1  6908 38 [THYROID AND HEPATITIS C]. AUTOIMMUNE THYROID DISEASES ARE COMPLEX DISEASES THAT DEVELOP AS A RESULT OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. IFNA THERAPY OF CHRONIC HCV INFECTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLINICAL OR CLINICAL THYROIDITIS, WHILE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THYROIDITIS AND VIRUS C INFECTION IS STILL DEBATED.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
2  4806 15 OBESITY AND METABOLIC SYNDROME ASSOCIATED WITH SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION AND THE IMPACT ON THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. OBESITY AND METABOLIC SYNDROME (METS) ARE GLOBAL EPIDEMICS, DRIVEN BY AN OBESOGENIC ENVIRONMENT. THIS IS MEDIATED BY COMPLEX UNDERLYING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, IN WHICH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IS AN IMPORTANT AETIOLOGICAL AND MECHANISTIC PHENOMENON. A SHIFT TOWARDS A SUBCLINICAL T(H) 1-LYMPHOCYTE MEDIATED INNATE AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IS WELL DEFINED IN OBESITY AND METS, DEMONSTRATED IN MULTIPLE SYSTEMS INCLUDING VISCERAL ADIPOSITY, BRAIN (HYPOTHALAMUS), MUSCLES, VASCULATURE, LIVER, PANCREAS, TESTES, EPIDIDYMIS, PROSTATE AND SEMINAL FLUID. INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES DISRUPT THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-TESTES AXIS AND STEROIDOGENESIS CASCADES (HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM), SPERMATOGENESIS (POOR SEMEN PARAMETERS, INCLUDING DNA FRAGMENTATION AND DETRIMENTAL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION) AND RESULTS IN SUBCLINICAL PROSTATITIS AND PROSTATE HYPERPLASIA. THIS REVIEW AIMS TO HIGHLIGHT THE ROLE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN OBESITY AND METS, CYTOKINES IN MALE REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, THE IMPACT ON STEROIDOGENESIS AND SPERMATOGENESIS, PROSTATE PATHOLOGY AND ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION. CURRENTLY, IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF MALE INFERTILITY AND REPRODUCTIVE DYSFUNCTION IN OBESE AND METS PATIENTS INCLUDES INFLAMMATION ASSESSMENT (HIGHLY SENSITIVE C-REACTIVE PROTEIN), AND APPROPRIATE ADVICE AND THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS ARE INCORPORATED IN THE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS AND THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD AND REQUIRE SIGNIFICANT INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
3  4804 12 OBESITY AND MALE INFERTILITY: MECHANISMS AND MANAGEMENT. OBESITY IS CONSIDERED A GLOBAL HEALTH PROBLEM AFFECTING MORE THAN A THIRD OF THE POPULATION. COMPLICATIONS OF OBESITY INCLUDE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, MALIGNANCY (INCLUDING PROSTATIC CANCER), NEURODEGENERATION AND ACCELERATED AGEING. IN MALES, THESE FURTHER INCLUDE ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION, POOR SEMEN QUALITY AND SUBCLINICAL PROSTATITIS. ALTHOUGH POORLY UNDERSTOOD, IMPORTANT MEDIATORS OF OBESITY THAT MAY INFLUENCE THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM INCLUDE HYPERINSULINEMIA, HYPERLEPTINEMIA, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS. OBESITY IS KNOWN TO DISRUPT MALE FERTILITY AND THE REPRODUCTION POTENTIAL, PARTICULARLY THROUGH ALTERATION IN THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-GONADAL AXIS, DISRUPTION OF TESTICULAR STEROIDOGENESIS AND METABOLIC DYSREGULATION, INCLUDING INSULIN, CYTOKINES AND ADIPOKINES. IMPORTANTLY, OBESITY AND ITS UNDERLYING MEDIATORS RESULT IN A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON SEMEN PARAMETERS, INCLUDING SPERM CONCENTRATION, MOTILITY, VIABILITY AND NORMAL MORPHOLOGY. MOREOVER, OBESITY INHIBITS CHROMATIN CONDENSATION, DNA FRAGMENTATION, INCREASES APOPTOSIS AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT CAN BE TRANSFERRED TO THE OFFSPRING. THIS REVIEW DISCUSSES THE IMPACT OF OBESITY ON THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND FERTILITY, INCLUDING ASSOCIATED MECHANISMS. FURTHERMORE, WEIGHT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES, LIFESTYLE CHANGES, PRESCRIPTION MEDICATION, AND COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY-INDUCED SUBFERTILITY IS DISCUSSED.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
4  1157 18 CONTAMINANT METALS AS CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS: A SCIENTIFIC STATEMENT FROM THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION. EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS IS LINKED TO INCREASED RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. BEYOND THE EXTENSIVE EVIDENCE FOR PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION, ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THAT EXPOSURE TO NONESSENTIAL METALS SUCH AS LEAD, CADMIUM, AND ARSENIC IS A SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTOR TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE WORLDWIDE. HUMANS ARE EXPOSED TO METALS THROUGH AIR, WATER, SOIL, AND FOOD AND EXTENSIVE INDUSTRIAL AND PUBLIC USE. CONTAMINANT METALS INTERFERE WITH CRITICAL INTRACELLULAR REACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS LEADING TO OXIDATIVE STRESS AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION THAT RESULT IN ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, HYPERTENSION, EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION, DYSLIPIDEMIA, AND CHANGES IN MYOCARDIAL EXCITATION AND CONTRACTILE FUNCTION. LEAD, CADMIUM, AND ARSENIC HAVE BEEN LINKED TO SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS, CORONARY ARTERY STENOSIS, AND CALCIFICATION AS WELL AS TO INCREASED RISK OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE AND STROKE, LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY AND HEART FAILURE, AND PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES SHOW THAT EXPOSURE TO LEAD, CADMIUM, OR ARSENIC IS ASSOCIATED WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DEATH MOSTLY ATTRIBUTABLE TO ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE. PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES REDUCING METAL EXPOSURE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE DEATH. POPULATIONS OF COLOR AND LOW SOCIOECONOMIC MEANS ARE MORE COMMONLY EXPOSED TO METALS AND THEREFORE AT GREATER RISK OF METAL-INDUCED CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. TOGETHER WITH STRENGTHENING PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES TO PREVENT METAL EXPOSURES, DEVELOPMENT OF MORE SENSITIVE AND SELECTIVE MEASUREMENT MODALITIES, CLINICAL MONITORING OF METAL EXPOSURES, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF METAL CHELATION THERAPIES COULD FURTHER DIMINISH THE BURDEN OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE ATTRIBUTABLE TO METAL EXPOSURE.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
5  4080  8 MATERNAL LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS: TARGETING PRECONCEPTION HEALTH. ABOUT ONE-THIRD OF WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE ARE OBESE, PREDISPOSING BOTH MOTHER AND BABY TO UNFAVOURABLE PREGNANCY OUTCOMES AND INITIATING AN INTERGENERATIONAL CYCLE OF CHRONIC METABOLIC DISORDERS. HERE WE SUMMARISE RECENT RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF MATERNAL METABOLIC HEALTH ON OFFSPRING SUSCEPTIBILITY TO FUTURE CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES. CURRENT PRIMARY LIFESTYLE APPROACHES (I.E., DIET AND EXERCISE INTERVENTIONS) TO HALT THE SUCCESSION OF INHERITED AND EPIGENETIC METABOLIC ABNORMALITIES HAVE MET WITH LIMITED SUCCESS DUE TO LATE IMPLEMENTATION, POOR ADHERENCE, AND/OR GENERIC GUIDELINES. IN OUR OPINION, SUCH INTERVENTIONS MUST COMMENCE PRIOR TO CONCEPTION TO IMPROVE BOTH MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH OUTCOMES, WITH NEW APPROACHES URGENTLY NEEDED TO INCREASE ADHERENCE TO PRIMARY LIFESTYLE CHANGES AMONG REPRODUCTIVE-AGE WOMEN.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
6   755 16 CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN FATTY LIVER DISEASE: THE LIVER-HEART AXIS-LITERATURE REVIEW. ACCORDING TO THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) REMAINS THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH WORLDWIDE, ACCOUNTING FOR APPROXIMATELY 18 MILLION DEATHS PER YEAR. NEVERTHELESS, THE WORLDWIDE PREVALENCE OF METABOLIC DISEASES, SUCH AS TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, OBESITY, AND NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD), ALSO KNOWN TO BE COMMON RISK FACTORS FOR CVD, HAVE DRAMATICALLY INCREASED OVER THE LAST DECADES. CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES (CLD) AS WELL AS BEING A MAJOR HEALTH CARE COST EXPENDITURE ACCOUNTING FOR THE SPENDING OF TREMENDOUS AMOUNTS OF MONEY ANNUALLY. NAFLD HAS BECOME ONE OF THE MAJOR DISEASES PLAGUING THE WORLD WHILE STANDING AS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF LIVER DISEASE IN THE WESTERN COUNTRIES BY REPRESENTING ABOUT 75% OF ALL CLD. CURRENTLY, THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF DEATH IN NAFLD REMAINS TO BE CVD. SEVERAL MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN SUGGESTED TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR ASSOCIATING FLD WITH CVD THROUGH SEVERAL MECHANISMS INCLUDING LOW-GRADE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ADIPOKINES, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS, LIPOTOXICITY AND MICROBIOTA DYSBIOSIS WHICH MAY ALSO BE INFLUENCED BY OTHER FACTORS SUCH AS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC VARIATIONS. DESPITE OF ALL THIS EVIDENCE, THE EXACT MECHANISMS OF HOW FLD CAN CAUSALLY CONTRIBUTE TO CVD ARE NOT FULLY ELUCIDATED AND MUCH REMAINS UNKNOWN. MOREOVER, THE CURRENT LITERATURE SUPPORTS THE INCREASING EVIDENCE ASSOCIATING FLD WITH SEVERAL CARDIOVASCULAR (CV) ADVERSE EVENTS INCLUDING CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE, INCREASED SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS RISK, STRUCTURAL ALTERATIONS MAINLY LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY, INCREASED EPICARDIAL FAT THICKNESS, VALVULAR CALCIFICATIONS INCLUDING AORTIC VALVE SCLEROSIS AND MITRAL ANNULAR CALCIFICATION AND FUNCTIONAL CARDIAC MODIFICATIONS MAINLY DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION IN ADDITION TO CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS SUCH AS ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND VENTRICULAR ARRYTHMIAS AND CONDUCTION DEFECTS INCLUDING ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCKS AND BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCKS. PATIENTS WITH FLD SHOULD BE EVALUATED AND MANAGED ACCORDINGLY IN ORDER TO PREVENT FURTHER COMPLICATIONS. POSSIBLE MANAGEMENT METHODS INCLUDE NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL STRATEGIES INCLUDING LIFE STYLE MODIFICATIONS, PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPIES AS WELL AS SURGICAL MANAGEMENT. THIS REVIEW AIMS TO SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS LINKING FLD WITH AN INCREASED CV RISK, IN ADDITION TO ASSOCIATED CV ADVERSE EVENTS AND CURRENT MANAGEMENT MODALITIES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
7  3572 15 IMPACT OF MATERNAL DIABETES ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS LEADING TO DISEASES IN THE OFFSPRING. GESTATIONAL DIABETES, OCCURRING DURING THE HYPERGLYCEMIC PERIOD OF PREGNANCY IN MATERNAL LIFE, IS A PATHOLOGIC STATE THAT INCREASES THE INCIDENCE OF COMPLICATIONS IN BOTH MOTHER AND FETUS. OFFSPRING THUS EXPOSED TO AN ADVERSE FETAL AND EARLY POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENT MAY MANIFEST INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO A NUMBER OF CHRONIC DISEASES LATER IN LIFE. COMPELLING EVIDENCE FOR THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC TRANSMISSION IN THESE COMPLICATIONS HAS COME FROM COMPARISON OF SIBLINGS BORN BEFORE AND AFTER THE DEVELOPMENT OF MATERNAL DIABETES, EXPOSURE TO THIS INTRAUTERINE DIABETIC ENVIRONMENT BEING SHOWN TO CAUSE ALTERATIONS IN FETAL GROWTH PATTERNS WHICH PREDISPOSE THESE INFANTS TO DEVELOPING OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY LATER IN LIFE. DIABETES OF THE OFFSPRING IS ALSO MAINLY THE CONSEQUENCE OF EXPOSURE TO THE DIABETIC INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT, IN ADDITION TO GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY. SINCE OBESITY AND DIABETES ARE KNOWN TO INCREASE THE RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, CARDIOVASCULAR SEQUELAE IN THE OFFSPRING OF DIABETIC MOTHERS ARE VIRTUALLY INEVITABLE. RESEARCH DATA ALSO SUGGEST THAT EXPOSURE TO A DIABETIC INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT DURING PREGNANCY IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE IN DYSLIPIDEMIA, SUBCLINICAL VASCULAR INFLAMMATION, AND ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION PROCESSES IN THE OFFSPRING, ALL OF WHICH ARE LINKED WITH DEVELOPMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE LATER IN LIFE. THE MAIN UNDERLYING MECHANISMS INVOLVE PERSISTENT HYPERGLYCEMIA HYPERINSULINEMIA AND LEPTIN RESISTANCE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
8  2699 15 EXCESS BODY WEIGHT: NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO ITS ROLES IN OBESITY COMORBIDITIES. EXCESS BODY WEIGHT IS A GLOBAL HEALTH PROBLEM DUE TO SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE AND UNHEALTHY DIET, AFFECTING 2 BILLION POPULATION WORLDWIDE. OBESITY IS A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR METABOLIC DISEASES. NOTABLY, THE METABOLIC RISK OF OBESITY LARGELY DEPENDS ON BODY WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION, OF WHICH VISCERAL ADIPOSE TISSUES BUT NOT SUBCUTANEOUS FATS ARE CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY COMORBIDITIES, INCLUDING TYPE 2 DIABETES, NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND CERTAIN TYPES OF CANCER. LATEST MULTI-OMICS AND MECHANISTICAL STUDIES REPORTED THE CRUCIAL INVOLVEMENT OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, ADIPOKINES DYSREGULATION, IMMUNITY CHANGES, IMBALANCE OF WHITE AND BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUES, AND GUT MICROBIAL DYSBIOSIS IN MEDIATING THE PATHOGENIC ASSOCIATION BETWEEN VISCERAL ADIPOSE TISSUES AND COMORBIDITIES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE EXPLORE THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF EXCESS BODY WEIGHT AND THE UP-TO-DATE MECHANISM OF HOW EXCESS BODY WEIGHT AND OBESITY LEAD TO CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS. WE ALSO EXAMINE THE UTILIZATION OF VISCERAL FAT MEASUREMENT AS AN ACCURATE CLINICAL PARAMETER FOR RISK ASSESSMENT IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS AND CLINICAL OUTCOME PREDICTION IN OBESE SUBJECTS. IN ADDITION, CURRENT APPROACHES FOR THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF EXCESS BODY WEIGHT AND ITS RELATED METABOLIC COMORBIDITIES ARE FURTHER DISCUSSED.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
9  2801  9 FEMALE OBESITY: SHORT- AND LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES ON THE OFFSPRING. THE WORLDWIDE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY HAS RISEN OVER THE PAST FEW DECADES AND WOMEN ARE CURRENTLY MORE LIKELY THAN EVER TO ENTER PREGNANCY OBESE. PRE-PREGNANCY OBESITY AND EXCESSIVE GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN INCREASE MISCARRIAGE RATES AND OBSTETRIC AND NEONATAL COMPLICATIONS, WHICH RESULT IN A LOWER HEALTHY LIVE BIRTH RATE. IN ADDITION TO ITS NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES FOR THE MOTHER, OBESITY HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR CHRONIC ILLNESSES, SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, METABOLIC SYNDROME AND TYPE 2 DIABETES IN THE ADOLESCENCE AND ADULTHOOD OF THE OFFSPRING. MOREOVER, MATERNAL OBESITY CAUSES PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS, PHYSICAL DISABILITIES AND HIGHER HEALTHCARE COSTS. FETAL PROGRAMMING OF METABOLIC FUNCTION INDUCED BY OBESITY, THROUGH PHYSIOLOGICAL AND/OR EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, MAY HAVE AN INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECT AND COULD, THUS, PERPETUATE OBESITY IN THE NEXT GENERATION. IN ORDER TO BREAK THIS VICIOUS CIRCLE AND AVOID SERIOUS SHORT- AND LONG-TERM NEGATIVE OUTCOMES FOR BOTH MOTHERS AND FETUSES, THE PREVENTION AND ADEQUATE MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY AND GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN ARE ESSENTIAL.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
10  1098  7 COLLATERAL DAMAGE: MATERNAL OBESITY DURING PREGNANCY CONTINUES TO RISE. IMPORTANCE: THE PANDEMIC OF OBESITY DURING PREGNANCY NOW AFFLICTS 1 OUT OF EVERY 2 PREGNANT WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES. EVEN THOUGH UNINTENDED PREGNANCY HAS DECREASED TO 45% OF ALL PREGNANCIES, 50% OF THOSE UNINTENDED PREGNANCIES OCCUR IN OBESE WOMEN. OBJECTIVE: THIS STUDY AIMS TO IDENTIFY WHY CURRENT LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS FOR OBESE PREGNANCY ARE NOT EFFECTIVE AND WHAT THE NEWER COMPLICATIONS ARE FOR OBESITY DURING PREGNANCY. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: AVAILABLE LITERATURES ON CURRENT TREATMENTS FOR MATERNAL OBESITY WERE REVIEWED FOR EFFECTIVENESS. EMERGING MATERNAL AND INFANT COMPLICATIONS FROM OBESITY DURING PREGNANCY WERE EXAMINED FOR SIGNIFICANCE. RESULTS: LIMITATIONS IN SUCCESSFUL INTERVENTIONS FELL INTO 3 BASIC CATEGORIES TO INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: (1) PRECONCEPTION WEIGHT LOSS; (2) BARIATRIC SURGERY BEFORE PREGNANCY; AND (3) PREVENTION OF EXCESSIVE GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY. EMERGING SIGNIFICANT PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES FROM MATERNAL OBESITY IS COMPOSED OF INFLAMMATION (PLACENTA AND HUMAN MILK), METABOLISM (HORMONES, MICROBIOME, FATTY ACIDS), AND OFFSPRING OUTCOMES (BODY COMPOSITION, CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, ASTHMA, NEURODEVELOPMENT, AND BEHAVIOR). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: ARE CURRENT PREPREGNANCY LIFESTYLE AND BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS FEASIBLE TO PREVENT MATERNAL OBESITY COMPLICATIONS? EPIGENETIC AND METABOLOMIC RESEARCH WILL BE CRITICAL TO DETERMINE WHAT IS NEEDED TO BLUNT THE EFFECTS OF MATERNAL OBESITY AND TO DISCOVER SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
11  5439 13 RENAL CONSEQUENCES OF PRETERM BIRTH. BACKGROUND: THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGIN OF HEALTH AND DISEASE CONCEPT IDENTIFIES THE BRAIN, CARDIOVASCULAR, LIVER, AND KIDNEY SYSTEMS AS TARGETS OF FETAL ADVERSE PROGRAMMING WITH ADULT CONSEQUENCES. AS THE LIMITS OF VIABILITY IN PREMATURE INFANTS HAVE BEEN PUSHED TO LOWER GESTATIONAL AGES, THE LONG-TERM IMPACT OF PREMATURITY ON KIDNEYS STILL REMAINS A SIGNIFICANT BURDEN DURING HOSPITAL STAY AND BEYOND. OBJECTIVES: THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY IS TO SUMMARIZE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE, MECHANISMS, AND SHORT- AND LONG-TERM RENAL CONSEQUENCES OF PREMATURITY AND IDENTIFY NEPHROPROTECTIVE STRATEGIES AND AREAS OF UNCERTAINTY. RESULTS: KIDNEY SIZE AND NEPHRON NUMBER ARE KNOWN TO BE REDUCED IN SURVIVING PREMATURE INFANTS DUE TO DISRUPTION OF ORGANOGENESIS AT A CRUCIAL DEVELOPMENTAL TIME POINT. INFLAMMATION, HYPEROXIA, AND ANTIANGIOGENIC FACTORS PLAY A ROLE IN EPIGENETIC CONDITIONING WITH POTENTIAL LIFE-LONG CONSEQUENCES. ADDITIONAL KIDNEY INJURY FROM HYPOPERFUSION AND NEPHROTOXICITY RESULTS IN STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES OVER TIME WHICH ARE OFTEN UNNOTICED. NEPHROPATHY OF PREMATURITY AND ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY CONFOUND GLOMERULAR AND TUBULAR MATURATION OF PRETERM KIDNEYS. KIDNEY PROTECTIVE STRATEGIES MAY AMELIORATE GROWTH FAILURE AND SUBOPTIMAL NEURODEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES IN THE SHORT TERM. IN LATER LIFE, SUBCLINICAL CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE MAY PROGRESS, EVEN IN ASYMPTOMATIC SURVIVORS. CONCLUSION: AWARENESS OF RENAL IMPLICATIONS OF THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS AND RENAL CONSERVATION EFFORTS MAY LEAD TO A VARIETY OF SHORT AND LONG-TERM BENEFITS. ADEQUATE MONITORING AND SUPPLEMENTATION OF MICROELEMENT LOSSES, GATHERING IMPROVED DATA ON RENAL HANDLING, AND EXPLORATION OF NEW AVENUES SUCH AS RELIABLE MARKERS OF INJURY AND NEW THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES IN CONTEMPORARY POPULATIONS, AS WELL AS LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP OF RENAL FUNCTION, IS WARRANTED.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
12  3573 15 IMPACT OF MATERNAL UNDERNUTRITION ON DIABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK IN ADULT OFFSPRING. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, CLINICAL, AND EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS HAVE LED TO THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THE RISK OF DEVELOPING CHRONIC DISEASES IN ADULTHOOD IS INFLUENCED NOT ONLY BY GENETIC AND ADULT LIFESTYLE FACTORS, BUT ALSO BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS DURING EARLY LIFE. LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, A MARKER OF INTRAUTERINE STRESS, HAS BEEN LINKED TO PREDISPOSITION TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) AND DIABETES. THE COMPELLING ANIMAL EVIDENCE AND SIGNIFICANT HUMAN DATA TO SUPPORT THIS CONCLUSION ARE REVIEWED. SPECIFICALLY, THE REVIEW DISCUSSES THE ROLE OF MATERNAL NUTRITION BEFORE AND DURING PREGNANCY, PLACENTAL INSUFFICIENCIES AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE INCREASED PREDISPOSITION TO DIABETES AND CVD IN ADULT LIFE. THE IMPACT OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AND CATCH-UP GROWTH AS THEY PERTAIN TO RISK OF DISEASE IN ADULT LIFE IS ALSO DISCUSSED. IN ADDITION, ADULT DISEASE RISK IN THE OVERNOURISHED FETUS IS ALSO MENTIONED. REFERENCE IS MADE TO SOME OF THE MECHANISMS OF THE INDUCTION OF DIABETES AND CVD PHENOTYPE. IT IS PROPOSED THAT FETAL NUTRITION, GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT THROUGH EFFICIENT MATERNAL NUTRITION BEFORE AND DURING PREGNANCY COULD CONSTITUTE THE BASIS FOR NUTRITIONAL STRATEGIES FOR THE PRIMARY PREVENTION OF DIABETES AND CVD.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
13  6781 20 [BREATHING: AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH - PART III]. THE THIRD PART OF THE DGP STATEMENT INTRODUCES THE CURRENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE ON LESS STUDIED HEALTH OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION: THE NEGATIVE IMPACT ON METABOLISM LEADING TO IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND DIABETES AS WELL AS CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS AND DELAYED COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN. FURTHERMORE, PRENATAL EXPOSURE AND ADVERSE EFFECTS ON MOTHER AND CHILD ARE ADDRESSED. FINALLY, THE CURRENTLY DISCUSSED BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING VARIOUS HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ARE DESCRIBED.DIFFERING, BUT OFTEN COMPLEMENTARY BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS CREATE THE BASIS FOR THE DIVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES CAUSED BY AIR POLLUTION. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND A SUBCLINICAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE LUNGS AND ON A SYSTEMIC LEVEL ("LOW-GRADE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION") ARE CONSIDERED TO BE KEY MECHANISMS. THEY PROMOTE SECONDARY ALTERATIONS IN THE BODY, SUCH AS VASCULAR OR METABOLIC PROCESSES, AND MAY ALSO RESULT IN THE CURRENTLY STUDIED EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA OR NEUROINFLAMMATION. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF SOLUBLE PARTICULATE MATTER AND THE ROLE OF ULTRAFINE PARTICLES TRANSLOCATED ACROSS BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES INTO BLOOD VESSEL AND TRANSPORTED VIA THE CIRCULATION TO SECONDARY TARGET ORGANS, SUCH AS LIVER, BRAIN OR THE FETUS, ARE INTENSIVELY DISCUSSED.DIABETES IS ONE OF THE LEADING CHRONIC DISEASES WORLDWIDE, WITH A PREVALENCE OF ALMOST 14 % IN GERMANY. ALTHOUGH LIFESTYLE FACTORS ARE THE MAIN CAUSES, CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION MAY ADDITIONALLY INCREASE THE RISK FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE FOR A CAUSAL ROLE OF AIR POLLUTION IS PROVIDED BY STUDIES ADDRESSING THE REGULATION OF THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN METABOLICALLY HEALTHY PARTICIPANTS, INSULIN SENSITIVITY, OR PREGNANCY-RELATED DIABETES. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES PROVIDE FURTHER SUPPORT FOR PLAUSIBLE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. HOWEVER, PROSPECTIVE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO GAIN MORE EVIDENCE, TAKING MULTIPLE LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS GREEN SPACE AND NOISE, AND AN IMPROVED INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT INTO ACCOUNT.THE AGING POPULATION HAS AN INCREASED RISK OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. FIRST STUDIES POINT TOWARDS A CONTRIBUTION OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION, SPECIFICALLY BY PARTICULATE MATTER. SEVERAL STUDIES REPORT ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DECREASED NEUROCOGNITIVE CAPACITY OR AN INCREASED PREVALENCE OF DEMENTIA OR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IN ADULTS. HOWEVER, THE STUDIES ARE INHOMOGENEOUS REGARDING DESIGN, EXPOSURE AND OUTCOME, LEADING TO INCONSISTENT RESULTS. WITH RESPECT TO THE INFLUENCE ON NEUROCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN, FIRST STUDIES SUGGEST AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF AIR POLLUTION, E. G. AT SCHOOL, AND DELAYED COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT.EVEN THOUGH THE EVIDENCE FOR THE DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL ENDPOINTS DURING PREGNANCY IS STILL HETEROGENEOUS, THE STUDIES GENERALLY POINT TOWARDS AN ADVERSE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL AND FETAL ORGANISMS. THE STRONGEST EVIDENCE EXISTS FOR LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, WITH SMALL EFFECT SIZES OF ONLY SOME GRAMS, AND FOR A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF REDUCED BIRTH WEIGHT (< 2500 G). AN INCREASED RISK FOR GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION AND PREECLAMPSIA UNDERSCORES THE POSSIBLE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL ORGANISM. HOWEVER, THE CURRENT BODY OF EVIDENCE DOES NOT YET ALLOW A FINAL CONCLUSION ON THE INFLUENCE OF INTRAUTERINE EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION REGARDING EARLY CHILDHOOD LUNG FUNCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIES, PARTICULARLY IN LIGHT OF THE FACT THAT IT IS HARD TO DISTINGUISH IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES BETWEEN THE EFFECTS OF PRE- AND POSTNATAL EXPOSURE.	2019	

14  2869 18 FUNCTIONAL FOODS AND HEALTH EFFECTS: A NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY PERSPECTIVE. BACKGROUND: INCREASED CONSUMER S INTEREST IN HEALTH HAS DRIVEN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOODS THAT OFFER SPECIFIC BENEFICIAL EFFECTS. THE LIST OF FOODS AND INGREDIENTS INCLUDES ESSENTIAL AND NON-ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS, PLANT AND MARINE COMPONENTS, WHOLE FOODS, MICROORGANISMS, MICROALGAE AND TECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES. TRADITIONALLY, HEALTH OUTCOMES FOCUSSED ON THE PREVENTION OF CHRONIC DISEASES BUT HEALTH TARGETS HAVE EXPANDED TO COVER AREAS SUCH AS BRAIN HEALTH, INFLAMMATION, EYE HEALTH, WOMEN S HEALTH, HEALTHY AGEING AND BEAUTY. OBJECTIVE: THIS REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS, FROM A NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY PERSPECTIVE, DIFFERENTIAL ASPECTS ON DESIGNING AND INTERPRETING HUMAN STUDIES TO SUPPORT THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS. RESULTS: DESPITE THE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE FROM IN VITRO, ANIMAL AND OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES, WELLDESIGNED HUMAN STUDIES ARE NECESSARY TO SUPPORT THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS. INTERVENTION TRIALS WITH FOODS ARE COMPLEX AS THEY IMPLY LIMITATIONS DUE TO METHODOLOGICAL, FOOD-RELATED AND HOST-RELATED FACTORS. THE USE OF RESPONSIVE, VALIDATED AND CLINICALLY RELEVANT MARKERS BECOMES ESSENTIAL EVEN THOUGH THERE IS A LACK OF RELIABLE BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE FOR MANY BIOACTIVES. FURTHERMORE, THE EFFECT OF MODULATING FACTORS SUCH AS SUBCLINICAL INFLAMMATION, GUT MICROBIOTA AND GENETIC VARIABILITY SHOULD BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT. MULTIPLE INDICATORS MAY PROVIDE A MORE RELIABLE ALTERNATIVE TO ASSESS PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES WHILE EMERGING BIOMARKERS (MICRORNAS, EPIGENETIC CHANGES) CONSTITUTE A PROMISING APPROACH. ADDITIONALLY, THE MAGNITUDE OF THE CHANGE IS CRITICAL TO SUPPORT ANY HEALTH EFFECT ALTHOUGH INTERVENTIONS MAY HAVE A LIMITED CLINICAL IMPACT BUT BE EPIDEMIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT. ALSO, BASED ON THE AVAILABLE DATA, THE PREMISE THAT BIOACTIVESCONTAINING FOODS ARE SAFE MAY BE QUESTIONABLE. CONCLUSION: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH INCLUDING MULTIPLE BIOMARKERS, GENETIC VARIABILITY, EFFECT OF GUT MICROBIOTA AND RISK/BENEFIT ASSESSMENT SHOULD BE USED TO SUPPORT THE POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
15  1388  9 DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: NON-INVASIVE ASSESSMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. THE PREVALENCE AND BURDEN OF DIABETES MELLITUS AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE ON GLOBAL HEALTH AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IS ALREADY HEAVY AND STILL RISING. DIABETES MELLITUS BY ITSELF IS LINKED TO ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS, AND THE PRESENCE OF CONCOMITANT CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE FURTHER AMPLIFIES CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. THE CULMINATION OF TRADITIONAL (MALE GENDER, SMOKING, ADVANCED AGE, OBESITY, ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AND DYSLIPIDEMIA) AND NON-TRADITIONAL RISK FACTORS (ANEMIA, INFLAMMATION, PROTEINURIA, VOLUME OVERLOAD, MINERAL METABOLISM ABNORMALITIES, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ETC.) CONTRIBUTES TO ADVANCED ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND INCREASED CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. TO DECREASE THE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY OF THESE PATIENTS DUE TO CARDIOVASCULAR CAUSES, TIMELY AND EFFICIENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ASSESSMENT IS OF HUGE IMPORTANCE. CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ASSESSMENT CAN BE BASED ON LABORATORY PARAMETERS, IMAGING TECHNIQUES, ARTERIAL STIFFNESS PARAMETERS, ANKLE-BRACHIAL INDEX AND 24 H BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS. NEWER METHODS INCLUDE EPIGENETIC MARKERS, SOLUBLE ADHESION MOLECULES, CYTOKINES AND MARKERS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS. IN THIS REVIEW, THE AUTHORS PRESENT SEVERAL NON-INVASIVE METHODS OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ASSESSMENT IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
16  3595 14 IMPLICATIONS OF MATERNAL CONDITIONS AND PREGNANCY COURSE ON OFFSPRING'S MEDICAL PROBLEMS IN ADULT LIFE. IN THE LAST DECADE, NUMEROUS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA SHOW THAT PERICONCEPTIONAL, PERINATAL AND POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENT DETERMINES THE OFFSPRING'S RISK FOR LATER-LIFE CHRONIC DISEASE. FOR THIS PHENOMENON, THE TERM "FETAL" OR "PERINATAL PROGRAMMING" IS USED. IN EXPOSED OFFSPRING ALREADY IN CHILDHOOD AND EARLY ADULTHOOD, METABOLIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES CAN BE OBSERVED, LEADING TO OBESITY, DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION. NOWADAYS, THE MODE OF CONCEPTION (E.G., IN VITRO FERTILIZATION), MATERNAL METABOLIC CONDITIONS (E.G., UNDERNUTRITION, OVERNUTRITION, DIABETES) AND COMPLICATIONS DURING PREGNANCY (E.G., PREECLAMPSIA, INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION) ARE SUSPECTED TO BE NEGATIVE PREDICTORS FOR OFFSPRING'S LONG-TERM HEALTH. MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR THESE EFFECTS STILL REMAIN MAINLY UNCLEAR, BUT INCLUDE EPIGENETIC, TRANSCRIPTIONAL, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS, AND REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES. THIS REVIEW PRESENTS A PIECE OF THE PUZZLE WITH REGARDS TO PERICONCEPTIONAL AND EARLY PERINATAL CONDITIONS DETERMINING LATER-LIFE RISK FOR CHRONIC ADULT DISEASE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
17  6873 16 [PREVENTION OF OBESITY FROM PERINATAL STAGE]. OBESITY IS ONE OF THE MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEMS AND A DETERMINING FACTOR IN THE PREVALENCE OF DISEASES SUCH AS METABOLIC SYNDROME, ASTHMA, SLEEP APNEA, INFERTILITY AND VARIOUS TYPES OF CANCER. ITS ORIGIN IS MULTIFACTORIAL, INVOLVING GENETIC, SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THESE LAST ONES CONTRIBUTE MOSTLY TO EXPLAIN THE CURRENT EPIDEMIC GROWTH OF THIS DISEASE. THE SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE, INADEQUATE DIET, LACK OF SLEEP, ALTERATIONS IN INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA AND STRESS ARE FACTORS RELATED TO ITS DEVELOPMENT. SINCE BARKER PRESENTED HIS HYPOTHESIS ABOUT THE "FETAL ORIGIN OF ADULT DISEASES", THERE ARE INCREASING NUMBER OF STUDIES THAT SHOW THE INFLUENCE OF AN INADEQUATE NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND MATERNAL WEIGHT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES, AS OBESITY IN OFFSPRING. THE NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES OF THE PREGNANT MOTHER CAUSE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND ABNORMAL PROGRAMMING OF THE DEVELOPMENT OFORGANS AND DEVICES, ADAPTING THE FETUS TO THIS SITUATION OF DEFICIENCY AND BEING ABLE TO ADAPT TO AN OBESOGENIC ENVIRONMENT AFTER BIRTH, INCREASING ITS PROPENSITY TO OBESITY. ALSO, POOR MATERNAL NUTRITIONAL STATUS IS RELATED TO INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS, WITH A HIGHER RISK OF CHILDHOOD AND ADULT CENTRAL OBESITY. CURRENTLY, DEFICIENT INTAKE OF MICRONUTRIENTS AND OVERWEIGHT OR MATERNAL OBESITY TEND TO OVERLAP, AND THIS COMBINATION MAY EXACERBATE THE INCREASE IN OBESITY IN THE OFFSPRING. IT IS IMPORTANT TO IDENTIFY PREGNANT MOTHERS AT RISK OF SUFFERING NUTRITIONAL ALTERATIONS AND ESTABLISH THEIR IMPROVEMENT AS A PRIMARY PREVENTION STRATEGY FOR OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
18  5179 15 PREGNANCY: AN UNDERUTILIZED WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY TO IMPROVE LONG-TERM MATERNAL AND INFANT HEALTH-AN APPEAL FOR CONTINUOUS FAMILY CARE AND INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION. PHYSIOLOGIC ADAPTATIONS DURING PREGNANCY UNMASK A WOMAN'S PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASES. COMPLICATIONS ARE INCREASINGLY PREDICTED BY FIRST-TRIMESTER ALGORITHMS, AMPLIFY A PRE-EXISTING MATERNAL PHENOTYPE AND ACCELERATE RISKS FOR CHRONIC DISEASES IN THE OFFSPRING UP TO ADULTHOOD (BARKER HYPOTHESIS). RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT VICE VERSA, PREGNANCY DISEASES ALSO INDICATE MATERNAL AND EVEN GRANDPARENT'S RISKS FOR CHRONIC DISEASES (REVERSE BARKER HYPOTHESIS). PUB-MED AND EMBASE WERE REVIEWED FOR MESH TERMS "FETAL PROGRAMMING" AND "PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS COMBINED WITH MATERNAL DISEASE" UNTIL JANUARY 2017. STUDIES LINKING PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS TO FUTURE CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, AND THROMBOTIC RISKS FOR MOTHER AND OFFSPRING WERE REVIEWED. WOMEN WITH A HISTORY OF MISCARRIAGE, FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION, PREECLAMPSIA, PRETERM DELIVERY, OBESITY, EXCESSIVE GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN, GESTATIONAL DIABETES, SUBFERTILITY, AND THROMBOPHILIA MORE FREQUENTLY DEMONSTRATE WITH ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ABNORMALITIES, HIGHER FASTING INSULIN, DEVIATING LIPIDS OR CLOTTING FACTORS AND SHOW DEFECTIVE ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION. THROMBOPHILIA HINTS TO THROMBOTIC RISKS IN LATER LIFE. PREGNANCY ABNORMALITIES CORRELATE WITH FUTURE CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC COMPLICATIONS AND EARLIER MORTALITY. CONVERSELY, WOMEN WITH A NORMAL PREGNANCY HAVE LOWER RATES OF SUBSEQUENT DISEASES THAN THE GENERAL FEMALE POPULATION CREATING THE TERM: "PREGNANCY AS A WINDOW FOR FUTURE HEALTH." ALTHOUGH THE PLACENTA WORKS AS A GATEKEEPER, MANY PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS MAY LEAD TO SICKNESS AND EARLIER DEATH IN LATER LIFE WHEN THE CHILD BECOMES AN ADULT. THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND THE MISMATCH BETWEEN PRE- AND POSTNATAL LIFE HAVE CREATED THE TERM "FETAL ORIGIN OF ADULT DISEASE." UP TO NOW, THE IMPACT OF CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, OR THROMBOTIC RISK PROFILES HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED SEPARATELY FOR MOTHER AND CHILD. IN THIS MANUSCRIPT, WE STRIVE TO ILLUSTRATE THE CONSEQUENCES FOR BOTH, FETUS AND MOTHER WITHIN A COHESIVE PERSPECTIVE AND THUS TRY TO DEMONSTRATE THE COMPLEX INTERRELATIONSHIP OF GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS FOR LONG-TERM HEALTH OF SOCIETIES AND FUTURE GENERATIONS. MATERNAL-FETAL MEDICINE SPECIALISTS SHOULD HAVE A KEY ROLE IN THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES BY IMPLEMENTING A FRAMEWORK FOR PATIENT CONSULTATION AND INTERDISCIPLINARY NETWORKS. HEALTH-CARE PROVIDERS AND POLICY MAKERS SHOULD INCREASINGLY INVEST IN A STRATIFIED PRIMARY PREVENTION AND FOLLOW-UP TO REDUCE THE INCREASING NUMBER OF MANIFEST CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASES AND TO PREVENT WASTE OF HEALTH-CARE RESOURCES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
19  5169 18 PRECONCEPTIONAL STRESS AND RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRETERM BIRTH: AN OVERVIEW. OBJECTIVE: WE REVIEWED THE EVIDENCE FOR THREE THEORIES OF HOW PRECONCEPTIONAL PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS COULD ACT AS A CONTRIBUTING DETERMINANT OF EXCESS PRETERM BIRTH RISK AMONG AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN: EARLY LIFE DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY AND EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING OF ADULT NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEMS; BLUNTING, WEATHERING, OR DYSFUNCTION OF NEUROENDOCRINE AND IMMUNE FUNCTION IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC STRESS ACTIVATION THROUGH THE LIFE COURSE; INDIVIDUALS' ADOPTION OF RISKY BEHAVIORS SUCH AS SMOKING AS A RESPONSE TO STRESSFUL STIMULI. METHODS: BASIC SCIENCE, CLINICAL, AND EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES INDEXED IN MEDLINE AND WEB OF SCIENCE DATABASES ON PRECONCEPTIONAL PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS, PRETERM BIRTH AND RACE WERE REVIEWED. RESULTS: MIXED EVIDENCE LEANS TOWARDS MODEST ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PRECONCEPTIONAL CHRONIC STRESS AND PRETERM BIRTH (FOR EXAMPLE COMMON ODDS RATIOS OF 1.2-1.4), PARTICULARLY IN AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN, BUT IT IS UNCLEAR WHETHER THIS ASSOCIATION IS CAUSAL OR EXPLAINS A SUBSTANTIAL PORTION OF THE BLACK-WHITE RACIAL DISPARITY IN PRETERM BIRTH. THE STRESS-PRETERM BIRTH ASSOCIATION MAY BE MEDIATED BY HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS DYSFUNCTION AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS, ALTHOUGH THESE MECHANISMS ARE INCOMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. EVIDENCE FOR THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC OR EARLY LIFE PROGRAMMING AS A DETERMINANT OF RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRETERM BIRTH RISK IS MORE CIRCUMSTANTIAL. CONCLUSIONS: PRECONCEPTIONAL STRESS, DIRECTLY OR IN INTERACTION WITH HOST GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OR INFECTION, REMAINS AN IMPORTANT HYPOTHESIZED RISK FACTOR FOR UNDERSTANDING AND REDUCING RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRETERM BIRTH. FUTURE STUDIES THAT INTEGRATE ADEQUATELY SIZED EPIDEMIOLOGIC SAMPLES WITH MEASURES OF STRESS, INFECTION, AND GENE EXPRESSION, WILL ADVANCE OUR KNOWLEDGE AND ALLOW DEVELOPMENT OF TARGETED INTERVENTIONS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
20  3975 15 LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF PLACENTAL VASCULAR PATHOLOGY ON THE MATERNAL AND OFFSPRING CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS. OVER THE LAST THIRTY YEARS, EVIDENCE HAS BEEN ACCUMULATING THAT HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY (HDP) AND, SPECIFICALLY, PREECLAMPSIA (PE) PRODUCE NOT ONLY LONG-TERM EFFECTS ON THE PREGNANT WOMAN, BUT HAVE ALSO LASTING CONSEQUENCES FOR THE FETUS. AT THE CORE OF THESE CONSEQUENCES IS THE PHENOMENON KNOWN AS DEFECTIVE DEEP PLACENTATION, BEING PRESENT IN VIRTUALLY EVERY MAJOR OBSTETRICAL SYNDROME. THE PROFOUND PLACENTAL VASCULAR LESIONS CHARACTERISTIC OF THIS PATHOLOGY CAN INDUCE LONG-TERM ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES FOR THE PREGNANT WOMAN'S ENTIRE ARTERIAL SYSTEM. IN ADDITION, PLACENTAL GROWTH RESTRICTION AND FUNCTION CAN, IN TURN, CAUSE A DECREASED BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE FETUS, WITH LONG-LASTING EFFECTS. WOMEN WITH A HISTORY OF HDP HAVE AN INCREASED RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD) COMPARED WITH WOMEN WITH NORMAL PREGNANCIES. SPECIFICALLY, THESE SUBJECTS ARE AT A FUTURE HIGHER RISK OF: HYPERTENSION; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; HEART FAILURE; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS (STROKE); CVD-RELATED MORTALITY. VASCULAR PATHOLOGY IN PREGNANCY AND CVD MAY SHARE A COMMON ETIOLOGY AND MAY HAVE COMMON RISK FACTORS, WHICH ARE UNMASKED BY THE "STRESS" OF PREGNANCY. IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE THAT THE FUTURE OCCURRENCE OF A CVD MAY BE THE CONSEQUENCE OF ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION GENERATED BY PREGNANCY-INDUCED HYPERTENSION THAT PERSISTS AFTER DELIVERY. ALTHOUGH BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL MARKERS OF PE ABOUND, INFORMATION ON MARKERS FOR A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION IN THE VARIOUS GROUPS IS STILL LACKING. LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES FOR THE FETUS ARE AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE THEORY OF A FETAL ORIGIN OF A NUMBER OF ADULT DISEASES, KNOWN AS THE BARKER HYPOTHESIS. INDEED, INTRAUTERINE MALNUTRITION AND FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION REPRESENT SIGNIFICANT RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC HYPERTENSION, DIABETES, STROKE AND DEATH FROM CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN ADULTS. OTHER FACTORS WILL ALSO INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT LATER IN LIFE OF HYPERTENSION, CORONARY AND MYOCARDIAL DISEASE; THEY INCLUDE PARENTAL GENETIC DISPOSITION, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, CONCURRENT INTRAUTERINE EXPOSURES, AND THE LIFESTYLE OF THE AFFECTED INDIVIDUAL.	2021