1   107 189 A REVIEW OF PRE-CLINICAL MODELS FOR GULF WAR ILLNESS. GULF WAR ILLNESS (GWI) IS A CHRONIC MULTISYMPTOMATIC DISORDER THAT AFFLICTS OVER 1/3RD OF THE 1991 GW VETERANS. IT SPANS MULTIPLE BODILY SYSTEMS AND PRESENTS ITSELF AS A SYNDROME EXHIBITING DIVERSE SYMPTOMS INCLUDING FATIGUE, DEPRESSION, MOOD, AND MEMORY AND CONCENTRATION DEFICITS, MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN AND GASTROINTESTINAL DISTRESS IN GW VETERANS. THE ETIOLOGY OF GWI IS COMPLEX AND MANY FACTORS, INCLUDING CHEMICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS PRESENT IN THE GW ARENA, HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED FOR ITS DEVELOPMENT. IT HAS BEEN OVER 30 YEARS SINCE THE END OF THE GW BUT, GWI HAS BEEN PERSISTENT IN SUFFERING VETERANS WHO ARE ALSO DEALING WITH PAUCITY OF EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS. THE MULTIFACTORIAL ASPECT OF GWI ALONG WITH GENETIC HETEROGENEITY AND LACK OF AVAILABLE DATA SURROUNDING WAR-TIME EXPOSURES HAVE PROVED TO BE CHALLENGING IN DEVELOPING PRE-CLINICAL MODELS OF GWI. DESPITE THIS, OVER A DOZEN GWI ANIMAL MODELS EXIST IN THE LITERATURE. IN THIS ARTICLE, FOLLOWING A BRIEF DISCUSSION OF GW HISTORY, GWI DEFINITIONS, AND PROBABLE CAUSES FOR ITS PATHOGENESIS, WE WILL EXPAND UPON VARIOUS EXPERIMENTAL MODELS USED IN GWI LABORATORY RESEARCH. THESE ANIMAL MODELS WILL BE DISCUSSED IN THE CONTEXT OF THEIR ATTEMPTS AT MIMICKING GW-RELATED EXPOSURES WITH REGARDS TO THE VARIATIONS IN CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS, DOSES, AND FREQUENCY OF EXPOSURES. WE WILL DISCUSS THEIR ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS IN MODELING GWI FOLLOWED BY A DISCUSSION OF BEHAVIORAL AND MOLECULAR FINDINGS IN THESE MODELS. THE MECHANISTIC DATA OBTAINED FROM THESE PRECLINICAL STUDIES HAVE OFFERED MULTIPLE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS INCLUDING CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, LIPID DISTURBANCES, CALCIUM HOMEOSTATIC ALTERATIONS, CHANGES IN GUT MICROBIOTA, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AMONGST OTHERS FOR EXPLAINING GWI DEVELOPMENT AND ITS PERSISTENCE. FINALLY, THESE FINDINGS HAVE ALSO INFORMED US ON NOVEL DRUGGABLE TARGETS IN GWI. WHILE, IT HAS BEEN DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE A SINGLE PRE-CLINICAL MODEL THAT COULD EXPRESS ALL THE GWI SIGNS AND EXHIBIT BIOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY REFLECTIVE OF THE CLINICAL PRESENTATION IN GWI, ANIMAL MODELS HAVE BEEN CRITICAL FOR IDENTIFYING MOLECULAR UNDERPINNINGS OF GWI AND EVALUATING TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR GWI.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
2   380  29 AN EPIGENETIC PERSPECTIVE ON LIFESTYLE MEDICINE FOR DEPRESSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR PRIMARY CARE PRACTICE. DEPRESSION IS THE MOST COMMON PRESENTING MENTAL HEALTH DISORDER IN PRIMARY CARE. IT IS ALSO A MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR TO SOMATIC COMPLAINTS, WORSENING OF CHRONIC MEDICAL CONDITIONS, POOR QUALITY OF LIFE, AND SUICIDE. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGIC AND PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC APPROACHES AVERT LESS THAN HALF OF DEPRESSION'S CUMULATIVE BURDEN ON SOCIETY. HOWEVER, THERE IS A GROWING BODY OF RESEARCH DESCRIBING BOTH HOW MALADAPTIVE LIFESTYLE CHOICES CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND WORSENING OF DEPRESSION AND HOW LIFESTYLE-ORIENTED MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS CAN REDUCE THE INCIDENCE AND SEVERITY OF DEPRESSION. THIS RESEARCH, LARGELY DERIVED FROM AN EMERGING FIELD CALLED EPIGENETICS, ELUCIDATES THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN OUR LIFESTYLE CHOICES AND THOSE EPIGENETIC FACTORS WHICH MEDIATE OUR TENDENCIES TOWARD EITHER HEALTH, OR THE ONSET, IF NOT WORSENING OF DISEASE. THE PRESENT REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS HOW LIFESTYLE CHOICES INVOLVING DIET, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SLEEP, SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS, AND STRESS INFLUENCE EPIGENETIC PROCESSES POSITIVELY OR NEGATIVELY, AND THEREBY PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN DETERMINING WHETHER ONE DOES OR DOES NOT SUFFER FROM DEPRESSION. THE AUTHORS PROPOSE THAT MEDICAL TRAINING PROGRAMS CONSIDER AND ADOPT LIFESTYLE MEDICINE ORIENTED INSTRUCTIONAL INITIATIVES THAT WILL ENABLE TOMORROW'S PRIMARY CARE PROVIDERS TO MORE EFFECTIVELY IDENTIFY AND THERAPEUTICALLY INTERVENE IN THE MALADAPTIVE CHOICES CONTRIBUTING TO THEIR PATIENTS' DEPRESSION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
3  6375  43 THE ROLE OF NEURO-IMMUNE INTERACTION IN CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS; FUNCTIONAL SOMATIC SYNDROME, NEUROGENIC INFLAMMATION, AND PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY. FUNCTIONAL SOMATIC SYNDROMES ARE INCREASINGLY DIAGNOSED IN CHRONICALLY ILL PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH AN ARRAY OF SYMPTOMS NOT ATTRIBUTED TO PHYSICAL AILMENTS. CONDITIONS SUCH AS CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME, FIBROMYALGIA SYNDROME, OR IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME ARE COMMON DISORDERS THAT BELONG IN THIS BROAD CATEGORY. SUCH SYNDROMES ARE CHARACTERISED BY THE PRESENCE OF ONE OR MULTIPLE CHRONIC SYMPTOMS INCLUDING WIDESPREAD MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN, FATIGUE, SLEEP DISORDERS, AND ABDOMINAL PAIN, AMONGST OTHER ISSUES. SYMPTOMS ARE BELIEVED TO RELATE TO A COMPLEX INTERACTION OF BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS, WHERE A DEFINITE AETIOLOGY HAS NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED. THEORIES SUGGEST CAUSATIVE PATHWAYS BETWEEN THE IMMUNE AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS OF AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS WITH SEVERAL RISK FACTORS IDENTIFIED IN PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH ONE OR MORE FUNCTIONAL SYNDROMES. RISK FACTORS INCLUDING STRESS AND CHILDHOOD TRAUMA ARE NOW RECOGNISED AS IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORS TO CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS. EMOTIONAL, PHYSICAL, AND SEXUAL ABUSE DURING CHILDHOOD IS CONSIDERED A SEVERE STRESSOR HAVING A HIGH PREVALENCE IN FUNCTIONAL SOMATIC SYNDROME SUFFERS. SUCH TRAUMA PERMANENTLY ALTERS THE BIOLOGICAL STRESS RESPONSE OF THE SUFFERS LEADING TO NEUROEXCITATORY AND OTHER NERVE ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN IN ADULTS. TRAUMATIC AND CHRONIC STRESS RESULTS IN EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN STRESS RESPONSE GENES, WHICH ULTIMATELY LEADS TO DYSREGULATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY AXIS, THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM MANIFESTING IN A BROAD ARRAY OF SYMPTOMS. IMPORTANTLY, THESE SYSTEMS ARE KNOWN TO BE DYSREGULATED IN PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM FUNCTIONAL SOMATIC SYNDROME. FUNCTIONAL SOMATIC SYNDROMES ARE ALSO HIGHLY PREVALENT CO-MORBIDITIES OF PSYCHIATRIC CONDITIONS, MOOD DISORDERS, AND ANXIETY. CONSEQUENTLY, THIS REVIEW AIMS TO PROVIDE INSIGHT INTO THE ROLE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND IMMUNE SYSTEM IN CHRONIC PAIN DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, AND CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
4   103  41 A REHABILOMICS FRAMEWORK FOR PERSONALIZED AND TRANSLATIONAL REHABILITATION RESEARCH AND CARE FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES: PERSPECTIVES AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR SPINAL CORD INJURY. DESPITE MANY PEOPLE HAVING SIMILAR CLINICAL PRESENTATION, DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS, AND CLINICAL CARE, OUTCOME CAN DIFFER FOR THOSE SUSTAINING SIGNIFICANT INJURY SUCH AS SPINAL CORD INJURY (SCI) AND TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI). IN ADDITION TO TRADITIONAL DEMOGRAPHIC, SOCIAL, AND CLINICAL FACTORS, VARIABILITY ALSO MAY BE ATTRIBUTABLE TO INNATE (INCLUDING GENETIC, TRANSCRIPTOMIC PROTEOMIC, EPIGENETIC) BIOLOGICAL VARIATION THAT INDIVIDUALS BRING TO RECOVERY AND THEIR UNIQUE RESPONSE TO THEIR CARE AND ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES COLLECTIVELY CALLED "-OMICS" ENABLE SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF AN ENORMOUS NUMBER OF BIOMOLECULES THAT CAN CAPTURE MANY POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTORS TO HETEROGENEITY OF INJURY/DISEASE COURSE AND OUTCOME. DUE TO THE NATURE OF INJURY AND COMPLEX DISEASE, AND ITS ASSOCIATIONS WITH IMPAIRMENT, DISABILITY, AND RECOVERY, REHABILITATION DOES NOT LEND ITSELF TO A SINGULAR "PROTOCOLIZED" PLAN OF THERAPY. YET, BY NATURE AND BY NECESSITY, REHABILITATION MEDICINE OPERATES AS A FUNCTIONAL MODEL OF "PERSONALIZED CARE". THUS, THE CHALLENGE FOR SUCCESSFUL PROGRAMS OF TRANSLATIONAL REHABILITATION CARE AND RESEARCH IS TO IDENTIFY VIABLE APPROACHES TO EXAMINE BROAD POPULATIONS, WITH VARIED IMPAIRMENTS AND FUNCTIONAL LIMITATIONS, AND TO IDENTIFY EFFECTIVE TREATMENT RESPONSES THAT INCORPORATE PERSONALIZED PROTOCOLS TO OPTIMIZE FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY. THE REHABILOMICS FRAMEWORK IS A TRANSLATIONAL MODEL THAT PROVIDES AN "-OMICS" OVERLAY TO THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF REHABILITATION PROCESSES AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL OUTCOMES. REHABILOMICS RESEARCH PROVIDES NOVEL OPPORTUNITIES TO EVALUATE THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF COMPLEX INJURY OR CHRONIC DISEASE AND CAN BE USED TO EXAMINE METHODS AND TREATMENTS FOR PERSON-CENTERED CARE AMONG POPULATIONS WITH DISABILITIES. EXEMPLARS FOR APPLICATION IN SCI AND OTHER NEUROREHABILITATION POPULATIONS ARE DISCUSSED.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
5  6822  40 [GENDER MEDICINE. SEX- AND GENDER-SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF CLINICAL MEDICINE]. GENDER MEDICINE STUDIES SEX- AND GENDER-BASED DIFFERENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PREVENTION OF DISEASES, THE AWARENESS AND PRESENTATION OF SYMPTOMS, AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THERAPY. GENDER MEDICINE IS PART OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, CONSIDERING DIFFERENCES IN BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS INDIVIDUALLY. THERE ARE DIFFERENCES IN GENES, CHROMOSOMES, HORMONES, AND METABOLISM AS WELL AS DIFFERENCES IN CULTURE, ENVIRONMENT, AND SOCIETY. LIFELONG INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS WILL INFLUENCE THE HEALTH AND ILL-HEALTH OF MEN AND WOMEN IN DIFFERENT WAYS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENT AND LIFESTYLE DURING VULNERABLE PHASES ON BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, EFFECTING FUTURE GENERATIONS. MATERNAL LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS DURING PREGNANCY CAN IMPACT THE HEALTH OF OFFSPRING IN LATER LIFE ALREADY IN UTERO IN A SEX-SPECIFIC WAY. PAIN, STRESS, AND COPING STYLES DIFFER BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN. WOMEN EXPERIENCE MORE DRAMATIC PHYSICAL CHANGES DURING THEIR LIFETIME, WHICH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIFIC BURDENS AND PSYCHOSOCIAL ALTERATIONS. WOMEN WITH MULTIPLE ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES SUFFERING FROM STRESS DEVELOP DEPRESSION MORE FREQUENTLY. HOWEVER, MEN ARE OFTEN NOT DIAGNOSED AND TREATED APPROPRIATELY IN CASES OF DEPRESSION OR OSTEOPOROSIS, DISEASES THAT ARE TYPICALLY CONSIDERED "FEMALE." THERE ARE PROMINENT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN IN MEDICINE REGARDING THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, INFLAMMATION, AND NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES SUCH AS OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES, HYPERTENSION, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. WOMEN EXPERIENCE MORE OFTEN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES AND SUFFER MORE FREQUENTLY FROM (CHRONIC) PAIN, NEURODEGENERATIVE CHANGES, AND FUNCTIONAL DISABILITIES. MEN HAVE SHORTER LIFE EXPECTANCY BUT RELATIVELY MORE HEALTHY YEARS OF LIFE, WHICH IS IN GREATER PART ASCRIBED TO PSYCHOSOCIAL DETERMINANTS. STATE-OF-THE-ART CLINICAL MEDICINE COMPRISES INDIVIDUAL RISK FACTORS BASED ON SEX- AND GENDER-SENSITIVE HEALTH PROGRAMS IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THE HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE FOR MEN AND WOMEN.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
6  5520  49 RISK FACTORS OF POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION. POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION (PPD) IS A WIDESPREAD MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEM AND ONE OF THE PRIME CAUSES OF MATERNAL SUFFERING AND ILL HEALTH. ON A GLOBAL LEVEL, THE PREVALENCE OF THE DISORDER IS ABOUT 10 TO 15%. SYMPTOMS GENERALLY APPEAR WITHIN THE FIRST FOUR TO SIX WEEKS, WHICH IS THE HIGH-RISK PERIOD. HOWEVER, IT MAY DEVELOP UP TO ONE YEAR POST-DELIVERY. PPD PRESENTS WITH SYMPTOMS OF CLASSICAL DEPRESSION, INCLUDING MOOD FLUCTUATIONS, BOUTS OF CRYING, LACK OF INTEREST IN THE CHILD, AND EVEN THOUGHTS OF SUICIDE. PPD NOT ONLY HAS ADVERSE EFFECTS ON THE MOTHER'S HEALTH BUT ALSO HAMPERS THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHILD. IT HAMPERS THE FORMATION OF A HEALTHY MOTHER-CHILD BOND, WHICH IN TURN MAY IMPACT FEEDING PRACTICES. THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE INFANT DURING THE FIRST FEW MONTHS IS PRIMARILY PROVIDED BY THE MOTHER, AND PPD MAY THUS IMPACT THE CHILD'S DEVELOPMENT. IT ALSO INCREASES THE CHILD'S SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MALNUTRITION. RESEARCH ON POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION HAS GARNERED MOMENTUM WITHIN THE LAST FEW YEARS. HOWEVER, THE MASSES ARE STILL LARGELY UNAWARE OF THE DISORDER AND ITS IMPLICATIONS. THERE IS ALSO AN INADEQUACY OF AWARENESS OF THE RISK FACTORS OF PPD. THE CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN MANIFESTATIONS AND APPROPRIATE PREVENTIVE MEASURES HAVE NOT BEEN EXTENSIVELY STUDIED. SOME RISK FACTORS FOR PPD ARE SIMILAR TO THOSE FOR CLASSIC DEPRESSION; HOWEVER, OBSTETRICAL AND PEDIATRIC FACTORS ARE ALSO INVOLVED. THIS LITERATURE REVIEW AIMS TO ASSESS THE CURRENTLY KNOWN RISK FACTORS FOR PPD, THEIR STRENGTH OF ASSOCIATION, AND PROBABLE MECHANISMS TO HELP IDENTIFY THE HIGH-RISK GROUP AND ENABLE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PREVENTIVE MEASURES OR FACILITATE EARLY DIAGNOSIS. THE FACTORS IDENTIFIED SPANNED SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC, BIOLOGICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND OBSTETRIC DOMAINS. THESE INCLUDED SOCIOECONOMIC STANDING, MARITAL RELATIONSHIP, HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS, SOCIAL SUPPORT, GESTATIONAL DIABETES, VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY, IMMIGRATION STATUS, DELIVERY METHOD, VIOLENCE AND ABUSE, BIRTH EXPERIENCE, AND BIOLOGICAL AND EPIGENETIC MARKERS. THE RISK FACTORS FOR POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION ARE NUMEROUS AND MAY HAVE STRONG TO WEAK ASSOCIATIONS WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF PPD. A PREVIOUS HISTORY OF DEPRESSION OR PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS, DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS DURING PREGNANCY, GESTATIONAL DIABETES, AND A LACK OF SPOUSAL AND SOCIAL SUPPORT WERE THE MOST POWERFUL RISK FACTORS. OTHER SIGNIFICANT FACTORS INCLUDE COMPLICATIONS DURING PREGNANCY, LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, AND STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS. STUDIES ON MATERNAL AGE AND CHRONIC ILLNESS AS RISK FACTORS WERE INCONCLUSIVE. THE ROLES OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MARKERS, CULTURAL FACTORS, AND VITAMIN D INSUFFICIENCY REQUIRE FURTHER INVESTIGATION.	2022	

7   734  44 CANCER HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES. A NEED EXISTS TO EXAMINE RACIAL DISPARITIES IN THE HEALTHCARE ARENA AND THE IMPACT ON PATIENTS WITH CANCER. DESPITE ONGOING EFFORTS TO INCREASE EQUITY IN PRIMARY HEALTHCARE ACCESS, RACIAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC DISPARITIES PERSIST, THUS CONTRIBUTING TO DISPROPORTIONATE TREATMENT OUTCOMES AND SURVIVORSHIP AMONG MINORITY AND LOW-INCOME PATIENTS. SUCH DISPARITIES HAVE BEEN REVEALED IN TREATMENT COHORTS OF PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE FORMS OF CANCER, INCLUDING BREAST, CERVICAL, OVARIAN, ENDOMETRIAL, PROSTATE, LUNG, COLORECTAL, GASTROINTESTINAL, AND HEPATOCELLULAR, AND HAVE BEEN ATTRIBUTED TO A RANGE OF CO-OCCURRING BEHAVIORAL, SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, UNDERLYING GENETIC FACTORS, AS WELL AS ACCESS TO EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES THAT LIMIT THE QUALITY OF INFORMED HEALTHCARE. THESE VARIOUS INTERRELATED FACTORS WIDEN CANCER HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES SYNERGISTICALLY THROUGHOUT UNDERSERVED COMMUNITIES, AND THEIR INFLUENCE HAS BEEN AMPLIFIED BY THE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) PANDEMIC. FUNDAMENTALLY, A LACK OF BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH EXISTS THAT FAILS TO ADEQUATELY REFLECT DIVERSITY AND MINORITY INVOLVEMENT IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT. ALTHOUGH OVERCOMING THE OBSTACLES RESPONSIBLE FOR CHRONIC TREATMENT DISPARITIES IS A FORMIDABLE TASK, PROMISING MEANS OF ACHIEVING MORE UNIFORM QUALITY HEALTHCARE ARE BECOMING MORE CLEARLY ELUCIDATED. TO REDUCE DISEASE PROGRESSION, INCREASE OVERALL SURVIVAL, AND IMPROVE THE HEALTH OF VULNERABLE POPULATIONS, IT IS NECESSARY TO IDENTIFY AND FULLY DISCLOSE ENVIRONMENTAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND ANCESTRAL FACTORS THAT IMPACT THE RISK FOR CANCER; HEAL HISTORICAL FRACTURES WITHIN COMMUNITIES; AND INCREASE PARTICIPATION OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES IN SCREENING EFFORTS AND RESEARCH STUDIES. THIS REQUIRES DEVELOPING A SYSTEM OF JUSTICE AND TRUST BASED ON SPECIFIC, SOLUTION-ORIENTED GRASSROOTS COMMUNITY EFFORTS WORKING IN TANDEM WITH MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL LEADERS. BY FULLY EXPLORING AND PINPOINTING THE UNDERLYING CAUSES OF HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES, IT SHOULD BE POSSIBLE TO DEFINE STRATEGIES AND INTERVENTIONS MOST LIKELY TO TRANSFORM CANCER CARE. THE ULTIMATE GOAL IS UNDERSTANDING INDIVIDUAL, CULTURAL, AND BIOLOGICAL VULNERABILITIES, INCLUDING ENVIRONMENTAL AND EPIGENETIC LIABILITIES, TO OPTIMIZE CANCER PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
8  5025  36 PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS. PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS (CVD), ALSO REFERRED TO AS PERSONALIZED OR PRECISION CARDIOLOGY IN ACCORDANCE WITH GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, IS SELECTION OF THE BEST TREATMENT FOR AN INDIVIDUAL PATIENT. IT INVOLVES THE INTEGRATION OF VARIOUS "OMICS" TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS AS WELL AS OTHER NEW TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY. MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS AND BIOMARKERS ARE IMPORTANT FOR LINKING DIAGNOSIS WITH THERAPY AND MONITORING THERAPY. BECAUSE CVD INVOLVE PERTURBATIONS OF LARGE COMPLEX BIOLOGICAL NETWORKS, A SYSTEMS BIOLOGY APPROACH TO CVD RISK STRATIFICATION MAY BE USED FOR IMPROVING RISK-ESTIMATING ALGORITHMS, AND MODELING OF PERSONALIZED BENEFIT OF TREATMENT MAY BE HELPFUL FOR GUIDING THE CHOICE OF INTERVENTION. BIOINFORMATICS TOOLS ARE HELPFUL IN ANALYZING AND INTEGRATING LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES. PERSONALIZED THERAPY IS CONSIDERED DURING DRUG DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING METHODS OF TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY AND CLINICAL TRIALS. INDIVIDUALIZED RECOMMENDATIONS CONSIDER MULTIPLE FACTORS - GENETIC AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC - FOR PATIENTS' RISK OF HEART DISEASE. EXAMPLES OF PERSONALIZED TREATMENT ARE THOSE OF CHRONIC MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA, HEART FAILURE, AND HYPERTENSION. SIMILAR APPROACHES CAN BE USED FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA, AS WELL AS THE USE OF ANTICOAGULANTS. PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT INCLUDES PHARMACOTHERAPY, SURGERY, LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS, AND COMBINATIONS THEREOF. FURTHER PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOMECHANISM OF COMPLEX CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND IDENTIFICATION OF CAUSATIVE FACTORS AT THE INDIVIDUAL PATIENT LEVEL WILL PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALIZED CARDIOLOGY. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE WILL IMPROVE THE CARE OF THE PATIENTS WITH CVD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
9  6329  50 THE ROLE OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN BIPOLAR DISORDERS. THIS REVIEW WILL DISCUSS THE ROLE OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN BIPOLAR DISORDERS. RELEVANT STUDIES WERE IDENTIFIED VIA MEDLINE (PUBMED) AND PSYCINFO DATABASES PUBLISHED UP TO AND INCLUDING JULY 2015. THIS REVIEW CONTRIBUTES TO A NEW UNDERSTANDING OF THE NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF EARLY LIFE STRESS, AS WELL AS SETTING CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN A BIOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF SUSCEPTIBILITY AND DISCUSSING NOVEL LONG-TERM PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES IN BIPOLAR DISORDERS. CHILDHOOD TRAUMATIC EVENTS ARE RISK FACTORS FOR DEVELOPING BIPOLAR DISORDERS, IN ADDITION TO A MORE SEVERE CLINICAL PRESENTATION OVER TIME (PRIMARILY AN EARLIER AGE AT ONSET AND AN INCREASED RISK OF SUICIDE ATTEMPT AND SUBSTANCE MISUSE). CHILDHOOD TRAUMA LEADS TO ALTERATIONS OF AFFECT REGULATION, IMPULSE CONTROL, AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING THAT MIGHT DECREASE THE ABILITY TO COPE WITH LATER STRESSORS. CHILDHOOD TRAUMA INTERACTS WITH SEVERAL GENES BELONGING TO SEVERAL DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS [HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS, SEROTONERGIC TRANSMISSION, NEUROPLASTICITY, IMMUNITY, CALCIUM SIGNALING, AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS] TO DECREASE THE AGE AT THE ONSET OF THE DISORDER OR INCREASE THE RISK OF SUICIDE. EPIGENETIC FACTORS MAY ALSO BE INVOLVED IN THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN BIPOLAR DISORDER. BIOLOGICAL SEQUELAE SUCH AS CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, SLEEP DISTURBANCE, OR TELOMERE SHORTENING ARE POTENTIAL MEDIATORS OF THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN BIPOLAR DISORDERS, IN PARTICULAR WITH REGARD TO PHYSICAL HEALTH. THE MAIN CLINICAL IMPLICATION IS TO SYSTEMATICALLY ASSESS CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN PATIENTS WITH BIPOLAR DISORDERS, OR AT LEAST IN THOSE WITH A SEVERE OR INSTABLE COURSE. THE CHALLENGE FOR THE NEXT YEARS WILL BE TO FILL THE GAP BETWEEN CLINICAL AND FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH AND ROUTINE PRACTICE, SINCE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MANAGING THIS SPECIFIC POPULATION ARE LACKING. IN PARTICULAR, LITTLE IS KNOWN ON WHICH PSYCHOTHERAPIES SHOULD BE PROVIDED OR WHICH TARGETS THERAPISTS SHOULD FOCUS ON, AS WELL AS HOW CHILDHOOD TRAUMA COULD EXPLAIN THE RESISTANCE TO MOOD STABILIZERS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
10   367  33 AMPLIFIED PAIN SYNDROMES IN CHILDREN: TREATMENT AND NEW INSIGHTS INTO DISEASE PATHOGENESIS. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: ALTHOUGH MANY DIAGNOSTIC TERMS ARE USED FOR PEDIATRIC CHRONIC PAIN, EVIDENCE SUGGESTS A COMMON THREAD OF SIGNAL AMPLIFICATION, LEADING TO THE UNIFYING TERM 'AMPLIFIED PAIN SYNDROMES'. ONGOING RESEARCH PROVIDES NEW INSIGHTS INTO BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL CONTRIBUTORS AND TREATMENTS FOR PEDIATRIC AMPLIFIED PAIN SYNDROMES. RECENT FINDINGS: BASIC SCIENCE INDICATES A COMPLEX INTERPLAY OF GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, NEUROCHEMICAL, ENDOCRINE, AND INFLAMMATORY CONTRIBUTORS, ALONG WITH ENVIRONMENTAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS. ALTHOUGH MEDICATIONS AND INTERVENTIONS REMAIN COMMON APPROACHES TO CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC PAIN, THEIR EVIDENCE IS LIMITED. PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE EXISTS FOR MINDFULNESS-BASED THERAPIES, YOGA, AND OTHER COMPLEMENTARY/ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE APPROACHES. THE STRONGEST EVIDENCE IS FOR EXERCISE-BASED AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL TREATMENTS, IN PARTICULAR, WHEN COMBINED IN A MULTIDISCIPLINARY FORMAT. INTENSIVE APPROACHES (PAIN REHABILITATION) HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO EFFECTIVELY AND EFFICIENTLY TREAT THOSE MOST DISABLED BY AMPLIFIED PAIN SYNDROMES, AND LEAD TO SUSTAINED IMPROVEMENT IN PAIN, FUNCTIONING, AND MEDICAL UTILIZATION. SUMMARY: ALTHOUGH UNDERSTANDING OF THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING PEDIATRIC AMPLIFIED PAIN SYNDROMES EVOLVES, STANDARD OF CARE IS MULTIDISCIPLINARY EMPHASIZING EXERCISE THERAPY, COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT, AND SELF-REGULATION. TREATMENT SHOULD TARGET FULL RETURN TO PHYSICAL FUNCTION, WHICH LEADS TO SUBSEQUENT IMPROVEMENT OR RESOLUTION OF PAIN. MULTIDISCIPLINARY CARE CAN BE COORDINATED BY A RHEUMATOLOGIST OR OTHER PHYSICIAN WITH APPROPRIATE REFERRALS, OR THROUGH A MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
11    29  44 A BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL OVERVIEW OF THE OPIOID CRISIS: CONSIDERING NUTRITION AND GASTROINTESTINAL HEALTH. THE OPIOID CRISIS HAS REACHED EPIDEMIC PROPORTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES WITH RISING OVERDOSE DEATH RATES. IDENTIFYING THE UNDERLYING FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO ADDICTION VULNERABILITY MAY LEAD TO MORE EFFECTIVE PREVENTION STRATEGIES. SUPPLY SIDE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE A MAJOR CONTRIBUTING COMPONENT. PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS SUCH AS STRESS, TRAUMA, AND ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES HAVE BEEN LINKED TO EMOTIONAL PAIN LEADING TO SELF-MEDICATION. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH BRAIN REWARD PATHWAYS AND IMPULSIVITY ARE KNOWN PREDICTORS OF ADDICTION VULNERABILITY. THIS REVIEW ATTEMPTS TO PRESENT A BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH THAT CONNECTS VARIOUS SOCIAL AND BIOLOGICAL THEORIES RELATED TO THE ADDICTION CRISIS. THE EMERGING ROLE OF NUTRITION THERAPY WITH AN EMPHASIS ON GASTROINTESTINAL HEALTH IN THE TREATMENT OF OPIOID USE DISORDER IS PRESENTED. THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL INTEGRATES CONCEPTS FROM SEVERAL DISCIPLINES, EMPHASIZING MULTICAUSALITY RATHER THAN A REDUCTIONIST APPROACH. POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS AT MULTIPLE LEVELS ARE PRESENTED, CONSIDERING INDIVIDUAL AS WELL AS POPULATION HEALTH. THIS SINGLE COHESIVE FRAMEWORK IS BASED ON THE INTERDEPENDENCY OF THE ENTIRE SYSTEM, IDENTIFYING RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS THAT MAY INFLUENCE SUBSTANCE-SEEKING BEHAVIOR. NUTRITION SHOULD BE INCLUDED AS ONE FACET OF A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TOWARD IMPROVED RECOVERY OUTCOMES. CROSS-DISCIPLINARY COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS, NEW IDEAS, AND FISCAL RESOURCES WILL BE CRITICAL TO ADDRESS THE EPIDEMIC.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
12  6007  39 THE ANATOMY OF PAIN AND SUFFERING IN THE BRAIN AND ITS CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS. PAIN IS AN UNPLEASANT SENSORY AND EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE ASSOCIATED WITH ACTUAL OR POTENTIAL TISSUE DAMAGE. CHRONIC PAIN, WITH A PREVALENCE OF 20-30 % IS THE MAJOR CAUSE OF HUMAN SUFFERING WORLDWIDE, BECAUSE EFFECTIVE, SPECIFIC AND SAFE THERAPIES HAVE YET TO BE DEVELOPED. IT IS UNEVENLY DISTRIBUTED AMONG SEXES, WITH WOMEN EXPERIENCING MORE PAIN AND SUFFERING. CHRONIC PAIN CAN BE ANATOMICALLY AND PHENOMENOLOGICALLY DISSECTED INTO THREE SEPARABLE BUT INTERACTING PATHWAYS, A LATERAL 'PAINFULNESS' PATHWAY, A MEDIAL 'SUFFERING' PATHWAY AND A DESCENDING PAIN INHIBITORY PATHWAY. ONE MAY HAVE PAIN(FULLNESS) WITHOUT SUFFERING AND SUFFERING WITHOUT PAIN(FULLNESS). PAIN SENSATION LEADS TO SUFFERING VIA A COGNITIVE, EMOTIONAL AND AUTONOMIC PROCESSING, AND IS EXPRESSED AS ANGER, FEAR, FRUSTRATION, ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION. THE MEDIAL PATHWAY OVERLAPS WITH THE SALIENCE AND STRESS NETWORKS, EXPLAINING THAT BEHAVIOURAL RELEVANCE OR MEANING DETERMINES THE SUFFERING ASSOCIATED WITH PAINFULNESS. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES TRIGGER CHRONIC NEUROINFLAMMATORY CHANGES WHICH ARE INVOLVED IN TRANSITIONING FROM ACUTE TO CHRONIC PAIN. BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF THE BAYESIAN BRAIN, PAIN (AND SUFFERING) CAN BE REGARDED AS THE CONSEQUENCE OF AN IMBALANCE BETWEEN THE TWO ASCENDING AND THE DESCENDING PAIN INHIBITORY PATHWAYS UNDER CONTROL OF THE REWARD SYSTEM. THE THERAPEUTIC CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THIS SIMPLE PAIN MODEL ARE OBVIOUS. AFTER CATEGORIZING THE WORKING MECHANISMS OF EACH OF THE AVAILABLE TREATMENTS (PAIN KILLERS, PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY, PSYCHOTHERAPY, NEUROMODULATION, PSYCHOSURGERY, SPINAL CORD STIMULATION) TO 1 OR MORE OF THE 3 PATHWAYS, A RATIONAL COMBINATION CAN BE PROPOSED OF ACTIVATING THE DESCENDING PAIN INHIBITORY PATHWAY IN COMBINATION WITH INHIBITION OF THE MEDIAL AND LATERAL PATHWAY, SO AS TO REBALANCE THE PAIN (AND SUFFERING) PATHWAYS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
13  2918  46 GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS IN MAJOR MENTAL DISORDERS IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC. BACKGROUND: MENTAL DISORDERS AFFECT ABOUT ONE?-THIRD OF THE HUMAN POPULATION, ARE TYPICALLY CHRONIC AND SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASE THE QUALITY OF LIFE. PRESENTLY, THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL ILLNESSES IS FAR FROM ADEQUATE WITH A SUBSTANTIAL PROPORTION OF THE PATIENTS BEING PHARMACORESISTANT AND SUFFERING FROM RELAPSES. ONE OF THE REASONS FOR THIS COMPLICATED SITUATION IS THAT WE DO NOT PRECISELY KNOW ABOUT THE CAUSES OF MENTAL DISORDERS, SO THEIR TREATMENT CANNOT BE CAUSAL. THE ETIOLOGY OF A MENTAL DISORDER IS TYPICALLY BASED ON A COMBINATION OF MOLECULAR (GENETIC) AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. AIM: THE AIM OF THE PROJECT IS TO DISCOVER THE GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (GXE) IN A WIDE SPECTRUM OF MENTAL DISORDERS. METHODS: THE DESIGN OF OUR STUDY IS INNOVATIVE IN THE SENSE THAT WE INTEND TO STUDY LARGE GROUPS OF ASSOCIATED MENTAL DISORDERS AS A WHOLE INSTEAD OF IN ISOLATION. THIS WOULD ENABLE US TO MAP OUT THE POSSIBLE ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSAL FACTORS IN DETAIL IN RELATION TO THEIR CHARACTER, MAGNITUDE AND TIMING. THE PROJECT ALSO ALLOWS A STUDY OF GENETICS (INCLUDING EPIGENETICS AND MICROBIOMES) AS WELL AS THE ENVIRONMENT SIMULTANEOUSLY. WE PLAN ON INVOLVING THREE STUDY GROUPS: THE FIRST GROUP ARE PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM SCHIZOPHRENIA OR A MOOD DISORDER SUCH AS MAJOR DEPRESSION, RECURRENT DEPRESSIVE DISORDER AND BIPOLAR AFFECTIVE DISORDER; THE SECOND GROUP OF PATIENTS HAVE ANXIETY DISORDERS; AND THE THIRD GROUP ARE HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS FROM THE GENERAL POPULATION WHO ARE GENETICALLY UNRELATED. ALL OF THE STUDY SUBJECTS WILL UNDERGO THE FOLLOWING ASSESSMENTS: A PSYCHIATRIC EXAMINATION, THE IDENTIFICATION OF STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS WITH THE AID OF A QUESTIONNAIRE, THE EXAMINATION OF THEIR REACTION TO STRESS, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC (MICRORNA) ASSESSMENTS AND THE ANALYSIS OF ORAL AND GUT MICROBIOME. CONCLUSION: WE EXPECT THAT SOME OF THE GENETIC AS WELL AS ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN THE STUDIED MENTAL DISORDERS ARE SHARED, WHILE SOME OTHERS ARE SPECIFIC. WE ALSO EXPECT THAT THE GXE (GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION) IN SCHIZOPHRENIC AND AFFECTIVE DISORDERS WILL BE DIFFERENT FROM THE GXE IN ANXIETY DISORDERS AND THAT THE GXE IN THE STUDIED MENTAL DISORDERS WILL DIFFER GENERALLY FROM THE GXE IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS. OUR RESULTS CAN HELP IN THE PREVENTION AND INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT OF A RANGE OF MENTAL DISORDERS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
14  2816  48 FIBROMYALGIA: PATHOGENESIS, MECHANISMS, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OPTIONS UPDATE. FIBROMYALGIA IS A SYNDROME CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC AND WIDESPREAD MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN, OFTEN ACCOMPANIED BY OTHER SYMPTOMS, SUCH AS FATIGUE, INTESTINAL DISORDERS AND ALTERATIONS IN SLEEP AND MOOD. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT TWO TO EIGHT PERCENT OF THE WORLD POPULATION IS AFFECTED BY FIBROMYALGIA. FROM A MEDICAL POINT OF VIEW, THIS PATHOLOGY STILL PRESENTS INEXPLICABLE ASPECTS. IT IS KNOWN THAT FIBROMYALGIA IS CAUSED BY A CENTRAL SENSITIZATION PHENOMENON CHARACTERIZED BY THE DYSFUNCTION OF NEURO-CIRCUITS, WHICH INVOLVES THE PERCEPTION, TRANSMISSION AND PROCESSING OF AFFERENT NOCICEPTIVE STIMULI, WITH THE PREVALENT MANIFESTATION OF PAIN AT THE LEVEL OF THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM. IN RECENT YEARS, THE PATHOGENESIS OF FIBROMYALGIA HAS ALSO BEEN LINKED TO OTHER FACTORS, SUCH AS INFLAMMATORY, IMMUNE, ENDOCRINE, GENETIC AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS. A RHEUMATOLOGIST TYPICALLY MAKES A DIAGNOSIS OF FIBROMYALGIA WHEN THE PATIENT DESCRIBES A HISTORY OF PAIN SPREADING IN ALL QUADRANTS OF THE BODY FOR AT LEAST THREE MONTHS AND WHEN PAIN IS CAUSED BY DIGITAL PRESSURE IN AT LEAST 11 OUT OF 18 ALLOGENIC POINTS, CALLED TENDER POINTS. FIBROMYALGIA DOES NOT INVOLVE ORGANIC DAMAGE, AND SEVERAL DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED IN RECENT YEARS, INCLUDING THE ANALYSIS OF GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND SEROLOGICAL BIOMARKERS. SYMPTOMS OFTEN BEGIN AFTER PHYSICAL OR EMOTIONAL TRAUMA, BUT IN MANY CASES, THERE APPEARS TO BE NO OBVIOUS TRIGGER. WOMEN ARE MORE PRONE TO DEVELOPING THE DISEASE THAN MEN. UNFORTUNATELY, THE CONVENTIONAL MEDICAL THERAPIES THAT TARGET THIS PATHOLOGY PRODUCE LIMITED BENEFITS. THEY REMAIN LARGELY PHARMACOLOGICAL IN NATURE AND TEND TO TREAT THE SYMPTOMATIC ASPECTS OF VARIOUS DISORDERS REPORTED BY THE PATIENT. THE STATISTICS, HOWEVER, HIGHLIGHT THE FACT THAT 90% OF PEOPLE WITH FIBROMYALGIA ALSO TURN TO COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE TO MANAGE THEIR SYMPTOMS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
15  5161  45 PRECISION AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE: HOW GENOMIC APPROACH IMPROVES THE MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE. LIFE EXPECTANCY HAS GRADUALLY GROWN OVER THE LAST CENTURY. THIS HAS DEEPLY AFFECTED HEALTHCARE COSTS, SINCE THE GROWTH OF AN AGING POPULATION IS CORRELATED TO THE INCREASING BURDEN OF CHRONIC DISEASES. THIS REPRESENTS THE INTERESTING CHALLENGE OF HOW TO MANAGE PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC DISEASES IN ORDER TO IMPROVE HEALTH CARE BUDGETS. EFFECTIVE PRIMARY PREVENTION COULD REPRESENT A PROMISING ROUTE. TO THIS END, PRECISION, TOGETHER WITH PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, ARE USEFUL INSTRUMENTS IN ORDER TO INVESTIGATE PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES BEFORE THE APPEARANCE OF CLINICAL SYMPTOMS AND TO GUIDE PHYSICIANS TO CHOOSE A TARGETED THERAPY TO MANAGE THE PATIENT. CARDIOVASCULAR AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES REPRESENT SUITABLE MODELS FOR TAKING FULL ADVANTAGE OF PRECISION MEDICINE TECHNOLOGIES APPLIED TO ALL STAGES OF DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. THE AVAILABILITY OF HIGH TECHNOLOGY INCORPORATING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ADVANCEMENT PROGRESS MADE IN THE FIELD OF BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH HAVE BEEN SUBSTANTIAL TO UNDERSTAND HOW GENES, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AGING, NUTRITION, DRUGS, MICROBIOME AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CAN IMPACT HEALTH AND CHRONIC DISORDERS. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT REVIEW IS TO ADDRESS HOW PRECISION AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE CAN BRING GREATER CLARITY TO THE CLINICAL AND BIOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY OF THESE TYPES OF DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH MORTALITY, INVOLVING TREMENDOUS HEALTH CARE COSTS, BY DESCRIBING IN DETAIL THE METHODS THAT CAN BE APPLIED. THIS MIGHT OFFER PRECIOUS TOOLS FOR PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES AND POSSIBLE CLUES ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE DISEASE AND COULD HELP IN PREDICTING MORBIDITY, MORTALITY AND DETECTING CHRONIC DISEASE INDICATORS MUCH EARLIER IN THE DISEASE COURSE. THIS, OF COURSE, WILL HAVE A MAJOR EFFECT ON BOTH IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF CARE AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE PATIENTS AND REDUCING TIME EFFORTS AND HEALTHCARE COSTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
16  1737  45 EARLY DETECTION OF ACCELERATED AGING AND CELLULAR DECLINE (AACD): A CONSENSUS STATEMENT. THE CELLULAR HALLMARKS OF ACCELERATED AGING AND THEIR CLINICAL EXPRESSION MAY BE GROUPED USING THE TERMS 'ACCELERATED AGING AND CELLULAR DECLINE' (AACD) AND/OR 'AGE-ASSOCIATED CELLULAR DECLINE'. THIS CONSTRUCT IS DESIGNED TO CAPTURE THE BIOLOGICAL BACKGROUND PREDISPOSING THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGE-RELATED CONDITIONS. BY CLASSIFYING RISK FACTORS, EARLY INDICATORS, AND CLINICAL DIFFERENTIATORS OF AACD THROUGH EXPERT CONSENSUS, THIS STUDY AIMED TO IDENTIFY THE SIGNS, SYMPTOMS, AND MARKERS INDICATIVE OF AACD. IN DOING SO, THIS WORK PAVES THE WAY FOR FUTURE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE AACD CONCEPT IN THE CLINICAL AND RESEARCH SETTINGS. AN INTERDISCIPLINARY PANEL OF EXPERTS WITH CLINICAL AND RESEARCH EXPERTISE WAS SELECTED TO PARTICIPATE IN A VIRTUAL WORKSHOP TO DISCUSS AACD. A MODIFIED NOMINAL GROUP TECHNIQUE WAS USED TO ESTABLISH CONSENSUS AMONG THE GROUP. AN EXTENDED GROUP OF INTERNATIONAL EXPERTS CRITICALLY REVIEWED AN EARLY DRAFT OF THE MANUSCRIPT, AND THEIR FEEDBACK WAS THEN INCORPORATED INTO THE MODEL. EXPERTS IDENTIFIED 13 FACTORS PREDISPOSING TO OR CLINICALLY MANIFESTING AACD. AMONG THESE, CHRONIC DISEASES, OBESITY, AND UNFAVORABLE GENETIC BACKGROUND WERE CONSIDERED AS THE MOST IMPORTANT. THERE WAS A CONSENSUS THAT A GRADUAL AND NONSPECIFIC DEVELOPMENT OFTEN CHARACTERIZES AACD, MAKING ITS CLINICAL DETECTION POTENTIALLY CHALLENGING. IN ADDITION, SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS MIGHT HAVE MULTIFACTORIAL CAUSES AND OVERLAPPING ORIGINS, SUCH AS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS. AS A RESULT, AN INITIAL CHECKLIST WAS OUTLINED, LISTING CLINICAL FACTORS OF SPECIAL RELEVANCE (E.G., FATIGUE, LOW QUALITY OF SLEEP, AND LOW MOOD) TO REPRESENT EARLY MANIFESTATIONS OF THE ORGANISM'S EXHAUSTION, WHICH ARE ALSO FREQUENTLY NEGLECTED IN THE CLINICAL SETTING. DIFFERENTIATING AACD FROM OTHER CONDITIONS IS ESSENTIAL. THE USE OF A COMBINATION OF BIOMARKERS WAS PROPOSED AS A VIABLE METHOD IN A TWO-STEP PROCESS OF DIFFERENTIATION: 1) IDENTIFICATION OF EARLY AACD CLINICAL INDICATORS, FOLLOWED BY 2) SYMPTOM AND BIOMARKER CONFIRMATION WITH A FOCUS ON SYSTEM DOMAINS (TO BE POTENTIALLY TARGETED BY FUTURE SPECIFIC INTERVENTIONS). ALTHOUGH THE AACD CONSTRUCT IS NOT YET READY FOR ROUTINE USE IN CLINICAL PRACTICE, ITS OPERATIONALIZATION MAY SUPPORT THE EARLY IDENTIFICATION OF AGE-RELATED CONDITIONS (WHEN THIS MIGHT STILL BE AMENABLE TO REVERSION) AND ALSO ENCOURAGE PREVENTATIVE INTERVENTIONS. FURTHER INVESTIGATION IS NEEDED TO ESTABLISH SPECIFIC BIOMARKERS THAT CONFIRM INDEPENDENT RISK FACTORS FOR AACD AND PROVIDE A MORE DEFINITIVE STRUCTURE TO THE CONCEPT OF AACD (AND AGE-ASSOCIATED CELLULAR DECLINE).	2021	
                                   
17   966  43 CHRONIC NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS: GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MARKERS FOR MONITORING OF PHARMACOTHERAPY. INTRODUCTION: CHRONIC NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES ARE A MAJOR CAUSE OF MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY IN THE WORLD. WITH INCREASING LIFE EXPECTANCY IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD, THE INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF THESE DISEASES ARE PREDICTED TO RISE EVEN FURTHER. THIS HAS ALSO CONTRIBUTED TO AN INCREASE IN DISABILITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS (DALYS) FOR NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES. TREATMENT FOR SUCH DISEASES ALSO POSES A CHALLENGE WITH MULTIPLE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS LEADING TO A VARIED OUTCOME. PERSONALIZATION OF TREATMENT IS ONE WAY THAT TREATMENT OUTCOME/PROGNOSIS OF DISEASE CAN BE IMPROVED, AND PHARMACOGENOMICS PLAYS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN THIS CONTEXT. METHODOLOGY: THIS ARTICLE REVIEWED THE EVIDENCE PERTAINING TO THE ASSOCIATION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MARKERS WITH MAJOR NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS LIKE MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS), ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD), AND PARKINSON'S DISEASE (PD), WHICH ARE A MAJOR SOURCE OF BURDEN AMONG NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS. TYPES OF STUDIES INCLUDED ARE PEER-REVIEWED ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLES FROM THE PUBMED DATABASE (1999-2018). RESULTS: THIS STUDY COMPILED DATA REGARDING SPECIFIC GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MARKERS WITH A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN THE CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF THE DISEASE AND PROGNOSIS OF THERAPY FROM 65 STUDIES. IN A SINGLE PLATFORM, THIS REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS THE CLUES TO SOME VITAL QUESTIONS, SUCH AS WHY INTERFERON BETA (IFN-BETA) THERAPY FAILS TO IMPROVE SYMPTOMS IN ALL MS PATIENTS? WHY CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS FAIL TO IMPROVE COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN A SUBSET OF PEOPLE SUFFERING FROM AD? OR WHY SOME INDIVIDUALS ON LEVODOPA (L-DOPA) FOR PD SUFFER FROM SIDE-EFFECTS RANGING FROM DYSKINESIA TO HALLUCINATION WHILE OTHERS DO NOT? CONCLUSION: THIS ARTICLE SUMMARIZES THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS THAT MAY EITHER REQUIRE MONITORING OR HELP IN DECIDING FUTURE PHARMACOTHERAPY IN A PATIENT SUFFERING FROM MS, AD, AND PD. AS THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM DEVELOPS AND REACHES NEWER HEIGHTS, WE EXPECT MORE AND MORE OF THESE BIOMARKERS TO BE USED AS PHARMACOTHERAPEUTIC OUTCOME INDICATORS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
18  4062  35 MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICES AND AN INTEGRATED, LIFE-CYCLE APPROACH TO THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. DESCRIBED AS THE 'INVISIBLE EPIDEMIC', NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) ARE THE WORLD'S LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH. MOST ARE CAUSED BY PREVENTABLE FACTORS, INCLUDING POOR DIET, TOBACCO USE, HARMFUL USE OF ALCOHOL AND PHYSICAL INACTIVITY. DIABETES, CANCER AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR 38 MILLION (68%) OF GLOBAL DEATHS IN 2012. SINCE 1990, PROPORTIONATE NCD MORTALITY HAS INCREASED SUBSTANTIALLY AS POPULATIONS HAVE AGED AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASES DECLINE. THE MAJORITY OF NCD DEATHS, ESPECIALLY PREMATURE NCD DEATHS (<70 YEARS, 82%), OCCUR IN LOW-INCOME AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, AND AMONG POOR COMMUNITIES WITHIN THEM. ADDRESSING NCDS IS RECOGNISED AS CENTRAL TO THE POST-2015 AGENDA; ACCORDINGLY, NCDS HAVE A SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE AND TARGET IN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS. WHILE DEATHS FROM NCDS OCCUR MAINLY IN ADULTHOOD, MANY HAVE THEIR ORIGINS IN EARLY LIFE, INCLUDING THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OPERATING BEFORE CONCEPTION. GOOD NUTRITION BEFORE CONCEPTION AND INTERVENTIONS AIMED AT PREVENTING NCDS DURING THE FIRST 1000 DAYS (FROM CONCEPTION TO AGE 2 YEARS), CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE MAY BE MORE COST-EFFECTIVE THAN MANAGING ESTABLISHED NCDS IN LATER LIFE WITH COSTLY TESTS AND DRUGS. FOLLOWING A LIFE-COURSE APPROACH, MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, BEFORE DELIVERY AND DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE, CAN PREVENT NCDS AND SHOULD INFLUENCE GLOBAL HEALTH AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES HOW SUCH AN APPROACH MAY BE PURSUED, INCLUDING THROUGH THE ENGAGEMENT OF NON-HEALTH SECTORS. IT ALSO EMPHASISES EVALUATING AND DOCUMENTING RELATED INITIATIVES TO UNDERWRITE SYSTEMATIC AND EVIDENCE-BASED CROSS-SECTORAL ENGAGEMENT ON NCD PREVENTION IN THE FUTURE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
19  5792  50 STAGING IN BIPOLAR DISORDER: FROM THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK TO CLINICAL UTILITY. ILLNESS STAGING IS WIDELY UTILIZED IN SEVERAL MEDICAL DISCIPLINES TO HELP PREDICT COURSE OR PROGNOSIS, AND OPTIMIZE TREATMENT. STAGING MODELS IN PSYCHIATRY IN GENERAL, AND BIPOLAR DISORDER IN PARTICULAR, DEPEND ON THE PREMISE THAT PSYCHOPATHOLOGY MOVES ALONG A PREDICTABLE PATH: AN AT-RISK OR LATENCY STAGE, A PRODROME PROGRESSING TO A FIRST CLINICAL THRESHOLD EPISODE, AND ONE OR MORE RECURRENCES WITH THE POTENTIAL TO REVERT OR PROGRESS TO LATE OR END-STAGE MANIFESTATIONS. THE UTILITY AND VALIDITY OF A STAGING MODEL FOR BIPOLAR DISORDER DEPEND ON ITS LINKING TO CLINICAL OUTCOME, TREATMENT RESPONSE AND NEUROBIOLOGICAL MEASURES. THESE INCLUDE PROGRESSIVE BIOCHEMICAL, NEUROIMAGING AND COGNITIVE CHANGES, AND POTENTIALLY STAGE-SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES IN RESPONSE TO PHARMACOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENTS. MECHANISTICALLY, STAGING MODELS IMPLY THE PRESENCE OF AN ACTIVE DISEASE PROCESS THAT, IF NOT REMEDIATED, CAN LEAD TO NEUROPROGRESSION, A MORE MALIGNANT DISEASE COURSE AND FUNCTIONAL DETERIORATION. BIOLOGICAL ELEMENTS THOUGHT TO BE OPERATIVE IN BIPOLAR DISORDER INCLUDE A GENETIC DIATHESIS, PHYSICAL AND PSYCHIC TRAUMA, EPIGENETIC CHANGES, ALTERED NEUROGENESIS AND APOPTOSIS, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, INFLAMMATION, AND OXIDATIVE STRESS. MANY AVAILABLE AGENTS, SUCH AS LITHIUM, HAVE EFFECTS ON THESE TARGETS. STAGING MODELS ALSO SUGGEST THE UTILITY OF STAGE-SPECIFIC TREATMENT APPROACHES THAT MAY NOT ONLY TARGET SYMPTOM REDUCTION, BUT ALSO IMPEDE ILLNESS NEUROPROGRESSION. THESE TREATMENT APPROACHES RANGE FROM PREVENTION FOR AT-RISK INDIVIDUALS, TO EARLY INTERVENTION STRATEGIES FOR PRODROMAL AND NEWLY DIAGNOSED INDIVIDUALS, COMPLEX COMBINATION THERAPY FOR RAPIDLY RECURRENT ILLNESS, AND PALLIATIVE-TYPE APPROACHES FOR THOSE AT CHRONIC, LATE STAGES OF ILLNESS. THERE IS HOPE THAT PROMPT INITIATION OF POTENTIALLY DISEASE MODIFYING THERAPIES MAY PRECLUDE OR ATTENUATE THE COGNITIVE AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES SEEN IN THE LATER STAGES OF BIPOLAR DISORDER. THE AIMS OF THIS PAPER ARE TO: A) EXPLORE THE CURRENT LEVEL OF EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE DESCRIPTIVE STAGING OF THE SYNDROMAL PATTERN OF BIPOLAR DISORDER; B) DESCRIBE PRELIMINARY ATTEMPTS AT VALIDATION; C) MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE DIRECTION OF FURTHER STUDIES; AND D) PROVIDE A DISTILLATION OF THE POTENTIAL CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF STAGING IN BIPOLAR DISORDER WITHIN A BROADER TRANSDIAGNOSTIC FRAMEWORK.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
20  2900  33 GENDER BIAS IN THERAPEUTIC EFFORT: FROM RESEARCH TO HEALTH CARE. THERE ARE RELEVANT DIMENSIONS FROM A GENDER PERSPECTIVE RELATED TO THERAPEUTIC EFFORT. TO ILLUSTRATE AND DISCUSS POSSIBLE GENDER BIAS RELATED TO MEDICINES, THROUGH THE CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS IN WOMEN, THE PRESCRIPTION OF BIOLOGICAL DRUGS ACCORDING TO SEX, THE POTENTIAL GENDER INEQUALITY IN ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS, AND RESEARCH WITH CLINICAL TRIALS, AS WELL AS THE DECISIONS OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE MARKETING OF MEDICINAL PRODUCTS. THERE IS GREATER TENDENCY TO PRESCRIBE PAIN RELIEVERS, REGARDLESS OF PAIN, AND DRUGS FOR LOW INTENSITY DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN WOMEN THAN IN MEN. THE OPPOSITE OCCURS IN THE PRESCRIPTION OF STATINS AND ADEQUATE DOSES, AND WITH THE GREATER PROBABILITY OF PRESCRIBING ANTI-TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR IN MEN THAN IN WOMEN WITH ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS, DESPITE A SIMILAR DISEASE BURDEN. ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS ARE OBSERVED MORE FREQUENTLY IN WOMEN THAN IN MEN, WHERE DETERMINANTS SUCH AS BODY WEIGHT ARE HAVING LITTLE INFLUENCE ON THE DOSAGE. IT IS CURRENTLY SCARCELY CONSIDERED IN THE PRESCRIPTION THAT WOMEN HAVE DIFFERENCES IN THE ACTIVITY OF CYTOCHROME CYPP450 ENZYMES, WHICH CAN AFFECT THE LIVER'S METABOLISM RATE. THERE ARE EVEN IMMUNOLOGICAL, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC EFFECTS (DUE TO HEREDITY AND UNEVEN GENE DOSING LOCATED IN THE X AND Y CHROMOSOMES) THAT CAN INFLUENCE THESE DIFFERENCES BY SEX. FINALLY, THROUGH CASES OF HORMONAL THERAPY CLINICAL TRIALS, A DRUG FOR WOMEN'S INHIBITED SEXUAL DESIRE AND A CONTRACEPTIVE FOR MEN, GENDER BIAS AND STEREOTYPES ARE SHOWN TO INFLUENCE A POTENTIAL GENERATION OF INEQUALITIES, ESPECIALLY IN ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS TO THE DETRIMENT OF WOMEN. IN CONCLUSION, HEALTH PROFESSIONALS FREQUENTLY ATTRIBUTE PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS TO WOMEN'S EMOTIONALITY, INFLUENCING THEIR GREATER PRESCRIPTION OF SYMPTOMATIC DRUGS. WHETHER THE SAME REASON INFLUENCES THE LOWER PRESCRIPTION OF THERAPEUTIC DRUGS IN WOMEN THAN IN MEN SHOULD BE ANALYZED. THERE ARE BIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS TO CONSIDER DUE TO THEIR INFLUENCE ON A GREATER PHARMACOLOGICAL TOXICITY IN WOMEN. CLINICAL TRIALS SHOULD IMPROVE ACCORDING TO THE GENDER RECOMMENDATIONS BY THE FOOD AND DRUGS ADMINISTRATION.	2020