANISM BASED ON CURRENT RESEARCH THAT MAY IDENTIFY THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF RESPIRATORY DISORDERS UPON SUCH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES IN HUMANS. METHODS: WE CONSIDERED GENETIC VARIANTS AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH PULMONARY EXPOSURE HAZARDS LEADING TO ASBESTOSIS, SILICOSIS AND ARSENICOSIS. OUR REVIEW IS STRINGENTLY BASED ON THE LITERATURES AVAILABLE THROUGH PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLES MOSTLY PUBLISHED IN THE LAST 10 YEARS. RELEVANT SEARCH WERE CONDUCTED USING KEYWORDS LIKE "OCCUPATIONAL LUNG DISORDERS" ALONG WITH "ASBESTOS", "SILICON" AND "ARSENIC". RESULTS: TILL SEPTEMBER 2015, PUBMED SEARCH YIELDED APPROXIMATELY 780 ARTICLES RELATING TO ASBESTOS EXPOSURE; 240 ARTICLES FOR SILICON EXPOSURE AND 60 ARTICLES FOR ARSENIC EXPOSURE. EXTENSIVE SCREENING FOR GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS IDENTIFIED CERTAIN GENES AND RELATED PATHWAYS THAT ARE IMPORTANT TO DETERMINE THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF AN INDIVIDUAL TOWARDS SUCH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE. CONCLUSION: THE LINK BETWEEN GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY IS VERY COMPLEX IN NATURE DUE TO SEVERAL FACTORS LIKE PERSON'S ENVIRONMENT, LIFESTYLE AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS. THE EPIGENOME IS DYNAMIC AS WELL AS REVERSIBLE AND CAN BE RESHAPED FURTHER BY CERTAIN DIETARY COMPONENTS THROUGHOUT ITS LIFE. IN THE PRESENT REVIEW, WE HAVE ADDRESSED THE ROLE OF MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF OCCUPATIONAL LUNG DISEASES BASED ON THE GENETIC VARIABILITY AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND ALSO ATTEMPTED TO HIGHLIGHT THE PROMISING ASPECT OF DIETARY INTERVENTIONS TO COUNTER TOXIC OUTCOMES UPON OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS, SILICON OR ARSENIC.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
15   363  28 AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION: HEALTH HAZARDS TO CHILDREN. AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION IS PRODUCED BY SOURCES INCLUDING VEHICULAR TRAFFIC, COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS, HYDRAULIC FRACTURING, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AND FOREST FIRES. IT CONSISTS OF PRIMARY POLLUTANTS GENERATED BY COMBUSTION AND SECONDARY POLLUTANTS FORMED IN THE ATMOSPHERE FROM PRECURSOR GASES. AIR POLLUTION CAUSES AND EXACERBATES CLIMATE CHANGE, AND CLIMATE CHANGE WORSENS HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. INFANTS AND CHILDREN ARE UNIQUELY SENSITIVE TO AIR POLLUTION, BECAUSE THEIR ORGANS ARE DEVELOPING AND THEY HAVE HIGHER AIR PER BODY WEIGHT INTAKE. HEALTH EFFECTS LINKED TO AIR POLLUTION INCLUDE NOT ONLY EXACERBATIONS OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES BUT ALSO REDUCED LUNG FUNCTION DEVELOPMENT AND INCREASED ASTHMA INCIDENCE. ADDITIONAL OUTCOMES OF CONCERN INCLUDE PRETERM BIRTH, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS, IQ LOSS, PEDIATRIC CANCERS, AND INCREASED RISKS FOR ADULT CHRONIC DISEASES. THESE EFFECTS ARE MEDIATED BY OXIDATIVE STRESS, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN. NATURAL EXPERIMENTS DEMONSTRATE THAT WITH INITIATIVES SUCH AS INCREASED USE OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION, BOTH AIR QUALITY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH IMPROVE. SIMILARLY, THE CLEAN AIR ACT HAS IMPROVED AIR QUALITY, ALTHOUGH EXPOSURE INEQUITIES PERSIST. OTHER EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING AIR POLLUTION INCLUDE ENDING RELIANCE ON COAL, OIL, AND GAS; REGULATING INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS; REDUCING EXPOSURE WITH ATTENTION TO PROXIMITY OF RESIDENCES, SCHOOLS, AND CHILD CARE FACILITIES TO TRAFFIC; AND A GREATER AWARENESS OF THE AIR QUALITY INDEX. THIS POLICY REVIEWS BOTH SHORT- AND LONG-TERM HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION, ESPECIALLY IN RELATION TO DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURES. IT EXAMINES INDIVIDUAL, COMMUNITY, AND LEGISLATIVE STRATEGIES TO MITIGATE AIR POLLUTION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
16   299  27 AIR POLLUTION AND DNA METHYLATION: EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE IN HUMANS. AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE IS ESTIMATED TO CONTRIBUTE TO APPROXIMATELY SEVEN MILLION EARLY DEATHS EVERY YEAR WORLDWIDE AND MORE THAN 3% OF DISABILITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS LOST. AIR POLLUTION HAS NUMEROUS HARMFUL EFFECTS ON HEALTH AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND MORBIDITY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, METABOLIC DISORDERS, AND A NUMBER OF LUNG PATHOLOGIES, INCLUDING ASTHMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). EMERGING DATA INDICATE THAT AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE MODULATES THE EPIGENETIC MARK, DNA METHYLATION (DNAM), AND THAT THESE CHANGES MIGHT IN TURN INFLUENCE INFLAMMATION, DISEASE DEVELOPMENT, AND EXACERBATION RISK. SEVERAL TRAFFIC-RELATED AIR POLLUTION (TRAP) COMPONENTS, INCLUDING PARTICULATE MATTER (PM), BLACK CARBON (BC), OZONE (O(3)), NITROGEN OXIDES (NO(X)), AND POLYAROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS), HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN DNAM; TYPICALLY LOWERING DNAM AFTER EXPOSURE. EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON DNAM HAVE BEEN OBSERVED ACROSS THE HUMAN LIFESPAN, BUT IT IS NOT YET CLEAR WHETHER EARLY LIFE DEVELOPMENTAL SENSITIVITY OR THE ACCUMULATION OF EXPOSURES HAVE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS ON HEALTH. AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE-ASSOCIATED DNAM PATTERNS ARE OFTEN CORRELATED WITH LONG-TERM NEGATIVE RESPIRATORY HEALTH OUTCOMES, INCLUDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF LUNG DISEASES, A FOCUS IN THIS REVIEW. RECENTLY, INTERVENTIONS SUCH AS EXERCISE AND B VITAMINS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED TO REDUCE THE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON DNAM AND HEALTH. ULTIMATELY, IMPROVED KNOWLEDGE OF HOW EXPOSURE-INDUCED CHANGE IN DNAM IMPACTS HEALTH, BOTH ACUTELY AND CHRONICALLY, MAY ENABLE PREVENTATIVE AND REMEDIAL STRATEGIES TO REDUCE MORBIDITY IN POLLUTED ENVIRONMENTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
17  3712  23 INHALED POLLUTANTS: THE MOLECULAR SCENE BEHIND RESPIRATORY AND SYSTEMIC DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ULTRAFINE PARTICULATE MATTER. AIR POLLUTION OF ANTHROPOGENIC ORIGIN IS LARGELY FROM THE COMBUSTION OF BIOMASS (E.G., WOOD), FOSSIL FUELS (E.G., CARS AND TRUCKS), INCINERATORS, LANDFILLS, AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AND TOBACCO SMOKE. AIR POLLUTION IS A COMPLEX MIXTURE THAT VARIES IN SPACE AND TIME, AND CONTAINS HUNDREDS OF COMPOUNDS INCLUDING VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (E.G., BENZENE), METALS, SULPHUR AND NITROGEN OXIDES, OZONE AND PARTICULATE MATTER (PM). PM(0.1) (ULTRAFINE PARTICLES (UFP)), THOSE PARTICLES WITH A DIAMETER LESS THAN 100 NM (INCLUDES NANOPARTICLES (NP)) ARE CONSIDERED ESPECIALLY DANGEROUS TO HUMAN HEALTH AND MAY CONTRIBUTE SIGNIFICANTLY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NUMEROUS RESPIRATORY AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES SUCH AS CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS. SOME OF THE PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH PM(0.1) MAY CONTRIBUTE TO CHRONIC DISEASE IS THEIR ABILITY TO INDUCE INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND CELL DEATH BY MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THAT INCLUDE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS SUCH AS NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPAB (NF-KAPPAB) AND NUCLEAR FACTOR (ERYTHROID-DERIVED 2)-LIKE 2 (NRF2). EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INCLUDING NON-CODING RNA (NCRNA) MAY ALSO CONTRIBUTE TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO PM(0.1). THIS PAPER HIGHLIGHTS EMERGING MOLECULAR CONCEPTS ASSOCIATED WITH INHALATIONAL EXPOSURE TO PM(0.1) AND THEIR ABILITY TO CONTRIBUTE TO CHRONIC RESPIRATORY AND SYSTEMIC DISEASE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
18   298  26 AIR POLLUTION AND AIRWAY DISEASE. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH CONTINUES TO SUPPORT A LINK BETWEEN URBAN AIR POLLUTION AND AN INCREASED INCIDENCE AND/OR SEVERITY OF AIRWAY DISEASE. DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF OZONE (O(3)), NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO(2)) AND PARTICULATE MATTER (PM), AS WELL AS TRAFFIC-RELATED POLLUTION AS A WHOLE, ON RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS AND FUNCTION ARE WELL DOCUMENTED. NOT ONLY DO WE HAVE STRONG EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND EXACERBATION OF ASTHMA AND RESPIRATORY MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD), BUT RECENT STUDIES, PARTICULARLY IN URBAN AREAS, HAVE SUGGESTED A ROLE FOR POLLUTANTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BOTH ASTHMA AND COPD. SIMILARLY, WHILE PREVALENCE AND SEVERITY OF ATOPIC CONDITIONS APPEAR TO BE MORE COMMON IN URBAN COMPARED WITH RURAL COMMUNITIES, EVIDENCE IS EMERGING THAT TRAFFIC-RELATED POLLUTANTS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGY. FURTHERMORE, NUMEROUS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES SUGGEST AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EXPOSURE TO NO(2) , O(3) , PM AND COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF BIOMASS FUELS AND AN INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO AND MORBIDITY FROM RESPIRATORY INFECTION. GIVEN THE CONSIDERABLE CONTRIBUTION THAT TRAFFIC EMISSIONS MAKE TO URBAN AIR POLLUTION RESEARCHERS HAVE SOUGHT TO CHARACTERIZE THE RELATIVE TOXICITY OF TRAFFIC-RELATED PM POLLUTANTS. RECENT ADVANCES IN MECHANISMS IMPLICATED IN THE ASSOCIATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS AND AIRWAY DISEASE INCLUDE EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF GENES BY COMBUSTION-RELATED POLLUTANTS AND HOW POLYMORPHISMS IN GENES INVOLVED IN ANTIOXIDANT PATHWAYS AND AIRWAY INFLAMMATION CAN MODIFY RESPONSES TO AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURES. OTHER INTERESTING EPIDEMIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS RELATED TO INCREASED HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY INCLUDE A POSSIBLE LINK BETWEEN CHRONIC PM EXPOSURE DURING CHILDHOOD AND VULNERABILITY TO COPD IN ADULTHOOD, AND THAT INFANTS SUBJECTED TO HIGHER PRENATAL LEVELS OF AIR POLLUTION MAY BE AT GREATER RISK OF DEVELOPING RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS. WHILE THE CHARACTERIZATION OF POLLUTANT COMPONENTS AND SOURCES PROMISE TO GUIDE POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGIES, THE IDENTIFICATION OF SUSCEPTIBLE SUBPOPULATIONS WILL BE NECESSARY IF TARGETED THERAPY/PREVENTION OF POLLUTION-INDUCED RESPIRATORY DISEASES IS TO BE DEVELOPED.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
19  1443  20 DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSES OF HEALTHY AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASED HUMAN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL CELLS REPEATEDLY EXPOSED TO AIR POLLUTION-DERIVED PM(4). WHILE THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS BY WHICH AIR POLLUTION-DERIVED PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) EXERTS ITS HARMFUL HEALTH EFFECTS IS STILL INCOMPLETE, DETAILED IN VITRO STUDIES ARE HIGHLY NEEDED. WITH THE AIM OF GETTING CLOSER TO THE HUMAN IN VIVO CONDITIONS AND BETTER INTEGRATING A NUMBER OF FACTORS RELATED TO PRE-EXISTING CHRONIC PULMONARY INFLAMMATORY, WE SOUGHT TO DEVELOP PRIMARY CULTURES OF NORMAL HUMAN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL (NHBE) CELLS AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)-DISEASED HUMAN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL (DHBE) CELLS, GROWN AT THE AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE. PAN-CYTOKERATIN AND MUC5AC IMMUNOSTAINING CONFIRMED THE SPECIFIC CELL-TYPES OF BOTH THESE HEALTHY AND DISEASED CELL MODELS AND SHOWED THEY ARE CLOSED TO HUMAN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIA. THEREAFTER, HEALTHY AND DISEASED CELLS WERE REPEATEDLY EXPOSED TO AIR POLLUTION-DERIVED PM(4) AT THE NON-CYTOTOXIC CONCENTRATION OF 5 MUG/CM(2). THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE OXIDATIVE AND INFLAMMATORY STATES IN NON-EXPOSED NHBE AND COPD-DHBE CELLS INDICATED THAT DISEASED CELLS CONSERVED THEIR SPECIFIC PHYSIOPATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS. INCREASES IN BOTH OXIDATIVE DAMAGE AND CYTOKINE SECRETION WERE REPORTED IN REPEATEDLY EXPOSED NHBE CELLS AND PARTICULARLY IN COPD-DHBE CELLS. DISEASED CELLS REPEATEDLY EXPOSED HAD LOWER CAPACITIES TO METABOLIZE THE ORGANIC CHEMICALS-COATED ONTO THE AIR-POLLUTION-DERIVED PM(4), SUCH AS BENZO[A]PYRENE (B[A]P), BUT SHOWED HIGHER SENSIBILITY TO THE FORMATION OF OH-B[A]P DNA ADDUCTS, BECAUSE THEIR DISEASED STATE POSSIBLY AFFECTED THEIR DEFENSES. DIFFERENTIAL PROFILES OF EPIGENETIC HALLMARKS (I.E., GLOBAL DNA HYPOMETHYLATION, P16 PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION, TELOMERE LENGTH SHORTENING, TELOMERASE ACTIVATION, AND HISTONE H3 MODIFICATIONS) OCCURRED IN REPEATEDLY EXPOSED NHBE AND PARTICULARLY IN COPD-DHBE CELLS. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS CLOSELY SUPPORTED THE HIGHEST RESPONSIVENESS OF COPD-DHBE CELLS TO A REPEATED EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION-DERIVED PM(4). THE USE OF THESE INNOVATIVE IN VITRO EXPOSURE SYSTEMS SUCH AS NHBE AND COPD-DHBE CELLS COULD THEREFORE BE CONSIDER AS A VERY USEFUL AND POWERFUL PROMISING TOOL IN THE FIELD OF THE RESPIRATORY TOXICOLOGY, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT SENSITIVE INDIVIDUALS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
20  4317  25 MICRORNAS AS REGULATORS OF AIRBORNE POLLUTION-INDUCED LUNG INFLAMMATION AND CARCINOGENESIS. THE INCREASING INCIDENCE OF PULMONARY INFLAMMATION AND LUNG CANCER, AS WELL AS EXACERBATION OF PRE-EXISTING CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES BY EXPOSURE TO AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS, E.G., PARTICULATE MATTER AND CIGARETTE SMOKE, IS BECOMING A MAJOR PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN IN THE WORLD. HOWEVER, THE EXACT MECHANISMS OF PULMONARY INJURY FROM EXPOSURE TO THESE AIRBORNE INSULTS HAVE NOT BEEN FULLY ELUCIDATED. NEVERTHELESS, ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) MAY PLAY A UNIQUE ROLE IN THE REGULATION OF AIRBORNE AGENT-INDUCED LUNG INFLAMMATION AND CARCINOGENESIS. SINCE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE HERITABLE AND REVERSIBLE, THIS MAY PROVIDE A NEW INSIGHT INTO THE RELATIONSHIP OF MIRNAS AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION-RELATED LUNG DISORDERS. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW WAS TO UPDATE OUR EXISTING KNOWLEDGE REGARDING THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS ALTERING MIRNA PROFILES IN THE LUNG, SPECIFICALLY FOR CIGARETTE SMOKE AND AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER, AND THE POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL ROLES OF MIRNAS IN THE INITIATION OF PULMONARY INFLAMMATION AND LUNG CANCER, AS WELL AS THE REGULATION OF UNDERLYING GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO THESE ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS.	2015