1  6714 168 VISION OF RESEARCH ON HUMAN LINEAR GROWTH. THE HUMAN BODY GROWS IN LENGTH FROM CONCEPTION TO THE MAXIMAL ADULT HEIGHT OVER TWO DECADES. THE SHORTEST MALE POPULATION AVERAGES APPROXIMATELY 150 CM AND THE TALLEST APPROXIMATELY 183 CM. NONETHELESS THE DIMENSIONS OF HEAD AND TRUNK ARE HIGHLY COMPARABLE, WITH THE VAST DIFFERENCE IN THE LEG LENGTH. STUNTING IS A PERSONAL CONDITION IN WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL HAS A STANDING HEIGHT-FOR-AGE (HAZ) OF LESS THAN TWO STANDARD DEVIATIONS OF THE STANDARD CURVE MEDIAN. IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED MORTALITY, MORBIDITY, AND FUNCTIONAL DEFICITS. THE PROCESS OF LOSING RELATIVE STATURE IS KNOWN AS LINEAR GROWTH RETARDATION, FIRST ATTRIBUTED TO CHRONIC PROTEIN DEFICIENCY, THEN TO AN ASSORTMENT OF MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES, AND MOST RECENTLY TO INFLAMMATION FROM UNHYGIENIC ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS. PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTION TRIALS RESPONDING TO EACH OF THESE POSSIBILITIES HAVE FAILED TO PRODUCE TRUE REVERSAL RESPONSES MEASURED IN THE 10S OF CENTIMETERS. AS TO BIOLOGICAL INSIGHTS, THERE IS NO CONVENIENT WAY TO SEPARATE WEIGHT FROM LENGTH GROWTH WITH SONOGRAPHIC MONITORING, BUT A THIRD OF INFANTS CAN BE BORN STUNTED. NORMATIVE GROWTH (STANDARD CURVES) COMPETES WITH EPIGENETIC ADAPTATION (PROGRAMMING) AS THE BEACON FOR IN UTERO GROWTH. MAJOR INVESTMENTS INTO FIELD TRIALS ALLOW US TO DISCARD MULTIPLE MICRONUTRIENTS AND WATER/SANITATION/HYGIENE INTERVENTIONS AS MEASURES TO REVERSE ESTABLISHED STUNTING. THE PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE IS AGAINST CATCH-UP GROWTH DURING PUBERTY. FUTURE PUBLICATIONS WILL BE IN THE CONCEPTUAL DOMAIN, RESOLVING METRICS, WHILE THE FULL RANGE OF STIMULI AND EXPOSURES IMPEDING GROWTH WILL BE ELUCIDATED. ADVANCES IN MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES IN ANTHROPOMETRY AND IMMUNOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY WILL BE MOBILIZED TO THE LITERATURE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
2  3356  39 HISTONE H3 LYSINE 27 ACETYLATION PROFILE UNDERGOES TWO GLOBAL SHIFTS IN UNDERNOURISHED CHILDREN AND SUGGESTS ALTERED ONE-CARBON METABOLISM. BACKGROUND: STUNTING IS A CONDITION IN WHICH A CHILD DOES NOT REACH THEIR FULL GROWTH POTENTIAL DUE TO CHRONIC UNDERNUTRITION. IT ARISES DURING THE FIRST 2 YEARS OF A CHILD'S LIFE AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DEFICIENCIES AND LIFE-LONG HEALTH PROBLEMS. CURRENT INTERVENTIONS PROVIDE SOME BENEFIT, BUT NEW APPROACHES TO PREVENTION AND TREATMENT GROUNDED IN A MOLECULAR UNDERSTANDING OF STUNTING ARE NEEDED. EPIGENETIC ANALYSES ARE CRITICAL AS THEY CAN PROVIDE INSIGHT INTO HOW SIGNALS FROM A POOR ENVIRONMENT LEAD TO CHANGES IN CELL FUNCTION. RESULTS: HERE WE PROFILED HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION ON LYSINE 27 (H3K27AC) IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) OF 18-WEEK-OLD (N = 14) AND 1-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN (N = 22) LIVING IN AN URBAN SLUM IN DHAKA, BANGLADESH. WE SHOW THAT 18-WEEK-OLD CHILDREN DESTINED TO BECOME STUNTED HAVE ELEVATED LEVELS OF H3K27AC OVERALL, FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF WHICH INDICATES ACTIVATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND STRESS RESPONSE PATHWAYS AS A PRIMARY RESPONSE TO A POOR ENVIRONMENT WITH HIGH PATHOGEN LOAD. CONVERSELY, OVERT STUNTING AT 1-YEAR-OF AGE IS ASSOCIATED WITH GLOBALLY REDUCED H3K27AC THAT IS INDICATIVE OF METABOLIC REWIRING AND DOWNREGULATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND DNA REPAIR PATHWAYS THAT ARE LIKELY SECONDARY RESPONSES TO CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO A POOR ENVIRONMENT WITH LIMITED NUTRIENTS. AMONG PROCESSES ALTERED IN 1-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN, WE IDENTIFIED ONE-CARBON METABOLISM, THE SIGNIFICANCE OF WHICH IS SUPPORTED BY INTEGRATIVE ANALYSIS WITH RESULTS FROM HISTONE H3 TRIMETHYLATION ON LYSINE 4 (H3K4ME3). TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST ALTERED ONE-CARBON METABOLISM IN THIS POPULATION OF STUNTED CHILDREN. CONCLUSIONS: THE EPIGENOMES OF STUNTED CHILDREN UNDERGO TWO GLOBAL CHANGES IN H3K27AC WITHIN THEIR FIRST YEAR OF LIFE, WHICH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH PROBABLE INITIAL HYPERACTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES FOLLOWED BY REDUCED METABOLIC CAPACITY. LIMITATION OF ONE-CARBON METABOLITES MAY PLAY A KEY ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF STUNTING. TRIAL REGISTRATION CLINICALTRIALS.GOV NCT01375647. REGISTERED 17 JUNE 2011, RETROSPECTIVELY REGISTERED, HTTPS://CLINICALTRIALS.GOV/CT2/SHOW/NCT01375647 .	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
3  4791  29 NUTRITIONAL CATCH-UP GROWTH. MALNUTRITION, MARKED BY VARIANT NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES, IS CONSIDERED A LEADING CAUSE OF STUNTED GROWTH WORLDWIDE. IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, MALNUTRITION IS CAUSED MAINLY BY FOOD SHORTAGE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES. MALNUTRITION MAY ALSO BE FOUND IN THE DEVELOPED WORLD, WHERE IT IS DUE MOSTLY TO PREMATURITY, CHRONIC DISEASES, AND ANOREXIA NERVOSA. IN MOST CASES, WHEN FOOD CONSUMPTION IS CORRECTED, SPONTANEOUS CATCH-UP (CU) GROWTH OCCURS. HOWEVER, CU GROWTH IS NOT ALWAYS COMPLETE, LEADING TO GROWTH DEFICITS. THEREFORE, IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THE MECHANISMS THAT GOVERN THIS PROCESS. USING A RAT MODEL OF FOOD RESTRICTION FOLLOWED BY REFEEDING, WE ESTABLISHED A NUTRITION-INDUCED CU GROWTH MODEL. LEVELS OF LEPTIN AND INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-1 WERE FOUND TO SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASE WHEN FOOD WAS RESTRICTED AND TO INCREASE ALREADY 1 DAY AFTER REFEEDING. GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF THE GROWTH PLATE REVEALED THAT FOOD RESTRICTION SPECIFICALLY AFFECTS TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS SUCH AS THE HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR-1 AND ITS DOWNSTREAM TARGETS ON THE ONE HAND, AND GLOBAL GENE EXPRESSION, INDICATING EPIGENETIC REGULATION, ON THE OTHER. FOOD RESTRICTION ALSO REDUCED THE LEVEL OF SEVERAL MICRORNAS, INCLUDING THE CHONDROCYTE-SPECIFIC MIR-140, WHICH LED TO AN INCREASE IN ITS TARGET, SIRT1, A CLASS III HISTONE DEACETYLASE. THESE FINDINGS MAY EXPLAIN THE GLOBAL CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION OBSERVED UNDER NUTRITIONAL MANIPULATION. WE SUGGEST THAT MULTIPLE LEVELS OF REGULATION, INCLUDING TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, AND MICRORNAS RESPOND TO NUTRITIONAL CUES AND OFFER A POSSIBLE EXPLANATION FOR SOME OF THE EFFECTS OF FOOD RESTRICTION ON EPIPHYSEAL GROWTH PLATE GROWTH. THE MEANS WHEREBY THESE COMPONENTS SENSE CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL STATUS ARE STILL UNKNOWN. DECIPHERING THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN GROWTH MAY PAVE THE WAY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TREATMENTS FOR CHILDREN WITH GROWTH DISORDERS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
4  3786  42 INTERGENERATIONAL INFLUENCES ON CHILD GROWTH AND UNDERNUTRITION. INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS ON LINEAR GROWTH ARE WELL DOCUMENTED. SEVERAL GENERATIONS ARE NECESSARY IN ANIMAL MODELS TO 'WASH OUT' EFFECTS OF UNDERNUTRITION, CONSISTENT WITH THE UNFOLDING OF THE SECULAR TREND IN HEIGHT IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA. BIRTHWEIGHT IS CORRELATED ACROSS GENERATIONS AND SHORT MATERNAL STATURE, WHICH REFLECTS INTRAUTERINE AND INFANT GROWTH FAILURE, IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW BIRTHWEIGHT, CHILD STUNTING, DELIVERY COMPLICATIONS AND INCREASED CHILD MORTALITY, EVEN AFTER ADJUSTING FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS. A NUTRITION INTERVENTION IN GUATEMALA REDUCED CHILDHOOD STUNTING; IT ALSO IMPROVED GROWTH OF THE NEXT GENERATION, BUT ONLY IN THE OFFSPRING OF GIRLS. POSSIBLE MECHANISMS EXPLAINING INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS ON LINEAR GROWTH ARE NOT MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE AND INCLUDE, AMONG OTHERS, SHARED GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS, EPIGENETIC EFFECTS, PROGRAMMING OF METABOLIC CHANGES, AND THE MECHANICS OF A REDUCED SPACE FOR THE FETUS TO GROW. THERE ARE ALSO SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS AT PLAY THAT ARE IMPORTANT SUCH AS THE INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF POVERTY AND THE FEAR OF BIRTHING A LARGE BABY, WHICH LEADS TO 'EATING DOWN' DURING PREGNANCY. IT IS NOT CLEAR WHETHER THERE IS AN UPPER LIMIT FOR IMPACT ON INTRAUTERINE AND INFANT LINEAR GROWTH THAT PROGRAMMES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES COULD ACHIEVE THAT IS SET BY EARLY CHILDHOOD MALNUTRITION IN THE MOTHER. SUBSTANTIAL IMPROVEMENTS IN LINEAR GROWTH CAN BE ACHIEVED THROUGH ADOPTION AND MIGRATION, AND IN A FEW SELECTED COUNTRIES, FOLLOWING RAPID ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT. IT WOULD SEEM, DESPITE CLEAR DOCUMENTATION OF INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS, THAT NEARLY NORMAL LENGTHS CAN BE ACHIEVED IN CHILDREN BORN TO MOTHERS WHO WERE MALNOURISHED IN CHILDHOOD WHEN PROFOUND IMPROVEMENTS IN HEALTH, NUTRITION AND THE ENVIRONMENT TAKE PLACE BEFORE CONCEPTION. TO ACHIEVE SIMILAR LEVELS OF IMPACT THROUGH PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAMMES ALONE IN POOR COUNTRIES IS HIGHLY UNLIKELY. THE REALITY IN POOR COUNTRIES LIMITS THE SCOPE, QUALITY AND COVERAGE OF PROGRAMMES THAT CAN BE IMPLEMENTED AND MODEST IMPACT SHOULD BE EXPECTED INSTEAD. THE LANCET SERIES ON MATERNAL AND CHILD UNDERNUTRITION ESTIMATED THAT IMPLEMENTATION TO SCALE OF PROVEN INTERVENTIONS IN HIGH BURDEN COUNTRIES WOULD REDUCE STUNTING BY ONE-THIRD; THIS IS PERHAPS A REALISTIC UPPER BOUND FOR IMPACT FOR HIGH QUALITY PROGRAMMES, UNLESS ACCOMPANIED BY SWEEPING IMPROVEMENTS IN SOCIAL SERVICES AND MARKED REDUCTIONS IN POVERTY. FINALLY, BECAUSE SO MUCH CAN BE ACHIEVED IN A SINGLE GENERATION, INTERGENERATIONAL INFLUENCES ARE UNLIKELY TO BE AN IMPORTANT EXPLANATION FOR LACK OF PROGRAMME IMPACT AIMED AT THE WINDOW OF THE FIRST 1000 DAYS. FAILURE TO PREVENT LINEAR GROWTH FAILURE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES HAS SERIOUS CONSEQUENCES FOR SHORT- AND LONG-TERM HEALTH AS WELL AS FOR THE FORMATION OF HUMAN CAPITAL. THE NUTRITION TRANSITION HAS CREATED A DOUBLE BURDEN BY ADDING OBESITY AND RELATED CHRONIC DISEASES TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH AGENDA OF COUNTRIES STILL STRUGGLING WITH THE 'OLD' PROBLEMS OF MATERNAL AND CHILD UNDERNUTRITION. THE CHALLENGE AHEAD IS TO INCREASE EFFORTS TO PREVENT LINEAR GROWTH FAILURE WHILE KEEPING CHILD OVERWEIGHT AT BAY.	2012	

5  3179  31 HAIR CORTISOL AS A HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS BIOMARKER IN PREGNANT WOMEN WITH ASTHMA: A RETROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY. BACKGROUND: CORTISOL IS A HORMONE INVOLVED IN MANY PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS INCLUDING FETAL MATURATION AND EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING DURING PREGNANCY. THIS STUDY AIMED TO USE HAIR CORTISOL AS A BIOMARKER OF CHRONIC INHALED CORTICOSTEROID (ICS) EXPOSURE AND ASSESS THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF ASTHMA ON THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS IN PREGNANT WOMEN. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT PREGNANT WOMEN WITH ASTHMA TREATED WITH ICS WOULD EXHIBIT LOWER HAIR CORTISOL CONCENTRATIONS, INDICATIVE OF ADRENAL SUPPRESSION, COMPARED TO WOMEN WITH ASTHMA NOT USING ICS AND WOMEN WHO DO NOT HAVE ASTHMA. METHODS: WE PERFORMED AN OBSERVATIONAL RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY. HAIR SAMPLES WERE ANALYZED FROM PREGNANT WOMEN WITH ASTHMA, WITH (N = 56) AND WITHOUT (N = 31) ICS TREATMENT, AND PREGNANT WOMEN WITHOUT ASTHMA (N = 31). HAIR SAMPLES WERE SEGMENTED BASED ON THE GROWTH RATE OF 1 CM/MONTH AND ANALYZED BY ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY TO PROVIDE CORTISOL CONCENTRATIONS CORRESPONDING TO PRECONCEPTION, TRIMESTERS 1-3, AND POSTPARTUM. HAIR CORTISOL CONCENTRATIONS WERE COMPARED WITHIN AND AMONG THE GROUPS USING NON-PARAMETRIC STATISTICAL TESTS. RESULTS: HAIR CORTISOL CONCENTRATIONS INCREASED ACROSS TRIMESTERS FOR ALL THREE GROUPS, BUT THIS INCREASE WAS DAMPENED IN WOMEN WITH ASTHMA (P = 0.03 FOR CONTROLS VS. ICS TREATED AND CONTROLS VS. NO ICS). ICS TREATED WOMEN TAKING MORE THAN FIVE DOSES PER WEEK HAD HAIR CORTISOL CONCENTRATIONS 47 % LOWER IN THIRD TRIMESTER THAN CONTROLS. LINEAR REGRESSION OF THE THIRD TRIMESTER HAIR CORTISOL RESULTS IDENTIFIED ASTHMA AS A SIGNIFICANT FACTOR WHEN COMPARING CONSISTENT ICS USE OR ASTHMA AS THE PREDICTOR (F(1, 25) = 9.7, P = 0.005, R(2) ADJ = 0.257). CONCLUSIONS: HAIR CORTISOL SUCCESSFULLY SHOWED THE EXPECTED CHANGE IN CORTISOL OVER THE COURSE OF PREGNANCY AND MAY BE A USEFUL BIOMARKER OF HPA AXIS FUNCTION IN PREGNANT WOMEN WITH ASTHMA. THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF DECREASED MATERNAL CORTISOL IN WOMEN WITH ASTHMA ON PERINATAL OUTCOMES REMAINS TO BE DETERMINED.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
6  1140  23 CONCENTRATION OF FOLIC ACID (FA) IN SERUM OF JAPANESE PREGNANT WOMEN. OBJECTIVES EXPOSURE TO INORGANIC ARSENIC (IAS) IS A WORLD-WIDE HEALTH CONCERN. WE REPORTED THAT JAPANESE CHILDREN AND PREGNANT WOMEN ARE EXPOSED TO MODERATE LEVELS OF IAS THROUGH FOOD. REDUCING IAS CONTAMINATION FROM FOODS OF HIGH IAS IS AN IMPORTANT ISSUE UNIQUE IN JAPAN. INTEGRATED IAS IS METHYLATED TO LESS TOXIC ORGANIC FORMS, AND S-ADENOSYL-L-METHYONINE (SAM), A COMMON METHYL-DONOR OF DNA AND HISTONES, IS UTILIZED IN THIS PROCESS. CHRONIC CONSUMPTION OF SAM BY IAS METABOLISM DUE TO EXPOSURE TO IAS MIGHT ALTER THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF GENOME. THE SAM BIOSYNTHESIS PATHWAY IS DEPENDENT ON FOLATE CYCLE, AND IT IS POSSIBLE THAT INGESTION OF SUFFICIENT FOLIC ACID (FA) IS PROTECTIVE TO IAS INDUCED TOXICITY. METHODS IN THE COURSE OF OUR CROSS-SECTIONAL BODY BURDEN ANALYSES OF PB AND IAS IN JAPANESE CHILDREN AND PREGNANT WOMEN, TERMED "PBAS STUDY", FA CONCENTRATION IN SERUM OF 104 PREGNANT WOMEN WAS MEASURED. RESULTS MEAN (+/-SEM) OF SERUM FA CONCENTRATION WAS 15.8 +/- 1.3 (NG/ML). THERE ARE SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF PEOPLE SHOWING VERY HIGH FA (>30 NG/ ML), AND LARGE FRACTION OF THEM WERE TAKING SUPPLEMENTS DAILY. CONCLUSIONS THESE RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT LEVEL OF FA INGESTION OF JAPANESE PREGNANT WOMEN IS HIGH FOR SUPPORTING NORMAL FETAL DEVELOPMENT.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
7  1960  37 EPIGENETIC AGING IN CHILDREN FROM A SMALL-SCALE FARMING SOCIETY IN THE CONGO BASIN: ASSOCIATIONS WITH CHILD GROWTH AND FAMILY CONFLICT. DEVELOPMENTAL ENVIRONMENTS INFLUENCE INDIVIDUALS' LONG-TERM HEALTH TRAJECTORIES, AND THERE IS INCREASING EMPHASIS ON UNDERSTANDING THE BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS THROUGH WHICH THIS OCCURS. EPIGENETIC AGING EVALUATES DNA METHYLATION AT A SUITE OF DISTINCT CPG SITES IN THE GENOME, AND EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION (EAA) IS LINKED TO HEIGHTENED CHRONIC MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY RISKS IN ADULTS. CONSEQUENTLY, EAA PROVIDES INSIGHTS ON TRAJECTORIES OF BIOLOGICAL AGING, WHICH EARLY LIFE EXPERIENCES MAY HELP SHAPE. HOWEVER, FEW STUDIES HAVE MEASURED CORRELATES OF CHILDREN'S EPIGENETIC AGING, ESPECIALLY OUTSIDE OF THE U.S. AND EUROPE. IN PARTICULAR, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT HOW CHILDREN'S GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT RELATE TO EAA IN ECOLOGIES IN WHICH ENERGETIC AND PATHOGENIC STRESSORS ARE COMMONPLACE. WE STUDIED EAA FROM DRIED BLOOD SPOTS AMONG BONDONGO CHILDREN (N = 54) RESIDING IN A SMALL-SCALE, FISHER-FARMER SOCIETY IN A REMOTE REGION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO. HERE, INFECTIOUS DISEASE BURDENS AND THEIR RESULTANT ENERGY DEMANDS ARE HIGH. CHILDREN WHO WERE HEAVIER FOR HEIGHT OR TALLER FOR AGE, RESPECTIVELY, EXHIBITED GREATER EAA, INCLUDING INTRINSIC EAA, WHICH IS CONSIDERED TO MEASURE EAA INTERNAL TO CELLS. FURTHERMORE, WE FOUND THAT CHILDREN IN FAMILIES WITH MORE CONFLICT BETWEEN PARENTS HAD GREATER INTRINSIC EAA. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT IN CONTEXTS IN WHICH LIMITED ENERGY MUST BE ALLOCATED TO COMPETING DEMANDS, MORE INVESTMENT IN GROWTH MAY COINCIDE WITH GREATER EAA, WHICH PARALLELS FINDINGS IN EUROPEAN CHILDREN WHO DO NOT FACE SIMILAR ENERGETIC CONSTRAINTS. OUR FINDINGS ALSO INDICATE THAT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN ADVERSE FAMILY ENVIRONMENTS AND GREATER INTRINSIC EAA WERE NONETHELESS OBSERVABLE BUT ONLY AFTER ADJUSTMENT FOR COVARIATES RELEVANT TO THE ENERGETICALLY AND IMMUNOLOGICALLY DEMANDING NATURE OF THE LOCAL ECOLOGY.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
8  4066  26 MATERNAL AND PATERNAL PERICONCEPTIONAL NUTRITION AS AN INDICATOR OF OFFSPRING METABOLIC SYNDROME RISK IN LATER LIFE THROUGH EPIGENETIC IMPRINTING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. AIMS: THIS REVIEW EXAMINED WHETHER MATERNAL AND PATERNAL PERICONCEPTIONAL NUTRITION EFFECTS AN OFFSPRING'S LIKELIHOOD OF DEVELOPING CHRONIC METABOLIC RELATED CONDITIONS DUE TO EPIGENETIC IMPRINTING. METHODS: A LITERATURE SEARCH WAS CONDUCTED IN MULTIPLE SCIENCE DATABASES AND LIMITED TO STUDIES PUBLISHED AFTER 2012, IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND PEER REVIEWED. THE DATA FROM SELECTED ARTICLES WERE EXTRACTED AND A QUALITATIVE APPROACH WAS EMPLOYED DUE TO HETEROGENEITY OF RESULTS. RESULTS: NEWBORNS FROM OBESE FATHERS SHOWED ALTERED METHYLATION OVERALL AND SIGNIFICANT HYPOMETHYLATION AT THE INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR 2 (IGF2) GENE. HIGH MATERNAL PRE-PREGNANCY BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) WAS ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED OFFSPRING DNA METHYLATION LEVELS AND GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS INDUCED SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED METHYLATION LEVELS IN OFFSPRING. GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN WAS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CORD BLOOD. BIRTH WEIGHT WAS HIGHER IN OFFSPRING EXPOSED TO FAMINE IN EARLY GESTATION. OFFSPRING BORN POST MATERNAL BARIATRIC SURGERY SHOWED A LOWER PERCENTAGE OF BODY FAT AND IMPROVED FASTING INSULIN LEVELS COMPARED TO SIBLINGS BORN PRE-MATERNAL BARIATRIC SURGERY. CONCLUSIONS: THE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT POOR MATERNAL AND PATERNAL PERICONCEPTIONAL NUTRITION CAN INCREASE THE RISK OF METABOLIC SYNDROME IN OFFSPRING, THROUGH EPIGENETIC IMPRINTING. POTENTIAL PARENTS SHOULD BE ADVISED THAT MAINTAINING A HEALTHY DIET AND BMI IS LIKELY TO REDUCE THE RISK OF METABOLIC SYNDROME IN OFFSPRING.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
9  5085  28 PILOT STUDY OF ABSOLUTE TELOMERE LENGTHS IN PRETERM INFANTS. BACKGROUND: ANNUALLY, APPROXIMATELY 15 MILLION BABIES ARE BORN PRETERM (<37 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE) GLOBALLY. IN THE NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT (NICU) ENVIRONMENT, INFANTS ARE EXPOSED TO REPEATED STRESSFUL OR PAINFUL PROCEDURES AS PART OF ROUTINE LIFESAVING CARE. THESE PROCEDURES HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS THAT MAY LEAD TO AN INCREASED RISK OF NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS. TELOMERE LENGTH HAS BEEN NEGATIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE LIFE EXPERIENCES IN STUDIES OF ADULTS. OBJECTIVES: THIS PILOT STUDY AIMED TO DESCRIBE TELOMERE LENGTH IN A SAMPLE OF PRETERM INFANTS AT NICU DISCHARGE AND EXAMINE ANY ASSOCIATIONS WITH PAIN, FEEDING METHOD, AND NEURODEVELOPMENT. METHODS: THIS DESCRIPTIVE PILOT STUDY SAMPLE INCLUDES BASELINE ABSOLUTE TELOMERE LENGTH (ATL) OF 36 PRETERM INFANTS IMMEDIATELY PRIOR TO DISCHARGE. QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION WAS USED TO DETERMINE ATL. INFANT DEMOGRAPHICS, PAIN/STRESS, TYPE OF FEEDING, ANTIBIOTIC USE, NEURODEVELOPMENT, AND BUCCAL SWAB DATA WERE COLLECTED. DESCRIPTIVE DATA ANALYSIS WAS USED TO DESCRIBE THE TELOMERE LENGTH USING GRAPHS. RESULTS: AMONG OUR PRETERM INFANT SAMPLES, THE MEAN ATL WAS FAR GREATER THAN THE AVERAGE ADULT TELOMERE LENGTH. ALTHOUGH NO SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATIONS WERE FOUND BETWEEN ATL AND PAIN, FEEDING METHOD, AND NEURODEVELOPMENT, A TREND BETWEEN SEX WAS NOTED WHERE MALE TELOMERE LENGTHS WERE SHORTER THAN FEMALES AS THEY AGED. DISCUSSION: THIS IS ONE OF FEW STUDIES TO EVALUATE PRETERM INFANT TELOMERE LENGTH. ALTHOUGH OTHER RESEARCHERS HAVE USED RELATIVE TELOMERE LENGTH, WE USED THE MORE ACCURATE ATL. WE FOUND NONSIGNIFICANT SHORTER TELOMERE LENGTHS AMONG MALES. ADDITIONAL LARGE-SCALE, LONGITUDINAL STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO BETTER IDENTIFY THE PREDICTORS OF TELOMERE LENGTH AT THE TIME OF DISCHARGE FROM NICU.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
10  2149  21 EPIGENETIC MARKERS TO PREDICT CONVERSION FROM GESTATIONAL DIABETES TO TYPE 2 DIABETES. CONTEXT: LIFESTYLE FACTORS MEDIATE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT CAN CAUSE CHRONIC DISEASES. ALTHOUGH ANIMAL AND LABORATORY STUDIES LINK EPIGENETIC CHANGES TO DIABETES, EPIGENETIC INFORMATION IN WOMEN WITH GESTATIONAL DIABETES (GDM) AND TYPE 2 DIABETES IS LACKING. OBJECTIVE: THIS STUDY SOUGHT TO MEASURE EPIGENETIC MARKERS ACROSS PREGNANCY AND EARLY POSTPARTUM AND IDENTIFY MARKERS THAT COULD BE USED AS PREDICTORS FOR CONVERSION FROM GDM TO TYPE 2 DIABETES. DESIGN: GLOBAL HISTONE H3 DIMETHYLATION WAS MEASURED IN WHITE BLOOD CELLS AT THREE TIME POINTS: 30 WK GESTATION, 8-10 WK POSTPARTUM, AND 20 WK POSTPARTUM, FROM FOUR GROUPS OF WOMEN WITH AND WITHOUT DIABETES. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A TOTAL OF 39 PARTICIPANTS (SIX TO NINE IN EACH GROUP) WERE RECRUITED INCLUDING: NONDIABETIC WOMEN; WOMEN WITH GDM WHO DEVELOPED POSTPARTUM TYPE 2 DIABETES; WOMEN WITH GDM WITHOUT POSTPARTUM TYPE 2 DIABETES; AND WOMEN WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: PERCENTAGES OF DIMETHYLATION OF H3 HISTONES RELATIVE TO TOTAL H3 HISTONE METHYLATION WERE COMPARED BETWEEN DIABETIC/NONDIABETIC GROUPS USING APPROPRIATE COMPARATIVE STATISTICS. RESULTS: H3K27 DIMETHYLATION WAS 50-60% LOWER AT 8-10 AND 20 WK POSTPARTUM IN WOMEN WITH GDM WHO DEVELOPED TYPE 2 DIABETES, COMPARED WITH NONDIABETIC WOMEN. H3K4 DIMETHYLATION WAS 75% LOWER AT 8-10 WK POSTPARTUM IN WOMEN WITH GDM WHO SUBSEQUENTLY DEVELOPED TYPE 2 DIABETES COMPARED WITH WOMEN WHO HAD GDM WHO DID NOT. CONCLUSIONS: THE PERCENTAGE OF DIMETHYLATION OF HISTONES H3K27 AND H3K4 VARIED WITH DIABETIC STATE AND HAS THE POTENTIAL AS A PREDICTIVE TOOL TO IDENTIFY WOMEN WHO WILL CONVERT FROM GDM TO TYPE 2 DIABETES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
11   649  30 BIRTHWEIGHT, MATERNAL WEIGHT TRAJECTORIES AND GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION OF LINE-1 REPETITIVE ELEMENTS. LOW BIRTHWEIGHT, PREMATURE BIRTH, INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION, AND MATERNAL MALNUTRITION HAVE BEEN RELATED TO AN INCREASED RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, OBESITY, AND NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS LATER IN LIFE. CONVERSELY, HIGH BIRTHWEIGHT HAS BEEN LINKED TO FUTURE RISK OF CANCER. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION ESTIMATED BY THE METHYLATION OF REPETITIVE SEQUENCES IN THE GENOME IS AN INDICATOR OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CHRONIC DISEASES. WE USED DATA AND BIOSPECIMENS FROM AN EPIGENETIC BIRTH COHORT TO EXPLORE THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TRAJECTORIES OF FETAL AND MATERNAL WEIGHT AND LINE-1 METHYLATION IN 319 MOTHER-CHILD DYADS. NEWBORNS WITH LOW OR HIGH BIRTHWEIGHT HAD SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER LINE-1 METHYLATION LEVELS IN THEIR CORD BLOOD COMPARED TO NORMAL WEIGHT INFANTS AFTER ADJUSTING FOR GESTATIONAL AGE, SEX OF THE CHILD, MATERNAL AGE AT DELIVERY, AND MATERNAL SMOKING DURING PREGNANCY (P = 0.007 AND P = 0.036, RESPECTIVELY), BUT THE MAGNITUDE OF THE DIFFERENCE WAS SMALL. INFANTS BORN PREMATURELY ALSO HAD LOWER LINE-1 METHYLATION LEVELS IN CORD BLOOD COMPARED TO TERM INFANTS, AND THIS DIFFERENCE, THOUGH SMALL, WAS STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT (P = 0.004). WE DID NOT FIND IMPORTANT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN MATERNAL PREPREGNANCY BMI OR GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN AND GLOBAL METHYLATION OF THE CORD BLOOD OR FETAL PLACENTAL TISSUE. IN CONCLUSION, WE FOUND SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN CORD BLOOD LINE-1 METHYLATION AMONG NEWBORNS WITH LOW AND HIGH BIRTHWEIGHT AS WELL AS AMONG PREMATURELY BORN INFANTS. FUTURE STUDIES MAY ELUCIDATE WHETHER CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITIES OR OTHER FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF THESE CHANGES CONTRIBUTE TO THE INCREASED RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASES AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH THESE CHARACTERISTICS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
12  2605  28 EPIGENETICS-A POTENTIAL MEDIATOR BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND PRETERM BIRTH. PRETERM BIRTH IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF INFANT MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY AND A POTENTIAL RISK FACTOR FOR ADULT CHRONIC DISEASE. WITH OVER 15 MILLION INFANTS BORN PRETERM WORLDWIDE EACH YEAR, PRETERM BIRTH POSES A GLOBAL HEALTH CONCERN. THERE IS A POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND PRETERM BIRTH, THOUGH STUDIES HAVE BEEN INCONSISTENT, LIKELY DUE TO VARIATION IN STUDY DESIGN. HOW AIR POLLUTION INDUCES HEALTH EFFECTS IS UNCERTAIN; HOWEVER, STUDIES HAVE REPEATEDLY DEMONSTRATED THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. MORE RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETICS MAY, IN TURN, BE LINKED TO PRETERM BIRTH. DISCOVERY OF ENVIRONMENTALLY MODIFIABLE EPIGENETIC PROCESSES CONNECTED TO PRETERM BIRTH MAY HELP TO IDENTIFY WOMEN AT RISK OF PRETERM BIRTH, AND ULTIMATELY LEAD TO DEVELOPMENT OF NEW PRETERM BIRTH PREVENTION MEASURES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
13  3429  29 HUNGRY IN THE WOMB: WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES? LESSONS FROM THE DUTCH FAMINE. AN INCREASING BODY OF EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT POOR NUTRITION AT THE VERY BEGINNING OF LIFE - EVEN BEFORE BIRTH - LEADS TO LARGE AND LONG TERM NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES FOR BOTH MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH. THIS PAPER REVIEWS THE EVIDENCE FROM STUDIES ON THE DUTCH FAMINE, WHICH INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF PRENATAL UNDERNUTRITION ON LATER HEALTH. THE EFFECTS OF FAMINE APPEARED TO DEPEND ON ITS TIMING DURING GESTATION, AND THE ORGANS AND TISSUES UNDERGOING CRITICAL PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT AT THAT TIME. EARLY GESTATION APPEARED TO BE THE MOST VULNERABLE PERIOD. PEOPLE WHO WERE CONCEIVED DURING THE FAMINE WERE AT INCREASED RISK OF SCHIZOPHRENIA AND DEPRESSION, THEY HAD A MORE ATHEROGENIC PLASMA LIPID PROFILE, WERE MORE RESPONSIVE TO STRESS AND HAD A DOUBLED RATE OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE. ALSO, THEY PERFORMED WORSE ON COGNITIVE TASKS WHICH MAY BE A SIGN OF ACCELERATED AGEING. PEOPLE EXPOSED DURING ANY PERIOD OF GESTATION HAD MORE TYPE 2 DIABETES. FUTURE INVESTIGATION WILL EXPAND ON THE FINDING THAT THE EFFECTS OF PRENATAL FAMINE EXPOSURE MAY REACH DOWN ACROSS GENERATIONS, POSSIBLY THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT SIMILAR EFFECTS OF PRENATAL UNDERNUTRITION ARE FOUND IN AFRICA, WHERE MANY ARE UNDERNOURISHED. HUNGER IS A MAJOR PROBLEM WORLDWIDE WITH ONE IN SEVEN INHABITANTS OF THIS PLANET SUFFERING FROM LACK OF FOOD. ADEQUATELY FEEDING WOMEN BEFORE AND DURING PREGNANCY MAY BE A PROMISING STRATEGY IN PREVENTING CHRONIC DISEASES WORLDWIDE.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
14  3452  23 HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY SHARE COMMON CFDNA METHYLATION PROFILES. HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY (HDP) CONTRIBUTE SUBSTANTIALLY TO PERINATAL MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. EPIGENETIC CHANGES POINT TOWARDS CARDIO-METABOLIC DYSREGULATION FOR THESE VASCULAR DISORDERS. IN EARLY PREGNANCY, EPIGENETIC CHANGES USING CELL FREE DNA (CFDNA) ARE LARGELY UNEXPLORED. WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THESE IN HDP BETWEEN 11 AND 14 WEEKS OF GESTATION BY ANALYSIS OF CFDNA METHYLATION PROFILES IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS. WE IDENTIFIED PATIENTS WITHOUT CHRONIC HYPERTENSION BUT WITH SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF PREECLAMPSIA (PE) (N = 11), WITH CHRONIC HYPERTENSION (HT) BUT WITHOUT PE DEVELOPMENT (N = 14), AND LACKING BOTH PE AND HT (N = 422). WE MATCHED PATIENTS ACCORDING TO PE RISK FACTORS INTO THREE GROUPS (N = 5 EACH GROUP): (1) PE: NO HT BUT PE DEVELOPMENT, (2) HT: CHRONIC HYPERTENSION BUT NO PE AND (3) CONTROL: NO PE OR HT. WE SUCCESSFULLY OPTIMIZED OUR CFDNA ISOLATION PROCESS PRIOR TO WHOLE GENOME BISULFITE SEQUENCING. ANALYSIS OF CFDNA METHYLATION CHANGES INDICATE A COMMON PREDISPOSITION IN PE AND HT GROUPS, CHIEFLY OF MATERNAL ORIGIN. ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS AND ANNOTATED GENES POINT TOWARDS A COMMON CARDIOVASCULAR PREDISPOSITION IN PREECLAMPSIA AND HYPERTENSION GROUPS IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER. WE POSTULATE THE PIVOTAL ROLE OF THE MATERNAL CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IN HDP, WHICH IS ALREADY EVIDENT IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
15  3208  38 HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE AS AN EPIGENETIC RISK FACTOR FOR MATERNAL NUTRITION. NUTRITION INDICATORS FOR MALNUTRITION CAN BE SCREENED BY MANY SIGNS SUCH AS STUNTING, UNDERWEIGHT OR OBESITY, MUSCLE WASTING, AND LOW CALORIC AND NUTRIENTS INTAKE. THOSE DEFICIENCIES ARE ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS. ANTHROPOMETRY CAN ASSESS NUTRITIONAL STATUS BY MATERNAL WEIGHT MEASUREMENTS DURING PREGNANCY. HOWEVER, MOST STUDIES HAVE FOCUSED PRIMARILY ON IDENTIFYING CHANGES IN WEIGHT OR BODY MASS INDEX (BMI), AND THEIR EFFECTS ON NEONATAL MEASURES AT PRESENT TIME. WHEREAS HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE (HC) HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH NUTRITION IN THE PAST. WHEN THE MOTHER WAS EXPOSED TO POOR NUTRITION AND UNFAVORABLE SOCIAL CONDITIONS DURING FETAL LIFE, IT WAS HYPOTHESIZED THAT THE INTERGENERATIONAL CYCLE WAS POTENTIALLY MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. TO INVESTIGATE THIS THEORY, MATERNAL HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE (MHC) WAS ASSOCIATED WITH NEONATAL HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE (NHC) IN PREGNANT WOMEN WITHOUT PREEXISTING CHRONIC CONDITIONS, DIFFERENTIATED BY SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS. A MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION MODEL SHOWED THAT EACH 1 CM-INCREASE IN MHC CORRELATED WITH A 0.11 CM INCREASE IN NHC (BETA95% CI 0.07 TO 0.15). NOTWITHSTANDING, ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN MATERNAL AND NEONATAL ANTHROPOMETRICS ACCORDING TO GESTATIONAL AGE AT BIRTH HAVE BEEN EXTENSIVELY EXPLAINED. PATH ANALYSIS SHOWED THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL STATUS AND THE LATENT VARIABLE WAS SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS. A MODEL OF MATERNAL HEIGHT AND HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE WAS TESTED WITH EFFECTS ON NEONATAL HC. THE SOCIAL VARIABLE LACKED SIGNIFICANCE TO PREDICT NEONATAL HC IN THE TOTAL SAMPLE (P = 0.212) AND IN THE SOUTH/SOUTHEAST (P = 0.095), IN CONTRAST TO THE NORTHEAST (P = 0.047). THIS STUDY HIGHLIGHTS THE POTENTIAL INTERGENERATIONAL INFLUENCE OF MATERNAL NUTRITION ON HC, SUGGESTING THAT MATERNAL NUTRITION MAY BE MORE RELEVANT IN FAMILIES WITH MAJOR SOCIAL VULNERABILITY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
16   521  34 ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN MATERNAL PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS, DNA METHYLATION, AND NEWBORN BIRTH WEIGHT IDENTIFIED BY INVESTIGATING METHYLATION AT INDIVIDUAL, REGIONAL, AND GENOME LEVELS. STRESS IS KNOWN TO AFFECT HEALTH THROUGHOUT LIFE AND INTO FUTURE GENERATIONS, BUT THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS ARE UNKNOWN. WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT MATERNAL PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS INFLUENCES DNA METHYLATION (DNAM), WHICH IN TURN IMPACTS NEWBORN HEALTH OUTCOMES. SPECIFICALLY, WE ANALYZED DNAM AT INDIVIDUAL, REGIONAL, AND GENOME-WIDE LEVELS TO TEST FOR ASSOCIATIONS WITH MATERNAL STRESS AND NEWBORN BIRTH WEIGHT. MATERNAL VENOUS BLOOD AND NEWBORN CORD BLOOD (N = 24 AND 22, RESPECTIVELY) WERE ASSAYED FOR METHYLATION AT APPROXIMATELY 450,000 CPG SITES. METHYLATION WAS ANALYZED BY EXAMINING CPG SITES INDIVIDUALLY IN AN EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY (EWAS), AS REGIONAL GROUPS USING VARIABLY METHYLATED REGION (VMR) ANALYSIS IN MATERNAL BLOOD ONLY, AND THROUGH THE EPIGENOME-WIDE MEASURES USING GENOME-WIDE MEAN METHYLATION (GMM), HORVATH'S EPIGENETIC CLOCK, AND MITOTIC AGE. THESE METHYLATION MEASURES WERE TESTED FOR ASSOCIATION WITH THREE MEASURES OF MATERNAL STRESS (MATERNAL WAR TRAUMA, CHRONIC STRESS, AND EXPERIENCE OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE) AND ONE HEALTH OUTCOME (NEWBORN BIRTH WEIGHT). WE OBSERVED THAT MATERNAL EXPERIENCES OF WAR TRAUMA, CHRONIC STRESS, AND SEXUAL ASSAULT WERE EACH ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED NEWBORN BIRTH WEIGHT (P < 1.95 X 10(-7) IN ALL CASES). TESTING INDIVIDUAL CPG SITES USING EWAS, WE OBSERVED NO ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN DNAM AND ANY MEASURE OF MATERNAL STRESS OR NEWBORN BIRTH WEIGHT IN EITHER MATERNAL OR CORD BLOOD, AFTER BONFERRONI MULTIPLE TESTING CORRECTION. HOWEVER, THE TOP-RANKED CPG SITE IN MATERNAL BLOOD THAT ASSOCIATED WITH MATERNAL CHRONIC STRESS AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE BEFORE MULTIPLE TESTING CORRECTION IS LOCATED NEAR THE SPON1 GENE. TESTING AT A REGIONAL LEVEL, WE FOUND INCREASED METHYLATION OF A VMR IN MATERNAL BLOOD NEAR SPON1 THAT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC STRESS AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE AFTER BONFERRONI MULTIPLE TESTING CORRECTION (P = 1.95 X 10(-7) AND 8.3 X 10(-6), RESPECTIVELY). AT THE EPIGENOMIC LEVEL, CORD BLOOD GMM WAS ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER LEVELS OF WAR TRAUMA (P = 0.025) AND WAS SUGGESTIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH SEXUAL VIOLENCE (P = 0.053). THE OTHER TWO EPIGENOME-WIDE MEASURES WERE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH MATERNAL STRESS OR NEWBORN BIRTH WEIGHT IN EITHER TISSUE TYPE. DESPITE OUR SMALL SAMPLE SIZE, WE IDENTIFIED ASSOCIATIONS EVEN AFTER CONSERVATIVE MULTIPLE TESTING CORRECTION. SPECIFICALLY, WE FOUND ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN DNAM AND THE THREE MEASURES OF MATERNAL STRESS ACROSS BOTH TISSUES; SPECIFICALLY, A VMR IN MATERNAL BLOOD AND GMM IN CORD BLOOD WERE BOTH ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT MEASURES OF MATERNAL STRESS. THE ASSOCIATION OF CORD BLOOD GMM, BUT NOT MATERNAL BLOOD GMM, WITH MATERNAL STRESS MAY SUGGEST DIFFERENT RESPONSES TO STRESS IN MOTHER AND NEWBORN. IT IS NOTEWORTHY THAT WE FOUND ASSOCIATIONS ONLY WHEN CPG SITES WERE ANALYZED IN AGGREGATE, EITHER AS VMRS OR AS A BROAD SUMMARY MEASURE OF GMM.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                          
17  4062  36 MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICES AND AN INTEGRATED, LIFE-CYCLE APPROACH TO THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. DESCRIBED AS THE 'INVISIBLE EPIDEMIC', NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) ARE THE WORLD'S LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH. MOST ARE CAUSED BY PREVENTABLE FACTORS, INCLUDING POOR DIET, TOBACCO USE, HARMFUL USE OF ALCOHOL AND PHYSICAL INACTIVITY. DIABETES, CANCER AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR 38 MILLION (68%) OF GLOBAL DEATHS IN 2012. SINCE 1990, PROPORTIONATE NCD MORTALITY HAS INCREASED SUBSTANTIALLY AS POPULATIONS HAVE AGED AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASES DECLINE. THE MAJORITY OF NCD DEATHS, ESPECIALLY PREMATURE NCD DEATHS (<70 YEARS, 82%), OCCUR IN LOW-INCOME AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, AND AMONG POOR COMMUNITIES WITHIN THEM. ADDRESSING NCDS IS RECOGNISED AS CENTRAL TO THE POST-2015 AGENDA; ACCORDINGLY, NCDS HAVE A SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE AND TARGET IN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS. WHILE DEATHS FROM NCDS OCCUR MAINLY IN ADULTHOOD, MANY HAVE THEIR ORIGINS IN EARLY LIFE, INCLUDING THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OPERATING BEFORE CONCEPTION. GOOD NUTRITION BEFORE CONCEPTION AND INTERVENTIONS AIMED AT PREVENTING NCDS DURING THE FIRST 1000 DAYS (FROM CONCEPTION TO AGE 2 YEARS), CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE MAY BE MORE COST-EFFECTIVE THAN MANAGING ESTABLISHED NCDS IN LATER LIFE WITH COSTLY TESTS AND DRUGS. FOLLOWING A LIFE-COURSE APPROACH, MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, BEFORE DELIVERY AND DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE, CAN PREVENT NCDS AND SHOULD INFLUENCE GLOBAL HEALTH AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES HOW SUCH AN APPROACH MAY BE PURSUED, INCLUDING THROUGH THE ENGAGEMENT OF NON-HEALTH SECTORS. IT ALSO EMPHASISES EVALUATING AND DOCUMENTING RELATED INITIATIVES TO UNDERWRITE SYSTEMATIC AND EVIDENCE-BASED CROSS-SECTORAL ENGAGEMENT ON NCD PREVENTION IN THE FUTURE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
18   520  29 ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN MATERNAL PRENATAL STRESS, METHYLATION CHANGES IN IGF1 AND IGF2, AND BIRTH WEIGHT. MATERNAL STRESS HAS BEEN LINKED TO LOW BIRTH WEIGHT IN NEWBORNS. ONE POTENTIAL PATHWAY INVOLVES EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT CANDIDATE GENES THAT MAY MEDIATE THE EFFECTS OF PRENATAL MATERNAL STRESS ON BIRTH WEIGHT. THIS RELATIONSHIP HAS BEEN DOCUMENTED IN STRESS-RELATED GENES, SUCH AS NR3C1. THERE IS LESS LITERATURE EXPLORING THE EFFECT OF STRESS ON GROWTH-RELATED GENES. IGF1 AND IGF2 HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN FETAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, THOUGH VIA DIFFERENT MECHANISMS AS IGF2 IS UNDER IMPRINTING CONTROL. IN THIS STUDY, WE TESTED FOR ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PRENATAL STRESS, METHYLATION OF IGF1 AND IGF2, AND BIRTH WEIGHT. A TOTAL OF 24 MOTHER-NEWBORN DYADS IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO WERE ENROLLED. ETHNOGRAPHIC INTERVIEWS WERE CONDUCTED WITH MOTHERS AT DELIVERY TO GATHER CULTURALLY RELEVANT WAR-RELATED AND CHRONIC STRESSORS. DNA METHYLATION DATA WERE GENERATED FROM MATERNAL VENOUS, CORD BLOOD AND PLACENTAL TISSUE SAMPLES. MULTIVARIATE REGRESSIONS WERE USED TO TEST FOR ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN STRESS MEASURES, DNA METHYLATION AND BIRTH WEIGHT IN EACH OF THE THREE TISSUE TYPES. WE FOUND AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN IGF2 METHYLATION IN MATERNAL BLOOD AND BIRTH WEIGHT. PREVIOUS LITERATURE ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IGF2 METHYLATION AND BIRTH WEIGHT HAS FOCUSED ON METHYLATION AT KNOWN DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS IN CORD BLOOD OR PLACENTAL SAMPLES. OUR FINDINGS INDICATE THERE MAY BE LINKS BETWEEN THE MATERNAL EPIGENOME AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT THAT RELY ON MECHANISMS OUTSIDE KNOWN IMPRINTING PATHWAYS. IT THUS MAY BE IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER THE EFFECT OF MATERNAL EXPOSURES AND EPIGENETIC PROFILES ON BIRTH WEIGHT EVEN IN THE SETTING OF MATERNALLY IMPRINTED GENES SUCH AS IGF2.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
19  5179  33 PREGNANCY: AN UNDERUTILIZED WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY TO IMPROVE LONG-TERM MATERNAL AND INFANT HEALTH-AN APPEAL FOR CONTINUOUS FAMILY CARE AND INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION. PHYSIOLOGIC ADAPTATIONS DURING PREGNANCY UNMASK A WOMAN'S PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASES. COMPLICATIONS ARE INCREASINGLY PREDICTED BY FIRST-TRIMESTER ALGORITHMS, AMPLIFY A PRE-EXISTING MATERNAL PHENOTYPE AND ACCELERATE RISKS FOR CHRONIC DISEASES IN THE OFFSPRING UP TO ADULTHOOD (BARKER HYPOTHESIS). RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT VICE VERSA, PREGNANCY DISEASES ALSO INDICATE MATERNAL AND EVEN GRANDPARENT'S RISKS FOR CHRONIC DISEASES (REVERSE BARKER HYPOTHESIS). PUB-MED AND EMBASE WERE REVIEWED FOR MESH TERMS "FETAL PROGRAMMING" AND "PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS COMBINED WITH MATERNAL DISEASE" UNTIL JANUARY 2017. STUDIES LINKING PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS TO FUTURE CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, AND THROMBOTIC RISKS FOR MOTHER AND OFFSPRING WERE REVIEWED. WOMEN WITH A HISTORY OF MISCARRIAGE, FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION, PREECLAMPSIA, PRETERM DELIVERY, OBESITY, EXCESSIVE GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN, GESTATIONAL DIABETES, SUBFERTILITY, AND THROMBOPHILIA MORE FREQUENTLY DEMONSTRATE WITH ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ABNORMALITIES, HIGHER FASTING INSULIN, DEVIATING LIPIDS OR CLOTTING FACTORS AND SHOW DEFECTIVE ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION. THROMBOPHILIA HINTS TO THROMBOTIC RISKS IN LATER LIFE. PREGNANCY ABNORMALITIES CORRELATE WITH FUTURE CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC COMPLICATIONS AND EARLIER MORTALITY. CONVERSELY, WOMEN WITH A NORMAL PREGNANCY HAVE LOWER RATES OF SUBSEQUENT DISEASES THAN THE GENERAL FEMALE POPULATION CREATING THE TERM: "PREGNANCY AS A WINDOW FOR FUTURE HEALTH." ALTHOUGH THE PLACENTA WORKS AS A GATEKEEPER, MANY PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS MAY LEAD TO SICKNESS AND EARLIER DEATH IN LATER LIFE WHEN THE CHILD BECOMES AN ADULT. THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND THE MISMATCH BETWEEN PRE- AND POSTNATAL LIFE HAVE CREATED THE TERM "FETAL ORIGIN OF ADULT DISEASE." UP TO NOW, THE IMPACT OF CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, OR THROMBOTIC RISK PROFILES HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED SEPARATELY FOR MOTHER AND CHILD. IN THIS MANUSCRIPT, WE STRIVE TO ILLUSTRATE THE CONSEQUENCES FOR BOTH, FETUS AND MOTHER WITHIN A COHESIVE PERSPECTIVE AND THUS TRY TO DEMONSTRATE THE COMPLEX INTERRELATIONSHIP OF GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS FOR LONG-TERM HEALTH OF SOCIETIES AND FUTURE GENERATIONS. MATERNAL-FETAL MEDICINE SPECIALISTS SHOULD HAVE A KEY ROLE IN THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES BY IMPLEMENTING A FRAMEWORK FOR PATIENT CONSULTATION AND INTERDISCIPLINARY NETWORKS. HEALTH-CARE PROVIDERS AND POLICY MAKERS SHOULD INCREASINGLY INVEST IN A STRATIFIED PRIMARY PREVENTION AND FOLLOW-UP TO REDUCE THE INCREASING NUMBER OF MANIFEST CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASES AND TO PREVENT WASTE OF HEALTH-CARE RESOURCES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
20  4214  36 METHIONINE METABOLISM IN YUCATAN MINIATURE SWINE. METHIONINE IS AN ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID WHICH WHEN NOT INCORPORATED INTO PROTEIN, CAN BE CONVERTED TO S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE, THE UNIVERSAL METHYL DONOR IN OVER 200 TRANSMETHYLATION REACTIONS, WHICH INCLUDE CREATINE AND PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE (PC) SYNTHESIS, AS WELL AS DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) METHYLATION. FOLLOWING TRANSMETHYLATION, HOMOCYSTEINE IS FORMED, WHICH CAN BE CONVERTED TO CYSTEINE VIA TRANSSULFURATION OR REMETHYLATED TO METHIONINE BY RECEIVING A METHYL GROUP FROM FOLATE OR BETAINE. CHANGES TO METHYL GROUP AVAILABILITY IN UTERO CAN LEAD TO PERMANENT CHANGES IN EPIGENETIC PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION, WHICH HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN "FETAL PROGRAMMING", A PHENOMENON ASSOCIATED WITH POOR NUTRITION DURING FETAL DEVELOPMENT THAT RESULTS IN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AND DISEASE IN LATER LIFE. IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT PROGRAMMING CAN ALSO OCCUR IN THE NEONATE. OUR GLOBAL OBJECTIVE WAS TO UNDERSTAND HOW THE VARIABILITY OF NUTRIENTS INVOLVED IN METHIONINE METABOLISM CAN AFFECT METHIONINE AND METHYL GROUP AVAILABILITY. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT NUTRIENTS THAT CONVERGE ON METHIONINE METABOLISM CAN AFFECT METHIONINE AVAILABILITY FOR ITS VARIOUS FUNCTIONS. IN THIS THESIS, WE USED INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTED (IUGR) PIGLETS TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER A GLOBAL NUTRITIONAL INSULT IN UTERO CAN LEAD TO A PERTURBED METHIONINE METABOLISM. OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT IUGR PIGLETS HAVE A LOWER CAPACITY TO DISPOSE OF HOMOCYSTEINE VIA BOTH TRANSSULFURATION AND REMETHYLATION PATHWAYS, AS WELL AS A LOWER INCORPORATION OF METHYL GROUPS INTO PC. THE SECOND OBJECTIVE OF THIS THESIS WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER VARIATION IN METHIONINE SUPPLY AND DEMAND CAN AFFECT METHIONINE AVAILABILITY. WE DEMONSTRATED THAT STIMULATING EITHER ACUTE OR CHRONIC CREATINE SYNTHESIS LEADS TO LOWER METHYL INCORPORATION INTO PROTEIN AND PC IN PIGS. FURTHERMORE, WHEN METHIONINE IS LIMITING, SUPPLEMENTATION WITH EITHER FOLATE OR BETAINE LEADS TO HIGHER METHIONINE AVAILABILITY FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. FINALLY, BECAUSE CREATINE IS INCREASINGLY BEING UTILIZED AS AN ERGOGENIC AND NEUROPROTECTIVE SUPPLEMENT, WE WANTED TO DETERMINE WHETHER PROVISION OF THE CREATINE PRECURSOR, GUANIDINOACETATE (GAA), COULD EFFECTIVELY INCREASE TISSUE CREATINE STORES. WE SHOWED THAT 2.5 WEEKS OF SUPPLEMENTATION WITH GAA IS MORE EFFECTIVE THAN CREATINE AT INCREASING HEPATIC AND MUSCLE CREATINE STORES. THE RESULTS OF THIS THESIS DEMONSTRATE THAT THE PRESENCE OF IUGR, AN INCREASED DEMAND FOR CREATINE SYNTHESIS, OR THE SUPPLEMENTATION WITH REMETHYLATION NUTRIENTS CAN EACH AFFECT METHIONINE AVAILABILITY; ALL ARE IMPORTANT WHEN CONSIDERING NEONATAL NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS. FURTHERMORE, ALTHOUGH GAA IS EFFECTIVE AT INCREASING LEVELS OF TISSUE CREATINE, HIGHER GAA METHYLATION CAN LIMIT METHIONINE AVAILABILITY FOR GROWTH AND SYNTHESIS OF PC.	2016