1   364 123 AMELIORATION OF UREMIC TOXIN INDOXYL SULFATE-INDUCED OSTEOBLASTIC CALCIFICATION BY SET DOMAIN CONTAINING LYSINE METHYLTRANSFERASE 7/9 PROTEIN. BACKGROUND: VASCULAR CALCIFICATION (VC) IS A VERY COMMON PHENOMENON IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD). IT HAS BEEN REPORTED THAT SOME HISTONE METHYLATION PLAY A ROLE IN VC AS AN EPIGENETIC REGULATOR. INDOXYL SULFATE (IS) IS A PROTEIN-BOUND UREMIC TOXIN THAT HAS BEEN PROVEN AS ONE OF THE MAJOR RISK FACTORS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN CKD. SET DOMAIN CONTAINING LYSINE METHYLTRANSFERASE 7/9 (SET7/9) IS ONE OF THE IMPORTANT HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASES. OBJECTIVES: THIS STUDY AIMED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF IS ON THE EXPRESSION OF SET7/9 AND THE ROLE OF SET7/9 IN IS-INDUCED OSTEOBLASTIC DIFFERENTIATION AND CALCIFICATION OF VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS (VSMCS). METHODS: VSMCS WERE INCUBATED WITH VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF IS FOR DIFFERENT DURATIONS TO ASSESS OSTEOBLASTIC DIFFERENTIATION AND EXPRESSION OF SET7/9. WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS AND QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION WERE PERFORMED TO ASSESS THE PROTEIN AND MRNA LEVELS OF SET7/9 RESPECTIVELY. THE CALCIUM CONTENT WAS MEASURED TO EVALUATE CALCIFICATION. RESULTS: OSTEOBLASTIC DIFFERENTIATION AND CALCIFICATION OF VSMCS AND DOWNREGULATION OF THE EXPRESSION OF SET7/9 WERE OBSERVED AFTER IS TREATMENT. THE AUTOPHAGY WAS ACTIVATED AFTER TREATMENT WITH IS, WHEREAS THE INHIBITION OF THE AUTOPHAGY PARTIALLY ATTENUATED THE EFFECT OF IS ON BOTH THE STIMULATION OF THE EXPRESSION OF RUNT-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 2 AND CALCIUM DEPOSITION. CONCLUSIONS: OUR DATA DEMONSTRATED THAT SET7/9 DOWNREGULATION AND AUTOPHAGY ACTIVATION MAY BE THE KEY MECHANISM OF IS-INDUCED VC IN CKD.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
2  4955  29 PATHOGENESIS OF COVID-19 DESCRIBED THROUGH THE LENS OF AN UNDERSULFATED AND DEGRADED EPITHELIAL AND ENDOTHELIAL GLYCOCALYX. THE GLYCOCALYX SURROUNDS EVERY EUKARYOTIC CELL AND IS A COMPLEX MESH OF PROTEINS AND CARBOHYDRATES. IT CONSISTS OF PROTEOGLYCANS WITH GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN SIDE CHAINS, WHICH ARE HIGHLY SULFATED UNDER NORMAL PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. THE DEGREE OF SULFATION AND THE POSITION OF THE SULFATE GROUPS MAINLY DETERMINE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION. THE INTACT HIGHLY SULFATED GLYCOCALYX OF THE EPITHELIUM MAY REPEL SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME-RELATED CORONAVIRUS 2 (SARS-COV-2) THROUGH ELECTROSTATIC FORCES. HOWEVER, IF THE GLYCOCALYX IS UNDERSULFATED AND 3-O-SULFOTRANSFERASE 3B (3OST-3B) IS OVEREXPRESSED, AS IS THE CASE DURING CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS, SARS-COV-2 ENTRY MAY BE FACILITATED BY THE GLYCOCALYX. THE DEGREE OF SULFATION AND POSITION OF THE SULFATE GROUPS WILL ALSO AFFECT FUNCTIONS SUCH AS IMMUNE MODULATION, THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, VASCULAR PERMEABILITY AND TONE, COAGULATION, MEDIATION OF SHEER STRESS, AND PROTECTION AGAINST OXIDATIVE STRESS. THE RATE-LIMITING FACTOR TO SULFATION IS THE AVAILABILITY OF INORGANIC SULFATE. VARIOUS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS WILL AFFECT SULFUR METABOLISM AND INORGANIC SULFATE AVAILABILITY, SUCH AS VARIOUS DIETARY FACTORS, AND EXPOSURE TO DRUGS, ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS, AND BIOTOXINS, WHICH WILL DEPLETE INORGANIC SULFATE. THE ROLE THAT UNDERSULFATION PLAYS IN THE VARIOUS COMORBID CONDITIONS THAT PREDISPOSE TO CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19), IS ALSO CONSIDERED. THE UNDERSULFATED GLYCOCALYX MAY NOT ONLY INCREASE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO SARS-COV-2 INFECTION, BUT WOULD ALSO RESULT IN A HYPERINFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, VASCULAR PERMEABILITY, AND SHEDDING OF THE GLYCOCALYX COMPONENTS, GIVING RISE TO A PROCOAGULANT AND ANTIFIBRINOLYTIC STATE AND EVENTUAL MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. THESE SYMPTOMS RELATE TO A DIAGNOSIS OF SYSTEMIC SEPTIC SHOCK SEEN IN ALMOST ALL COVID-19 DEATHS. THE FOCUS OF PREVENTION AND TREATMENT PROTOCOLS PROPOSED IS THE PRESERVATION OF EPITHELIAL AND ENDOTHELIAL GLYCOCALYX INTEGRITY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
3  3654  64 INDOXYL SULFATE ACCELERATES VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL CALCIFICATION VIA MICRORNA-29B DEPENDENT REGULATION OF WNT/BETA-CATENIN SIGNALING. VASCULAR CALCIFICATION (VC) IS A VERY COMMON PHENOMENON IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE(CKD) AND IT INCREASES THE INCIDENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND LEADS TO HIGH MORTALITY IN CKD PATIENTS. IT HAS BEEN REPORTED THAT SOME MICRORNAS (MIRS) PLAY ROLES IN VASCULAR CALCIFICATION AS AN EPIGENETIC REGULATOR. INDOXYL SULFATE (IS) IS A PROTEIN-BOUND UREMIC TOXIN WHICH HAS BEEN PROVEN AS ONE OF THE MAJOR RISK FACTORS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN CKD. HERE WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER MICRORNA-29B (MIR-29B) IS INVOLVED IN IS-INDUCED VASCULAR CALCIFICATION. WE FOUND THAT VASCULAR MIR-29B WAS DOWN-REGULATED IN RADIAL ARTERIES OF PATIENTS WITH END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE. CONSISTENTLY, IS ALSO DECREASED MIR-29B EXPRESSION IN HUMAN AORTIC SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS (HASMCS) AND POTENTIATED THEIR CALCIFICATION. MIR-29B MIMICS SIGNIFICANTLY SUPPRESSED, WHILE MIR-29B ANTI-MIR MARKEDLY ENHANCED, IS-INDUCED RUNT-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 2 AND OSTEOPONTIN EXPRESSION. THE EXPRESSION OF WNT7B/BETA-CATENIN IN RADIAL ARTERIES WAS HIGHER IN END STAGE RENAL DISEASE THAN IN CONTROL GROUP, AND IS INCREASED WNT7B/BETA-CATENIN EXPRESSION IN HASMCS AS EARLY AS 3DAYS AFTER STIMULATION. FURTHERMORE, MIR-29B MIMICS POTENTLY REPRESSED WNT7B/BETA-CATENIN PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN HASMCS, WHEREAS MIR-29B ANTI-MIR INCREASED THEIR EXPRESSION, INDICATING MIR-29B INDEED NEGATIVELY REGULATES WNT7B/BETA-CATENIN SIGNALING. DICKKOPF-1 PROTEIN, THE WNT/BETA-CATENIN SIGNALING INHIBITOR, SUPPRESSED ANTI-MIR-29B-ENHANCED HASMCS CALCIFICATION. OUR DATA THUS INDICATE THAT MIR-29B DOWNREGULATION AND WNT/BETA-CATENIN SIGNALING ACTIVATION MAY BE THE KEY MECHANISM OF IS INDUCED VASCULAR CALCIFICATION IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
4  4415  41 MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS THAT INDUCE ARTERIAL CALCIFICATION BY INDOXYL SULFATE AND P-CRESYL SULFATE. THE PROTEIN-BOUND UREMIC TOXINS, INDOXYL SULFATE (IS) AND P-CRESYL SULFATE (PCS), ARE CONSIDERED TO BE HARMFUL VASCULAR TOXINS. ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION, OR THE DEPOSITION OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATE CRYSTALS IN THE ARTERIES, CONTRIBUTES SIGNIFICANTLY TO CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS, INCLUDING LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY, HYPERTENSION, AND IMPAIRED CORONARY PERFUSION IN THE ELDERLY AND PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) AND DIABETES. RECENTLY, WE REPORTED THAT BOTH IS AND PCS TRIGGER MODERATE TO SEVERE CALCIFICATION IN THE AORTA AND PERIPHERAL VESSELS OF CKD RATS. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES THE MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH THESE UREMIC TOXINS INDUCE ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION. A COMPLEX INTERPLAY BETWEEN INFLAMMATION, COAGULATION, AND LIPID METABOLISM PATHWAYS, INFLUENCED BY EPIGENETIC FACTORS, IS CRUCIAL IN IS/PCS-INDUCED ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION. HIGH LEVELS OF GLUCOSE ARE LINKED TO THESE EVENTS, SUGGESTING THAT A GOOD BALANCE BETWEEN GLUCOSE AND LIPID LEVELS MIGHT BE IMPORTANT. ON THE CELLULAR LEVEL, EFFECTS ON ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, WHICH ACT AS THE PRIMARY SENSORS OF CIRCULATING PATHOLOGICAL TRIGGERS, MIGHT BE AS IMPORTANT AS THOSE ON VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS. ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, PROVOKED BY IS AND PCS TRIGGERED OXIDATIVE STRESS, MAY BE CONSIDERED A KEY EVENT IN THE ONSET AND DEVELOPMENT OF ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION. IN THIS REVIEW A NUMBER OF IMPORTANT OUTSTANDING QUESTIONS SUCH AS THE ROLE OF MIRNA'S, PHENOTYPIC SWITCHING OF BOTH ENDOTHELIAL AND VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS AND NEW TYPES OF PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH IN ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION RELATED TO PROTEIN-BOUND UREMIC TOXINS ARE PUT FORWARD AND DISCUSSED.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
5  4303  48 MICRORNA-223 INHIBITS TISSUE FACTOR EXPRESSION IN VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. OBJECTIVE: ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PROCESS, IN WHICH VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (ECS) BECOME DYSFUNCTIONAL OWING TO THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES, SUCH AS INFLAMMATORY FACTOR AND GROWTH FACTORS. TISSUE FACTOR (TF) EXPRESSION IS INDUCED BY THE ABOVE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES IN ACTIVATED ECS. TF INITIATES THROMBOSIS ON DISRUPTED ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES WHICH PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE DURING THE ONSET OF ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES (ACS). INCREASING EVIDENCES SUGGEST THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF MICRORNAS AS EPIGENETIC REGULATORS OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC DISEASE. THE AIM OF OUR STUDY IS TO IDENTIFY IF MICRORNA-223 (MIR-223) TARGETS TF IN ECS. METHODS AND RESULTS: BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT TF IS A TARGET CANDIDATE OF MIR-223. WESTERN BLOTTING ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA) INCREASED TF EXPRESSION IN AORTA OF C57BL/6J MICE AND CULTURED ECS (EA.HY926 CELLS AND HUVEC) AFTER 4 H TREATMENT. IN TNF-ALPHA TREATED ECS, TF MRNA WAS ALSO INCREASED MEASURED BY REAL-TIME PCR. REAL-TIME PCR RESULTS SHOWED THAT MIR-223 LEVELS WERE DOWNREGULATED IN TNF-ALPHA-TREATED AORTA OF C57BL/6J MICE AND CULTURED ECS. TRANSFECTION OF ECS WITH MIR-223 MIMIC OR MIR-223 INHIBITOR MODIFIED TF EXPRESSION BOTH IN MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS. LUCIFERASE ASSAYS CONFIRMED THAT MIR-223 SUPPRESSED TF EXPRESSION BY BINDING TO THE SEQUENCE OF TF 3'-UNTRANSLATED REGIONS (3'UTR). TF PROCOAGULANT ACTIVITY WAS INHIBITED BY OVEREXPRESSING MIR-223 WITH OR WITHOUT TNF-ALPHA STIMULATION. CONCLUSIONS: MIR-223-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF TF EXPRESSION PROVIDES A NOVEL MOLECULAR MECHANISM FOR THE REGULATION OF COAGULATION CASCADE, AND SUGGESTS A CLUE AGAINST THROMBOGENESIS DURING THE PROCESS OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE RUPTURE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
6  5716  44 SIRT6 PROTECTS VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS FROM OSTEOGENIC TRANSDIFFERENTIATION VIA RUNX2 IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. VASCULAR CALCIFICATION (VC) IS REGARDED AS AN IMPORTANT PATHOLOGICAL CHANGE LACKING EFFECTIVE TREATMENT AND ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH MORTALITY. SIRTUIN 6 (SIRT6) IS A MEMBER OF THE SIRTUIN FAMILY, A CLASS III HISTONE DEACETYLASE AND A KEY EPIGENETIC REGULATOR. SIRT6 HAS A PROTECTIVE ROLE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD). HOWEVER, THE EXACT ROLE AND MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF SIRT6 IN VC IN PATIENTS WITH CKD REMAIN UNCLEAR. HERE, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT SIRT6 WAS MARKEDLY DOWNREGULATED IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) AND IN THE RADIAL ARTERY TISSUE OF PATIENTS WITH CKD WITH VC. SIRT6-TRANSGENIC (SIRT6-TG) MICE SHOWED ALLEVIATED VC, WHILE VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL-SPECIFIC (VSMC-SPECIFIC) SIRT6 KNOCKED-DOWN MICE SHOWED SEVERE VC IN CKD. SIRT6 SUPPRESSED THE OSTEOGENIC TRANSDIFFERENTIATION OF VSMCS VIA REGULATION OF RUNT-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 2 (RUNX2). COIMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CO-IP) AND IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (IP) ASSAYS CONFIRMED THAT SIRT6 BOUND TO RUNX2. MOREOVER, RUNX2 WAS DEACETYLATED BY SIRT6 AND FURTHER PROMOTED NUCLEAR EXPORT VIA EXPORTIN 1 (XPO1), WHICH IN TURN CAUSED DEGRADATION OF RUNX2 THROUGH THE UBIQUITIN-PROTEASOME SYSTEM. THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT SIRT6 PREVENTED VC BY SUPPRESSING THE OSTEOGENIC TRANSDIFFERENTIATION OF VSMCS, AND AS SUCH TARGETING SIRT6 MAY BE AN APPEALING THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR VC IN CKD.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7  3655  37 INDOXYL SULFATE ENHANCE THE HYPERMETHYLATION OF KLOTHO AND PROMOTE THE PROCESS OF VASCULAR CALCIFICATION IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) IS A STATE OF KLOTHO DEFICIENCY. THE KLOTHO EXPRESSION MAY BE SUPPRESSED DUE TO DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN CANCER CELLS SO WE HAVE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS AND POSSIBLE MECHANISMS BY WHICH KLOTHO EXPRESSION IS REGULATED IN HUMAN AORTIC SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS (HASMCS). THE VASCULAR KLOTHO HYPERMETHYLATION IN RADIAL ARTERIES OF PATIENTS WITH END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE WAS DESCRIBED. CULTURED HASMCS AND 5/6-NEPHRECTOMIZED SPRAGUE DAWLEY (SD) RATS TREATED WITH INDOXYL SULFATE (IS) WERE USED AS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO MODELS, RESPECTIVELY. IS INCREASED CPG HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE KLOTHO GENE AND DECREASED KLOTHO EXPRESSION IN HASMCS, AND POTENTIATED HASMCS CALCIFICATION. THE EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) 1 AND 3A IN HASMCS TREATED WITH IS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED AND SPECIFIC INHIBITION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 BY 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE(5AZA-2DC) CAUSED DEMETHYLATION OF THE KLOTHO GENE AND INCREASED KLOTHO EXPRESSION. IN RATS, INJECTION OF IS POTENTIATED VASCULAR CALCIFICATION, INCREASED CPG HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE KLOTHO GENE AND DECREASED KLOTHO EXPRESSION IN THE AORTIC MEDIAL LAYER AND ALL OF THESE CHANGES COULD BE REVERTED BY 5AZA-2DC TREATMENT. TRANSCRIPTIONAL SUPPRESSION OF VASCULAR KLOTHO GENE EXPRESSION BY IS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF KLOTHO BY IS MAY BE AN IMPORTANT PATHOLOGICAL MECHANISM OF VASCULAR CALCIFICATION IN CKD.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
8  5596  37 ROLES OF HISTONE ACETYLATION MODIFIERS AND OTHER EPIGENETIC REGULATORS IN VASCULAR CALCIFICATION. VASCULAR CALCIFICATION (VC) IS CHARACTERIZED BY CALCIUM DEPOSITION INSIDE ARTERIES AND IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, DIABETES, AND OTHER CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVDS). VC IS NOW WIDELY KNOWN TO BE AN ACTIVE PROCESS OCCURRING IN VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS (VSMCS) INVOLVING MULTIPLE MECHANISMS AND FACTORS. THESE MECHANISMS SHARE FEATURES WITH THE PROCESS OF BONE FORMATION, SINCE THE PHENOTYPE SWITCHING FROM THE CONTRACTILE TO THE OSTEOCHONDROGENIC PHENOTYPE ALSO OCCURS IN VSMCS DURING VC. IN ADDITION, VC CAN BE REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC FACTORS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATION, AND NONCODING RNAS. ALTHOUGH VC IS COMMONLY OBSERVED IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND CVD, SPECIFIC DRUGS FOR VC HAVE NOT BEEN DEVELOPED. THUS, DISCOVERING NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS MAY BE NECESSARY. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE REGARDING THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORS INCLUDING HISTONE DEACETYLASES AND PROPOSE THE THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATION OF THESE REGULATORS IN THE TREATMENT OF VC.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
9  1826  46 EFFECTS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR ON EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PRODUCTION IN HUMAN NASAL POLYP ORGAN CULTURES. BACKGROUND: NASAL POLYPOSIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITION OF THE SINONASAL MUCOSA AND INVOLVES MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) ACCUMULATION. EPIGENETIC MODULATION BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS INCLUDING TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) HAS BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE INHIBITORY EFFECTS ON MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION IN LUNG AND RENAL FIBROBLASTS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF TSA ON MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND ECM PRODUCTION IN NASAL POLYP ORGAN CULTURES. METHODS: NASAL POLYP TISSUES FROM 18 PATIENTS WERE ACQUIRED DURING ENDOSCOPIC SINUS SURGERY. AFTER ORGAN CULTURE, NASAL POLYPS WERE STIMULATED WITH TGF-BETA1 AND THEN TREATED WITH TSA. ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA), FIBRONECTIN, AND COLLAGEN TYPE I EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE EXAMINED BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR), REAL-TIME PCR, WESTERN BLOT, AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STAINING. HDAC2, HDAC4, AND ACETYLATED H4 EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE ASSAYED BY WESTERN BLOT. CYTOTOXICITY WAS ANALYZED BY THE TERMINAL DEOXYNUCLEOTIDYL TRANSFERASE BIOTIN-DUTP NICK END LABELING ASSAY. RESULTS: THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF ALPHA-SMA, FIBRONECTIN, AND COLLAGEN TYPE 1 WERE INCREASED IN NASAL POLYP AFTER TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF) BETA1 TREATMENT. TSA-INHIBITED TGF-BETA1 INDUCED THESE GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS. FURTHERMORE, TSA SUPPRESSED PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HDAC2 AND HDAC4. HOWEVER, TSA INDUCED HYPERACETYLATION OF HISTONES H4. TREATMENT WITH TGF-BETA1 WITH OR WITHOUT TSA DID NOT HAVE CYTOTOXIC EFFECT. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND ECM PRODUCTION OF NASAL POLYP. TSA COULD BE A CANDIDATE OF A THERAPEUTIC AGENT FOR REVERSING THE TGF-BETA1-INDUCED ECM SYNTHESIS THAT LEADS TO NASAL POLYP DEVELOPMENT.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
10  3939  30 LNC-IL7R ALLEVIATES PM(2.5)-MEDIATED CELLULAR SENESCENCE AND APOPTOSIS THROUGH EZH2 RECRUITMENT IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. BACKGROUND: LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO PM(2.5) (PARTICULATE MATTER WITH AN AERODYNAMIC DIAMETER OF </= 2.5 MUM) IS ASSOCIATED WITH PULMONARY INJURY AND EMPHYSEMA IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). WE INVESTIGATED MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH THE LONG NONCODING RNA LNC-IL7R CONTRIBUTES TO CELLULAR DAMAGE BY INDUCING OXIDATIVE STRESS IN COPD PATIENTS EXPOSED TO PM(2.5). METHODS: ASSOCIATIONS OF SERUM LNC-IL7R LEVELS WITH LUNG FUNCTION, EMPHYSEMA, AND PREVIOUS PM(2.5) EXPOSURE IN COPD PATIENTS WERE ANALYZED. REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES AND LNC-IL7R LEVELS WERE MEASURED IN PM(2.5)-TREATED CELLS. THE LEVELS OF LNC-IL7R AND CELLULAR SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED GENES, NAMELY P16(INK4A) AND P21(CIP1/WAF1), WERE DETERMINED THROUGH LUNG TISSUE SECTION STAINING. THE EFFECTS OF P16(INK4A) OR P21(CIP1/WAF1) REGULATION WERE EXAMINED BY PERFORMING LNC-IL7R OVEREXPRESSION AND KNOCKDOWN ASSAYS. THE FUNCTIONS OF LNC-IL7R-MEDIATED CELL PROLIFERATION, CELL CYCLE, SENESCENCE, COLONY FORMATION, AND APOPTOSIS WERE EXAMINED IN CELLS TREATED WITH PM(2.5). CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS WERE CONDUCTED TO INVESTIGATE THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF P21(CIP1/WAF1). RESULTS: LNC-IL7R LEVELS DECREASED IN COPD PATIENTS AND WERE NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH EMPHYSEMA OR PM(2.5) EXPOSURE. LNC-IL7R LEVELS WERE UPREGULATED IN NORMAL LUNG EPITHELIAL CELLS BUT NOT IN COPD CELLS EXPOSED TO PM(2.5). LOWER LNC-IL7R EXPRESSION IN PM(2.5)-TREATED CELLS INDUCED P16(INK4A) AND P21(CIP1/WAF1) EXPRESSION BY INCREASING OXIDATIVE STRESS. HIGHER LNC-IL7R EXPRESSION PROTECTED AGAINST CELLULAR SENESCENCE AND APOPTOSIS, WHEREAS LOWER LNC-IL7R EXPRESSION AUGMENTED INJURY IN PM(2.5)-TREATED CELLS. LNC-IL7R AND THE ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2 (EZH2) SYNERGISTICALLY SUPPRESSED P21(CIP1/WAF1) EXPRESSION THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODULATION. CONCLUSION: LNC-IL7R ATTENUATES PM(2.5)-MEDIATED P21(CIP1/WAF1) EXPRESSION THROUGH EZH2 RECRUITMENT, AND ITS DYSFUNCTION MAY AUGMENT CELLULAR INJURY IN COPD.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
11  4300  40 MICRORNA-19A CONTRIBUTES TO THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TISSUE FACTOR IN DIABETES. BACKGROUND: DIABETES MELLITUS IS CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC VASCULAR DISORDER AND PRESENTS A MAIN RISK FACTOR FOR CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY. IN PARTICULAR, HYPERGLYCAEMIA AND INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES INDUCE VASCULAR CIRCULATING TISSUE FACTOR (TF) THAT PROMOTES PRO-THROMBOTIC CONDITIONS IN DIABETES. IT HAS RECENTLY BECOME EVIDENT THAT ALTERATIONS OF THE POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF TF VIA SPECIFIC MICRORNA(MIR)S, SUCH AS MIR-126, CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETES AND ITS COMPLICATIONS. THE ENDOTHELIAL MIR-19A IS INVOLVED IN VASCULAR HOMEOSTASIS AND ATHEROPROTECTION. HOWEVER, ITS ROLE IN DIABETES-RELATED THROMBOGENICITY IS UNKNOWN. UNDERSTANDING MIR-NETWORKS REGULATING PROCOAGULABILITY IN DIABETES MAY HELP TO DEVELOP NEW TREATMENT OPTIONS PREVENTING VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS. METHODS AND RESULTS: PLASMA OF 44 PATIENTS WITH KNOWN DIABETES WAS ASSESSED FOR THE EXPRESSION OF MIR-19A, TF PROTEIN, TF ACTIVITY, AND MARKERS FOR VASCULAR INFLAMMATION. HIGH MIR-19A EXPRESSION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED TF PROTEIN, TF-MEDIATED PROCOAGULABILITY, AND VASCULAR INFLAMMATION BASED ON EXPRESSION OF VASCULAR ADHESION MOLECULE-1 AND LEUKOCYTE COUNT. WE FOUND PLASMA EXPRESSION OF MIR-19A TO STRONGLY CORRELATE WITH MIR-126. MIR-19A REDUCED THE TF EXPRESSION ON MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVEL IN HUMAN MICROVASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (HMEC) AS WELL AS TF ACTIVITY IN HUMAN MONOCYTES (THP-1), WHILE ANTI-MIR-19A INCREASED THE TF EXPRESSION. INTERESTINGLY, MIR-19A INDUCED VCAM EXPRESSION IN HMEC. HOWEVER, MIR-19A AND MIR-126 CO-TRANSFECTION REDUCED TOTAL ENDOTHELIAL VCAM EXPRESSION AND EXHIBITED ADDITIVE INHIBITION OF A LUCIFERASE REPORTER CONSTRUCT CONTAINING THE F3 3'UTR. CONCLUSIONS: WHILE BOTH MIRS HAVE DIFFERENTIAL FUNCTIONS ON ENDOTHELIAL VCAM EXPRESSION, MIR-19A AND MIR-126 COOPERATE TO EXHIBIT ANTI-THROMBOTIC PROPERTIES VIA REGULATING VASCULAR TF EXPRESSION. MODULATING THE POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL OF TF IN DIABETES MAY PROVIDE A FUTURE ANTI-THROMBOTIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY THERAPY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
12   219  46 ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS FOLLOWING CONTEXTUAL FEAR CONDITIONING REDUCES FEAR MEMORY: TIMING IS ESSENTIAL. BACKGROUND: HISTONE ACETYLATION IS REGULATED IN RESPONSE TO STRESS AND PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN LEARNING AND MEMORY. CHRONIC STRESS IS KNOWN TO DETERIORATE COGNITION, WHEREAS ACUTE STRESS FACILITATES MEMORY FORMATION. HOWEVER, WHETHER ACUTE STRESS FACILITATES MEMORY FORMATION WHEN IT IS APPLIED AFTER FEAR STIMULATION IS NOT YET KNOWN. THEREFORE, THIS STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF ACUTE STRESS APPLIED AFTER FEAR TRAINING ON MEMORY FORMATION, MRNA EXPRESSION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF), EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION, AND CORTICOSTERONE LEVEL IN MICE IN VIVO. METHODS: MICE WERE SUBJECTED TO ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS FOR 30 MIN AT 60 OR 90 MIN AFTER CONTEXTUAL FEAR CONDITIONING TRAINING, AND ACETYLATION OF HISTONE 3 AT LYSINE 14 (H3K14) AND LEVEL OF CORTICOSTERONE WERE MEASURED USING WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS AND ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA), RESPECTIVELY. A FREEZING BEHAVIOR TEST WAS PERFORMED 24 H AFTER TRAINING, AND MRNA EXPRESSION OF BDNF WAS MEASURED USING REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTIONS. DIFFERENT GROUPS OF MICE WERE USED FOR EACH TEST. RESULTS: FREEZING BEHAVIOR SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED WITH THE DOWN-REGULATION OF BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION CAUSED BY ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS AT 60 MIN AFTER FEAR CONDITIONING TRAINING OWING TO THE REDUCTION OF H3K14 ACETYLATION. HOWEVER, BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION AND H3K14 ACETYLATION WERE NOT REDUCED IN ANIMALS SUBJECTED TO IMMOBILIZATION STRESS AT 90 MIN AFTER THE TRAINING. FURTHER, THE CORTICOSTERONE LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGH IN MICE SUBJECTED TO IMMOBILIZATION STRESS AT 60 MIN AFTER THE TRAINING. CONCLUSION: ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS FOR 30 MIN AT 60 MIN AFTER FEAR CONDITIONING TRAINING IMPAIRED MEMORY FORMATION AND REDUCED BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION AND H3K14 ACETYLATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF MICE OWING TO THE HIGH LEVEL OF CORTICOSTERONE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
13  1066  38 CLINICAL USE OF AMINO ACIDS AS DIETARY SUPPLEMENT: PROS AND CONS. NITROGEN SUPPLY IS PIVOTAL FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF LIFE. AMINO ACIDS CAN BE UTILIZED TO SYNTHESIZE BOTH GLUCOSE AND LIPIDS. THE OPPOSITE, I.E., PRODUCTION OF AMINO ACIDS FROM EITHER ONE OF THEM, IS NOT POSSIBLE IN THE ABSENCE OF OTHER AMINO ACIDS AS DONORS OF NITROGEN. THE QUALITY OF AMINO ACID CONTENT IN PROTEIN HAS BEEN RE-EVALUATED RECENTLY, AND THE RELEVANCE OF ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS HAS BEEN REPEATEDLY UNDERLINED. ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS IN DIFFERENT MAMMALS ARE NOT IDENTICAL, AND RATIOS AMONG THEM SHOULD BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT WHEN PROJECTING AN EFFICIENT FORMULATION. RECENT RESEARCH HAS DEMONSTRATED THAT GENES RESPOND TO DIFFERENT QUALITIES AND QUANTITIES OF NUTRITIONAL SUPPLY, AND INCREASED PROVISION OF ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS INCREASES LIFESPAN IN ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS THROUGH MITOCHONDRIOGENESIS AND MAINTENANCE OF ELEVATED RATES OF SYNTHESIS OF ANTI-OXIDANT MOLECULES. MOREOVER, GENETIC EXPRESSION OF KEY CONTROLLERS OF SYNTHESIS, LIKE MTOR, MAY BE PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT FOR UNDERSTANDING SKELETAL MUSCLE MAINTENANCE. LOSSES OF MUSCLE MASS AND IMPAIRED IMMUNE FUNCTION ARE RELATED TO REDUCED PROTEIN SUPPLY, AND THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE THAT REGULAR ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID INTAKE AS PART OF AN ORAL DIET IS EFFECTIVE IN REVERSING MUSCLE CATABOLISM, PROMOTING MUSCLE ANABOLISM, AND RESTORING IMMUNOLOGICAL FUNCTION. THEREFORE, THE USE OF AMINO ACIDS AS SUPPLEMENTS TO DIET WOULD BE EXPANDING IN THE NEAR FUTURE. IS THIS SAFE? FEW DATA ARE AVAILABLE ON AMINO ACID TOXICITY, AND ONLY ONE ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID MAY BE CONSIDERED TO HAVE CLINICALLY RELEVANT TOXICITY: METHIONINE, BECAUSE IT IS TRANSFORMED INTO A TOXIC INTERMEDIATE, HOMOCYSTEINE, WHEN CYSTEINE SYNTHESIS IS REQUIRED BY METABOLIC NEEDS. MATCHING OF STOICHIOMETRIC RATIOS BETWEEN METHIONINE AND CYSTEINE MAY SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF SUPPLYING SUFFICIENT AMOUNTS OF SULFUR TO THE BODY. ARGININE AND GLUTAMINE ARE TWO NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS THAN CAN BECOME "CONDITIONALLY ESSENTIAL" BECAUSE OF ELEVATED NEEDS DURING PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, AND METABOLISM MAY NOT BE ABLE TO MAINTAIN THEIR CONCENTRATIONS AT SUFFICIENT LEVELS TO MATCH METABOLIC REQUIREMENTS. CHRONIC EXOGENOUS ARGININE SUPPLEMENTATION HAS NOT PROVEN TO EXERT POSITIVE CLINICAL EFFECTS IN DIFFERENT TRIALS, AND SEQUENTIAL ARTICULATION OF THE KNOWLEDGE OF INTRODUCTION OF ARGININE-DRIVEN TRANSCRIPTIONAL, TRANSLATIONAL, AND EPIGENETIC ADAPTATIONS MAY GIVE US A KEY FOR INTERPRETING THOSE PUZZLING RESULTS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
14  6909  28 [TOXIC COMPONENTS OF PM(2.5) AND THEIR TOXICITY MECHANISMS-ON THE TOXICITY OF SULFATE AND CARBON COMPONENTS]. RECENTLY, THE MAIN AIR POLLUTANT HAS BEEN FINE PARTICULATE MATTER (PM(2.5)), WHICH IS TAKEN UP BY THE WHOLE BODY WITH SEVERE ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS. THE MAIN CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF PM(2.5) ARE SALTS OF SULFATE (AND NITRATE) AND CARBONS. HOWEVER, IT REMAINS UNKNOWN WHICH COMPONENTS ARE TOXIC. HERE, THE AUTHOR REVIEWED THE LITERATURES TO DETERMINE WHICH COMPONENTS ARE TOXIC AND THE MAIN MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THEIR TOXICITY. MANY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT SULFATE CONCENTRATION IS STRONGLY RELATED TO MORTALITY. HOWEVER, THERE IS NO EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE SHOWING THAT SULFATE AT ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS OF PM(2.5) CAUSES CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE OR OTHER DISEASE. ON THE OTHER HAND, CARBON COMPONENTS SUCH AS ELEMENTARY CARBON (EC) PRODUCES HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) VIA ITS PHAGOCYTOSIS BY MACROPHAGES, AND ORGANIC CARBON (OC) ALSO PRODUCES HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF ROS DURING ITS METABOLIC PROCESSES, AND THE ROS CAUSE ACUTE AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. THEY CAUSE MANY DISEASES INCLUDING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, ASTHMA AND CANCER. FURTHERMORE, THERE ARE MANY LINES OF EVIDENCE SHOWING THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION OR MICRORNA EXPRESSION INDUCED BY PARTICULATE MATTERS ALSO INDUCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANY DISEASES SUCH AS THOSE MENTIONED ABOVE. IT HAS BEEN REPORTED THAT CARBON COMPONENTS ARE INCORPORATED INTO THE BRAIN AND PRODUCE ROS, AND THAT THE ROS CAUSE DAMAGE TO BRAIN CELLS AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND COGNITIVE DISORDERS IN THE ELDERLY.FROM THESE LINES OF EVIDENCE, THE AUTHOR WOULD LIKE TO EMPHASIZE THAT THE MAIN TOXICITY OF PM(2.5) IS DUE TO CARBON COMPONENTS, AND IT IS IMPORTANT TO TAKE COUNTERMEASURES TO DECREASE THE CONCENTRATION OF CARBON COMPONENTS IN AMBIENT AIR.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
15  6699  42 VASCULAR CALCIFICATION IN CKD: NEW INSIGHTS INTO ITS MECHANISMS. VASCULAR CALCIFICATION (VC) IS A COMMON COMPLICATION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) AND CONTRIBUTES TO AN INCREASED RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. HOWEVER, EFFECTIVE THERAPIES ARE STILL UNAVAILABLE AT PRESENT. IT HAS BEEN WELL ESTABLISHED THAT VC ASSOCIATED WITH CKD IS NOT A PASSIVE PROCESS OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATE DEPOSITION, BUT AN ACTIVELY REGULATED AND CELL-MEDIATED PROCESS THAT SHARES MANY SIMILARITIES WITH BONE FORMATION. ADDITIONALLY, NUMEROUS STUDIES HAVE SUGGESTED THAT CKD PATIENTS HAVE SPECIFIC RISK FACTORS AND CONTRIBUTORS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF VC, SUCH AS HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA, UREMIC TOXINS, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION. ALTHOUGH RESEARCH EFFORTS IN THE PAST DECADE HAVE GREATLY IMPROVED OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE MULTIPLE FACTORS AND MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN CKD-RELATED VC, MANY QUESTIONS REMAIN UNANSWERED. MOREOVER, STUDIES FROM THE PAST DECADE HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ABNORMALITIES, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND NONCODING RNAS, PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE REGULATION OF VC. THIS REVIEW SEEKS TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF VC ASSOCIATED WITH CKD, MAINLY FOCUSING ON THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF UREMIC VC, WITH THE AIM TO DEVELOP PROMISING THERAPIES FOR CKD-RELATED CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN THE FUTURE.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
16   187  33 ACE2 EXPRESSION IS INCREASED IN THE LUNGS OF PATIENTS WITH COMORBIDITIES ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERE COVID-19. THE PANDEMIC CAUSED BY THE SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS 2 (SARS-COV-2) HAS RESULTED IN SEVERAL THOUSAND DEATHS WORLDWIDE IN JUST A FEW MONTHS. PATIENTS WHO DIED FROM CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) OFTEN HAD COMORBIDITIES, SUCH AS HYPERTENSION, DIABETES, AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE. THE ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME 2 (ACE2) WAS IDENTIFIED AS A CRUCIAL FACTOR THAT FACILITATES SARS-COV2 TO BIND AND ENTER HOST CELLS. TO DATE, NO STUDY HAS ASSESSED THE ACE2 EXPRESSION IN THE LUNGS OF PATIENTS WITH THESE DISEASES. HERE, WE ANALYZED OVER 700 LUNG TRANSCRIPTOME SAMPLES OF PATIENTS WITH COMORBIDITIES ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERE COVID-19 AND FOUND THAT ACE2 WAS HIGHLY EXPRESSED IN THESE PATIENTS, COMPARED TO CONTROL INDIVIDUALS. THIS FINDING SUGGESTS THAT PATIENTS WITH SUCH COMORBIDITIES MAY HAVE HIGHER CHANCES OF DEVELOPING SEVERE COVID-19. WE ALSO FOUND OTHER GENES, SUCH AS RAB1A, THAT CAN BE IMPORTANT FOR SARS-COV-2 INFECTION IN THE LUNG. CORRELATION AND NETWORK ANALYSES REVEALED MANY POTENTIAL REGULATORS OF ACE2 IN THE HUMAN LUNG, INCLUDING GENES RELATED TO HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, SUCH AS HAT1, HDAC2, AND KDM5B. IN FACT, EPIGENETIC MARKS FOUND IN ACE2 LOCUS WERE COMPATIBLE TO WITH THOSE PROMOTED BY KDM5B. OUR SYSTEMS BIOLOGY APPROACH OFFERS A POSSIBLE EXPLANATION FOR INCREASE OF COVID-19 SEVERITY IN PATIENTS WITH CERTAIN COMORBIDITIES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
17  2117  31 EPIGENETIC HISTONE METHYLATION MODULATES FIBROTIC GENE EXPRESSION. TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EXPRESSION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) GENES PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC RENAL DISEASES SUCH AS DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY. ALTHOUGH MANY KEY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS ARE KNOWN, MECHANISMS INVOLVING THE NUCLEAR CHROMATIN THAT MODULATE ECM GENE EXPRESSION REMAIN UNCLEAR. HERE, WE EXAMINED THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC CHROMATIN MARKS SUCH AS HISTONE H3 LYSINE METHYLATION (H3KME) IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED GENE EXPRESSION IN RAT MESANGIAL CELLS UNDER NORMAL AND HIGH-GLUCOSE (HG) CONDITIONS. TGF-BETA1 INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF THE ECM-ASSOCIATED GENES CONNECTIVE TISSUE GROWTH FACTOR, COLLAGEN-ALPHA1[IOTA], AND PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR-1. INCREASED LEVELS OF CHROMATIN MARKS ASSOCIATED WITH ACTIVE GENES (H3K4ME1, H3K4ME2, AND H3K4ME3), AND DECREASED LEVELS OF REPRESSIVE MARKS (H3K9ME2 AND H3K9ME3) AT THESE GENE PROMOTERS ACCOMPANIED THESE CHANGES IN EXPRESSION. TGF-BETA1 ALSO INCREASED EXPRESSION OF THE H3K4 METHYLTRANSFERASE SET7/9 AND RECRUITMENT TO THESE PROMOTERS. SET7/9 GENE SILENCING WITH SIRNAS SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED TGF-BETA1-INDUCED ECM GENE EXPRESSION. FURTHERMORE, A TGF-BETA1 ANTIBODY NOT ONLY BLOCKED HG-INDUCED ECM GENE EXPRESSION BUT ALSO REVERSED HG-INDUCED CHANGES IN PROMOTER H3KME LEVELS AND SET7/9 OCCUPANCY. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SHOW THE FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF EPIGENETIC CHROMATIN HISTONE H3KME IN TGF-BETA1-MEDIATED ECM GENE EXPRESSION IN MESANGIAL CELLS UNDER NORMAL AND HG CONDITIONS. PHARMACOLOGIC AND OTHER THERAPIES THAT REVERSE THESE MODIFICATIONS COULD HAVE POTENTIAL RENOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS FOR DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
18  3656  41 INDUCIBLE PRMT1 ABLATION IN ADULT VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE LEADS TO CONTRACTILE DYSFUNCTION AND AORTIC DISSECTION. VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS (VSMCS) HAVE REMARKABLE PLASTICITY IN RESPONSE TO DIVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL CUES. ALTHOUGH THESE CELLS ARE VERSATILE, CHRONIC STRESS CAN TRIGGER VSMC DYSFUNCTION, WHICH ULTIMATELY LEADS TO VASCULAR DISEASES SUCH AS AORTIC ANEURYSM AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS. PROTEIN ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (PRMT1) IS A MAJOR ENZYME CATALYZING ASYMMETRIC ARGININE DIMETHYLATION OF PROTEINS THAT ARE SOURCES OF ASYMMETRIC DIMETHYLARGININE (ADMA), AN ENDOGENOUS INHIBITOR OF NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. ALTHOUGH A POTENTIAL ROLE OF PRMT1 IN VASCULAR PATHOGENESIS HAS BEEN PROPOSED, ITS ROLE IN VASCULAR FUNCTION HAS YET TO BE CLARIFIED. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE AND UNDERLYING MECHANISM OF PRMT1 IN VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTILITY AND FUNCTION. THE EXPRESSION OF PRMT1 AND CONTRACTILE-RELATED GENES WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN THE AORTAS OF ELDERLY HUMANS AND PATIENTS WITH AORTIC ANEURYSMS. MICE WITH VSMC-SPECIFIC PRMT1 ABLATION (SMKO) EXHIBITED PARTIAL LETHALITY, LOW BLOOD PRESSURE AND AORTIC DILATION. THE PRMT1-ABLATED AORTAS SHOWED AORTIC DISSECTION WITH ELASTIC FIBER DEGENERATION AND CELL DEATH. EX VIVO AND IN VITRO ANALYSES INDICATED THAT PRMT1 ABLATION SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED THE CONTRACTILITY OF THE AORTA AND TRACTION FORCES OF VSMCS. PRMT1 ABLATION DOWNREGULATED THE EXPRESSION OF CONTRACTILE GENES SUCH AS MYOCARDIN WHILE UPREGULATING THE EXPRESSION OF SYNTHETIC GENES, THUS CAUSING THE CONTRACTILE TO SYNTHETIC PHENOTYPIC SWITCH OF VSMCS. IN ADDITION, MECHANISTIC STUDIES DEMONSTRATED THAT PRMT1 DIRECTLY REGULATES MYOCARDIN GENE ACTIVATION BY MODULATING EPIGENETIC HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN THE MYOCARDIN PROMOTER REGION. THUS, OUR STUDY DEMONSTRATES THAT VSMC PRMT1 IS ESSENTIAL FOR VASCULAR HOMEOSTASIS AND THAT ITS ABLATION CAUSES AORTIC DILATION/DISSECTION THROUGH IMPAIRED MYOCARDIN EXPRESSION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
19  3469  29 HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE HISTONE LYSINE DEMETHYLASES: IMPACT ON THE AGING PROCESS AND AGE-RELATED DISEASES. HYPOXIA IS AN ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS AT HIGH ALTITUDE AND UNDERGROUND CONDITIONS BUT IT IS ALSO PRESENT IN MANY CHRONIC AGE-RELATED DISEASES, WHERE BLOOD FLOW INTO TISSUES IS IMPAIRED. THE OXYGEN-SENSING SYSTEM STIMULATES GENE EXPRESSION PROTECTING TISSUES AGAINST HYPOXIC INSULTS. HYPOXIA STABILIZES THE EXPRESSION OF HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR-1ALPHA (HIF-1ALPHA), WHICH CONTROLS THE EXPRESSION OF HUNDREDS OF SURVIVAL GENES RELATED TO E.G. ENHANCED ENERGY METABOLISM AND AUTOPHAGY. MOREOVER, MANY STRESS-RELATED SIGNALING MECHANISMS, SUCH AS OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ENERGY METABOLIC DISTURBANCES, AS WELL AS THE SIGNALING CASCADES VIA CERAMIDE, MTOR, NF-KAPPAB, AND TGF-BETA PATHWAYS, CAN ALSO INDUCE THE EXPRESSION OF HIF-1ALPHA PROTEIN TO FACILITATE CELL SURVIVAL IN NORMOXIA. HYPOXIA IS LINKED TO PROMINENT EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN CHROMATIN LANDSCAPE. SCREENING STUDIES HAVE INDICATED THAT THE STABILIZATION OF HIF-1ALPHA INCREASES THE EXPRESSION OF DISTINCT HISTONE LYSINE DEMETHYLASES (KDM). HIF-1ALPHA STIMULATES THE EXPRESSION OF KDM3A, KDM4B, KDM4C, AND KDM6B, WHICH ENHANCE GENE TRANSCRIPTION BY DEMETHYLATING H3K9 AND H3K27 SITES (REPRESSIVE EPIGENETIC MARKS). IN ADDITION, HIF-1ALPHA INDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF KDM2B AND KDM5B, WHICH REPRESS TRANSCRIPTION BY DEMETHYLATING H3K4ME2,3 SITES (ACTIVATING MARKS). HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE KDMS SUPPORT LOCALLY THE GENE TRANSCRIPTION INDUCED BY HIF-1ALPHA, ALTHOUGH THEY CAN ALSO CONTROL GENOME-WIDE CHROMATIN LANDSCAPE, ESPECIALLY KDMS WHICH DEMETHYLATE H3K9 AND H3K27 SITES. THESE EPIGENETIC MARKS HAVE IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE CONTROL OF HETEROCHROMATIN SEGMENTS AND 3D FOLDING OF CHROMOSOMES, AS WELL AS THE GENETIC LOCI REGULATING CELL TYPE COMMITMENT, PROLIFERATION, AND CELLULAR SENESCENCE, E.G. THE INK4 BOX. A CHRONIC STIMULATION OF HIF-1ALPHA CAN PROVOKE TISSUE FIBROSIS AND CELLULAR SENESCENCE, WHICH BOTH ARE INCREASINGLY PRESENT WITH AGING AND AGE-RELATED DISEASES. WE WILL REVIEW THE REGULATION OF HIF-1ALPHA-DEPENDENT INDUCTION OF KDMS AND CLARIFY THEIR ROLE IN PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES EMPHASIZING THAT LONG-TERM STRESS-RELATED INSULTS CAN IMPAIR THE MAINTENANCE OF CHROMATIN LANDSCAPE AND PROVOKE CELLULAR SENESCENCE AND TISSUE FIBROSIS ASSOCIATED WITH AGING AND AGE-RELATED DISEASES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
20   745  47 CANNABIS ALTERS EPIGENETIC INTEGRITY AND ENDOCANNABINOID SIGNALLING IN THE HUMAN FOLLICULAR NICHE. STUDY QUESTION: DO PHYTOCANNABINOIDS (PCS) AFFECT FOLLICULAR ENDOCANNABINOID SIGNALLING AND THE EPIGENOME IN THE SURROUNDING GRANULOSA CELLS (GCS)? SUMMARY ANSWER: EXPOSURE TO PCS INCREASES THE EXPRESSION OF ENDOCANNABINOID RECEPTORS AND REDUCES DNA METHYLATION ENZYME EXPRESSION AND GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN NAIVE GCS. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: CANNABIS PLANT DERIVATIVES, KNOWN AS PCS, ARE USED FOR MEDICINAL AND RECREATIONAL PURPOSES. THE MAIN PC, TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL (THC), IS THE THIRD MOST COMMONLY USED SUBSTANCE BY WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE, HENCE KNOWLEDGE OF THE EFFECT IT HAS ON REPRODUCTION IS OF UTMOST IMPORTANCE. THC EXERTS ITS EFFECTS VIA RECEPTORS OF THE ENDOCANNABINOID SYSTEM (ECS) AND CAN INTERFERE WITH FOLLICULOGENESIS, OOCYTE DEVELOPMENT AND OVULATION. ENDOCANNABINOIDS HAVE BEEN MEASURED IN FOLLICULAR FLUID (FF) OBTAINED DURING OOCYTE RETRIEVAL AND ARE IMPLICATED IN CONTROLLING FOLLICULOGENESIS. IT HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED THAT IN THE PLACENTA, PCS DISRUPT ENDOCANNABINOID HOMEOSTASIS VIA IMPAIRMENT OF THE SYNTHETIC AND DEGRADING ENZYMES, LEADING TO A NET INCREASE OF ENDOCANNABINOID LEVELS. FINALLY, PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT THC ALTERS METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN SPERM, BRAIN AND BLOOD CELLS. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: THIS STUDY INCLUDED AN IN VIVO COHORT ASSESSMENT OF CANNABIS EXPOSURE AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE FOLLICLE AND IN VITRO ASSAYS CONDUCTED TO VALIDATE THE IN VIVO FINDINGS AND TO EXPLORE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF ACTION. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: A TOTAL OF 318 FF SAMPLES, FROM 261 PATIENTS UNDERGOING IVF TREATMENT AT A PRIVATE FERTILITY CLINIC WHO CONSENTED FOR BIOBANKING BIOLOGICAL WASTE MATERIAL BETWEEN JANUARY 2018 AND JULY 2019, WERE INCLUDED IN THIS STUDY. CONCENTRATIONS OF PCS AND ENDOCANNABINOIDS WERE ASSESSED IN FF BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY (LC-MS/MS). EXPOSURE TO PCS WAS DETERMINED BASED ON THESE MEASURED LEVELS. LEVELS OF BOTH ENDOCANNABINOID RECEPTORS (CB1R, CB2R) AND THE DE NOVO DNA METHYLATING ENZYME, DNMT3B, IN GCS WERE ASSESSED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY BOTH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO AND GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION WAS ASSESSED IN VITRO BY ELISA. IN VIVO EFFECTS WERE ASSESSED BY COMPARING SAMPLES POSITIVE FOR AT LEAST ONE PC, WITH SAMPLES NEGATIVE FOR ALL MEASURED PCS. IN VITRO EFFECTS WERE DETERMINED IN NAIVE GCS, OBTAINED CONCURRENTLY WITH FF SAMPLES THAT HAD TESTED NEGATIVE FOR ALL PCS. THESE GCS WERE TREATED WITH DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF THE MAIN THREE PCS. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: OVERALL, 17 PATIENTS (6.4%) WERE POSITIVE FOR CANNABIS CONSUMPTION. FURTHERMORE, THE PREVALENCE OF CANNABIS POSITIVITY IN THE FF INCREASED FROM 4% OF THE TESTED SAMPLES THAT WERE COLLECTED PRIOR TO NATIONAL LEGALISATION IN OCTOBER 2018 TO 12% OF THOSE COLLECTED FOLLOWING LEGALISATION. OF NOTE, 59% OF PATIENTS WHO TESTED POSITIVE FOR PCS (10 OF 17) REPORTED PREVIOUS OR ONGOING EXPOSURE TO CANNABIS UPON THEIR INITIAL INTAKE. ENDOCANNABINOID LEVELS WERE NOT AFFECTED BY THE PRESENCE OF PCS. CB2R WAS MORE PREVALENT THAN CB1R IN GCS AND ITS EXPRESSION INCREASED FOLLOWING ACUTE AND CHRONIC IN VITRO EXPOSURE TO PCS. THE EXPRESSION OF DNMT3B AND GLOBAL METHYLATION DECREASED FOLLOWING EXPOSURE, SUGGESTING THAT CANNABIS MAY AFFECT THE EPIGENOME IN THE FOLLICULAR NICHE. THE ACUTE CHANGES WERE SUSTAINED THROUGHOUT CHRONIC TREATMENT. LARGE SCALE DATA: N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: OUR STUDY IS LIMITED BY LACK OF DETAILS REGARDING MODE, FREQUENCY AND TIMING OF PC CONSUMPTION. MOREOVER, WE WERE NOT ABLE TO ADEQUATELY ASSESS THE EFFECT OF PCS ON IMMEDIATE OR LONG-TERM CLINICAL OUTCOMES, DUE TO THE SMALL SAMPLE SIZE AND THE LACK OF FOLLOW UP. FUTURE, LARGE-SCALE STUDIES SHOULD FOCUS ON ASSESS THE CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF CANNABIS EXPOSURE, VALIDATE OUR FINDINGS, AND DETERMINE TO WHAT EXTENT CANNABIS AFFECTS THE EPIGENOME OVARIAN FOLLICLE AND THE DEVELOPING OOCYTE. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: TO OUR KNOWLEDGE, THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY MEASURING PCS IN FF BY LC-MS/MS. WE SHOW THAT CONSUMING CANNABIS ALTERS THE ECS IN THE DEVELOPING FOLLICLE, AND DIRECTLY AFFECTS DNMT EXPRESSION AND GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION LEVELS. CANNABIS LEGALISATION AND USE IS INCREASING WORLDWIDE, THEREFORE FURTHER UNDERSTANDING ITS ROLE IN FEMALE FERTILITY AND FOLLICULOGENESIS IS CRITICAL. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): ALL FUNDING WAS PROVIDED BY CREATE FERTILITY CENTRE THROUGH THE REINVESTMENT OF CLINICAL EARNINGS. THE AUTHORS DECLARE NO COMPETING INTERESTS.	2021