1  6235 132 THE M(6)A DEMETHYLASE FTO PROMOTES RENAL EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION BY REDUCING THE M(6)A MODIFICATION OF LNCRNA GAS5. BACKGROUND: RENAL INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS (RIF) IS THE MAIN PATHOLOGICAL CHANGE OF A VARIETY OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASES (CKD). EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF FIBROSIS-PRONE GENES REGULATE RIF PROGRESSION. THIS STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE LONG NON-CODING RNA (LNCRNA) N6-METHYLADENOSINE (M(6)A) MODIFICATION AND ITS ROLE IN REGULATING RIF PROGRESSION. METHODS: UNILATERAL URETERAL OCCLUSION (UUO) WAS EMPLOYED TO CONSTRUCT THE RIF IN VIVO MODEL; AND TGF-BETA1-TREATED HK-2 AND HKC-8 CELLS WERE USED FOR IN VITRO EXPERIMENTS. THE MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSIONS WERE ASSESSED USING QRT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOT. THE PROLIFERATION AND MIGRATION WERE EVALUATED BY EDU ASSAY AND TRANSWELL ASSAY, RESPECTIVELY. IN ADDITION, LEVELS OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES WERE DETERMINED BY ELISA ASSAY AND QRT-PCR. MOREOVER, LNCRNA GAS5 M(6)A LEVEL WAS DETECTED USING ME-RIP ASSAY. HE AND MASSON STAINING WERE EMPLOYED TO EVALUATE FIBROTIC LESIONS OF THE KIDNEY. RESULTS: FTO EXPRESSION WAS ELEVATED IN HK-2 AND HKC-8 CELLS AFTER TGF-BETA1 TREATMENT AND MOUSE KIDNEY TISSUE FOLLOWING UUO, AND LNCRNA GAS5 WAS DOWNREGULATED. LNCRNA GAS5 OVEREXPRESSION OR FTO SILENCING SUPPRESSED TGF-BETA1-INDUCED THE INCREASE OF EMT-RELATED PROTEINS (VIMENTIN, SNAIL AND N-CADHERIN) AND INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES (IL-6, IL-1BETA AND TNF-ALPHA) LEVELS IN HK-2 CELLS. FTO SUPPRESSED LNCRNA GAS5 EXPRESSION BY REDUCING THE M6A MODIFICATION OF LNCRNA GAS5. ADDITIONALLY, FTO KNOCKDOWN COULD SUPPRESS EMT PROCESS AND INFLAMMATION RESPONSE INDUCED BY TGF-BETA1 AND UUO IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. AS EXPECTED, FTO KNOCKDOWN ABROGATED THE PROMOTION EFFECTS OF LNCRNA GAS5 SILENCING ON TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EMT PROCESS AND INFLAMMATION RESPONSE IN HK-2 AND HKC-8 CELLS. CONCLUSION: FTO PROMOTED EMT PROCESS AND INFLAMMATION RESPONSE THROUGH REDUCING THE M(6)A MODIFICATION OF LNCRNA GAS5.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
2  3036  55 GENISTEIN AMELIORATES RENAL FIBROSIS THROUGH REGULATION SNAIL VIA M6A RNA DEMETHYLASE ALKBH5. RENAL TUBULE-INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS IS RELATED TO CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PROGRESSION AND A TYPICAL FEATURE OF THE AGING KIDNEY. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF FIBROSIS-PRONE GENES REGULATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENAL FIBROSIS. AS A KIND OF "EPIGENETIC DIET", SOY ISOFLAVONE GENISTEIN WAS REPORTED TO HAVE RENAL PROTECTIVE ACTION AND EPIGENETIC-MODULATING EFFECTS. HOWEVER, ITS RENAL PROTECTION ROLE AND UNDERLYING MECHANISMS ARE YET TO BE FULLY CLARIFIED. HEREIN, WE SHOWED THAT GENISTEIN EXHIBITS A DEMONSTRABLE ANTI-FIBROTIC EFFECT ON KIDNEY IN VIVO UUO (UNILATERAL URETERAL OCCLUSION) MODEL AND RENAL EPITHELIAL CELLS IN VITRO MODEL. THE MECHANISM IS STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION AND M6A RNA DEMETHYLASE ALKBH5. MOUSE FIBROTIC KIDNEYS INDUCED BY UUO EXHIBITED ADVERSE EXPRESSION OF RENAL FIBROSIS-RELATED PROTEINS AND SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN THE TOTAL M6A LEVEL. AS AN ERASER, ALKBH5 SHOWED SEVERER SUPPRESSION IN THE RENAL FIBROSIS PROCESS. HOWEVER, GENISTEIN PRETREATMENT RESTORED ALKBH5 LOSS REMARKABLY AND REDUCED RENAL FIBROSIS, ABNORMAL PROTEIN, AND INFLAMMATORY MARKERS. THE EXAMINATION OF POSSIBLE MECHANISMS REVEALED THAT GENISTEIN PROMOTED ALKBH5 AND MAYBE INDUCED THE LEVEL OF MRNA M6A METHYLATION IN SOME EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. WE FOUND SNAIL WAS THE CRITICAL REGULATOR AND CRITICAL FOR THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF GENISTEIN. TO VERIFY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ALKBH5 AND SNAIL, WE GENERATED KNOCKDOWN AND OVEREXPRESSION OF ALKBH5 CELLS IN VITRO. ALKBH5 KNOCKDOWN ENHANCED THE MESENCHYMAL PHENOTYPE MARKER ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN AND SNAIL EXPRESSION. IN AGREEMENT, OVEREXPRESSION ALKBH5 INCREASED EPITHELIAL ADHESION MOLECULE E-CADHERIN AND REDUCED SNAIL EXPRESSION. IN CONCLUSION, GENISTEIN INCREASED RENAL ALKBH5 EXPRESSION IN UUO-INDUCED RENAL FIBROSIS AND REDUCED RNA M6A LEVELS AND AMELIORATES RENAL DAMAGES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
3  1632  36 DNMTS ARE INVOLVED IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITIONS IN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS. CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS (CRS) PATHOGENESIS IS CLOSELY RELATED TO TISSUE REMODELING, INCLUDING EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT). EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY KEY ROLES IN EMT. DNA METHYLATION, MEDIATED BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS), IS AN EPIGENETIC MARKER THAT IS CRITICAL TO EMT. THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER DNMTS WERE INVOLVED IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EMT AND ELUCIDATE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS IN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT ACTIVITY WERE QUANTIFIED. DNMT EXPRESSION WAS MEASURED USING REAL-TIME PCR (QRT-PCR) IN HUMAN CRS TISSUES. MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS OF DNMTS, E-CADHERIN, VIMENTIN, ALPHA-SMA, AND FIBRONECTIN WERE DETERMINED USING RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOTTING, RESPECTIVELY. DNMT1, DNMT3A, AND DNMT3B GENE EXPRESSION WERE KNOCKED DOWN USING SIRNA TRANSFECTION. MAPK PHOSPHORYLATION AND EMT-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR LEVELS WERE DETERMINED USING WESTERN BLOTTING. SIGNALING PATHWAYS WERE ANALYZED USING SPECIFIC INHIBITORS OF MAPK. WE DEMONSTRATED THESE DATA IN PRIMARY NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION, DNMT ACTIVITY, AND DNMT EXPRESSION INCREASED IN CRS TISSUES. DNMT EXPRESSION WAS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH LUND-MCKAY CT SCORES. TGF-BETA1 DOSE-DEPENDENTLY INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION. FURTHER, 5-AZA INHIBITED TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT, SNAIL, AND SLUG EXPRESSION RELATED TO EMT, AS WELL AS P38 AND JNK PHOSPHORYLATION IN A549 CELLS AND TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION AND EMT IN PRIMARY NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION LEADS TO DNA METHYLATION AND EMT VIA P38, JNK, SNAIL, AND SLUG SIGNALING PATHWAYS. INHIBITION OF DNMT SUPPRESSED THE EMT PROCESS AND THEREFORE IS POTENTIALLY A CRS THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
4   766  54 CCL5 SUPPRESSES KLOTHO EXPRESSION VIA P-STAT3/DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE1-MEDIATED PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION. BACKGROUND: ENHANCED INFLAMMATION AND REDUCED KLOTHO ARE COMMON FEATURES IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD). INFLAMMATION INDUCES DNA HYPERMETHYLATION. THIS STUDY ASSESSED THE PERFORMANCE OF INFLAMMATORY MARKER C-C MOTIF CHEMOKINE 5 (CCL5) IN EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF KLOTHO EXPRESSION. METHODS: FIFTY CKD PATIENTS AND 25 MATCHED CONTROLS WERE ENROLLED, AND SERUM CCL5 LEVEL, SKLOTHO LEVEL, AND DNA METHYLATION WERE EVALUATED IN THESE SUBJECTS. A RENAL INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS (RIF) MODEL WITH CKD WAS INDUCED IN MICE VIA UNILATERAL URETERAL OBSTRUCTION (UUO) IN VIVO AND HUMAN PROXIMAL TUBULAR EPITHELIAL (HK-2) CELLS TREATED WITH CCL5 IN VITRO. 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZA), A DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR WAS GIVEN TO UUO MICE. HEMATOXYLIN AND EOSIN (HE) AND MASSON TRICHROME STAINING WERE ADOPTED TO EVALUATE RENAL PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES. METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR WAS PERFORMED TO ASSESS DNA METHYLATION OF KLOTHO PROMOTER IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEUCOCYTES (PBLS) FROM CKD PATIENTS AND OBSTRUCTIVE KIDNEY FROM UUO MICE. CCL5, KLOTHO, AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS) WERE DETERMINED BY ELISAS, IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE, OR WESTERN BLOTTING. HK-2 CELLS WERE EXPOSED TO CCL5 WITH OR WITHOUT 5-AZA AND STATTIC, A P-SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION 3 (STAT3) INHIBITOR, AND EXPRESSIONS OF P-STAT3, DNMT1, AND KLOTHO WERE DETERMINED BY WESTERN BLOTTING. RESULTS: CCL5 UPREGULATION CONCOMITANT WITH KLOTHO DOWNREGULATION IN SERUM AND GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN PBLS WERE OBSERVED IN CKD SAMPLES. UUO CONTRIBUTED TO SEVERE RENAL INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS AND ENHANCED EXPRESSIONS OF FIBROTIC MARKERS. MOREOVER, UUO INCREASED THE CCL5 LEVEL, INDUCED KLOTHO PROMOTER METHYLATION, SUPPRESSED KLOTHO LEVEL, ACTIVATED P-STAT3 SIGNALING, AND UPREGULATED DNMT1 LEVEL. A SIMILAR OBSERVATION WAS MADE IN HK-2 CELLS TREATED WITH CCL5. MORE IMPORTANTLY, 5-AZA INHIBITED UUO-INDUCED KLOTHO HYPERMETHYLATION, REVERSED KLOTHO, DOWNREGULATED P-STAT3 EXPRESSIONS, AND AMELIORATED RIF IN VIVO. THE CONSISTENT FINDINGS IN VITRO WERE ALSO OBTAINED IN HK-2 CELLS EXPOSED TO 5-AZA AND STATTIC. CONCLUSION: THE CCL5/P-STAT3/DNMT1 AXIS IS IMPLICATED IN EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF KLOTHO EXPRESSION IN CKD. THIS STUDY PROVIDES NOVEL THERAPEUTIC POSSIBILITIES FOR REVERSAL OF KLOTHO SUPPRESSION BY CKD.	2022	
                                                                                       
5  3889  44 KLOTHO RECOVERY BY GENISTEIN VIA PROMOTER HISTONE ACETYLATION AND DNA DEMETHYLATION MITIGATES RENAL FIBROSIS IN MICE. RENAL FIBROSIS IS A COMMON HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL FEATURE OF RENAL AGING AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASES OF ALL ETIOLOGIES, AND ITS INITIATION AND PROGRESSION ARE SUBSTANTIALLY INFLUENCED BY ABERRANT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF FIBROSIS-SUSCEPTIBLE GENES, YET WITHOUT EFFECTIVE THERAPY. "EPIGENETIC DIETS" EXHIBIT TISSUE-PROTECTIVE AND EPIGENETIC-MODULATING PROPERTIES; HOWEVER, THEIR ANTI-RENAL FIBROSIS FUNCTIONS AND THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS ARE LESS UNDERSTOOD. IN THIS STUDY, WE SHOW THAT GENISTEIN, A PHYTOESTROGENIC ISOFLAVONE ENRICHED IN DIETARY SOY PRODUCTS, EXHIBITS IMPRESSIVE ANTI-RENAL FIBROSIS ACTIVITIES BY RECOVERING EPIGENETIC LOSS OF KLOTHO, A KIDNEY-ENRICHED ANTI-AGING AND FIBROSIS-SUPPRESSING PROTEIN. MOUSE FIBROTIC KIDNEYS INDUCED BY UUO (UNILATERAL URETERAL OCCLUSION) DISPLAYED SEVERER KLOTHO SUPPRESSION AND ADVERSE EXPRESSION OF RENAL FIBROSIS-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS, BUT GENISTEIN ADMINISTRATION MARKEDLY RECOVERED THE KLOTHO LOSS AND ATTENUATED RENAL FIBROSIS AND THE PROTEIN EXPRESSION ABNORMALITIES. THE EXAMINATION OF POSSIBLE CAUSES OF THE KLOTHO RECOVERY REVEALED THAT GENISTEIN SIMULTANEOUSLY INHIBITED HISTONE 3 DEACETYLATION OF KLOTHO PROMOTER AND NORMALIZED THE PROMOTER DNA HYPERMETHYLATION BY SUPPRESSING ELEVATED DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE DNMT1 AND DNMT3A. MORE IMPORTANTLY, GENISTEIN'S ANTI-RENAL FIBROSIS EFFECTS ON THE RENAL FIBROTIC LESIONS AND THE ABNORMAL EXPRESSIONS OF FIBROSIS-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS WERE ABROGATED WHEN KLOTHO IS KNOCKDOWN BY RNA INTERFERENCES IN UUO MICE. THUS, OUR RESULTS IDENTIFY KLOTHO RESTORATION VIA EPIGENETIC HISTONE ACETYLATION AND DNA DEMETHYLATION AS A CRITICAL MECHANISM OF GENISTEIN'S ANTI-FIBROSIS FUNCTION AND SHED NEW LIGHTS ON THE POTENTIALS OF EPIGENETIC DIETS IN PREVENTING OR TREATING AGING OR RENAL FIBROSIS-ASSOCIATED KIDNEY DISEASES. KEY MESSAGES: GENISTEIN PREVENTS RENAL FIBROSIS AND THE ASSOCIATED KLOTHO SUPPRESSION IN UUO MICE. GENISTEIN UPREGULATES KLOTHO IN PART BY REVERSING THE PROMOTER HISTONE 3 HYPOACETYLATION. GENISTEIN ALSO PRESERVES KLOTHO VIA RELIEVING KLOTHO PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION. GENISTEIN DEMETHYLATES KLOTHO PROMOTER BY INHIBITING ABERRANT DNMT1/3A EXPRESSION. GENISTEIN RESTORATION OF KLOTHO IS ESSENTIAL FOR ITS ANTI-RENAL FIBROSIS FUNCTION.	2019	
                                                                                                               
6  2774  38 EXTRACELLULAR SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (EC-SOD) REGULATES GENE METHYLATION AND CARDIAC FIBROSIS DURING CHRONIC HYPOXIC STRESS. CHRONIC HYPOXIC STRESS INDUCES EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS MAINLY DNA METHYLATION IN CARDIAC FIBROBLASTS, INACTIVATING TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (RASSF1A) AND ACTIVATING KINASES (ERK1/2) LEADING TO FIBROBLAST PROLIFERATION AND CARDIAC FIBROSIS. THE RAS/ERK SIGNALING PATHWAY IS AN INTRACELLULAR SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION CRITICALLY INVOLVED IN FIBROBLAST PROLIFERATION. RASSF1A FUNCTIONS THROUGH ITS EFFECT ON DOWNSTREAM ERK1/2. THE ANTIOXIDANT ENZYME, EXTRACELLULAR SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (EC-SOD), DECREASES OXIDATIVE STRESS FROM CHRONIC HYPOXIA, BUT ITS EFFECTS ON THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAVE NOT BEEN FULLY EXPLORED. TO TEST OUR HYPOTHESIS, WE USED AN IN-VITRO MODEL: WILD-TYPE C57B6 MALE MICE (WT) AND TRANSGENIC MALES WITH AN EXTRA COPY OF HUMAN HEC-SOD (TG). THE STUDIED ANIMALS WERE HOUSED IN HYPOXIA (10% O(2)) FOR 21 DAYS. THE RIGHT VENTRICULAR TISSUE WAS STUDIED FOR CARDIAC FIBROSIS MARKERS USING RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSES. PRIMARY C57BL6 MOUSE CARDIAC FIBROBLAST TISSUE CULTURE WAS USED TO STUDY THE IN-VITRO MODEL, THE DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS OF RASSF-1 EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION, AND ITS RELATION TO ERK1/2. OUR FINDINGS SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN CARDIAC FIBROSIS MARKERS: COLLAGEN 1, ALPHA SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ASMA), AND SNAIL, IN THE WT HYPOXIC ANIMALS AS COMPARED TO THE TG HYPOXIC GROUP (P < 0.05). THE EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLATION ENZYMES (DNMT 1&3B) WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN THE WT HYPOXIC MICE AS COMPARED TO THE HYPOXIC TG MICE (P < 0.001). RASSF1A EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER AND ERK1/2 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN HYPOXIA WT COMPARED TO THE HYPOXIC TG GROUP (P < 0.05). USE OF SIRNA TO BLOCK RASSF1A GENE EXPRESSION IN MURINE CARDIAC FIBROBLAST TISSUE CULTURE LED TO INCREASED FIBROBLAST PROLIFERATION (P < 0.05). METHYLATION OF THE RASSF1A PROMOTER REGION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED IN THE TG HYPOXIC GROUP COMPARED TO THE WT HYPOXIC GROUP (0.59 VS. 0.75, RESPECTIVELY). BASED ON OUR FINDINGS, WE CAN SPECULATE THAT EC-SOD SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATES RASSF1A GENE METHYLATION AND CAN ALLEVIATE CARDIAC FIBROSIS INDUCED BY HYPOXIA.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
7  5994  42 TGFBETA-INCURRED EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS OF MIRNA AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE SUPPRESS KLOTHO AND POTENTIATE RENAL FIBROSIS. RENAL FIBROSIS IS A COMMON PATHOLOGICAL FEATURE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASES (CKD) AND ITS DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION ARE SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS SUCH AS ABERRANT MIRNA AND DNA METHYLATION. KLOTHO IS AN ANTI-AGING AND ANTI-FIBROTIC PROTEIN AND ITS EARLY DECLINE AFTER RENAL INJURY IS REPORTEDLY ASSOCIATED WITH ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. HOWEVER, THE KEY UPSTREAM PATHOLOGICAL MEDIATORS AND THE MOLECULAR CASCADE LEADING TO EPIGENETIC KLOTHO SUPPRESSION ARE NOT EXCLUSIVELY ESTABLISHED. HERE WE INVESTIGATE THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF KLOTHO DEFICIENCY AND ITS FUNCTIONAL RELEVANCE IN RENAL FIBROGENESIS. FIBROTIC KIDNEYS INDUCED BY UNILATERAL URETERAL OCCLUSION (UUO) DISPLAYED MARKED KLOTHO SUPPRESSION AND THE PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION. THESE ABNORMALITIES WERE LIKELY DUE TO DEREGULATED TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA (TGFBETA) SINCE TGFBETA ALONE CAUSED THE SIMILAR EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS IN CULTURED RENAL CELLS AND TGFBETA BLOCKADE PREVENTED THE ALTERATIONS IN UUO KIDNEY. FURTHER INVESTIGATION REVEALED THAT TGFBETA ENHANCED DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) 1 AND DNMT3A VIA INHIBITING MIR-152 AND MIR-30A IN BOTH RENAL CELLS AND FIBROTIC KIDNEYS. ACCORDINGLY THE BLOCKADE OF EITHER TGFBETA SIGNALING OR DNMT1/3A ACTIVITIES SIGNIFICANTLY RECOVERED THE KLOTHO LOSS AND ATTENUATED PRO-FIBROTIC PROTEIN EXPRESSION AND RENAL FIBROSIS. MOREOVER, KLOTHO KNOCKDOWN BY RNA INTERFERENCES ABOLISHED THE ANTI-FIBROTIC EFFECTS OF DNMT INHIBITION IN BOTH TGFBETA-TREATED RENAL CELL AND UUO KIDNEY, INDICATING THAT TGFBETA-MEDIATED MIR-152/30A INHIBITIONS, DNMT1/3A ABERRATIONS AND SUBSEQUENT KLOTHO LOSS CONSTITUTE A CRITICAL REGULATORY LOOP THAT ELIMINATES KLOTHO'S ANTI-FIBROTIC ACTIVITIES AND POTENTIATES RENAL FIBROGENESIS. THUS, OUR STUDY ELABORATES A NOVEL EPIGENETIC CASCADE OF RENAL FIBROGENESIS AND REVEALS THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR TREATING THE RENAL FIBROSIS-ASSOCIATED KIDNEY DISEASES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
8  5850  45 SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) REDUCES FIBROSIS MARKERS AND DEACTIVATES HUMAN STELLATE CELLS VIA THE EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT). HEPATIC FIBROSIS IS KNOWN AS THE ACCUMULATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE SECONDARY TO CHRONIC DAMAGE TO THE LIVER. EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT) CORRESPONDING INCREASE IN LIVER FIBROGENESIS WAS SHOWN WITH IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY AND PCR-BASED STUDIES. SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA), A SYNTHETIC COMPOUND APPROVED AS A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR (HDAC) BY THE FDA TO TREAT CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA IS UNDER INVESTIGATION FOR THE TREATMENT OF LUNG AND RENAL FIBROSIS. EXPERIMENTAL MODELING FOR HEPATIC FIBROSIS CAN BE CONSTRUCTED WITH AN LX2 CELL LINE ISOLATED FROM HUMAN HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSCS). IN THIS STUDY, WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE MODULATION OF SAHA IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF LIVER FIBROSIS BY DETECTING THE LEVELS OF PROTEINS; (E-CADHERIN (E-CAD), N-CADHERIN (N-CAD), VIMENTIN (VIM), AND GENES; E-CAD, N-CAD, VIM, TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA (TGF-BETA), ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA), TYPE 1 COLLAGEN (COL1A1), TYPE 3 COLLAGEN (COL3A1)) THAT PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN EMT WITH THE LX2 CELL LINE. WE ALSO EVALUATED THE ACTION OF SAHA WITH CELL PROLIFERATION, CLONOGENIC, AND MIGRATION ASSAY. CELL PROLIFERATION WAS PERFORMED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY. ALL THE PROTEIN LEVELS WERE DETERMINED BY WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS, AND GENE EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE MEASURED BY REAL-TIME PCR. OUR STUDY OBSERVED THAT SAHA TREATMENT DECREASED CELL VIABILITY, COLONY FORMATION AND MIGRATION IN LX2 CELLS. WE FOUND THAT SAHA INCREASED E-CAD EXPRESSION LEVEL, WHILE IT DECREASED N-CAD, VIM, COL1A1, COL3A1, ALPHA-SMA TGF-BETA GENES EXPRESSION LEVELS. SAHA DECREASED THE LEVEL OF E-CAD, N-CAD, AND VIM PROTEIN LEVELS. WE THOUGHT THAT SAHA POSSESSES POTENT ANTIFIBROTIC AND ANTI-EMT PROPERTIES IN LX2.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
9  2334  27 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE-INDUCED EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL CELL TRANSITION AND CANCER STEM CELL GENERATION. THE NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION OF NORMAL TO METASTATIC CANCER CELLS IS A COMPLEX MULTISTEP PROCESS INVOLVING THE PROGRESSIVE ACCUMULATION OF INTERACTING GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT ALTER GENE FUNCTION AND AFFECT CELL PHYSIOLOGY AND HOMEOSTASIS. EPIGENETIC CHANGES INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND CHANGES IN NONCODING RNA EXPRESSION, AND DEREGULATION OF EPIGENETIC PROCESSES CAN ALTER GENE EXPRESSION DURING THE MULTISTEP PROCESS OF CARCINOGENESIS. CANCER PROGRESSION AND METASTASIS THROUGH AN 'INVASION-METASTASIS CASCADE' INVOLVING AN EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL CELL TRANSITION (EMT), THE GENERATION OF CANCER STEM CELLS (CSCS), INVASION OF ADJACENT TISSUES, AND DISSEMINATION ARE FUELED BY INFLAMMATION, WHICH IS CONSIDERED A HALLMARK OF CANCER. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IS GENERATED BY INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES SECRETED BY THE TUMOR AND THE TUMOR-ASSOCIATED CELLS WITHIN THE TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT. INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE SIGNALING INITIATES SIGNALING PATHWAYS LEADING TO THE ACTIVATION OF MASTER TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS (TFS) SUCH AS SMADS, STAT3, AND NF-KAPPAB. MOREOVER, THE SAME INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES ALSO ACTIVATE EMT-INDUCING TF (EMT-TF) FAMILIES SUCH AS SNAIL, TWIST, AND ZEB, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATORS INCLUDING DNA AND HISTONE MODIFYING ENZYMES AND MICORNAS, THROUGH COMPLEX INTERCONNECTED POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOPS TO REGULATE EMT AND CSC GENERATION. HERE, WE REVIEW THE MOLECULAR REGULATORY FEEDBACK LOOPS AND NETWORKS INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE-INDUCED EMT AND CSC GENERATION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
10  4260  47 METTL3-MEDIATED M6A MODIFICATION OF SIRT1 MRNA INHIBITS PROGRESSION OF ENDOMETRIOSIS BY CELLULAR SENESCENCE ENHANCING. BACKGROUND: ENDOMETRIOSIS (EMS), THE ECTOPIC PLANTING OF FUNCTIONAL ENDOMETRIUM OUTSIDE OF THE UTERUS, IS A LEADING CAUSE OF INFERTILITY AND PELVIC PAIN. AS A FUNDAMENTAL MRNA MODIFICATION, N6-METHYLADENOSINE (M6A) PARTICIPATES IN VARIOUS PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF M6A RNA MODIFICATION IN ENDOMETRIOSIS REMAINS UNCLEAR. THE PRESENT STUDY EXPLORES METTL3-MEDIATED M6A MODIFICATION AND THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN ENDOMETRIOSIS. METHODS: THE DOMINANT M6A REGULATORS IN EMS WERE ANALYSED USING RT?PCR. CANDIDATE TARGETS AND POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF METTL3 WERE ASSESSED BY M6A-MRNA EPITRANSCRIPTOMIC MICROARRAY AND RNA SEQUENCING. A PRIMARY ESCS MODEL WAS EMPLOYED TO VERIFY THE EFFECT OF METTL3 ON M6A MODIFICATION OF SIRT1 MRNA, AND THE MECHANISM WAS ELUCIDATED BY RT?PCR, WESTERN BLOTTING, MERIP, AND RIP ASSAYS. CCK-8 VIABILITY ASSAYS, TRANSWELL INVASION ASSAYS, EDU PROLIFERATION ASSAYS, WOUND HEALING MIGRATION ASSAYS, AND SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED BETA-GALACTOSIDASE STAINING WERE PERFORMED TO ILLUMINATE THE POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL MECHANISM OF METTL3 AND SIRT1 IN ESCS IN VITRO. AN IN VIVO PGRCRE/ + METTL3 -/- FEMALE HOMOZYGOUS MOUSE MODEL AND A NUDE MOUSE XENOGRAFT MODEL WERE EMPLOYED TO FURTHER INVESTIGATE THE PHYSIOLOGIC CONSEQUENCES OF METTL3-MEDIATED M6A ALTERATION ON EMS. RESULTS: OUR DATA SHOW THAT DECREASED METTL3 EXPRESSION SIGNIFICANTLY DOWNREGULATES M6A RNA METHYLATION LEVELS IN ESCS. SILENCING M6A MODIFICATIONS MEDIATED BY METTL3 ACCELERATES ESCS VIABILITY, PROLIFERATION, MIGRATION, AND INVASION IN VITRO. THE M6A READER PROTEIN YTHDF2 BINDS TO M6A MODIFICATIONS TO INDUCE THE DEGRADATION OF SIRT1 MRNA. SIRT1/FOXO3A SIGNALLING PATHWAY ACTIVATION IS SUBSEQUENTLY INHIBITED, PROMOTING THE CELLULAR SENESCENCE OF ESCS AND INHIBITING THE ECTOPIC IMPLANTATION OF ESCS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. CONCLUSIONS: OUR FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THAT METTL3-MEDIATED M6A METHYLATION EPIGENETICALLY REGULATES THE ECTOPIC IMPLANTATION OF ESCS, RESULTING IN THE PROGRESSION OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. OUR STUDY ESTABLISHES METTL3-YTHDF2-SIRT1/FOXO3A AS A CRITICAL AXIS AND POTENTIAL MECHANISM IN ENDOMETRIOSIS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
11  6232  35 THE LONG NONCODING RNA MEG3 REGULATES MYOBLAST PLASTICITY AND MUSCLE REGENERATION THROUGH EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION. FORMATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE IS AMONG THE MOST STRIKING EXAMPLES OF CELLULAR PLASTICITY IN ANIMAL TISSUE DEVELOPMENT, AND WHILE MUSCLE PROGENITOR CELLS ARE REPROGRAMMED BY EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT) TO MIGRATE DURING EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT, THE REGULATION OF EMT IN POST-NATAL MYOGENESIS REMAINS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. HERE, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT THE LONG NONCODING RNA (LNCRNA) MEG3 REGULATES EMT IN MYOBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND SKELETAL MUSCLE REGENERATION. CHRONIC INHIBITION OF MEG3 IN C2C12 MYOBLASTS INDUCED EMT, AND SUPPRESSED CELL STATE TRANSITIONS REQUIRED FOR DIFFERENTIATION. FURTHERMORE, ADENOVIRAL MEG3 KNOCKDOWN COMPROMISED MUSCLE REGENERATION, WHICH WAS ACCOMPANIED BY ABNORMAL MESENCHYMAL GENE EXPRESSION AND INTERSTITIAL CELL PROLIFERATION. TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND PATHWAY ANALYSES OF MEG3-DEPLETED C2C12 MYOBLASTS AND INJURED SKELETAL MUSCLE REVEALED A SIGNIFICANT DYSREGULATION OF EMT-RELATED GENES, AND IDENTIFIED TGFBETA AS A KEY UPSTREAM REGULATOR. IMPORTANTLY, INHIBITION OF TGFBETAR1 AND ITS DOWNSTREAM EFFECTORS, AND THE EMT TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SNAI2, RESTORED MANY ASPECTS OF MYOGENIC DIFFERENTIATION IN MEG3-DEPLETED MYOBLASTS IN VITRO WE FURTHER DEMONSTRATE THAT REDUCTION OF MEG3-DEPENDENT EZH2 ACTIVITY RESULTS IN EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH TGFBETA ACTIVATION. THUS, MEG3 REGULATES MYOBLAST IDENTITY TO FACILITATE PROGRESSION INTO DIFFERENTIATION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
12   922  29 CHRONIC IL-1BETA-INDUCED INFLAMMATION REGULATES EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION MEMORY PHENOTYPES VIA EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION FACILITATES TUMOR PROGRESSION. WE DISCOVERED THAT A SUBSET OF NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER CELLS UNDERWENT A GRADUALLY PROGRESSING EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL (EMT) PHENOTYPE FOLLOWING A 21-DAY EXPOSURE TO IL-1BETA, AN ABUNDANT PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE IN THE AT-RISK FOR LUNG CANCER PULMONARY AND THE LUNG TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENTS. PATHWAY ANALYSIS OF THE GENE EXPRESSION PROFILE AND IN VITRO FUNCTIONAL STUDIES REVEALED THAT THE EMT AND EMT-ASSOCIATED PHENOTYPES, INCLUDING ENHANCED CELL INVASION, PD-L1 UPREGULATION, AND CHEMORESISTANCE, WERE SUSTAINED IN THE ABSENCE OF CONTINUOUS IL-1BETA EXPOSURE. WE REFERRED TO THIS PHENOMENON AS EMT MEMORY. UTILIZING A DOXYCYCLINE-CONTROLLED SLUG EXPRESSION SYSTEM, WE FOUND THAT HIGH EXPRESSION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SLUG WAS INDISPENSABLE FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF EMT MEMORY. HIGH SLUG EXPRESSION IN TUMORS OF LUNG CANCER PATIENTS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH POOR SURVIVAL. CHEMICAL OR GENETIC INHIBITION OF SLUG UPREGULATION PREVENTED EMT FOLLOWING THE ACUTE IL-1BETA EXPOSURE BUT DID NOT REVERSE EMT MEMORY. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR FURTHER REVEALED A SLUG-MEDIATED TEMPORAL REGULATION OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCLUDING ACCUMULATION OF H3K27, H3K9, AND DNA METHYLATION, IN THE CDH1 (E-CADHERIN) PROMOTER FOLLOWING THE CHRONIC IL-1BETA EXPOSURE. CHEMICAL INHIBITION OF DNA METHYLATION NOT ONLY RESTORED E-CADHERIN EXPRESSION IN EMT MEMORY, BUT ALSO PRIMED CELLS FOR CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED APOPTOSIS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
13  6298  36 THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ZEBULARINE, AN INHIBITOR OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE, ON RENAL TUBULOINTERSTITIAL INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS. RENAL FIBROSIS, THE FINAL PATHWAY OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, IS CAUSED BY GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. ALTHOUGH DNA METHYLATION HAS DRAWN ATTENTION AS A DEVELOPING MECHANISM OF RENAL FIBROSIS, ITS CONTRIBUTION TO RENAL FIBROSIS HAS NOT BEEN CLARIFIED. TO ADDRESS THIS ISSUE, THE EFFECT OF ZEBULARINE, A DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR, ON RENAL INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS IN THE MURINE UNILATERAL URETERAL OBSTRUCTION (UUO) MODEL WAS ANALYZED. ZEBULARINE SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED RENAL TUBULOINTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS AND INFLAMMATION. ZEBULARINE DECREASED TRICHROME, ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN, COLLAGEN IV, AND TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA1 STAINING BY 56.2%. 21.3%, 30.3%, AND 29.9%, RESPECTIVELY, AT 3 DAYS, AND BY 54.6%, 41.9%, 45.9%, AND 61.7%, RESPECTIVELY, AT 7 DAYS AFTER UUO. ZEBULARINE DOWNREGULATED MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS OF MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE (MMP)-2, MMP-9, FIBRONECTIN, AND SNAIL1 BY 48.6%. 71.4%, 31.8%, AND 42.4%, RESPECTIVELY, AT 7 DAYS AFTER UUO. ZEBULARINE ALSO SUPPRESSED THE ACTIVATION OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB (NF-KAPPAB) AND THE EXPRESSION OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, INCLUDING TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA, INTERLEUKIN (IL)-1BETA, AND IL-6, BY 69.8%, 74.9%, AND 69.6%, RESPECTIVELY, IN OBSTRUCTED KIDNEYS. FURTHERMORE, INHIBITING DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE BUTTRESSED THE NUCLEAR EXPRESSION OF NUCLEAR FACTOR (ERYTHROID-DERIVED 2)-LIKE FACTOR 2, WHICH UPREGULATED DOWNSTREAM EFFECTORS SUCH AS CATALASE (1.838-FOLD INCREASE AT 7 DAYS, P < 0.01), SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE 1 (1.494-FOLD INCREASE AT 7 DAYS, P < 0.05), AND NAD(P)H: QUINONE OXIDOREDUATE-1 (1.376-FOLD INCREASE AT 7 DAYS, P < 0.05) IN OBSTRUCTED KIDNEYS. COLLECTIVELY, THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT INHIBITING DNA METHYLATION RESTORES THE DISRUPTED BALANCE BETWEEN PRO-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PATHWAYS TO ALLEVIATE RENAL INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS. THEREFORE, THESE RESULTS HIGHLIGHT THE POSSIBILITY OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES AS THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR TREATING RENAL INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
14  1826  39 EFFECTS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR ON EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PRODUCTION IN HUMAN NASAL POLYP ORGAN CULTURES. BACKGROUND: NASAL POLYPOSIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITION OF THE SINONASAL MUCOSA AND INVOLVES MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) ACCUMULATION. EPIGENETIC MODULATION BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS INCLUDING TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) HAS BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE INHIBITORY EFFECTS ON MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION IN LUNG AND RENAL FIBROBLASTS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF TSA ON MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND ECM PRODUCTION IN NASAL POLYP ORGAN CULTURES. METHODS: NASAL POLYP TISSUES FROM 18 PATIENTS WERE ACQUIRED DURING ENDOSCOPIC SINUS SURGERY. AFTER ORGAN CULTURE, NASAL POLYPS WERE STIMULATED WITH TGF-BETA1 AND THEN TREATED WITH TSA. ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA), FIBRONECTIN, AND COLLAGEN TYPE I EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE EXAMINED BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR), REAL-TIME PCR, WESTERN BLOT, AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STAINING. HDAC2, HDAC4, AND ACETYLATED H4 EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE ASSAYED BY WESTERN BLOT. CYTOTOXICITY WAS ANALYZED BY THE TERMINAL DEOXYNUCLEOTIDYL TRANSFERASE BIOTIN-DUTP NICK END LABELING ASSAY. RESULTS: THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF ALPHA-SMA, FIBRONECTIN, AND COLLAGEN TYPE 1 WERE INCREASED IN NASAL POLYP AFTER TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF) BETA1 TREATMENT. TSA-INHIBITED TGF-BETA1 INDUCED THESE GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS. FURTHERMORE, TSA SUPPRESSED PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HDAC2 AND HDAC4. HOWEVER, TSA INDUCED HYPERACETYLATION OF HISTONES H4. TREATMENT WITH TGF-BETA1 WITH OR WITHOUT TSA DID NOT HAVE CYTOTOXIC EFFECT. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND ECM PRODUCTION OF NASAL POLYP. TSA COULD BE A CANDIDATE OF A THERAPEUTIC AGENT FOR REVERSING THE TGF-BETA1-INDUCED ECM SYNTHESIS THAT LEADS TO NASAL POLYP DEVELOPMENT.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
15  6456  30 THYMOSIN BETA4 PREVENTS OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION, AND FIBROSIS IN ETHANOL- AND LPS-INDUCED LIVER INJURY IN MICE. THYMOSIN BETA 4 (TBETA4), AN ACTIN-SEQUESTERING PROTEIN, IS INVOLVED IN TISSUE DEVELOPMENT AND REGENERATION. IT PREVENTS INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS IN SEVERAL TISSUES. WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF TBETA4 IN CHRONIC ETHANOL- AND ACUTE LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE- (LPS-) INDUCED MOUSE LIVER INJURY. C57BL/6 MICE WERE FED 5% ETHANOL IN LIQUID DIET FOR 4 WEEKS PLUS BINGE ETHANOL (5 G/KG, GAVAGE) WITH OR WITHOUT LPS (2 MG/KG, INTRAPERITONEAL) FOR 6 HOURS. TBETA4 (1 MG/KG, INTRAPERITONEAL) WAS ADMINISTERED FOR 1 WEEK. WE DEMONSTRATED THAT TBETA4 PREVENTED ETHANOL- AND LPS-MEDIATED INCREASE IN LIVER INJURY MARKERS AS WELL AS CHANGES IN LIVER PATHOLOGY. IT ALSO PREVENTED ETHANOL- AND LPS-MEDIATED INCREASE IN OXIDATIVE STRESS BY DECREASING ROS AND LIPID PEROXIDATION AND INCREASING THE ANTIOXIDANTS, REDUCED GLUTATHIONE AND MANGANESE-DEPENDENT SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE. IT ALSO PREVENTED THE ACTIVATION OF NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B BY BLOCKING THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE INHIBITORY PROTEIN, IKAPPAB, THEREBY PREVENTED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION. MOREOVER, TBETA4 PREVENTED FIBROGENESIS BY SUPPRESSING THE EPIGENETIC REPRESSOR, METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2, THAT COORDINATELY REVERSED THE EXPRESSION OF PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA AND DOWNREGULATED FIBROGENIC GENES, PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR-BETA RECEPTOR, ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN, COLLAGEN 1, AND FIBRONECTIN, RESULTING IN REDUCED FIBROSIS. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT TBETA4 HAS ANTIOXIDANT, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, AND ANTIFIBROTIC POTENTIAL DURING ALCOHOLIC LIVER INJURY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
16  2425  26 EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF IRF1 DYSREGULATES TYPE III INTERFERON RESPONSES TO RESPIRATORY VIRUS INFECTION IN EPITHELIAL TO MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION. CHRONIC OXIDATIVE INJURY PRODUCED BY AIRWAY DISEASE TRIGGERS A TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA (TGF-BETA)-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING KNOWN AS THE EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT). WE OBSERVE THAT EMT SILENCES PROTECTIVE MUCOSAL INTERFERON (IFN)-I AND III PRODUCTION ASSOCIATED WITH ENHANCED RHINOVIRUS (RV) AND RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV) REPLICATION. MESENCHYMAL TRANSITIONED CELLS ARE DEFECTIVE IN INDUCIBLE INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR 1 (IRF1) EXPRESSION BY OCCLUDING RELA AND IRF3 ACCESS TO THE PROMOTER. IRF1 IS NECESSARY FOR THE EXPRESSION OF TYPE III IFNS (IFNLS 1 AND 2/3). INDUCED BY THE EMT, ZINC FINGER E-BOX BINDING HOMEOBOX 1 (ZEB1) BINDS AND SILENCES IRF1. ECTOPIC ZEB1 IS SUFFICIENT FOR IRF1 SILENCING, WHEREAS ZEB1 KNOCKDOWN PARTIALLY RESTORES IRF1-IFNL UPREGULATION. ZEB1 SILENCES IRF1 THROUGH THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF THE ENHANCER OF ZESTE 2 POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2 SUBUNIT (EZH2), FORMING REPRESSIVE H3K27(ME3) MARKS. WE OBSERVE THAT IRF1 EXPRESSION IS MEDIATED BY ZEB1 DE-REPRESSION, AND OUR STUDY DEMONSTRATES HOW AIRWAY REMODELLING/FIBROSIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A DEFECTIVE MUCOSAL ANTIVIRAL RESPONSE THROUGH ZEB1-INITIATED EPIGENETIC SILENCING.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
17  5479  39 RESVERATROL ATTENUATES CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN HUMAN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS BY REGULATING THE MIR-34A/SIRT1/NF-KAPPAB PATHWAY. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS CHARACTERIZED BY ACCELERATED LUNG AGING. SMOKING IS THE CRITICAL RISK FACTOR FOR COPD. CELLULAR SENESCENCE OF AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS IS THE CYTOLOGICAL BASIS OF ACCELERATED LUNG AGING IN COPD, AND THE REGULATION OF MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) IS THE CENTRAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF CELLULAR SENESCENCE. RESVERATROL (RES) IS A POLYPHENOL WITH ANTI-AGING PROPERTIES. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED WHETHER RES ATTENUATES CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT (CSE)-INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN HUMAN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS (BEAS-2B) THROUGH THE MIR-34A/SIRT1/NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB (NF-KAPPAB) PATHWAY. BEAS-2B CELLS WERE TREATED WITH RES, CSE AND TRANSFECTED WITH MIR-34A-5P MIMICS. CELLULAR SENESCENCE WAS EVALUATED BY SENESCENCE -RELATED BETA-GALACTOSIDASE (SA-BETA-GAL) STAINING AND EXPRESSION OF SENESCENCE-RELATED GENES (P16, P21, AND P53). THE EXPRESSIONS OF MIR-34A-5P, SIRT1, AND NF-KAPPAB P65 WERE EXAMINED USING QUANTITATIVE REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND WESTERN BLOTTING. THE SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PHENOTYPE (SASP) CYTOKINES (IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-ALPHA) WERE ASSESSED BY ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY. THE BINDING BETWEEN MIR-34A-5P AND SIRT1 WAS CONFIRMED BY DUAL-LUCIFERASE REPORTER ASSAY. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT CSE DOSE-DEPENDENTLY DECREASED CELL VIABILITY AND ELEVATED CELLULAR SENESCENCE, CHARACTERIZED BY INCREASED SA-BETA-GAL STAINING AND SENESCENCE-RELATED GENE EXPRESSIONS (P16, P21, AND P53). FURTHER, CSE DOSE-DEPENDENTLY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF MIR-34A-5P AND SASP CYTOKINES (IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-ALPHA) IN BEAS-2B CELLS. PRETREATMENT WITH RES INHIBITED CSE-INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE AND SECRETION OF SASP CYTOKINES (IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-ALPHA) IN A DOSE-DEPENDENT MANNER. MOREOVER, RES REVERSED THE CSE-INDUCED DOWN-REGULATION OF SIRT1 AND UP-REGULATION OF MIR-34A-5P AND NF-KAPPAB P65. SIRT1 IS A TARGET OF MIR-34A-5P. OVEREXPRESSION OF MIR-34A-5P VIA TRANSFECTION WITH MIR-34A-5P MIMIC IN BEAS-2B CELLS ATTENUATED THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF RES ON CELLULAR SENESCENCE, ACCOMPANIED BY REVERSING THE EXPRESSION OF SIRT1 AND NF-KAPPAB P65. IN CONCLUSION, RES ATTENUATED CSE-INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN BEAS-2B CELLS BY REGULATING THE MIR-34A/SIRT1/NF-KAPPAB PATHWAY, WHICH MAY PROVIDE A NEW APPROACH FOR COPD TREATMENT.	2022	

18  4303  39 MICRORNA-223 INHIBITS TISSUE FACTOR EXPRESSION IN VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. OBJECTIVE: ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PROCESS, IN WHICH VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (ECS) BECOME DYSFUNCTIONAL OWING TO THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES, SUCH AS INFLAMMATORY FACTOR AND GROWTH FACTORS. TISSUE FACTOR (TF) EXPRESSION IS INDUCED BY THE ABOVE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES IN ACTIVATED ECS. TF INITIATES THROMBOSIS ON DISRUPTED ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES WHICH PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE DURING THE ONSET OF ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES (ACS). INCREASING EVIDENCES SUGGEST THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF MICRORNAS AS EPIGENETIC REGULATORS OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC DISEASE. THE AIM OF OUR STUDY IS TO IDENTIFY IF MICRORNA-223 (MIR-223) TARGETS TF IN ECS. METHODS AND RESULTS: BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT TF IS A TARGET CANDIDATE OF MIR-223. WESTERN BLOTTING ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA) INCREASED TF EXPRESSION IN AORTA OF C57BL/6J MICE AND CULTURED ECS (EA.HY926 CELLS AND HUVEC) AFTER 4 H TREATMENT. IN TNF-ALPHA TREATED ECS, TF MRNA WAS ALSO INCREASED MEASURED BY REAL-TIME PCR. REAL-TIME PCR RESULTS SHOWED THAT MIR-223 LEVELS WERE DOWNREGULATED IN TNF-ALPHA-TREATED AORTA OF C57BL/6J MICE AND CULTURED ECS. TRANSFECTION OF ECS WITH MIR-223 MIMIC OR MIR-223 INHIBITOR MODIFIED TF EXPRESSION BOTH IN MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS. LUCIFERASE ASSAYS CONFIRMED THAT MIR-223 SUPPRESSED TF EXPRESSION BY BINDING TO THE SEQUENCE OF TF 3'-UNTRANSLATED REGIONS (3'UTR). TF PROCOAGULANT ACTIVITY WAS INHIBITED BY OVEREXPRESSING MIR-223 WITH OR WITHOUT TNF-ALPHA STIMULATION. CONCLUSIONS: MIR-223-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF TF EXPRESSION PROVIDES A NOVEL MOLECULAR MECHANISM FOR THE REGULATION OF COAGULATION CASCADE, AND SUGGESTS A CLUE AGAINST THROMBOGENESIS DURING THE PROCESS OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE RUPTURE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
19  2349  40 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PRODUCTION IN NASAL POLYP-DERIVED FIBROBLASTS. BACKGROUND: NASAL POLYPOSIS IS A MULTI-FACTORIAL DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITION OF THE PARANASAL SINUSES. MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) ACCUMULATION ARE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF NASAL POLYPOSIS. OBJECTIVE: THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA), A HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR, ON TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF)-BETA1-INDUCED MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND ECM ACCUMULATION IN NASAL POLYP-DERIVED FIBROBLASTS (NPDFS). METHODS: NASAL POLYP-DERIVED FIBROBLASTS WERE ISOLATED FROM NASAL POLYPS OF PATIENTS WHO HAVE CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYP. TSA WAS TREATED IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED NPDFS. EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HDAC2, ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (SMA), TGF-BETA1, COLLAGEN TYPE I, ACETYLATED HISTONE H3, ACETYLATED HISTONE H4, PHOSPHORYLATED SMAD2/3 AND SMAD7 WERE DETERMINED BY RT-PCR, WESTERN BLOT AND/OR IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STAINING. THE TOTAL COLLAGEN AMOUNT PRODUCTION WAS ANALYSED BY SIRCOL SOLUBLE COLLAGEN ASSAY AND CONTRACTILE ACTIVITY WAS MEASURED BY COLLAGEN GEL CONTRACTION ASSAY. HDAC2 INHIBITION BY TSA OR HDAC2 SILENCING WAS ESTABLISHED BY RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOT. THE EPIGENETIC EFFECT ON ALPHA-SMA GENE INACTIVATION WAS EXAMINED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY. PROLIFERATION WAS DETERMINED BY KI67-POSITIVE CELL STAINING AND CYTOTOXICITY WAS ASSESSED BY 3-(4,5- DIMETHYLTHIAZOL-2YL)-2,5-DIPHENYL-2H-TETRAZOLIUM BROMIDE (MTT) ASSAY. RESULTS: THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HDAC2, ALPHA-SMA AND TGF-BETA1 WERE INCREASED IN NASAL POLYP TISSUES COMPARED TO NORMAL INFERIOR TURBINATE TISSUES. TSA AND HDAC2 SILENCING INHIBITED EXPRESSION LEVELS ALPHA-SMA, COLLAGEN AND HDAC2. TSA INDUCED HYPERACETYLATION OF HISTONE AND SUPPRESSED OPENING OF ALPHA-SMA GENE PROMOTER IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED NPDFS. TSA INHIBITED TGF-BETA1-INDUCED SMAD 2/3 AND RESCUED TGF-BETA1-SUPPRESSED SMAD7 SIGNALLING PATHWAY. FINALLY, TSA BLOCKED PROLIFERATION IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED NPDFS AND HAS NO CYTOTOXIC EFFECT IN NPDFS. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HDAC INHIBITION IS ASSOCIATED WITH MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND EXTRACELLUAR MATRIX ACCUMULATION IN NASAL POLYPOSIS. TSA MAY BE USEFUL AS AN INHIBITOR OF NASAL POLYP GROWTH, AND THUS HAS POTENTIAL TO BE USED AS A NOVEL TREATMENT OPTION FOR NASAL POLYPOSIS.	2012	
 
20  5733  32 SMALL MOLECULES AGAINST THE ORIGIN AND ACTIVATION OF MYOFIBROBLAST FOR RENAL INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS THERAPY. RENAL INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS (RIF) IS A COMMON PATHOLOGICAL RESPONSE IN A BROAD RANGE OF PREVALENT CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASES AND ULTIMATELY LEADS TO RENAL FAILURE AND DEATH. ALTHOUGH RIF CAUSES A HIGH MORBI-MORTALITY WORLDWIDE, EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC DRUGS ARE URGENTLY NEEDED. MYOFIBROBLASTS ARE IDENTIFIED AS THE MAIN EFFECTOR DURING THE PROCESS OF RIF. MULTIPLE TYPES OF CELLS, INCLUDING FIBROBLASTS, EPITHELIAL CELLS, ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, MACROPHAGES AND PERICYTES, CONTRIBUTE TO RENAL MYOFIBROBLASTS ORIGIN, AND LOTS OF MEDIATORS, INCLUDING SIGNALING PATHWAYS (TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA1, MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN AND REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES) AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS (HISTONE ACETYLATION, MICRORNA AND LONG NON-CODING RNA) ARE PARTICIPATED IN RENAL MYOFIBROBLASTS ACTIVATION DURING RENAL FIBROGENESIS, SUGGESTING THAT THESE MEDIATORS MAY BE THE PROMISING TARGETS FOR TREATING RIF. IN ADDITION, MANY SMALL MOLECULES SHOW PROFOUND THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS ON RIF BY SUPPRESSING THE ORIGIN AND ACTIVATION OF RENAL MYOFIBROBLASTS. TAKEN TOGETHER, THE REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE MECHANISMS OF THE ORIGIN AND ACTIVATION OF RENAL MYOFIBROBLASTS IN RIF AND THE SMALL MOLECULES AGAINST THEM IMPROVING RIF, WHICH WILL PROVIDE A NEW INSIGHT FOR RIF THERAPY.	2021