1  2031 77 EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN LYMPHOCYTES OF SOLVENT-EXPOSED INDIVIDUALS. AIM: WE INVESTIGATED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS IN LYMPHOCYTES OF SOLVENT WORKERS AND CHRONIC TOXIC ENCEPHALOPATHY (CTE) PATIENTS AND EXPLORED POTENTIAL GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS FOR GST. POPULATION & METHODS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY WAS SET UP IN 41 REFERENTS, 128 SOLVENT WORKERS AND 23 CTE PATIENTS. RESULTS: WE FOUND A GLOBAL DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN THE SOLVENT-EXPOSED POPULATION COMPARED WITH THE REFERENTS (P = 0.001, R = -0.544). GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION WAS NEGATIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE. FURTHERMORE, GSTP1 GENOTYPIC POLYMORPHISM WAS FOUND TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED (P = 0.033) WITH GLOBAL DNA HYPOMETHYLATION, WHICH INDICATES A POTENTIAL ROLE FOR GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION IN THE ETIOLOGY OF SOLVENT-INDUCED NEUROBEHAVIORAL DISORDERS. CONCLUSION: THIS STUDY INDICATES THAT SOLVENT-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS HAVE AN IMPACT ON NEUROTOXICITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF CTE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
2  3211 24 HEALTH EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLES. DIESEL-POWERED VEHICLES EMIT SUBSTANTIALLY MORE PARTICLES THAN DO GASOLINE-POWERED VEHICLES WITH CONTEMPORARY EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS. THE DEP ARE SUBMICRON IN SIZE AND READILY INHALED. APPROXIMATELY ONE-FOURTH OF THE PARTICLE MASS INHALED BY PEOPLE IS DEPOSITED IN THE PULMONARY REGION, SOME OF WHICH IS RETAINED WITH A HALF-LIFE OF SEVERAL HUNDRED DAYS. IN ANIMAL STUDIES, EXPOSURE TO HIGH LEVELS OF DEP OVERWHELMS THE NORMAL CLEARANCE MECHANISMS AND RESULTS IN LUNG BURDENS OF DEP THAT EXCEED THOSE PREDICTED FROM OBSERVATIONS AT LOWER EXPOSURE CONCENTRATIONS. A VARIABLE AMOUNT OF THE MASS OF DEP IS EXTRACTABLE WITH STRONG ORGANIC SOLVENTS. THE EXTRACTED MATERIAL CONTAINS MORE THAN A THOUSAND INDIVIDUAL COMPOUNDS AND IS MUTAGENIC IN A NUMBER OF BACTERIAL AND MAMMALIAN CELL ASSAYS. BIOASSAY-DIRECTED CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DEP HAD IDENTIFIED SEVERAL HUNDRED COMPOUNDS. MANY ARE PAHS, SOME OF WHICH ARE CONSIDERED TO HAVE HUMAN CARCINOGENIC POTENTIAL. A NUMBER OF NITRATED COMPOUNDS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED THAT ACCOUNT FOR A SIGNIFICANT PORTION OF THE MUTAGENICITY ASSAYED IN BACTERIA. THE MUTAGENICITY OF THE DEPE IS GENERALLY REDUCED BY ADDITION OF AN S-9 CELLULAR FRACTION OR OF SERUM PROTEINS. MACROPHAGES RAPIDLY REDUCE THE RECOVERABLE MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY ASSOCIATED WITH DEP. THESE FINDINGS SUPPORT A HYPOTHESIS THAT DETOXIFICATION OF DEP-ASSOCIATED ORGANICS OCCURS RAPIDLY IN VIVO. THE ASSOCIATION OF BENZO(A)PYRENE AND NITROPYRENE WITH DEP PROLONGS THEIR RETENTION IN THE LUNGS. THIS INCREASED RETENTION SUGGESTS THE NEED TO CLARIFY THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF COMPETING MECHANISMS THAT DETOXIFY PARTICLE-ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS AND THOSE THAT SERVE TO ENHANCE THE RETENTION OF TOXICOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS. SOME EXTRACTS OF DEP EVOKE TUMORIGENIC RESPONSES IN SKIN-TUMOR BIOASSAYS, SUGGESTING THEIR CARCINOGENIC POTENTIAL IN MAMMALS. A NUMBER OF LARGE-SCALE STUDIES HAVE BEEN CONDUCTED WITH LABORATORY RODENTS TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC INHALATION EXPOSURE TO DE. AN INCREASED INCIDENCE OF LUNG TUMORS, SOME OF WHICH WERE DIAGNOSED AS MALIGNANT, WAS OBSERVED IN 5 STUDIES WITH RATS FOLLOWING EXPOSURE FOR 2 OR MORE YEARS TO HIGH LEVELS OF DE. MOST OF THE LUNG TUMORS WERE OBSERVED AFTER 2 YEARS. SIMILAR STUDIES IN SYRIAN HAMSTERS HAVE YIELDED NEGATIVE RESULTS. STUDIES WITH MICE HAVE GIVEN MIXED RESULTS. THE RESULTS OF SOME STUDIES WITH LABORATORY ANIMALS EXPOSED TO DE AND KNOWN CARCINOGENS SUGGEST THAT EXPOSURE TO DE ENHANCES THE EFFECT OF THE KNOWN CARCINOGENS. THE SPECIFIC MECHANISMS OF TUMOR INDUCTION IN THE DE-EXPOSED RATS ARE UNKNOWN. HYPOTHESES AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA HAVE BEEN ADVANCED IN SUPPORT OF BOTH GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF THE DE.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)	1987	

3  4153 18 MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS OF CHEMICALS AND DRUGS AS RISK FACTORS FOR SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) IS A CHRONIC AND RELAPSING HETEROGENOUS AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE THAT PRIMARILY AFFECTS WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE. GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS ARE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF SLE, AND SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES HAVE RECENTLY BEEN IDENTIFIED. HOWEVER, AS GENE THERAPY IS FAR FROM CLINICAL APPLICATION, FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS COULD REVEAL IMPORTANT THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES. WE SYSTEMATICALLY EXPLORED TWO GROUPS OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS: CHEMICALS (INCLUDING SILICA, SOLVENTS, PESTICIDES, HYDROCARBONS, HEAVY METALS, AND PARTICULATE MATTER) AND DRUGS (INCLUDING PROCAINAMIDE, HYDRALAZINE, QUINIDINE, DPENICILLAMINE, ISONIAZID, AND METHYLDOPA). FURTHERMORE, THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING RISK FACTORS, SUCH AS GENETIC FACTORS, EPIGENETIC CHANGE, AND DISRUPTED IMMUNE TOLERANCE, WERE EXPLORED. THIS REVIEW IDENTIFIES NOVEL RISK FACTORS AND THEIR UNDERLYING MECHANISMS. PRACTICABLE MEASURES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF THESE RISK FACTORS WILL BENEFIT SLE PATIENTS AND PROVIDE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
4  1940 18 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. THE INCIDENCE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) SHOWS MARKED VARIATION WORLDWIDE BUT THE MAGNITUDE OF THIS TUMOR IS REFLECTED BY THE OCCURRENCE OF AT LEAST 1 MILLION NEW CASES ANNUALLY AND THE UNIFORMLY DISMAL OUTLOOK WITH MEDIAN SURVIVALS OF <25 MONTHS AFTER RESECTION AND <6 MONTHS WITH SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT. THE STRIKINGLY UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF THIS TUMOR PARALLELS THE PREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS B INFECTION WITH RISING INCIDENCE IN WESTERN COUNTRIES ATTRIBUTED TO HEPATITIS C INFECTION. CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND CIRRHOSIS CONSTITUTE THE MAJOR PRENEOPLASTIC CONDITIONS IN THE MAJORITY OF HCCS AND MAY BE RELATED TO OTHER ETIOLOGIC AGENTS SUCH AS ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS INCLUDING NITRITES, HYDROCARBONS, SOLVENTS, ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES, AND THE CHEMICALS IN PROCESSED FOODS, CLEANING AGENTS, COSMETICS AND PHARMACEUTICALS, AS WELL AS PLANT TOXINS SUCH AS ANATOXINS PRODUCED BY FUNGI THAT CAUSE SPOILAGE OF GRAIN AND FOOD IN THE TROPICS. GENETIC DISEASES SUCH AS GENETIC HEMATOCHROMATOSIS, WILSON'S DISEASE, ALPHA-1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY, AND THE INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM INCLUDING HEREDITARY TYROSINEMIA AND HEPATIC PORPHYRIA, ARE KNOWN TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH HCC. NUMEROUS GENETIC ALTERATIONS AND THE MODULATION OF DNA METHYLATION ARE RECOGNIZED IN HCC AND IT IS LIKELY THAT THESE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES COMBINE WITH FACTORS INVOLVED IN CHRONIC HEPATOCYTE DESTRUCTION AND REGENERATION TO RESULT IN NEOPLASTIC GROWTH AND MULTIPLE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION OF SUBSETS OF HEPATOCELLULAR TUMORS.	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
5  1767 21 EARLY-LIFE EXPOSURE TO ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS AND LATER-LIFE HEALTH OUTCOMES: AN EPIGENETIC BRIDGE? A GROWING BODY OF EVIDENCE DEMONSTRATES THAT ADVERSE EVENTS EARLY IN DEVELOPMENT, AND PARTICULARLY DURING INTRAUTERINE LIFE, MAY PROGRAM RISKS FOR DISEASES IN ADULT LIFE. INCREASING EVIDENCE HAS BEEN ACCUMULATED INDICATING THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND MIRNAS IN DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING. AMONG THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS WHICH PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN PROGRAMMING OF CHRONIC PATHOLOGIES, THE ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS (EDCS) THAT HAVE ESTROGENIC, ANTI-ESTROGENIC, AND ANTI-ANDROGENIC ACTIVITY ARE OF SPECIFIC CONCERN BECAUSE THE DEVELOPING ORGANISM IS EXTREMELY SENSITIVE TO PERTURBATION BY SUBSTANCES WITH HORMONE-LIKE ACTIVITY. AMONG EDCS, THERE ARE MANY SUBSTANCES THAT ARE CONSTANTLY PRESENT IN THE MODERN HUMAN ENVIRONMENT OR ARE IN WIDESPREAD USE, INCLUDING DIOXIN AND DIOXIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS, PHTHALATES, AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDES, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS, INDUSTRIAL SOLVENTS, PHARMACEUTICALS, AND HEAVY METALS. APART FROM THEIR COMMON ENDOCRINE ACTIVE PROPERTIES, SEVERAL EDCS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO DISRUPT DEVELOPMENTAL EPIGENOMIC PROGRAMMING. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO PROVIDE A SUMMARY OF RECENT RESEARCH FINDINGS WHICH INDICATE THAT EXPOSURE TO EDCS DURING IN-UTERO AND/OR NEONATAL DEVELOPMENT CAN CAUSE LONG-TERM HEALTH OUTCOMES VIA MECHANISMS OF EPIGENETIC MEMORY.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
6  3566 23 IMPACT OF HEAVY METALS ON THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. INTRODUCTION: IT HAS BEEN RECOGNIZED THAT ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CAN AFFECT THE QUALITY OF HEALTH OF THE HUMAN POPULATION. HEAVY METALS ARE AMONG THE GROUP OF HIGHLY EMITTED CONTAMINANTS AND THEIR ADVERSE EFFECT OF LIVING ORGANISMS HAS BEEN WIDELY STUDIED IN RECENT DECADES. LIFESTYLE AND QUALITY OF THE AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT ARE AMONG THESE FACTORS WHICH CAN MAINLY CONTRIBUTE TO THE HEAVY METALS EXPOSURE IN HUMANS. OBJECTIVE: A REVIEW OF LITERATURE LINKING HEAVY METALS AND THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND DESCRIPTION OF THE POSSIBLE ASSOCIATIONS WITH EMISSION AND EXPOSURE OF HEAVY METALS AND IMPAIRMENTS OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ACCORDING TO CURRENT KNOWLEDGE. RESULTS: THE POTENTIAL HEALTH DISORDERS CAUSED BY CHRONIC OR ACUTE HEAVY METALS TOXICITY INCLUDE IMMUNODEFICIENCY, OSTEOPOROSIS, NEURODEGENERATION AND ORGAN FAILURES. POTENTIAL LINKAGES OF HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATION FOUND IN DIFFERENT HUMAN ORGANS AND BLOOD WITH OESTROGEN-DEPENDENT DISEASES SUCH AS BREAST CANCER, ENDOMETRIAL CANCER, ENDOMETRIOSIS AND SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS, AS WELL AS PRE-TERM DELIVERIES, STILLBIRTHS AND HYPOTROPHY, HAVE ALSO BEEN REPORTED. CONCLUSIONS: ENVIRONMENTAL DETERIORATION CAN LEAD TO THE ELEVATED RISK OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO HEAVY METALS, AND CONSEQUENTLY, HEALTH IMPLICATIONS INCLUDING DISTURBANCES IN REPRODUCTION. IT IS THEREFORE IMPORTANT TO CONTINUE THE INVESTIGATIONS ON METAL-INDUCED MECHANISMS OF FERTILITY IMPAIRMENT ON THE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND BIOCHEMICAL LEVEL.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
7  6021 19 THE BENEFICIAL AND DEBILITATING EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND MICROBIAL TOXINS, DRUGS, ORGANIC SOLVENTS AND HEAVY METALS ON THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS), A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IS COMMON AMONGST YOUNG ADULTS, LEADING TO MAJOR PERSONAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC BURDENS. HOWEVER, IT IS STILL CONSIDERED COMPLEX AND CHALLENGING TO UNDERSTAND AND TREAT, IN SPITE OF THE EFFORTS MADE TO EXPLAIN ITS ETIOPATHOLOGY. DESPITE THE DISCOVERY OF MANY GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT MIGHT BE RELATED TO ITS ETIOLOGY, NO CLEAR ANSWER WAS FOUND ABOUT THE CAUSES OF THE ILLNESS AND NEITHER ABOUT THE DETAILED MECHANISM OF THESE ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS THAT MAKE INDIVIDUALS SUSCEPTIBLE TO MS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE WILL ATTEMPT TO EXPLORE THE MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS TO MS AUTOIMMUNITY INCLUDING GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND ECOLOGICAL FACTORS WITH A PARTICULAR FOCUS ON TOXINS, CHEMICALS OR DRUGS THAT MAY TRIGGER, MODIFY OR PREVENT MS DISEASE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
8  1223 20 CRITICAL REVIEW ON EMERGING HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND ITS SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT. INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ) IS ONE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS AFFECTING PEOPLE'S HEALTH AND WELL-BEING. CURRENTLY, THERE IS A LACK OF AWARENESS AMONG PEOPLE ABOUT THE QUANTIFICATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND POSSIBLE HEALTH EFFECTS OF IAQ. AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS SUCH AS VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOCS), PARTICULATE MATTER (PM), SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2), CARBON MONOXIDE (CO), NITROUS OXIDE (NO), POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS) MICROBIAL SPORES, POLLEN, ALLERGENS, ETC. PRIMARILY CONTRIBUTE TO IAQ DETERIORATION. THIS REVIEW DISCUSSES THE SOURCES OF MAJOR INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS, MOLECULAR TOXICITY MECHANISMS, AND THEIR EFFECTS ON CARDIOVASCULAR, OCULAR, NEUROLOGICAL, WOMEN, AND FOETAL HEALTH. ADDITIONALLY, CONTEMPORARY STRATEGIES AND SUSTAINABLE METHODS FOR REGULATING AND REDUCING POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS ARE EMPHASIZED, AND CURRENT INITIATIVES TO ADDRESS AND ENHANCE IAQ ARE EXPLORED, ALONG WITH THEIR UNIQUE ADVANTAGES AND POTENTIALS. DUE TO THEIR LONGER EXPOSURE TIMES AND PARTICULAR PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS, WOMEN AND CHILDREN ARE MORE AT RISK FOR POOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY. BY TRIGGERING MANY TOXICITY MECHANISMS, INCLUDING OXIDATIVE STRESS, DNA METHYLATION, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AND GENE ACTIVATION, INDOOR AIR POLLUTION CAN CAUSE A RANGE OF HEALTH ISSUES. LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, ACUTE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS, SICK BUILDING SYNDROMES (SBS), AND EARLY DEATH ARE MORE PREVALENT IN EXPOSED RESIDENTS. ON THE OTHER HAND, THE MAIN CAUSES OF INCAPACITY AND EARLY MORTALITY ARE LUNG CANCER, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS. IT'S CRUCIAL TO ACKNOWLEDGE ANTICIPATED RESEARCH NEEDS AND IMPLEMENTED EFFICIENT INTERVENTIONS AND POLICIES TO LOWER HEALTH HAZARDS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
9   876 16 CHRONIC ARSENIC INTOXICATION DIAGNOSTIC SCORE (CASIDS). ARSENIC AND ITS COMPOUNDS ARE WELL-ESTABLISHED, POTENT, ENVIRONMENTALLY WIDESPREAD AND PERSISTENT TOXICANTS WITH METABOLIC, GENOTOXIC, MUTAGENIC, TERATOGENIC, EPIGENETIC AND CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS. ARSENIC OCCURS NATURALLY IN THE EARTH'S CRUST, BUT ANTHROPOGENIC ARSENIC EMISSIONS HAVE SURMOUNTED THE EMISSIONS FROM IMPORTANT NATURAL SOURCES SUCH AS VOLCANISM. INORGANIC ARSENICALS EXHIBIT ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXICITIES IN VIRTUALLY ALL CELL TYPES AND TISSUES, AND HENCE ARSENIC INTOXICATION AFFECTS MULTIPLE SYSTEMS. WHEREAS ACUTE ARSENIC INTOXICATION IS RARE AND RELATIVELY EASY TO DIAGNOSE, CHRONIC ARSENIC INTOXICATION (CASI) IS COMMON BUT GOES OFTEN MISDIAGNOSED. BASED ON A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AS WELL AS OUR OWN CLINICAL EXPERIENCE, WE PROPOSE A CHRONIC ARSENIC INTOXICATION DIAGNOSTIC SCORE (CASIDS). A DISTINCTIVE FEATURE OF CASIDS IS THE USE OF BONE ARSENIC LOAD AS AN ESSENTIAL CRITERION FOR THE INDIVIDUAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF CHRONIC ARSENIC INTOXICATION, COMBINED WITH A SYSTEMIC CLINICAL ASSESSMENT. WE PRESENT CLINICAL EXAMPLES WHERE CASIDS IS APPLIED FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF CASI, REVIEW THE MAIN TOPICS OF THE TOXICITY OF ARSENIC IN DIFFERENT CELL AND ORGAN SYSTEMS AND DISCUSS THE THERAPY AND PREVENTION OF DISEASE CAUSED OR AGGRAVATED BY CHRONIC ARSENIC INTOXICATION. CASIDS CAN HELP PHYSICIANS ESTABLISH THE DIAGNOSIS OF CASI AND ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
10  4155 18 MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF ARSENIC AND WARFARE ARSENICALS ON HUMAN HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT. WORLDWIDE, MORE THAN 200 MILLION PEOPLE ARE ESTIMATED TO BE EXPOSED TO UNSAFE LEVELS OF ARSENIC. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO UNSAFE LEVELS OF GROUNDWATER ARSENIC IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MULTIPLE HUMAN DISORDERS, INCLUDING DERMAL, CARDIOVASCULAR, NEUROLOGICAL, PULMONARY, RENAL, AND METABOLIC CONDITIONS. CONSUMPTION OF RICE AND SEAFOOD (WHERE HIGH LEVELS OF ARSENIC ARE ACCUMULATED) IS ALSO RESPONSIBLE FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC. THE TOXICITY OF ARSENIC COMPOUNDS VARIES GREATLY AND MAY DEPEND ON THEIR CHEMICAL FORM, SOLUBILITY, AND CONCENTRATION. SURPRISINGLY, SYNTHETIC ORGANOARSENICALS ARE EXTREMELY TOXIC MOLECULES WHICH CREATED INTEREST IN THEIR DEVELOPMENT AS CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS (CWAS) DURING WORLD WAR I (WWI). AMONG THESE CWAS, ADAMSITE, CLARK I, CLARK II, AND LEWISITE ARE OF CRITICAL IMPORTANCE, AS STOCKPILES OF THESE AGENTS STILL EXIST WORLDWIDE. IN ADDITION, UNUSED WWII WEAPONIZED ARSENICALS DISCARDED IN WATER BODIES OR BURIED IN MANY PARTS OF THE WORLD CONTINUE TO POSE A SERIOUS THREAT TO THE ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH. METABOLIC INHIBITION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, GENOTOXICITY, AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS INCLUDING MICRO-RNA-DEPENDENT REGULATION ARE SOME OF THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF ARSENIC TOXICITY. MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF THE TOXICITY OF ORGANOARSENICALS IS ALSO CRITICAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES COMPREHENSIVE DETAILS AND A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF RECENTLY PUBLISHED DATA ON VARIOUS CHEMICAL FORMS OF ARSENIC, THEIR EXPOSURE, AND IMPLICATIONS ON HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
11   759 23 CASE REPORT OF CUTANEOUS SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA AT THE WRIST JOINT AND THE PUBLIC HEALTH CRISIS OF ARSENICOSIS. CONTEXT: ARSENICOSIS IS CAUSED BY LONG TERM (6 MONTHS PLUS) INGESTION OF ARSENIC ABOVE A SAFE DOSE, CHARACTERIZED BY SKIN LESIONS AND POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF INTERNAL ORGANS. ARSENICOSIS IS COMMON IN INDIA AND BANGLADESH WHERE NATURALLY OCCURRING HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF ARSENIC IN THE EARTH'S CRUST CONTAMINATE GROUND WATER, CAUSING ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS. CASE PRESENTATION: WE REPORT A CASE OF A 55-YEAR-OLD INDIAN MALE, RESIDENT OF A KNOWN ARSENIC ENDEMIC REGION OF UTTAR PRADESH WHO SUFFERED FROM CHARACTERISTIC PULMONARY AND CUTANEOUS FEATURES OF CHRONIC ARSENIC TOXICITY WHICH INCLUDED RADIOLOGICAL FINDINGS OF INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE, HYPERKERATOTIC LESIONS OVER THE PALMS AND SOLES, RAIN DROP LIKE PIGMENTATION OVER THE TRUNK, AND CARCINOMATOUS CHANGES AT THE WRIST JOINT. THE PATIENT WAS STARTED ON CHELATING AGENTS (D-PENICILLAMINE) AND ORAL RETINOIDS (ISOTRETINOIN) FOLLOWED BY THE SURGICAL EXCISION OF THE CARCINOMA. DISCUSSION: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION WITH ARSENIC IS A WELL-KNOWN HEALTH HAZARD IN SOUTH ASIAN COUNTRIES. THE MAIN SOURCE IS CONSUMPTION OF CONTAMINATED GROUND WATER FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSES. CUTANEOUS LESIONS, INTERNAL ORGAN INVOLVEMENT INCLUDING INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE AND CARCINOMAS AS OBSERVED IN OUR PATIENT HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE. VARIOUS MECHANISMS LIKE EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND ARSENIC-INDUCED IMMUNE SUPPRESSION HAVE BEEN PROPOSED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CUTANEOUS CARCINOMAS WITH PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: AMONG THE VARIOUS CAUSES OF PALMO-PLANTAR HYPERKERATOSIS, ARSENICOSIS SHOULD BE KEPT IN MIND WHEN PRESENTING IN COMBINATION WITH PIGMENTARY CHANGES AND CARCINOMATOUS GROWTH FROM AN ARSENIC-ENDEMIC REGION. CONCLUSIONS: PEOPLE RESIDING IN ARSENIC-ENDEMIC REGIONS SHOULD BE MADE AWARE OF ARSENIC-RELATED HEALTH HAZARDS. RAINWATER HARVESTING AND GOOD NUTRITION ARE THE SIMPLEST MEASURES WHICH COULD BE ADOPTED BY THE EXPOSED POPULATION IN AFFECTED AREAS. SEVERAL METHODS HAVE ALSO BEEN EMPLOYED BY GOVERNMENTAL AND NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS TO SEPARATE ARSENIC FROM CONTAMINATED WATER TO COMBAT ARSENIC-RELATED DISEASES AND CARCINOMAS. COMPETING INTERESTS: THE AUTHORS DECLARE NO COMPETING FINANCIAL INTERESTS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
12  1915 21 ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE OF METALS AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH. UNTAINTED ENVIRONMENT PROMOTES HEALTH, BUT THE LAST FEW DECADES EXPERIENCED STEEP UPSURGE IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS POSING DETRIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPACT. THE RESPONSIBLE FACTORS MAINLY INCLUDE THE EXPONENTIAL GROWTH OF HUMAN POPULATION, HAVOC RISE IN INDUSTRIALIZATION, POORLY PLANNED URBANIZATION, AND SLAPDASH ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION CAN INCREASE THE LIKELIHOOD OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO HEAVY METALS, RESULTING IN HEALTH CONSEQUENCES SUCH AS REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS. AS A RESULT, RESEARCH INTO METAL-INDUCED CAUSES OF REPRODUCTIVE IMPAIRMENT AT THE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND BIOCHEMICAL LEVELS MUST BE STRENGTHENED FURTHER. THESE METALS IMPACT UPON THE FEMALE REPRODUCTION AT ALL STRATA OF ITS REGULATION AND FUNCTIONS, BE IT DEVELOPMENT, MATURATION, OR ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS, AND ARE LINKED TO AN INCREASE IN THE CAUSES OF INFERTILITY IN WOMEN. CHRONIC EXPOSURES TO THE HEAVY METALS MAY LEAD TO BREAST CANCER, ENDOMETRIOSIS, ENDOMETRIAL CANCER, MENSTRUAL DISORDERS, AND SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS, AS WELL AS PRE-TERM DELIVERIES, STILLBIRTHS. FOR EXAMPLE, ENDOMETRIOSIS, ENDOMETRIAL CANCER, AND SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS ARE ALL CAUSED BY THE METALLOESTROGEN CADMIUM (CD); LEAD (PB) LEVELS OVER A CERTAIN THRESHOLD CAN CAUSE SPONTANEOUS ABORTION AND HAVE A TERATOGENIC IMPACT; TOXIC AMOUNTS OF MERCURY (HG) HAVE AN INFLUENCE ON THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE, WHICH CAN LEAD TO INFERTILITY. IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE TO HEAVY METALS ON FEMALE FERTILITY IS THEREFORE A WELL-KNOWN FACT. THUS, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS MUST BE EXPLAINED AND PERIODICALLY UPDATED, GIVEN THE GROWING EVIDENCE ON THE INFLUENCE OF INCREASING ENVIRONMENTAL HEAVY METAL LOAD ON FEMALE FERTILITY. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO GIVE A CONCISE OVERVIEW OF HOW HEAVY METAL AFFECTS FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
13  2603 25 EPIGENETICS, ENVIRONMENT AND EPIDEMIOLOGY: AN INTERVIEW WITH KARL KELSEY. IN THIS INTERVIEW, PROFESSOR KARL KELSEY SPEAKS WITH STORM JOHNSON, COMMISSIONING EDITOR FOR EPIGENOMICS, ON HIS WORK TO DATE IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENOMICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY. DR KARL KELSEY, MD, MOH IS A PROFESSOR OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY MEDICINE AT BROWN UNIVERSITY. HE IS THE FOUNDING DIRECTOR OF THE CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY AND HEAD OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SECTION AT THE DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY. DR KELSEY IS INTERESTED IN THE APPLICATION OF LABORATORY-BASED BIOMARKERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASE, WITH EXPERIENCE IN CHRONIC DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND TUMOR BIOLOGY. THE GOALS OF HIS WORK INCLUDE A MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO EXPOSURE-RELATED CANCERS. IN ADDITION, HIS LABORATORY IS INTERESTED IN TUMOR BIOLOGY, INVESTIGATING SOMATIC ALTERATIONS IN TUMOR TISSUE FROM THE PATIENTS WHO HAVE DEVELOPED EXPOSURE-RELATED CANCERS. THIS WORK INVOLVES THE USE OF AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC APPROACH TO CHARACTERIZE EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ALTERATION OF GENES IN THE CAUSAL PATHWAY FOR MALIGNANCY. ACTIVE WORK INCLUDES SEVERAL STUDIES OF INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CANCER. DR KELSEY'S LABORATORY MAINLY INVESTIGATES SUSCEPTIBILITY TO SMOKING-RELATED LUNG CANCER AND STUDIES MULTI-RACIAL AND ETHNIC POPULATIONS. IN ADDITION, THE LABORATORY IS ALSO INVOLVED WITH THE STUDY OF INHERITED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BRAIN TUMORS AND PANCREATIC CANCER. MAJOR CASE CONTROL STUDIES THAT ARE ONGOING IN THE LABORATORY INCLUDE STUDIES DESIGNED TO UNDERSTAND INHERITED AND ACQUIRED SUSCEPTIBILITY IN HEAD AND NECK CANCERS. THE LABORATORY IS ALSO INVOLVED IN A CASE CONTROL STUDY OF ASBESTOS-ASSOCIATED MESOTHELIOMA, ARSENIC EXPOSURE, CIGARETTE SMOKING AND BLADDER CANCER. CONSIDERABLE WORK IS BEING DEVOTED TO UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF BOTH ASBESTOS AND ARSENIC INCLUDING THEIR ABILITY TO AFFECT PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE SILENCING IN CARCINOGENESIS. RECENT LABORATORY STUDIES INCLUDES AN INTEREST IN USING NEWLY DEVELOPED DNA METHYLATION BIOMARKERS TO PROBE IMMUNE PROFILES FROM ARCHIVED BLOOD. DR KELSEY RECEIVED HIS MD FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA AND MASTERS OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH FROM HARVARD UNIVERSITY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
14  5295 19 PROTECTIVE POTENTIAL OF THYMOQUINONE AGAINST CADMIUM, ARSENIC, AND LEAD TOXICITY: A SHORT REVIEW WITH EMPHASIS ON OXIDATIVE PATHWAYS. HEAVY METALS ARE AMONG THE MOST IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONS USED IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIES. THEIR EXTENSIVE USE HAS INCREASED HUMAN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DIFFERENT CHRONIC DISEASES. TOXIC METAL EXPOSURE, ESPECIALLY CADMIUM, ARSENIC, AND LEAD, CAUSES OXIDATIVE DAMAGES, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. MEANWHILE, THYMOQUINONE (TQ) IS AN EFFECTIVE COMPONENT OF NIGELLA SATIVA OIL THAT PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN PREVENTING THE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECTS OF HEAVY METALS. THE PRESENT REVIEW DISCUSSES HOW TQ CAN PROTECT VARIOUS TISSUES AGAINST OXIDATIVE DAMAGE OF HEAVY METALS. THIS REVIEW IS BASED ON THE RESEARCH REPORTED ABOUT THE PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF TQ IN THE TOXICITY OF HEAVY METALS, APPROXIMATELY THE LAST 10 YEARS (2010-2021). SCIENTIFIC DATABASES, INCLUDING SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE, AND PUBMED, WERE SEARCHED USING THE FOLLOWING KEYWORDS EITHER ALONE OR IN COMBINATION: CADMIUM, ARSENIC, LEAD, TQ, AND OXIDATIVE STRESS. TQ, AS A POTENT ANTIOXIDANT, CAN DISTRIBUTE TO CELLULAR COMPARTMENTS AND PREVENT OXIDATIVE DAMAGE OF TOXIC METALS. HOWEVER, DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF TOXIC METAL AND THE CARRIER SYSTEM USED TO RELEASE TQ IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS, ITS THERAPEUTIC DOSAGE RANGE MAY BE VARIED.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
15  1644 21 DOES THE ENVIRONMENT AFFECT MENOPAUSE? A REVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS ON MENOPAUSE. ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS ARE WIDELY DISTRIBUTED IN OUR ENVIRONMENT. HUMANS ARE EXPOSED TO THESE COMPOUNDS NOT ONLY THROUGH THEIR OCCUPATIONS, BUT ALSO THROUGH DIETARY CONSUMPTION AND EXPOSURE TO CONTAMINATED WATER, PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS AND TEXTILES. CHEMICALS THAT ARE PERSISTENT IN THE BODY AND IN OUR ENVIRONMENT INCLUDE DIOXINS AND POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS. NON-PERSISTENT CHEMICALS INCLUDING BISPHENOL A, PHTHALATES AND PARABENS ARE EQUALLY AS IMPORTANT BECAUSE THEY ARE UBIQUITOUS IN OUR ENVIRONMENT. HEAVY METALS, INCLUDING LEAD AND CADMIUM, CAN ALSO HAVE ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING PROPERTIES. ALTHOUGH DIFFICULT TO STUDY DUE TO THEIR VARIETY OF SOURCES OF EXPOSURES AND MECHANISMS OF ACTION, THESE CHEMICALS HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY MENOPAUSE, INCREASED FREQUENCY OF VASOMOTOR SYMPTOMS, ALTERED STEROID HORMONE LEVELS AND MARKERS OF DIMINISHED OVARIAN RESERVE. UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACTS OF THESE EXPOSURES IS IMPORTANT GIVEN THE POTENTIAL FOR EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, WHICH CAN ALTER GENE FUNCTION AND RESULT IN MULTI-GENERATIONAL EFFECTS. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES FINDINGS IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS OR CELL-BASED MODELS FROM THE PAST DECADE OF RESEARCH. CONTINUED RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO ASSESS THE EFFECTS OF MIXTURES OF CHEMICALS, CHRONIC EXPOSURES AND NEW COMPOUNDS THAT ARE CONTINUOUSLY BEING DEVELOPED AS REPLACEMENTS FOR TOXIC CHEMICALS THAT ARE BEING PHASED OUT.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
16  4019 21 LOW-DOSE OR LOW-DOSE-RATE IONIZING RADIATION-INDUCED BIOEFFECTS IN ANIMAL MODELS. ANIMAL EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES INDICATE THAT ACUTE OR CHRONIC LOW-DOSE IONIZING RADIATION (LDIR) (</=100 MSV) OR LOW-DOSE-RATE IONIZING RADIATION (LDRIR) (<6 MSV/H) EXPOSURES MAY BE HARMFUL. IT INDUCES GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH A RANGE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL DISTURBANCES THAT INCLUDES ALTERED IMMUNE SYSTEM, ABNORMAL BRAIN DEVELOPMENT WITH RESULTANT COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, CATARACTOGENESIS, ABNORMAL EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT, CIRCULATORY DISEASES, WEIGHT GAIN, PREMATURE MENOPAUSE IN FEMALE ANIMALS, TUMORIGENESIS AND SHORTENED LIFESPAN. PATERNAL OR PRENATAL LDIR/LDRIR EXPOSURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED FERTILITY AND NUMBER OF LIVE FETUSES, AND TRANSGENERATIONAL GENOMIC ABERRATIONS. ON THE OTHER HAND, IN SOME EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, LDIR/LDRIR EXPOSURE HAS ALSO BEEN REPORTED TO BRING ABOUT BENEFICIAL EFFECTS SUCH AS REDUCTION IN TUMORIGENESIS, PROLONGED LIFESPAN AND ENHANCED FERTILITY. THE DIFFERENCES IN REPORTED EFFECTS OF LDIR/LDRIR EXPOSURE ARE DEPENDENT ON ANIMAL GENETIC BACKGROUND (SUSCEPTIBILITY), AGE (PRENATAL OR POSTNATAL DAYS), SEX, NATURE OF RADIATION EXPOSURE (I.E. ACUTE, FRACTIONATED OR CHRONIC RADIATION EXPOSURE), TYPE OF RADIATION, COMBINATION OF RADIATION WITH OTHER TOXIC AGENTS (SUCH AS SMOKING, PESTICIDES OR OTHER CHEMICAL TOXINS) OR ANIMAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS. IN THIS REVIEW PAPER, WE AIMED TO UPDATE RADIATION RESEARCHERS AND RADIOLOGISTS ON THE CURRENT PROGRESS ACHIEVED IN UNDERSTANDING THE LDIR/LDRIR-INDUCED BIONEGATIVE AND BIOPOSITIVE EFFECTS REPORTED IN THE VARIOUS ANIMAL MODELS. THE ROLES PLAYED BY A VARIETY OF MOLECULES THAT ARE IMPLICATED IN LDIR/LDRIR-INDUCED HEALTH EFFECTS WILL BE ELABORATED. THE REVIEW WILL HELP IN FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS OF LDIR/LDRIR-INDUCED HEALTH EFFECTS BY PROVIDING CLUES FOR DESIGNING IMPROVED ANIMAL RESEARCH MODELS IN ORDER TO CLARIFY THE CURRENT CONTROVERSIAL/CONTRADICTORY FINDINGS FROM EXISTING STUDIES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
17   452 18 APPLICATION OF THE KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF CARCINOGENS TO PER AND POLYFLUOROALKYL SUBSTANCES. PER- AND POLYFLUOROALKYL SUBSTANCES (PFAS) CONSTITUTE A LARGE CLASS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY PERSISTENT CHEMICALS USED IN INDUSTRIAL AND CONSUMER PRODUCTS. HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PFAS IS EXTENSIVE, AND PFAS CONTAMINATION HAS BEEN REPORTED IN DRINKING WATER AND FOOD SUPPLIES AS WELL AS IN THE SERUM OF NEARLY ALL PEOPLE. THE MOST WELL-STUDIED MEMBER OF THE PFAS CLASS, PERFLUOROOCTANOIC ACID (PFOA), INDUCES TUMORS IN ANIMAL BIOASSAYS AND HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH ELEVATED RISK OF CANCER IN HUMAN POPULATIONS. GENX, ONE OF THE PFOA REPLACEMENT CHEMICALS, INDUCES TUMORS IN ANIMAL BIOASSAYS AS WELL. USING THE KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF CARCINOGENS FRAMEWORK FOR CANCER HAZARD IDENTIFICATION, WE CONSIDERED THE EXISTING EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, TOXICOLOGICAL AND MECHANISTIC DATA FOR 26 DIFFERENT PFAS. WE FOUND STRONG EVIDENCE THAT MULTIPLE PFAS INDUCE OXIDATIVE STRESS, ARE IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE, AND MODULATE RECEPTOR-MEDIATED EFFECTS. WE ALSO FOUND SUGGESTIVE EVIDENCE INDICATING THAT SOME PFAS CAN INDUCE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND INFLUENCE CELL PROLIFERATION. EXPERIMENTAL DATA INDICATE THAT PFAS ARE NOT GENOTOXIC AND GENERALLY DO NOT UNDERGO METABOLIC ACTIVATION. DATA ARE CURRENTLY INSUFFICIENT TO ASSESS WHETHER ANY PFAS PROMOTE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, CELLULAR IMMORTALIZATION OR ALTER DNA REPAIR. WHILE MORE RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO ADDRESS DATA GAPS, EVIDENCE EXISTS THAT SEVERAL PFAS EXHIBIT ONE OR MORE OF THE KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF CARCINOGENS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
18  2799 25 FEED COMPOSITION DIFFERENCES RESULTING FROM ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL FARMING PRACTICES AFFECT PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN WISTAR RATS-RESULTS FROM A FACTORIAL, TWO-GENERATION DIETARY INTERVENTION TRIAL. RECENT HUMAN COHORT STUDIES REPORTED POSITIVE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN ORGANIC FOOD CONSUMPTION AND A LOWER INCIDENCE OF OBESITY, CANCER, AND SEVERAL OTHER DISEASES. HOWEVER, THERE ARE VERY FEW ANIMAL AND HUMAN DIETARY INTERVENTION STUDIES THAT PROVIDE SUPPORTING EVIDENCE OR A MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS. HERE WE REPORT RESULTS FROM A TWO-GENERATION, DIETARY INTERVENTION STUDY WITH MALE WISTAR RATS TO IDENTIFY THE EFFECTS OF FEEDS MADE FROM ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL CROPS ON GROWTH, HORMONAL, AND IMMUNE SYSTEM PARAMETERS THAT ARE KNOWN TO AFFECT THE RISK OF A NUMBER OF CHRONIC, NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES IN ANIMALS AND HUMANS. A 2 X 2 FACTORIAL DESIGN WAS USED TO SEPARATE THE EFFECTS OF CONTRASTING CROP PROTECTION METHODS (USE OR NON-USE OF SYNTHETIC CHEMICAL PESTICIDES) AND FERTILIZERS (MINERAL NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM (NPK) FERTILIZERS VS. MANURE USE) APPLIED IN CONVENTIONAL AND ORGANIC CROP PRODUCTION. CONVENTIONAL, PESTICIDE-BASED CROP PROTECTION RESULTED IN SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER FIBER, POLYPHENOL, FLAVONOID, AND LUTEIN, BUT HIGHER LIPID, ALDICARB, AND DIQUAT CONCENTRATIONS IN ANIMAL FEEDS. CONVENTIONAL, MINERAL NPK-BASED FERTILIZATION RESULTED IN SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER POLYPHENOL, BUT HIGHER CADMIUM AND PROTEIN CONCENTRATIONS IN FEEDS. FEED COMPOSITION DIFFERENCES RESULTING FROM THE USE OF PESTICIDES AND/OR MINERAL NPK-FERTILIZER HAD A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON FEED INTAKE, WEIGHT GAIN, PLASMA HORMONE, AND IMMUNOGLOBULIN CONCENTRATIONS, AND LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION IN BOTH GENERATIONS OF RATS AND IN THE SECOND GENERATION ALSO ON THE BODY WEIGHT AT WEANING. RESULTS SUGGEST THAT RELATIVELY SMALL CHANGES IN DIETARY INTAKES OF (A) PROTEIN, LIPIDS, AND FIBER, (B) TOXIC AND/OR ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING PESTICIDES AND METALS, AND (C) POLYPHENOLS AND OTHER ANTIOXIDANTS (RESULTING FROM PESTICIDE AND/OR MINERAL NPK-FERTILIZER USE) HAD COMPLEX AND OFTEN INTERACTIVE EFFECTS ON ENDOCRINE, IMMUNE SYSTEMS AND GROWTH PARAMETERS IN RATS. HOWEVER, THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO CONTRASTING FEED COMPOSITION/INTAKE PROFILES DIFFERED SUBSTANTIALLY BETWEEN THE FIRST AND SECOND GENERATIONS OF RATS. THIS MAY INDICATE EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING AND/OR THE GENERATION OF "ADAPTIVE" PHENOTYPES AND SHOULD BE INVESTIGATED FURTHER.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
19  5353 24 RE-EVALUATION OF POLIHEXANIDE USE IN WOUND ANTISEPSIS IN ORDER TO CLARIFY AMBIGUITIES OF TWO ANIMAL STUDIES. OBJECTIVE: DUE TO CLASSIFICATION OF THE AGENT POLIHEXANIDE (PHMB) IN CATEGORY 2 'MAY CAUSE CANCER' BY THE COMMITTEE FOR RISK ASSESSMENT OF THE EUROPEAN CHEMICALS AGENCY IN 2011, THE USERS OF WOUND ANTISEPTICS MAY BE HIGHLY CONFUSED. IN 2017, THIS STATEMENT WAS UPDATED, DEFINING PHMB UP TO 0.1% AS A PRESERVATIVE SAFE IN ALL COSMETIC PRODUCTS. IN THE INTEREST OF PATIENT SAFETY, A SCIENTIFIC CLARIFICATION OF THE POTENTIAL CARCINOGENICITY OF PHMB IS NECESSARY. METHODS: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM (MDT) OF MICROBIOLOGISTS, SURGEONS, DERMATOLOGISTS AND BIOCHEMISTS CONDUCTED A BENEFIT-RISK ASSESSMENT TO CLARIFY THE HAZARD OF ANTISEPTIC USE OF PHMB. RESULTS: IN TWO ANIMAL STUDIES, FROM WHICH THE ASSESSMENT OF A CARCINOGENIC RISK WAS DERIVED, PHMB WAS ADMINISTERED ORALLY OVER TWO YEARS IN EXTREMELY HIGH CONCENTRATIONS FAR ABOVE THE NO(A)EL (NO-OBSERVED-(ADVERSE-) EFFECT LEVEL) IN RATS AND MICE. FEEDING IN THE NO(A)EL RANGE RESULTED IN NO ABNORMAL EFFECTS. IN ONE MALE IN THE HIGHEST DOSE GROUP OF 4000PPM PHMB, AN ADENOCARCINOMA WAS FOUND, WHICH THE AUTHOR ATTRIBUTED TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE COLON WITH SYSTEMIC ATYPICAL EXPOSURE. THE INCREASING INCIDENCE OF HEMANGIOSARCOMAS HIGHLY PROBABLY RESULTED FROM INCREASED ENDOTHELIAL PROLIFERATION, TRIGGERED BY THE EXCEEDINGLY HIGH DOSAGE FED, BECAUSE PHMB IS NOT GENOTOXIC AND THERE IS NO EVIDENCE FOR EPIGENETIC EFFECTS. DISCUSSION: IT IS WELL KNOWN THAT PHMB IS NOT ABSORBED WHEN APPLIED TOPICALLY. CONSIDERING THE ABSENCE OF GENOTOXICITY AND EPIGENETIC EFFECTS TOGETHER WITH THE INTERPRETATION OF THE ANIMAL STUDIES, IT IS THE CONSENSUS OF THE MULTIDISCIPLINARY EXPERTS THAT A CARCINOGENIC RISK FROM PHMB-USE FOR WOUND ANTISEPSIS CAN BE RULED OUT. CONCLUSION: ON THIS BASIS AND CONSIDERING THEIR EFFECTIVENESS, TOLERABILITY AND CLINICAL EVIDENCE, THE INDICATIONS FOR PHMB BASED WOUND ANTISEPTICS ARE JUSTIFIED.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
20  5500 16 REVISITING MIGRAINE: THE EVOLVING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND THE EXPANDING MANAGEMENT ARMAMENTARIUM. MIGRAINE AFFECTS ABOUT ONE BILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE YEARLY AND IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON NEUROLOGIC ILLNESSES, WITH A HIGH PREVALENCE AND MORBIDITY, PARTICULARLY AMONG YOUNG ADULTS AND FEMALES. MIGRAINE IS ASSOCIATED WITH MANY COMORBIDITIES, INCLUDING STRESS, SLEEP DIFFICULTIES, AND SUICIDAL IDEATION. MIGRAINE, DESPITE ITS WIDESPREAD OCCURRENCE, IS UNDERDIAGNOSED AND UNDERTREATED. BECAUSE OF THE COMPLICATED AND PRIMARILY UNKNOWN MECHANISMS OF MIGRAINE FORMATION, SEVERAL SOCIAL AND BIOLOGICAL RISK FACTORS, SUCH AS HORMONE IMBALANCES, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC IMPACTS, AND CARDIOVASCULAR, NEUROLOGICAL, AND AUTOIMMUNE ILLNESSES, HAVE BEEN PROPOSED. THROUGH THE MID-20TH CENTURY DIVERSION OF THE NOW-DEFUNCT VASCULAR THEORY, THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MIGRAINE HAS DEVELOPED FROM A HISTORICAL STUDY OF THE "HUMOURS" TO A DISTINCT ENTITY AS A NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER. THE RANGE OF THERAPEUTIC TARGETS HAS BROADENED SIGNIFICANTLY, INCREASING THE NUMBER OF SPECIALIZED CLINICAL TRIALS. UNDERSTANDING THE BIOLOGY OF MIGRAINE THROUGH CAREFUL RESEARCH HAS RESULTED IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR THERAPEUTIC CLASSES: (I) TRIPTANS, SEROTONIN 5-HT1B/1D RECEPTOR AGONISTS, (II) GEPANTS, CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE (CGRP) RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS, (III) DITANS, 5-HT1F RECEPTOR AGONISTS, (IV) CGRP MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES, AND (V) GLURANTS, MGLU5 MODULATORS, WITH FURTHER TARGETS BEING EXPLORED. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF THE MOST RECENT LITERATURE ON EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS AND EXPOSES KNOWLEDGE GAPS.	2023