1  3340 144 HISTONE DEACETYLASE MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION REDUCES PROVIRAL LOADS IN HTLV-1 ASSOCIATED MYELOPATHY/TROPICAL SPASTIC PARAPARESIS PATIENTS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF CHROMATIN MAY PLAY A ROLE IN MAINTAINING VIRAL LATENCY AND THUS PERSISTENCE OF THE HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS TYPE 1 (HTLV-1), WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR HTLV-ASSOCIATED MYELOPATHY/TROPICAL SPASTIC PARAPARESIS (HAM/TSP). A MAJOR DETERMINANT OF DISEASE PROGRESSION IS INCREASED PERIPHERAL BLOOD PROVIRAL LOAD (PVL), POSSIBLY VIA THE ACCUMULATION OF INFECTED CELLS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) CREATING A DAMAGING INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE. CURRENT THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES THAT FOCUS ON REDUCING EITHER CELL PROLIFERATION, VIRAL REPLICATION, OR TISSUE INVASION ARE STILL UNSATISFACTORY. CONTRASTING WITH THESE INHIBITORY STRATEGIES, WE EVALUATED THE EFFICACY OF A NOVEL APPROACH AIMED, PARADOXICALLY, AT ACTIVATING VIRAL GENE EXPRESSION TO EXPOSE VIRUS-POSITIVE CELLS TO THE HOST IMMUNE RESPONSE. WE USED VALPROATE (VPA), A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR THAT HAS BEEN USED FOR DECADES AS A CHRONIC, SAFE TREATMENT FOR EPILEPTIC DISORDERS. BASED ON IN VITRO AND IN VIVO DATA, WE PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT TRANSIENT ACTIVATION OF THE LATENT VIRAL RESERVOIR CAUSES ITS COLLAPSE, A PROCESS THAT MAY ALLEVIATE THE CONDITION OF HAM/TSP. THIS REPRESENTS THE FIRST SUCH APPROACH TO TREATING HAM/TSP, USING GENE ACTIVATION THERAPY TO TILT THE HOST-PATHOGEN BALANCE IN FAVOR OF AN EXISTING ANTIVIRAL RESPONSE. THIS TRIAL IS REGISTERED AT HTTP://CLINICALTRIALS.GOV/AS NO. NCT00519181.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
2  3113  45 GERMINAL EPIMUTATION OF FRAGILE HISTIDINE TRIAD (FHIT) GENE IS ASSOCIATED WITH PROGRESSION TO ACUTE AND CHRONIC ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA DISEASES. BACKGROUND: HUMAN T CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS TYPE 1 (HTLV-I) IS ETIOLOGICALLY LINKED TO ADULT T CELL LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA (ATL) AND AN INFLAMMATORY NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE CALLED HTLV-I-ASSOCIATED MYELOPATHY OR TROPICAL SPASTIC PARAPARESIS (HAM/TSP). THE EXACT GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC EVENTS AND/OR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATL, OR HAM/TSP DISEASES ARE LARGELY UNKNOWN. THE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE, FRAGILE HISTIDINE TRIAD DIADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE (FHIT), IS FREQUENTLY LOST IN CANCER THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND/OR DELETION. FHIT IS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR ACTING AS GENOME CARETAKER BY REGULATING CELLULAR DNA REPAIR. INDEED, FHIT LOSS LEADS TO REPLICATIVE STRESS AND ACCUMULATION OF DOUBLE DNA STRAND BREAKS. THEREFORE, LOSS OF FHIT EXPRESSION PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN CELLULAR TRANSFORMATION. METHODS: HERE, WE STUDIED OVER 400 SAMPLES FROM HTLV-I-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS WITH ATL, TSP/HAM, OR ASYMPTOMATIC CARRIERS (AC) FOR FHIT LOSS AND EXPRESSION. WE EXAMINED THE EPIGENETIC STATUS OF FHIT THROUGH METHYLATION SPECIFIC PCR AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING; AND CORRELATED THESE RESULTS TO FHIT EXPRESSION IN PATIENT SAMPLES. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF FHIT IS SPECIFICALLY FOUND IN CHRONIC AND ACUTE ATL BUT IS ABSENT IN ASYMPTOMATIC HTLV-I CARRIERS AND TSP/HAM PATIENTS' SAMPLES. FURTHERMORE, THE EXTENT OF FHIT METHYLATION IN ATL PATIENTS WAS QUANTITATIVELY COMPARABLE IN VIRUS-INFECTED AND VIRUS NON-INFECTED CELLS. WE ALSO FOUND THAT LONGITUDINAL HTLV-I CARRIERS THAT PROGRESSED TO SMOLDERING ATL AND DESCENDANTS OF ATL PATIENTS HARBOR FHIT METHYLATION. CONCLUSIONS: THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT GERMINAL EPIGENETIC MUTATION OF FHIT REPRESENTS A PREEXISTING MARK PREDISPOSING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATL DISEASES. THESE FINDINGS HAVE IMPORTANT CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS AS PATIENTS WITH ACUTE ATL ARE RARELY CURED. OUR STUDY SUGGESTS AN ALTERNATIVE STRATEGY TO THE CURRENT "WAIT AND SEE APPROACH" IN THAT EARLY SCREENING OF HTLV-I-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS FOR GERMINAL EPIMUTATION OF FHIT AND EARLY TREATMENT MAY OFFER SIGNIFICANT CLINICAL BENEFITS.	2021	

3  6523  48 TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC REGULATORY MECHANISMS AFFECTING HTLV-1 PROVIRUS. HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS TYPE 1 (HTLV-1) IS A RETROVIRUS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN DISEASES, SUCH AS ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA (ATL) AND HTLV-1-ASSOCIATED MYELOPATHY/TROPIC SPASTIC PARAPARESIS (HAM/TSP). AS A RETROVIRUS, ITS LIFE CYCLE INCLUDES A STEP WHERE HTLV-1 IS INTEGRATED INTO THE HOST GENOMIC DNA AND FORMS PROVIRAL DNA. IN THE CHRONIC PHASE OF THE INFECTION, HTLV?1 IS KNOWN TO PROLIFERATE AS A PROVIRUS VIA THE MITOTIC DIVISION OF THE INFECTED HOST CELLS. THERE ARE GENERALLY TENS OF THOUSANDS OF INFECTED CLONES WITHIN AN INFECTED INDIVIDUAL. THEY EXIST NOT ONLY IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD, BUT ALSO IN VARIOUS LYMPHOID ORGANS. VIRAL PROTEINS ENCODED IN HTLV-1 GENOME PLAY A ROLE IN THE PROLIFERATION AND SURVIVAL OF THE INFECTED CELLS. AS IS THE CASE WITH OTHER CHRONIC VIRAL INFECTIONS, HTLV-1 GENE EXPRESSION INDUCES THE ACTIVATION OF THE HOST IMMUNITY AGAINST THE VIRUS. THUS, THE TRANSCRIPTION FROM HTLV-1 PROVIRUS NEEDS TO BE CONTROLLED IN ORDER TO EVADE THE HOST IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE. THERE SHOULD BE A DYNAMIC AND COMPLEX REGULATION IN VIVO, WHERE AN EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN VIRAL ANTIGEN EXPRESSION AND HOST IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE IS ACHIEVED. THE MECHANISMS REGULATING VIRAL GENE EXPRESSION FROM THE PROVIRUS ARE A KEY TO UNDERSTANDING THE PERSISTENT/LATENT INFECTION WITH HTLV-1 AND ITS PATHOGENESIS. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE WOULD LIKE TO REVIEW OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING ON THIS TOPIC.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
4  6789  31 [CURRENT STATUS OF ATL RESEARCH: EFFORTS FOR PREVENTION AND PRECISION MEDICINE FOR ATL]. THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW AGENTS AND HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION INTO THE TREATMENT OF ATL HAS ACTIVATED ITS CLINICAL RESEARCH. HOWEVER, THE PROGNOSIS OF ATL REMAINS POOR COMPARED WITH THOSE OF OTHER LEUKEMIAS AND LYMPHOMAS. THUS, SEEMINGLY WE HAVE TO RECONSIDER A NEW STRATEGY OF ATL THERAPY BASED ON ITS UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS. HTLV-1 INFECTION OF T CELLS RESULTS IN CLONAL PROLIFERATION OF INFECTED CELLS THAT ACCUMULATE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES BEFORE THE ONSET OF ATL. THEREFORE, THE TREATMENT STRATEGY SHOULD INCLUDE THE PREVENTION OF HTLV-1 INFECTION AND ATL DEVELOPMENT IN ADDITION TO PRECISION MEDICINE BASED ON THE STRATIFICATION OF ATL CASES BY BIOMARKERS THAT DISCRIMINATE CLINICAL STAGES OF ATL. I SUMMARIZE HERE THE RECENT PROGRESS IN ATL RESEARCH FOCUSING ON THE BIOMOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES THAT LEAD TO CLONAL EXPANSION AND MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF HTLV-1-INFECTED T CELLS. APPARENTLY, ONE OF THE BASES FOR THE PREVENTION OF ATL IS TO ESTABLISH A DISEASE ENTITY OF "CHRONIC ACTIVE HTLV-1 INFECTION" THAT DEFINES HIGH-RISK CARRIERS FOR ATL DEVELOPMENT AND ENABLES PREVENTIVE INTERVENTION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
5   787  27 CELLS OF ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA EVADE HTLV-1 TAX/NF-KAPPAB HYPERACTIVATION-INDUCED SENESCENCE. HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS TYPE 1 (HTLV-1) IS THE ETIOLOGICAL AGENT OF ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA (ATL). THE HTLV-1 VIRAL TRANS-ACTIVATOR/ONCOPROTEIN TAX IS A MAJOR DRIVER OF ATL, YET IT INDUCES RAPID P21(CIP1/WAF1) (P21)- AND P27(KIP1)-MEDIATED CELLULAR SENESCENCE THROUGH CONSTITUTIVE ACTIVATION (HYPERACTIVATION) OF NF-KAPPAB. ALTHOUGH CONSTITUTIVE NF-KAPPAB ACTIVATION IS A COMMON FEATURE OF T/B-CELL LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA, INCLUDING ATL, IT IS NOT KNOWN HOW ATL CELLS MAINTAIN CHRONIC NF-KAPPAB ACTIVATION WITHOUT UNDERGOING SENESCENCE. HERE, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT, IN CONTRAST TO HTLV-1(-) T-CELL LINES, ATL CELL LINES NO LONGER UNDERGO TAX-INDUCED SENESCENCE. ALTHOUGH TAX(+) AND TAX(-) ATL CELL LINES SHOWED SIGNATURES OF CONSTITUTIVE NF-KAPPAB ACTIVATION, THEIR ABILITY TO PROGRESS THROUGH THE CELL CYCLE WAS UNAFFECTED. IN SOME CASES, ATL CELL LINES CONTINUED TO PROLIFERATE DESPITE SIGNIFICANT UPREGULATION OF P21; ADDITIONALLY, MANY CELL LINES DISPLAYED ALTERED EXPRESSION OF G1 AND G1/S CYCLINS, PARTICULARLY OVEREXPRESSION OF CYCLIN D2. WE PROPOSE THAT, DURING THE COURSE OF ATL DEVELOPMENT, LEUKEMIA CELLS ACQUIRE GENETIC/EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT CAN MITIGATE THE SENESCENCE RESPONSE TRIGGERED BY NF-KAPPAB HYPERACTIVATION. RESTORING THE NF-KAPPAB-INDUCED SENESCENCE RESPONSE WOULD LIKELY HELP TO CONTROL THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF ATL AND SIMILAR LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
6  4760  45 NOVEL TREATMENTS OF ADULT T CELL LEUKEMIA LYMPHOMA. ADULT T CELL LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA (ATL) IS AN AGGRESSIVE MALIGNANCY SECONDARY TO CHRONIC INFECTION WITH THE HUMAN T CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS TYPE I (HTLV-I) RETROVIRUS. ATL CARRIES A DISMAL PROGNOSIS. ATL CLASSIFIES INTO FOUR SUBTYPES (ACUTE, LYMPHOMA, CHRONIC, AND SMOLDERING) WHICH DISPLAY DIFFERENT CLINICAL FEATURES, PROGNOSIS AND RESPONSE TO THERAPY, HENCE REQUIRING DIFFERENT CLINICAL MANAGEMENT. SMOLDERING AND CHRONIC SUBTYPES RESPOND WELL TO ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY USING THE COMBINATION OF ZIDOVUDINE (AZT) AND INTERFERON-ALPHA (IFN) WITH A SIGNIFICANT PROLONGATION OF SURVIVAL. CONVERSELY, THE WATCH AND WAIT STRATEGY OR CHEMOTHERAPY FOR THESE INDOLENT SUBTYPES ALLIES WITH A POOR LONG-TERM OUTCOME. ACUTE ATL IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHEMO-RESISTANCE AND DISMAL PROGNOSIS. LYMPHOMA SUBTYPES RESPOND BETTER TO INTENSIVE CHEMOTHERAPY BUT SURVIVAL REMAINS POOR. ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION (HSCT) RESULTS IN LONG-TERM SURVIVAL IN ROUGHLY ONE THIRD OF TRANSPLANTED PATIENTS BUT ONLY A SMALL PERCENTAGE OF PATIENTS CAN MAKE IT TO TRANSPLANT. OVERALL, CURRENT TREATMENTS OF AGGRESSIVE ATL ARE NOT SATISFACTORY. PROGNOSIS OF REFRACTORY OR RELAPSED PATIENTS IS DISMAL WITH SOME ENCOURAGING RESULTS WHEN USING LENALIDOMIDE OR MOGAMULIZUMAB. TO OVERCOME RESISTANCE AND PREVENT RELAPSE, PRECLINICAL OR PILOT CLINICAL STUDIES USING TARGETED THERAPIES SUCH AS ARSENIC/IFN, MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES, EPIGENETIC THERAPIES ARE PROMISING BUT WARRANT FURTHER CLINICAL INVESTIGATION. ANTI-ATL VACCINES INCLUDING TAX PEPTIDE-PULSED DENDRITIC CELLS, INDUCED TAX-SPECIFIC CTL RESPONSES IN ATL PATIENTS. FINALLY, BASED ON THE PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ATL, AND THE RISK-ADAPTED TREATMENT APPROACHES TO DIFFERENT ATL SUBTYPES, TREATMENT STRATEGIES OF ATL SHOULD TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE HOST IMMUNE RESPONSES AND THE HOST MICROENVIRONMENT INCLUDING HTLV-1 INFECTED NON-MALIGNANT CELLS. HEREIN, WE WILL PROVIDE A SUMMARY OF NOVEL TREATMENTS OF ATL IN VITRO, IN VIVO, AND IN EARLY CLINICAL TRIALS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                    
7  6590  37 TUMOR SUPPRESSOR INACTIVATION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA. TUMOR SUPPRESSOR FUNCTIONS ARE ESSENTIAL TO CONTROL CELLULAR PROLIFERATION, TO ACTIVATE THE APOPTOSIS OR SENESCENCE PATHWAY TO ELIMINATE UNWANTED CELLS, TO LINK DNA DAMAGE SIGNALS TO CELL CYCLE ARREST CHECKPOINTS, TO ACTIVATE APPROPRIATE DNA REPAIR PATHWAYS, AND TO PREVENT THE LOSS OF ADHESION TO INHIBIT INITIATION OF METASTASES. THEREFORE, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES ARE INDISPENSABLE TO MAINTAINING GENETIC AND GENOMIC INTEGRITY. CONSEQUENTLY, INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSORS BY SOMATIC MUTATIONS OR EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IS FREQUENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH TUMOR INITIATION AND DEVELOPMENT. IN CONTRAST, REACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR FUNCTIONS CAN EFFECTIVELY REVERSE THE TRANSFORMED PHENOTYPE AND LEAD TO CELL CYCLE ARREST OR DEATH OF CANCEROUS CELLS AND BE USED AS A THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY. ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA (ATLL) IS AN AGGRESSIVE LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH INFECTION OF CD4 T CELLS BY THE HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS TYPE 1 (HTLV-I). HTLV-I-ASSOCIATED T-CELL TRANSFORMATION IS THE RESULT OF A MULTISTEP ONCOGENIC PROCESS IN WHICH THE VIRUS INITIALLY INDUCES CHRONIC T-CELL PROLIFERATION AND ALTERS CELLULAR PATHWAYS RESULTING IN THE ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC DEFECTS AND THE DEREGULATED GROWTH OF VIRALLY INFECTED CELLS. THIS REVIEW WILL FOCUS ON THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATING THE INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSORS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF HTLV-I.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
8  5245  31 PROGNOSTIC RELEVANCE OF INTEGRATED GENETIC PROFILING IN ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA. ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA (ATL) IS A HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF PERIPHERAL T-CELL MALIGNANCIES CHARACTERIZED BY HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS TYPE-1 INFECTION, WHOSE GENETIC PROFILE HAS RECENTLY BEEN FULLY INVESTIGATED. HOWEVER, IT IS STILL POORLY UNDERSTOOD HOW THESE ALTERATIONS AFFECT CLINICAL FEATURES AND PROGNOSIS. WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF GENETIC ALTERATIONS COMMONLY FOUND IN ATL ON DISEASE PHENOTYPES AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES, BASED ON GENOTYPING DATA OBTAINED FROM 414 AND 463 ATL PATIENTS USING TARGETED-CAPTURE SEQUENCING AND SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM ARRAY KARYOTYPING, RESPECTIVELY. AGGRESSIVE (ACUTE/LYMPHOMA) SUBTYPES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED BURDEN OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, HIGHER FREQUENCIES OF TP53 AND IRF4 MUTATIONS, AND MANY COPY NUMBER ALTERATIONS (CNAS), INCLUDING PD-L1 AMPLIFICATIONS AND CDKN2A DELETIONS, COMPARED WITH INDOLENT (CHRONIC/SMOLDERING) SUBTYPES. BY CONTRAST, STAT3 MUTATIONS WERE MORE CHARACTERISTIC OF INDOLENT ATL. HIGHER NUMBERS OF SOMATIC MUTATIONS AND CNAS SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH WORSE SURVIVAL. IN A MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS INCORPORATING BOTH CLINICAL FACTORS AND GENETIC ALTERATIONS, THE JAPAN CLINICAL ONCOLOGY GROUP PROGNOSTIC INDEX HIGH-RISK, OLDER AGE, PRKCB MUTATIONS, AND PD-L1 AMPLIFICATIONS WERE INDEPENDENT POOR PROGNOSTIC FACTORS IN AGGRESSIVE ATL. IN INDOLENT ATL, IRF4 MUTATIONS, PD-L1 AMPLIFICATIONS, AND CDKN2A DELETIONS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH SHORTER SURVIVAL, ALTHOUGH THE CHRONIC SUBTYPE WITH UNFAVORABLE CLINICAL FACTORS WAS ONLY MARGINALLY SIGNIFICANT. THUS, SOMATIC ALTERATIONS CHARACTERIZING AGGRESSIVE DISEASES PREDICT WORSE PROGNOSIS IN INDOLENT ATL, AMONG WHICH PD-L1 AMPLIFICATIONS ARE A STRONG GENETIC PREDICTOR IN BOTH AGGRESSIVE AND INDOLENT ATL. ATL SUBTYPES ARE FURTHER CLASSIFIED INTO MOLECULARLY DISTINCT SUBSETS WITH DIFFERENT PROGNOSIS. GENETIC PROFILING MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO IMPROVED PROGNOSTICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ATL PATIENTS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                 
9  3373  32 HISTONE MODULATION BLOCKS TREG-INDUCED FOXP3 BINDING TO THE IL-2 PROMOTER OF VIRUS-SPECIFIC CD8(+) T CELLS FROM FELINE IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS-INFECTED CATS. CD8(+) T CELLS ARE CRITICAL FOR CONTROLLING HIV INFECTION. DURING THE CHRONIC PHASE OF LENTIVIRAL INFECTION, CD8(+) T CELLS LOSE THEIR PROLIFERATIVE CAPACITY AND EXHIBIT IMPAIRED ANTIVIRAL FUNCTION. THIS LOSS OF CD8(+) T CELL FUNCTION IS DUE, IN PART, TO CD4(+)CD25(+) T REGULATORY (TREG) CELL-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION. OUR RESEARCH GROUP HAS DEMONSTRATED THAT LENTIVIRUS-ACTIVATED CD4(+)CD25(+) TREG CELLS INDUCE THE REPRESSIVE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FORKHEAD BOX P3 (FOXP3) IN AUTOLOGOUS CD8(+) T CELLS FOLLOWING CO-CULTURE. WE HAVE RECENTLY REPORTED THAT TREG-INDUCED FOXP3 BINDS THE INTERLEUKIN-2 (IL-2), INTERFERON-GAMMA (IFN- GAMMA), AND TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA) PROMOTERS IN VIRUS-SPECIFIC CD8(+) T CELLS. THESE DATA SUGGEST AN IMPORTANT ROLE OF FOXP3-MEDIATED CD8(+) T CELL DYSFUNCTION IN LENTIVIRAL INFECTION. TO ELUCIDATE THE MECHANISM OF THIS SUPPRESSION, WE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED THAT DECREASED METHYLATION FACILITATES FOXP3 BINDING IN MITOGEN-ACTIVATED CD8(+) T CELLS FROM FELINE IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (FIV)-INFECTED CATS. WE DEMONSTRATED THE REDUCED BINDING OF FOXP3 TO THE IL-2 PROMOTER BY INCREASING METHYLATION OF CD8(+) T CELLS. IN THE STUDIES PRESENTED HERE, WE ASK IF ANOTHER FORM OF EPIGENETIC MODULATION MIGHT ALLEVIATE FOXP3-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION IN CD8(+) T CELLS. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT DECREASING HISTONE ACETYLATION IN VIRUS-SPECIFIC CD8(+) T CELLS WOULD DECREASE TREG-INDUCED FOXP3 BINDING TO THE IL-2 PROMOTER. INDEED, USING ANACARDIC ACID (AA), A KNOWN HISTONE ACETYL TRANSFERASE (HAT) INHIBITOR, WE DEMONSTRATE A REDUCTION IN FOXP3 BINDING TO THE IL-2 PROMOTER IN VIRUS-SPECIFIC CD8(+) T CELLS CO-CULTURED WITH AUTOLOGOUS TREG CELLS. THESE DATA IDENTIFY A NOVEL MECHANISM OF FOXP3-MEDIATED CD8(+) T CELL DYSFUNCTION DURING LENTIVIRAL INFECTION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
10  4241  47 METHYLATION REGULATION OF ANTIVIRAL HOST FACTORS, INTERFERON STIMULATED GENES (ISGS) AND T-CELL RESPONSES ASSOCIATED WITH NATURAL HIV CONTROL. GWAS, IMMUNE ANALYSES AND BIOMARKER SCREENINGS HAVE IDENTIFIED HOST FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH IN VIVO HIV-1 CONTROL. HOWEVER, THERE IS A GAP IN THE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE MECHANISMS THAT REGULATE THE EXPRESSION OF SUCH HOST FACTORS. HERE, WE AIMED TO ASSESS DNA METHYLATION IMPACT ON HOST GENOME IN NATURAL HIV-1 CONTROL. TO THIS END, WHOLE DNA METHYLOME IN 70 UNTREATED HIV-1 INFECTED INDIVIDUALS WITH EITHER HIGH (>50,000 HIV-1-RNA COPIES/ML, N = 29) OR LOW (<10,000 HIV-1-RNA COPIES/ML, N = 41) PLASMA VIRAL LOAD (PVL) LEVELS WERE COMPARED AND IDENTIFIED 2,649 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED POSITIONS (DMPS). OF THESE, A CLASSIFICATION RANDOM FOREST MODEL SELECTED 55 DMPS THAT CORRELATED WITH VIROLOGIC (PVL AND PROVIRAL LEVELS) AND HIV-1 SPECIFIC ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY PARAMETERS (IFNG-T CELL RESPONSES AND NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES CAPACITY). THEN, CLUSTER AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES IDENTIFIED TWO DMP CLUSTERS: CLUSTER 1 CONTAINED HYPO-METHYLATED GENES INVOLVED IN ANTIVIRAL AND INTERFERON RESPONSE (E.G. PARP9, MX1, AND USP18) IN INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGH VIRAL LOADS WHILE IN CLUSTER 2, GENES RELATED TO T FOLLICULAR HELPER CELL (TFH) COMMITMENT (E.G. CXCR5 AND TCF7) WERE HYPER-METHYLATED IN THE SAME GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS WITH UNCONTROLLED INFECTION. FOR SELECTED GENES, MRNA LEVELS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH DNA METHYLATION, CONFIRMING AN EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. FURTHER, THESE GENE EXPRESSION SIGNATURES WERE ALSO CONFIRMED IN EARLY AND CHRONIC STAGES OF INFECTION, INCLUDING UNTREATED, CART TREATED AND ELITE CONTROLLERS HIV-1 INFECTED INDIVIDUALS (N = 37). THESE DATA PROVIDE THE FIRST EVIDENCE THAT HOST GENES CRITICALLY INVOLVED IN IMMUNE CONTROL OF THE VIRUS ARE UNDER METHYLATION REGULATION IN HIV-1 INFECTION. THESE INSIGHTS MAY OFFER NEW OPPORTUNITIES TO IDENTIFY NOVEL MECHANISMS OF IN VIVO VIRUS CONTROL AND MAY PROVE CRUCIAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUTURE THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS AIMED AT HIV-1 CURE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                              
11  4596  38 NATURAL KILLER CELLS IN HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS-1 INFECTION: SPOTLIGHT ON THE IMPACT OF HUMAN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS. HUMAN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (HCMV) HAS BEEN CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE HUMAN RACE ACROSS EVOLUTIONARY TIME. HCMV CO-INFECTION IS NEARLY UNIVERSAL IN HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS-1 (HIV-1)-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS AND REMAINS AN IMPORTANT COFACTOR IN HIV-1 DISEASE PROGRESSION EVEN IN THE ERA OF EFFECTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT. HCMV INFECTION HAS BEEN SHOWN TO HAVE A BROAD AND POTENT INFLUENCE ON THE HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM AND HAS BEEN LINKED WITH THE DISCOVERY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ADAPTIVE NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS. DISTINCT NK-CELL SUBSETS, PREDOMINATELY EXPRESSING THE ACTIVATING RECEPTOR NKG2C AND THE MARKER OF TERMINAL DIFFERENTIATION CD57, EXPAND IN RESPONSE TO HCMV. THESE NK-CELL POPULATIONS ENGAGED IN THE LONG-LASTING INTERACTION WITH HCMV, IN ADDITION TO CHARACTERISTIC BUT VARIABLE EXPRESSION OF SURFACE RECEPTORS, EXHIBIT REDUCED EXPRESSION OF SIGNALING PROTEINS AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS EXPRESSED BY CANONICAL NK CELLS. BROAD EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS DRIVE THE EMERGENCE AND PERSISTENCE OF HCMV-ADAPTED NK CELLS THAT HAVE DISTINCT FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS. NKG2C(+) NK-CELL EXPANSIONS HAVE BEEN OBSERVED IN HIV-1 INFECTED PATIENTS AND OTHER ACUTE AND CHRONIC VIRAL INFECTIONS BEING SYSTEMATICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH HCMV SEROPOSITIVITY. THE LATTER IS POTENTIALLY AN IMPORTANT CONFOUNDING VARIABLE IN STUDIES FOCUSED ON THE CELLULAR NK-CELL RECEPTOR REPERTOIRE AND FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY. HERE, FOCUSING ON HIV-1 INFECTION WE REVIEW THE EVIDENCE IN FAVOR OF "ADAPTIVE" CHANGES LIKELY INDUCED BY HCMV CO-INFECTION IN NK-CELL SUBSETS. WE HIGHLIGHT A NUMBER OF KEY QUESTIONS AND HOW INSIGHTS INTO THE ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR OF NK CELLS WILL INFORM NEW STRATEGIES EXPLOITING THEIR UNIQUE PROPERTIES IN THE FIGHT AGAINST HIV-1.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
12  5908  33 TARGETED DE-METHYLATION OF THE FOXP3-TSDR IS SUFFICIENT TO INDUCE PHYSIOLOGICAL FOXP3 EXPRESSION BUT NOT A FUNCTIONAL TREG PHENOTYPE. CD4+ REGULATORY T CELLS (TREGS) ARE KEY MEDIATORS OF IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE AND PROMISING EFFECTOR CELLS FOR IMMUNO-SUPPRESSIVE ADOPTIVE CELLULAR THERAPY TO FIGHT AUTOIMMUNITY AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. THEIR FUNCTIONAL STABILITY IS CRITICAL FOR THEIR CLINICAL UTILITY AND HAS BEEN CORRELATED TO THE DEMETHYLATED STATE OF THE TSDR/CNS2 ENHANCER ELEMENT IN THE TREG LINEAGE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOXP3. HOWEVER, PROOF FOR A CAUSAL CONTRIBUTION OF THE TSDR DE-METHYLATION TO FOXP3 STABILITY AND TREG INDUCTION IS SO FAR LACKING. WE HERE ESTABLISHED A POWERFUL TRANSIENT-TRANSFECTION CRISPR-CAS9-BASED EPIGENETIC EDITING METHOD FOR THE SELECTIVE DE-METHYLATION OF THE TSDR WITHIN THE ENDOGENOUS CHROMATIN ENVIRONMENT OF A LIVING CELL. THE INDUCED DE-METHYLATED STATE WAS STABLE OVER WEEKS IN CLONAL T CELL PROLIFERATION CULTURES EVEN AFTER EXPRESSION OF THE EDITING COMPLEX HAD CEASED. EPIGENETIC EDITING OF THE TSDR RESULTED IN FOXP3 EXPRESSION, EVEN IN ITS PHYSIOLOGICAL ISOFORM DISTRIBUTION, PROVING A CAUSAL ROLE FOR THE DE-METHYLATED TSDR IN FOXP3 REGULATION. HOWEVER, SUCCESSFUL FOXP3 INDUCTION WAS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH A SWITCH TOWARDS A FUNCTIONAL TREG PHENOTYPE, IN CONTRAST TO WHAT HAS BEEN REPORTED FROM FOXP3 OVEREXPRESSION APPROACHES. THUS, TSDR DE-METHYLATION IS REQUIRED, BUT NOT SUFFICIENT FOR A STABLE TREG PHENOTYPE INDUCTION. THEREFORE, TARGETED DEMETHYLATION OF THE TSDR MAY BE A CRITICAL ADDITION TO PUBLISHED IN VITRO TREG INDUCTION PROTOCOLS WHICH SO FAR LACK FOXP3 STABILITY.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
13  2392  26 EPIGENETIC REPRESSION OF INTERLEUKIN 2 EXPRESSION IN SENESCENT CD4+ T CELLS DURING CHRONIC HIV TYPE 1 INFECTION. THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS FOR IL2 GENE-SPECIFIC DYSREGULATION DURING CHRONIC HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1 (HIV-1) INFECTION ARE UNKNOWN. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION IN SUPPRESSING INTERLEUKIN 2 (IL-2) EXPRESSION IN MEMORY CD4(+) T CELLS DURING CHRONIC HIV-1 INFECTION. WE OBSERVED THAT CPG SITES IN THE IL2 PROMOTER OF CD4(+) T CELLS WERE FULLY METHYLATED IN NAIVE CD4(+) T CELLS AND SIGNIFICANTLY DEMETHYLATED IN THE MEMORY POPULATIONS. INTERESTINGLY, WE FOUND THAT THE MEMORY CELLS THAT HAD A TERMINALLY DIFFERENTIATED PHENOTYPE AND EXPRESSED CD57 HAD INCREASED IL2 PROMOTER METHYLATION RELATIVE TO LESS DIFFERENTIATED MEMORY CELLS IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. IMPORTANTLY, EARLY EFFECTOR MEMORY SUBSETS FROM HIV-1-INFECTED SUBJECTS EXPRESSED HIGH LEVELS OF CD57 AND WERE HIGHLY METHYLATED AT THE IL2 LOCUS. FURTHERMORE, THE INCREASED CD57 EXPRESSION ON MEMORY CD4(+) T CELLS WAS INVERSELY CORRELATED WITH IL-2 PRODUCTION. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT DNA METHYLATION AT THE IL2 LOCUS IN CD4(+) T CELLS IS COUPLED TO IMMUNOSENESCENCE AND PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE BROAD DYSFUNCTION THAT OCCURS IN POLYCLONAL T CELLS DURING HIV-1 INFECTION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
14  2185  28 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING HIV-INFECTION INDUCED SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CD4+ T CELLS TO ENHANCED ACTIVATION-INDUCED FASL EXPRESSION AND CELL DEATH. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC IMMUNE ACTIVATION AND CD4 T CELL DEPLETION ARE SIGNIFICANT PATHOGENIC FEATURES OF HIV INFECTION. EXPRESSION OF FAS LIGAND (FASL), A KEY MEDIATOR OF ACTIVATION-INDUCED CELL DEATH IN T CELLS, IS ELEVATED IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV-1 INFECTION (PLWH). HOWEVER, THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE ENHANCED INDUCTION OF FASL EXPRESSION IN CD4 T LYMPHOCYTES IN PLWH ARE NOT COMPLETELY ELUCIDATED. HENCE, THE CURRENT WORK EXAMINED THE EFFECT OF HIV INFECTION ON FASL PROMOTER-ASSOCIATED HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION IN CD4 T LYMPHOCYTES IN PLWH. METHOD: FLOW CYTOMETRIC ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED TO EXAMINE THE FAS-FASL EXPRESSION ON TOTAL CD4 T CELLS AND NAIVE/MEMORY CD4 T CELL SUBSETS. EPIGENETIC FASL PROMOTER HISTONE MODIFICATIONS WERE INVESTIGATED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION-QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ANALYSIS USING FRESHLY ISOLATED TOTAL CD4 T LYMPHOCYTES FROM HIV-1 INFECTED AND NONINFECTED INDIVIDUALS. RESULTS: ALL NAIVE/MEMORY CD4 T CELL SUBSETS FROM PLWH SHOWED MARKEDLY GREATER FREQUENCY OF FASL EXPRESSION. NOTABLY, EXAMINATION OF FUNCTIONAL OUTCOME OF FASL/FAS CO-EXPRESSION DEMONSTRATED THE PREFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF TCM AND TEM SUBSETS TO ACTIVATION-INDUCED APOPTOSIS. IMPORTANTLY, THESE CD4 T CELLS COLLECTIVELY DEMONSTRATED A DISTINCT FASL PROMOTER HISTONE PROFILE INVOLVING A COORDINATED CROSS-TALK BETWEEN HISTONE H3 MODIFICATIONS LEADING TO ENHANCED FASL GENE EXPRESSION. SPECIFICALLY, LEVELS OF TRANSCRIPTIONALLY PERMISSIVE HISTONE H3K4-TRIMETHYLATION (H3K4ME3) AND HISTONE H3K9-ACETYLATION (H3K9AC) WERE INCREASED, WITH A CONCOMITANT DECREASE IN THE REPRESSIVE H3K9-TRIMETHYLATION (H3K9ME3). CONCLUSION: THE PRESENT WORK DEMONSTRATES THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INVOLVING PROMOTER-HISTONE MODIFICATIONS REGULATE TRANSCRIPTIONAL COMPETENCE AND FASL EXPRESSION IN CD4 T CELLS FROM PLWH AND RENDER THEM SUSCEPTIBLE TO ACTIVATION-INDUCED CELL DEATH.	2021	
                                                                                                                                     
15   439  38 ANTILEUKEMIC ACTIVITY OF VALPROIC ACID IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA B CELLS DEFINED BY MICROARRAY ANALYSIS. EPIGENETIC CODE MODIFICATIONS BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS HAVE RECENTLY BEEN PROPOSED AS POTENTIAL NEW THERAPIES FOR HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) REMAINS INCURABLE DESPITE THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW TREATMENTS. CLL B CELLS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY AN APOPTOSIS DEFECT RATHER THAN EXCESSIVE PROLIFERATION, BUT PROLIFERATION CENTERS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN ORGANS SUCH AS THE BONE MARROW AND LYMPH NODES. IN THIS STUDY, WE ANALYZED GENE EXPRESSION MODIFICATIONS IN CLL B CELLS AFTER TREATMENT WITH VALPROIC ACID (VPA), A WELL-TOLERATED ANTI-EPILEPTIC DRUG WITH HDAC INHIBITORY ACTIVITY. CLL B CELLS OBTAINED FROM 14 PATIENTS WERE TREATED IN VITRO WITH A CONCENTRATION OF 1 MM VPA FOR 4 H. VPA EFFECTS ON GENE EXPRESSION WERE THEREAFTER STUDIED USING AFFYMETRIX TECHNOLOGY, AND SOME IDENTIFIED GENES WERE VALIDATED BY REAL-TIME PCR AND WESTERN BLOT. WE OBSERVED THAT VPA INDUCED APOPTOSIS BY DOWNREGULATING SEVERAL ANTI-APOPTOTIC GENES AND BY UPREGULATING PRO-APOPTOTIC GENES. FURTHERMORE, VPA SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED CHEMOSENSITIVITY TO FLUDARABINE, FLAVOPIRIDOL, BORTEZOMIB, THALIDOMIDE AND LENALIDOMIDE. VPA INHIBITED THE PROLIFERATION OF CPG/IL2-STIMULATED CLL B CELLS AND MODULATED MANY CELL CYCLE MESSENGER RNAS. IN CONCLUSION, EXPOSURE OF CLL B CELLS TO VPA INDUCED APOPTOSIS, POTENTIATED CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENT EFFECTS AND INHIBITED PROLIFERATION. THESE DATA STRONGLY SUGGEST THE USE OF VPA IN CLL TREATMENT, PARTICULARLY IN COMBINATION WITH ANTILEUKEMIA AGENTS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
16  3380  48 HIV-1 INFECTION OF GENETICALLY ENGINEERED IPSC-DERIVED CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM-ENGRAFTED MICROGLIA IN A HUMANIZED MOUSE MODEL. THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) IS A MAJOR HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1 RESERVOIR. MICROGLIA ARE THE PRIMARY TARGET CELL OF HIV-1 INFECTION IN THE CNS. CURRENT MODELS HAVE NOT ALLOWED THE PRECISE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC CNS MICROGLIAL INFECTION TO BE TESTED WITH IN VIVO GENETIC METHODS. HERE, WE DESCRIBE A NOVEL HUMANIZED MOUSE MODEL UTILIZING HUMAN-INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL-DERIVED MICROGLIA TO XENOGRAFT INTO MURINE HOSTS. THESE MICE ARE ADDITIONALLY ENGRAFTED WITH HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS THAT SERVED AS A MEDIUM TO ESTABLISH A PERIPHERAL INFECTION THAT THEN SPREAD TO THE CNS MICROGLIA XENOGRAFT, MODELING A TRANS-BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER ROUTE OF ACUTE CNS HIV-1 INFECTION WITH HUMAN TARGET CELLS. THE APPROACH IS COMPATIBLE WITH IPSC GENETIC ENGINEERING, INCLUDING INSERTING TARGETED TRANSGENIC REPORTER CASSETTES TO TRACK THE XENOGRAFTED HUMAN CELLS, ENABLING THE TESTING OF NOVEL TREATMENT AND VIRAL TRACKING STRATEGIES IN A COMPARATIVELY SIMPLE AND COST-EFFECTIVE WAY VIVO MODEL FOR NEUROHIV. IMPORTANCE: OUR MOUSE MODEL IS A POWERFUL TOOL FOR INVESTIGATING THE GENETIC MECHANISMS GOVERNING CNS HIV-1 INFECTION AND LATENCY IN THE CNS AT A SINGLE-CELL LEVEL. A MAJOR ADVANTAGE OF OUR MODEL IS THAT IT USES IPSC-DERIVED MICROGLIA, WHICH ENABLES HUMAN GENETICS, INCLUDING GENE FUNCTION AND THERAPEUTIC GENE MANIPULATION, TO BE EXPLORED IN VIVO , WHICH IS MORE CHALLENGING TO STUDY WITH CURRENT HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL-BASED MODELS FOR NEUROHIV. OUR TRANSGENIC TRACING OF XENOGRAFTED HUMAN CELLS WILL PROVIDE A QUANTITATIVE MEDIUM TO DEVELOP NEW MOLECULAR AND EPIGENETIC STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING THE HIV-1 LATENT RESERVOIR AND TO TEST THE IMPACT OF THERAPEUTIC INFLAMMATION-TARGETING DRUG INTERVENTIONS ON CNS HIV-1 LATENCY.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
17  2326  29 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HOTAIR IN ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. PURPOSE: CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) ACCOUNTS FOR ~10% OF LEUKEMIA CASES, AND ITS PROGRESSION INVOLVES EPIGENETIC GENE REGULATION. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HOTAIR AND ITS TARGET MICRORNA, MIR-143, IN ADVANCED CML. PATIENTS AND METHODS: WE FIRST ISOLATED BONE MARROW MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM 70 PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT PHASES OF CML AND FROM HEALTHY DONORS AS NORMAL CONTROL; WE ALSO CULTURED K562 AND KCL22 CELLS, TREATED WITH DEMETHYLATION DRUG; MTT ASSAY, FLOW CYTOMETRY, QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QPCR), METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP), WESTERN BLOT, LUCIFERASE ASSAY, RNA PULL-DOWN ASSAY AND RNA-BINDING PROTEIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (RIP) ASSAY WERE PERFORMED. RESULT: AS MEASURED BY QPCR, HOTAIR EXPRESSION IN K562 CELLS, KCL22 CELLS, AND SAMPLES FROM CASES OF ADVANCED-STAGE CML INCREASED WITH LEVELS OF SEVERAL DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEACETYLATES, INCLUDING DNMT1, DNMT3A, HDAC1, EZH2, AND LSD1, AND MIR-143 LEVELS WERE DECREASED AND HOTAIR LEVELS WERE INCREASED. TREATMENT WITH 5-AZACYTIDINE, A DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR, DECREASED DNMT1, DNMT3A, HDAC1, EZH2, LSD1 MRNA, PROTEIN LEVELS, AND HOTAIR MRNA LEVELS BUT INCREASED MIR-143 LEVELS. HOTAIR KNOCKDOWN AND MIR-143 OVEREXPRESSION BOTH INHIBITED PROLIFERATION AND PROMOTED APOPTOSIS IN KCL22 AND K562 CELLS THROUGH THE PI3K/AKT PATHWAY. RNA PULL-DOWN, MASS SPECTROMETRY, AND RIP ASSAYS SHOWED THAT HOTAIR INTERACTED WITH EZH2 AND LSD1. A DUAL-LUCIFERASE ASSAY DEMONSTRATED THAT HOTAIR INTERACTED WITH MIR-143. CONCLUSION: OUR FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THE KEY EPIGENETIC INTERACTIONS OF HOTAIR RELATED TO CML PROGRESSION AND SUGGEST HOTAIR AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR ADVANCED CML. FURTHERMORE, OUR RESULTS SUPPORT THE USE OF DEMETHYLATION DRUGS AS A CML TREATMENT STRATEGY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
18  2242  33 EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF CD8(+) T CELL FUNCTION IN LENTIVIRUS INFECTIONS: A REVIEW. CD8(+) T CELLS ARE CRITICAL FOR CONTROLLING VIREMIA DURING HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) INFECTION. THESE CELLS PRODUCE CYTOLYTIC FACTORS AND ANTIVIRAL CYTOKINES THAT ELIMINATE VIRALLY- INFECTED CELLS. DURING THE CHRONIC PHASE OF HIV INFECTION, CD8(+) T CELLS PROGRESSIVELY LOSE THEIR PROLIFERATIVE CAPACITY AND ANTIVIRAL FUNCTIONS. THESE DYSFUNCTIONAL CELLS ARE UNABLE TO CLEAR THE PRODUCTIVELY INFECTED AND REACTIVATED CELLS, REPRESENTING A ROADBLOCK IN HIV CURE. THEREFORE, MECHANISMS TO UNDERSTAND CD8(+) T CELL DYSFUNCTION AND STRATEGIES TO BOOST CD8(+) T CELL FUNCTION NEED TO BE INVESTIGATED. USING THE FELINE IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (FIV) MODEL FOR LENTIVIRAL PERSISTENCE, WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT CD8(+) T CELLS EXHIBIT EPIGENETIC CHANGES SUCH AS DNA DEMETHYLATION DURING THE COURSE OF INFECTION AS COMPARED TO UNINFECTED CATS. WE HAVE ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT LENTIVIRUS-ACTIVATED CD4(+)CD25(+) T REGULATORY CELLS INDUCE FORKHEAD BOX P3 (FOXP3) EXPRESSION IN VIRUS-SPECIFIC CD8(+) T CELL TARGETS, WHICH BINDS THE INTERLEUKIN (IL)-2, TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR (TNF)-&ALPHA;, AND INTERFERON (IFN)-&GAMMA; PROMOTERS IN THESE CD8(+) T CELLS. FINALLY, WE HAVE REPORTED THAT EPIGENETIC MODULATION REDUCES FOXP3 BINDING TO THESE PROMOTER REGIONS. THIS REVIEW COMPARES AND CONTRASTS OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF CD8(+) T CELL EPIGENETICS AND MECHANISMS OF LYMPHOCYTE SUPPRESSION DURING THE COURSE OF LENTIVIRAL INFECTION FOR TWO ANIMAL MODELS, FIV AND SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (SIV).	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
19   791  26 CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR NETWORKS IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA: THE LEUKEMIC STEM, PROGENITOR AND STROMAL CELL INTERPLAY. THE USE OF IMATINIB, SECOND AND THIRD GENERATION ABL TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKI) (I.E. DASATINIB, NILOTINIB, BOSUTINIB AND PONATINIB) MADE CML A CLINICALLY MANAGEABLE AND, IN A SMALL PERCENTAGE OF CASES, A CURED DISEASE. TKI THERAPY ALSO TURNED CML BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION INTO A RARE EVENT; HOWEVER, DISEASE PROGRESSION STILL OCCURS IN THOSE PATIENTS WHO ARE REFRACTORY, NOT COMPLIANT WITH TKI THERAPY OR DEVELOP RESISTANCE TO MULTIPLE TKIS. IN THE PAST FEW YEARS, IT BECAME CLEAR THAT THE BCRABL1 ONCOGENE DOES NOT OPERATE ALONE TO DRIVE DISEASE EMERGENCE, MAINTENANCE AND PROGRESSION. INDEED, IT SEEMS THAT BONE MARROW (BM) MICROENVIRONMENT-GENERATED SIGNALS AND CELL AUTONOMOUS BCRABL1 KINASE-INDEPENDENT GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ALL CONTRIBUTE TO: I. PERSISTENCE OF A QUIESCENT LEUKEMIC STEM CELL (LSC) RESERVOIR, II. INNATE OR ACQUIRED RESISTANCE TO TKIS, AND III. PROGRESSION INTO THE FATAL BLAST CRISIS STAGE. HEREIN, WE REVIEW THE INTRICATE LEUKEMIC NETWORK IN WHICH ABERRANT, BUT FINELY TUNED, SURVIVAL, MITOGENIC AND SELF-RENEWAL SIGNALS ARE GENERATED BY LEUKEMIC PROGENITORS, STROMAL CELLS, IMMUNE CELLS AND METABOLIC MICROENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS (E.G. HYPOXIA) TO PROMOTE LSC MAINTENANCE AND BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
20  6020  42 THE ATTENUATION OF RENAL FIBROSIS BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PLASTICITY OF FOXP3(+)IL-17(+) T CELLS. BACKGROUND: THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR, WHICH HAS POTENTIAL EFFECTS ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, HAD BEEN REPORTED TO ATTENUATE RENAL FIBROSIS. CD4(+) FORKHEAD BOX P3 (FOXP3)(+) T REGULATORY (TREG) CELLS MAY BE CONVERTED TO INFLAMMATION-ASSOCIATED T HELPER 17 CELLS (TH17) WITH TISSUE FIBROSIS PROPERTIES. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN FOXP3(+)IL-17(+) T CELLS AND THE ATTENUATION OF RENAL FIBROSIS BY THE HDAC INHIBITOR IS NOT CLEAR. METHODS: THIS STUDY EVALUATED THE ROLES OF THE HDAC INHIBITOR, TREG CELLS AND THEIR DIFFERENTIATION INTO TH17 CELLS, WHICH AGGRAVATE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND RENAL FIBROSIS IN A UNILATERAL URETERAL OBSTRUCTION (UUO) MOUSE MODEL. THE STUDY GROUPS INCLUDED CONTROL AND UUO MICE THAT WERE MONITORED FOR 7, 14 OR 21 DAYS. RESULTS: JUXTAGLOMERULAR (JG) HYPERPLASIA, ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR (AT1R) EXPRESSION AND LYMPHOCYTE INFILTRATION WERE OBSERVED IN RENAL TISSUES AFTER UUO BUT WERE DECREASED AFTER TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) TREATMENT, A HDAC INHIBITOR. THE NUMBER OF CD4(+)FOXP3(+) T CELLS INCREASED PROGRESSIVELY, ALONG WITH THE NUMBER OF FOXP3(+)INTERLEUKIN (IL)-17(+) T CELLS, AFTER 14 DAYS, AND THEIR NUMBERS THEN PROGRESSIVELY DECREASED WITH INCREASING CD4(+)IL-17(+) T CELL NUMBERS, AS DEMONSTRATED BY DOUBLE IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY. PROGRESSIVE RENAL FIBROSIS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOSS OF CD4(+)FOXP3(+)IL-17(+) T CELLS IN SPLENIC SINGLE-CELL SUSPENSIONS. FOXP3(+)IL-17(+) T CELLS EXPRESSED TGF-BETA1 BOTH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO, AND TGF-BETA1 EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY KNOCKDOWN BY IL-17 SIRNA IN VITRO. THESE CELLS WERE FOUND TO PLAY A ROLE IN CONVERTING TREGS INTO IL-17- AND TGF-BETA1-PRODUCING CELLS. CONCLUSIONS: TSA TREATMENT DECREASED JG HYPERPLASIA, THE PERCENTAGE OF FOXP3(+)IL-17(+) CELLS AND THE DEGREE OF FIBROSIS, SUGGESTING THAT THERAPEUTIC BENEFITS MAY RESULT FROM EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS.	2017