1  5397 148 REDUCED LEVELS OF MIRNAS 449 AND 34 IN SPERM OF MICE AND MEN EXPOSED TO EARLY LIFE STRESS. EXPOSURE OF MALE MICE TO EARLY LIFE STRESS ALTERS THE LEVELS OF SPECIFIC SPERM MIRNAS THAT PROMOTE STRESS-ASSOCIATED BEHAVIORS IN THEIR OFFSPRING. TO BEGIN TO EVALUATE WHETHER SIMILAR PHENOMENA OCCUR IN MEN, WE SEARCHED FOR SPERM MIRNA CHANGES THAT OCCUR IN BOTH MICE AND MEN EXPOSED TO EARLY LIFE STRESSORS THAT HAVE LONG-LASTING EFFECTS. FOR MEN, WE USED THE ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCE (ACE) QUESTIONNAIRE. IT REVEALS THE DEGREE OF ABUSIVE AND/OR DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILY EXPERIENCES WHEN YOUNG, WHICH INCREASES RISKS OF DEVELOPING FUTURE PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL DISORDERS. FOR MALE MICE, WE USED ADOLESCENT CHRONIC SOCIAL INSTABILITY (CSI) STRESS, WHICH NOT ONLY ENHANCES SOCIABILITY DEFECTS FOR >1 YEAR, BUT ALSO ANXIETY AND DEFECTIVE SOCIABILITY IN FEMALE OFFSPRING FOR MULTIPLE GENERATIONS THROUGH THE MALE LINEAGE. HERE WE FOUND A STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT INVERSE CORRELATION BETWEEN LEVELS OF MULTIPLE MIRNAS OF THE MIR-449/34 FAMILY AND ACE SCORES OF CAUCASIAN MALES. REMARKABLY, WE FOUND MEMBERS OF THE SAME SPERM MIRNA FAMILY ARE ALSO REDUCED IN MICE EXPOSED TO CSI STRESS. THUS, FUTURE STUDIES SHOULD BE DESIGNED TO DIRECTLY TEST WHETHER REDUCED LEVELS OF THESE MIRNAS COULD BE USED AS UNBIASED INDICATORS OF CURRENT AND/OR EARLY LIFE EXPOSURE TO SEVERE STRESS. MOREOVER, AFTER MATING STRESSED MALE MICE, THESE SPERM MIRNA REDUCTIONS PERSIST IN BOTH EARLY EMBRYOS THROUGH AT LEAST THE MORULA STAGE AND IN SPERM OF MALES DERIVED FROM THEM, SUGGESTING THESE MIRNA CHANGES CONTRIBUTE TO TRANSMISSION OF STRESS PHENOTYPES ACROSS GENERATIONS. SINCE OFFSPRING OF MEN EXPOSED TO EARLY LIFE TRAUMA HAVE ELEVATED RISKS FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS, THESE FINDINGS RAISE THE POSSIBILITY THAT A PORTION OF THIS RISK MAY BE DERIVED FROM EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THESE SPERM MIRNAS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2  1599  40 DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURE OF CHILDHOOD CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN T CELLS OF BOTH MEN AND WOMEN. BACKGROUND: HIGH FREQUENCY OF PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IS THE CENTRAL FEATURE OF SEVERE CONDUCT DISORDER AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH A WIDE RANGE OF SOCIAL, MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH PROBLEMS. WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURES IN PERIPHERAL T CELLS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A CHRONIC AGGRESSION TRAJECTORY IN MALES. DESPITE THE FACT THAT SEX DIFFERENCES APPEAR TO PLAY A PIVOTAL ROLE IN DETERMINING THE DEVELOPMENT, MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF AGGRESSION, MOST OF PREVIOUS STUDIES FOCUSED ON MALES, SO LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT FEMALE CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION. WE THEREFORE TESTED HERE WHETHER OR NOT THERE IS A SIGNATURE OF PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN FEMALE DNA METHYLATION AND, IF THERE IS, HOW IT RELATES TO THE SIGNATURE OBSERVED IN MALES. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: METHYLATION PROFILES WERE CREATED USING THE METHOD OF METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (MEDIP) FOLLOWED BY MICROARRAY HYBRIDIZATION AND STATISTICAL AND BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSES ON T CELL DNA OBTAINED FROM ADULT WOMEN WHO WERE FOUND TO BE ON A CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION TRAJECTORY (CPA) BETWEEN 6 AND 12 YEARS OF AGE COMPARED TO WOMEN WHO FOLLOWED A NORMAL PHYSICAL AGGRESSION TRAJECTORY. WE CONFIRMED THE EXISTENCE OF A WELL-DEFINED, GENOME-WIDE SIGNATURE OF DNA METHYLATION ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN THE PERIPHERAL T CELLS OF ADULT FEMALES THAT INCLUDES MANY OF THE GENES SIMILARLY ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN THE SAME CELL TYPES OF ADULT MALES. CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY IN A SMALL NUMBER OF WOMEN PRESENTS PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE FOR A GENOME-WIDE VARIATION IN PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION THAT ASSOCIATES WITH CPA IN WOMEN THAT WARRANT LARGER STUDIES FOR FURTHER VERIFICATION. A SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS WERE PREVIOUSLY OBSERVED IN MEN WITH CPA SUPPORTING THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THE EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE OF EARLY LIFE AGGRESSION IN FEMALES IS COMPOSED OF A COMPONENT SPECIFIC TO FEMALES AND ANOTHER COMMON TO BOTH MALES AND FEMALES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
3  2075  35 EPIGENETIC DIFFERENCES IN INFLAMMATION GENES OF MONOZYGOTIC TWINS ARE RELATED TO PARENT-CHILD EMOTIONAL AVAILABILITY AND HEALTH. THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IS AN IMMUNE DEFENSE ENGAGED IMMEDIATELY AFTER INJURY OR INFECTION. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION CAN BE DELETERIOUS FOR VARIOUS HEALTH OUTCOMES AND IS CHARACTERIZED BY HIGH LEVELS OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY MARKERS SUCH AS C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP), INTERLEUKIN 6 (IL-6), AND TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA). A LARGE BODY OF RESEARCH DEMONSTRATES THESE INFLAMMATORY MARKERS ARE RESPONSIVE TO STRESS AND QUALITY OF SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS THROUGHOUT THE LIFESPAN. FOR EXAMPLE, THE QUALITY OF THE EARLY PARENTAL BOND PREDICTS VARIOUS HEALTH OUTCOMES AND MAY BE DRIVEN BY CHANGES IN IMMUNE FUNCTION. EPIGENETIC PROCESSES, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, MAY BE ONE MECHANISM BY WHICH EARLY SOCIAL EXPERIENCES SHAPE IMMUNE FUNCTIONING. THE PRESENT STUDY USED A MONOZYGOTIC TWIN DIFFERENCE DESIGN TO ASSESS IF MOTHER-REPORTED EMOTIONAL AVAILABILITY AT 1 YEAR AND 2.5 YEARS PREDICTED IMMUNE GENE METHYLATION AT 8 YEARS OF AGE. FURTHER, WE ASSESSED IF INFLAMMATION GENE METHYLATION WAS RELATED TO GENERAL HEALTH PROBLEMS (E.G. INFECTIONS, ALLERGIES, ETC.). WE FOUND THAT MOTHER-REPORTED EMOTIONAL AVAILABILITY AT 1 YEAR, BUT NOT 2.5 YEARS, WAS RELATED TO METHYLATION OF VARIOUS IMMUNE GENES IN MONOZYGOTIC TWINS. FURTHERMORE, TWIN PAIRS DISCORDANT IN HEALTH PROBLEMS HAVE MORE DIFFERENCE IN IMMUNE GENE METHYLATION COMPARED TO TWIN PAIRS CONCORDANT FOR HEALTH PROBLEMS, SUGGESTING THAT METHYLATION OF IMMUNE GENES MAY HAVE FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES FOR GENERAL HEALTH. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE EMOTIONAL COMPONENT OF ATTACHMENT QUALITY DURING INFANCY CONTRIBUTES TO IMMUNE EPIGENETIC PROFILES IN CHILDHOOD, WHICH MAY INFLUENCE GENERAL HEALTH.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
4  2677  29 EVALUATING THE CHALLENGES AND REPRODUCIBILITY OF STUDIES INVESTIGATING DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS. PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS CAN INCREASE THE RISK OF A WIDE RANGE OF NEGATIVE HEALTH OUTCOMES. STUDIES HAVE BEEN COMPLETED TO DETERMINE IF DNA METHYLATION CHANGES OCCUR IN THE HUMAN BRAIN BECAUSE OF STRESS AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH LONG-TERM EFFECTS AND DISEASE, BUT RESULTS HAVE BEEN INCONSISTENT. HUMAN CANDIDATE GENE STUDIES (150) AND EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (67) WERE SYSTEMATICALLY EVALUATED TO ASSESS HOW DNA METHYLATION IS IMPACTED BY STRESS DURING THE PRENATAL PERIOD, EARLY CHILDHOOD AND ADULTHOOD. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION OF NR3C1 EXON 1F AND CHILD MALTREATMENT AND EARLY LIFE ADVERSITY WAS WELL DEMONSTRATED, BUT OTHER GENES DID NOT EXHIBIT A CLEAR ASSOCIATION. THE REPRODUCIBILITY OF INDIVIDUAL CPG SITES IN EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES WAS ALSO POOR. HOWEVER, BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS, INCLUDING STRESS RESPONSE, BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND IMMUNITY, HAVE BEEN CONSISTENTLY IDENTIFIED ACROSS DIFFERENT STRESSORS THROUGHOUT THE LIFE SPAN. FUTURE STUDIES WOULD BENEFIT FROM THE INCREASED SAMPLE SIZE, LONGITUDINAL DESIGN, STANDARDIZED METHODOLOGY, OPTIMAL QUALITY CONTROL, AND IMPROVED STATISTICAL PROCEDURES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
5  3973  49 LONG-TERM BEHAVIORAL AND NEUROENDOCRINE ALTERATIONS FOLLOWING CHRONIC SOCIAL STRESS IN MICE: IMPLICATIONS FOR STRESS-RELATED DISORDERS. THE PERIOD OF ADOLESCENCE IS CHARACTERIZED BY A HIGH VULNERABILITY TO STRESS AND TRAUMA, WHICH MIGHT RESULT IN LONG-LASTING CONSEQUENCES AND AN INCREASED RISK TO DEVELOP PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS. USING A RECENTLY DEVELOPED MOUSE MODEL FOR CHRONIC SOCIAL STRESS DURING ADOLESCENCE, WE STUDIED PERSISTENT NEUROENDOCRINE AND BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF CHRONIC SOCIAL STRESS OBTAINED 12 MONTHS AFTER CESSATION OF THE STRESSOR. AS A REFERENCE, WE INVESTIGATED IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC STRESS EXPOSURE OBTAINED AT THE END OF THE CHRONIC STRESS PERIOD. IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE 7 WEEK CHRONIC STRESS PERIOD STRESSED ANIMALS SHOW SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED ADRENAL WEIGHTS, DECREASED THYMUS WEIGHT, INCREASED BASAL CORTICOSTERONE SECRETION AND A FLATTENED CIRCADIAN RHYTHM. FURTHERMORE, STRESSED ANIMALS DISPLAY AN INCREASED ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR IN THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE AND THE NOVELTY-INDUCED SUPPRESSION OF FEEDING TEST. HIPPOCAMPAL MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (MR) AND THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) MRNA LEVELS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED. TO INVESTIGATE PERSISTENT CONSEQUENCES OF THIS EARLY STRESSFUL EXPERIENCE, THE SAME PARAMETERS WERE ASSESSED IN AGED MICE 12 MONTHS AFTER THE CESSATION OF THE STRESSOR. INTERESTINGLY, WE STILL FOUND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FORMERLY STRESSED AND CONTROL MICE IN IMPORTANT STRESS-RELATED PARAMETERS. MR EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER IN STRESSED ANIMALS, SUGGESTING LASTING, POSSIBLY EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION. FURTHERMORE, WE OBSERVED LONG-TERM BEHAVIORAL ALTERATIONS IN ANIMALS STRESSED DURING ADOLESCENCE. THUS, WE COULD DEMONSTRATE THAT CHRONIC STRESS EXPOSURE DURING A CRUCIAL DEVELOPMENTAL TIME PERIOD RESULTS IN LONG-TERM, PERSISTENT EFFECTS ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL PARAMETERS THROUGHOUT LIFE, WHICH MAY CONTRIBUTE TO AN ENHANCED VULNERABILITY TO STRESS-INDUCED DISEASES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
6  5166  35 PRECONCEPTION PATERNAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE EXERTS SEX-SPECIFIC EFFECTS ON OFFSPRING GROWTH AND LONG-TERM METABOLIC PROGRAMMING. BACKGROUND: ALTHOUGH CLINICAL DATA SUPPORT AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PATERNAL ALCOHOL USE AND DEFICITS IN CHILD NEUROCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PATERNAL DRINKING AND ALCOHOL-INDUCED GROWTH PHENOTYPES REMAINS CHALLENGING TO DEFINE. USING AN ESTABLISHED MOUSE MODEL OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE, PREVIOUS WORK BY OUR GROUP HAS LINKED PRECONCEPTION PATERNAL ALCOHOL USE TO SEX-SPECIFIC PATTERNS OF FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION AND PLACENTAL DYSFUNCTION. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE LONG-TERM IMPACT OF CHRONIC PRECONCEPTION PATERNAL ALCOHOL USE ON OFFSPRING GROWTH AND METABOLIC PROGRAMMING. RESULTS: PRECONCEPTION PATERNAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE INDUCED A PROLONGED PERIOD OF FETAL GESTATION AND AN INCREASED INCIDENCE OF INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION, WHICH AFFECTED THE MALE OFFSPRING TO A GREATER EXTENT THAN THE FEMALES. WHILE THE FEMALE OFFSPRING OF ETHANOL-EXPOSED MALES WERE ABLE TO MATCH THE BODY WEIGHTS OF THE CONTROLS WITHIN THE FIRST 2 WEEKS OF POSTNATAL LIFE, MALE OFFSPRING CONTINUED TO DISPLAY AN 11% REDUCTION IN WEIGHT AT 5 WEEKS OF AGE AND A 6% REDUCTION AT 8 WEEKS OF AGE. THE OBSERVED GROWTH DEFICITS ASSOCIATED WITH INSULIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN THE MALE OFFSPRING, WHILE IN CONTRAST, FEMALES DISPLAYED A MODEST LAG IN THEIR GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. THESE METABOLIC DEFECTS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH AN UP-REGULATION OF GENES WITHIN THE PRO-FIBROTIC TGF-BETA SIGNALING PATHWAY AND INCREASED LEVELS OF CELLULAR HYDROXYPROLINE WITHIN THE LIVERS OF THE MALE OFFSPRING. WE OBSERVED SUPPRESSED CYTOKINE PROFILES WITHIN THE LIVER AND PANCREAS OF BOTH THE MALE AND FEMALE OFFSPRING, WHICH CORRELATED WITH THE UP-REGULATION OF GENES IN THE LIVERX/RETINOIDX/FARNESOIDX RECEPTOR PATHWAYS. HOWEVER, PATTERNS OF GENE EXPRESSION WERE HIGHLY VARIABLE BETWEEN THE OFFSPRING OF ALCOHOL-EXPOSED SIRES. IN THE ADULT OFFSPRING OF ALCOHOL-EXPOSED MALES, WE DID NOT OBSERVE ANY DIFFERENCES IN THE ALLELIC EXPRESSION OF IGF2 OR ANY OTHER IMPRINTED GENES. CONCLUSIONS: THE IMPACT OF PATERNAL ALCOHOL USE ON CHILD DEVELOPMENT IS POORLY EXPLORED AND REPRESENTS A SIGNIFICANT GAP IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE TERATOGENIC EFFECTS OF ETHANOL. OUR STUDIES IMPLICATE PATERNAL EXPOSURE HISTORY AS AN ADDITIONAL AND IMPORTANT MODIFIER OF ALCOHOL-INDUCED GROWTH PHENOTYPES AND CHALLENGE THE CURRENT MATERNAL-CENTRIC EXPOSURE PARADIGM.	2019	
                                                                      
7  5711  31 SIRT1 IS A HIGHLY NETWORKED PROTEIN THAT MEDIATES THE ADAPTATION TO CHRONIC PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS. SIRT1 IS A NAD(+)-DEPENDENT PROTEIN DEACETYLASE THAT HAS A VERY LARGE NUMBER OF ESTABLISHED PROTEIN SUBSTRATES AND AN EQUALLY IMPRESSIVE LIST OF BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS THOUGHT TO BE REGULATED BY ITS ACTIVITY. PERHAPS AS NOTABLE IS THE REMARKABLE NUMBER OF POINTS OF CONFLICT CONCERNING THE ROLE OF SIRT1 IN BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES. FOR EXAMPLE, EVIDENCE EXISTS SUGGESTING THAT SIRT1 IS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR, IS AN ONCOGENE, OR HAS NO EFFECT ON ONCOGENESIS. SIMILARLY, SIRT1 IS VARIABLY REPORTED TO INDUCE, INHIBIT, OR HAVE NO EFFECT ON AUTOPHAGY. WE BELIEVE THAT THE RESOLUTION OF MANY CONFLICTING RESULTS IS POSSIBLE BY CONSIDERING RECENT REPORTS INDICATING THAT SIRT1 IS AN IMPORTANT HUB INTERACTING WITH A COMPLEX NETWORK OF PROTEINS THAT COLLECTIVELY REGULATE A WIDE VARIETY OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES INCLUDING CANCER AND AUTOPHAGY. A NUMBER OF THE INTERACTING PROTEINS ARE THEMSELVES HUBS THAT, LIKE SIRT1, UTILIZE INTRINSICALLY DISORDERED REGIONS FOR THEIR PROMISCUOUS INTERACTIONS. MANY STUDIES INVESTIGATING SIRT1 FUNCTION HAVE BEEN CARRIED OUT ON CELL LINES CARRYING UNDETERMINED NUMBERS OF ALTERATIONS TO THE PROTEINS COMPRISING THE SIRT1 NETWORK OR ON INBRED MOUSE STRAINS CARRYING FIXED MUTATIONS AFFECTING SOME OF THESE PROTEINS. THUS, THE EFFECTS OF MODULATING SIRT1 AMOUNT AND/OR ACTIVITY ARE IMPORTANTLY DETERMINED BY THE GENETIC BACKGROUND OF THE CELL (OR THE INBRED STRAIN OF MICE), AND THE EFFECTS ATTRIBUTED TO SIRT1 ARE SYNTHETIC WITH THE BACKGROUND OF MUTATIONS AND EPIGENETIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CELLS AND ORGANISMS. WORK ON MICE CARRYING ALTERATIONS TO THE SIRT1 GENE SUGGESTS THAT THE NETWORK IN WHICH SIRT1 FUNCTIONS PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MEDIATING PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION TO VARIOUS SOURCES OF CHRONIC STRESS SUCH AS CALORIE RESTRICTION AND CALORIE OVERLOAD. WHETHER THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF SIRT1 AND THE NUCLEAR CONCENTRATION OF THE CO-FACTOR, NAD(+), ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR MODULATING THIS ACTIVITY REMAINS TO BE DETERMINED. HOWEVER, THE EFFECT OF MODULATING SIRT1 ACTIVITY MUST BE INTERPRETED IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CELL OR TISSUE UNDER INVESTIGATION. INDEED, FOR SIRT1, WE ARGUE THAT CONTEXT IS EVERYTHING.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
8  1784  45 EFFECT OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ON CPG METHYLATION IN THE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS OF H19 AND IG-DMR IN MALE GAMETES: IMPLICATIONS FOR FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTRUM DISORDERS. BACKGROUND: EXPOSURE TO ALCOHOL IN UTERO IS THE MAIN ATTRIBUTABLE CAUSE OF FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTRUM DISORDERS (FASD) WHICH IN ITS MOST SEVERE FORM IS CHARACTERIZED BY IRREVERSIBLE BEHAVIORAL AND COGNITIVE DISABILITY. PATERNAL PRECONCEPTION DRINKING IS NOT CONSIDERED TO BE A SIGNIFICANT RISK FACTOR, EVEN THOUGH ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT CHRONIC PATERNAL ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION HAS A DETRIMENTAL EFFECT ON THE PHYSICAL AND MENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF OFFSPRING EVEN IN THE ABSENCE OF IN UTERO ALCOHOL EXPOSURE. IT HAS BEEN DOCUMENTED THAT ALCOHOL CAN REDUCE THE LEVELS AND ACTIVITY OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES RESULTING IN DNA HYPOMETHYLATION AND THAT REDUCED METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY CAN CAUSE ACTIVATION OF NORMALLY SILENCED GENES. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO ESTABLISH A LINK BETWEEN ALCOHOL USE IN MEN AND HYPOMETHYLATION OF PATERNALLY IMPRINTED LOCI IN SPERM DNA IN GENOMIC REGIONS CRITICAL FOR EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT, THUS PROVIDING A MECHANISM FOR PATERNAL EFFECTS IN THE AETIOLOGY OF FASD. METHODS: SPERM DNA FROM MALE VOLUNTEERS WAS BISULFITE TREATED AND THE METHYLATION PATTERNS OF 2 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS), H19 AND IG-DMR, ANALYZED FOLLOWING SEQUENCING OF INDIVIDUAL CLONES. THE METHYLATION PATTERNS WERE CORRELATED WITH THE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION LEVELS OF THE VOLUNTEER MALES. RESULTS: THERE WAS A PATTERN OF INCREASED DEMETHYLATION WITH ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AT THE 2 IMPRINTED LOCI WITH A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE OBSERVED AT THE IG-DMR BETWEEN THE NONDRINKING AND HEAVY ALCOHOL CONSUMING GROUPS. GREATER INTER-INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN AVERAGE METHYLATION WAS OBSERVED AT THE H19 DMR AND INDIVIDUAL CLONES WERE MORE EXTENSIVELY DEMETHYLATED THAN THOSE OF THE IG-DMR. CPG SITE #4 IN THE IG-DMR WAS PREFERENTIALLY DEMETHYLATED AMONG ALL INDIVIDUALS AND ALONG WITH THE H19 DMR CPG SITE #7 LOCATED WITHIN THE CTCF BINDING SITE 6 SHOWED SIGNIFICANT DEMETHYLATION IN THE ALCOHOL CONSUMING GROUPS COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL GROUP. CONCLUSION: THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES A CORRELATION BETWEEN CHRONIC ALCOHOL USE AND DEMETHYLATION OF NORMALLY HYPERMETHYLATED IMPRINTED REGIONS IN SPERM DNA. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT, SHOULD THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN IMPRINTED GENES BE TRANSMITTED THROUGH FERTILIZATION, THEY WOULD ALTER THE CRITICAL GENE EXPRESSION DOSAGES REQUIRED FOR NORMAL PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT RESULTING IN OFFSPRING WITH FEATURES OF FASD.	2009	

9  1699  33 DYNAMIC EPIGENETIC CHANGES DURING A RELAPSE AND RECOVERY CYCLE IN MYALGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS/CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME. MYALGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS/CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (ME/CFS) IS A COMPLEX DISEASE WITH VARIABLE SEVERITY. PATIENTS EXPERIENCE FREQUENT RELAPSES WHERE SYMPTOMS INCREASE IN SEVERITY, LEAVING THEM WITH A MARKED REDUCTION IN QUALITY OF LIFE. PREVIOUS WORK HAS INVESTIGATED MOLECULAR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ME/CFS PATIENTS AND HEALTHY CONTROLS, BUT NOT THE DYNAMIC CHANGES SPECIFIC TO EACH INDIVIDUAL PATIENT. WE APPLIED PRECISION MEDICINE HERE TO MAP GENOMIC CHANGES IN TWO SELECTED ME/CFS PATIENTS THROUGH A PERIOD THAT CONTAINED A RELAPSE RECOVERY CYCLE. DNA WAS ISOLATED FROM TWO PATIENTS AND A HEALTHY AGE/GENDER MATCHED CONTROL AT REGULAR INTERVALS AND CAPTURED THE PATIENT RELAPSE IN EACH CASE. REDUCED REPRESENTATION DNA METHYLATION SEQUENCING PROFILES WERE OBTAINED SPANNING THE RELAPSE RECOVERY CYCLE. BOTH PATIENTS SHOWED A SIGNIFICANTLY LARGER METHYLOME VARIABILITY (10-20-FOLD) THROUGH THE PERIOD OF SAMPLING COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL. DURING THE RELAPSE, CHANGES IN THE METHYLOME PROFILES OF THE TWO PATIENTS WERE DETECTED IN REGULATORY-ACTIVE REGIONS OF THE GENOME THAT WERE ASSOCIATED, RESPECTIVELY, WITH 157 AND 127 DOWNSTREAM GENES, INDICATING DISTURBED METABOLIC, IMMUNE AND INFLAMMATORY FUNCTIONS. SEVERE HEALTH RELAPSES IN THE ME/CFS PATIENTS RESULTED IN FUNCTIONALLY IMPORTANT CHANGES IN THEIR DNA METHYLOMES THAT, WHILE DIFFERING BETWEEN THE TWO PATIENTS, LED TO VERY SIMILAR COMPROMISED PHYSIOLOGY. DNA METHYLATION AS A SIGNATURE OF DISEASE VARIABILITY IN ONGOING ME/CFS MAY HAVE PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS FOR STRATEGIES TO DECREASE RELAPSE FREQUENCY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
10  1106  34 COMBINED TOXICITY OF ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS: A REVIEW. THE COMBINED TOXICOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT PROVIDES A REALISTIC APPROACH FOR HAZARD EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL COCKTAILS THAT CO-EXISTED IN THE ENVIRONMENT. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES A HOLISTIC INSIGHT INTO THE STUDIES HIGHLIGHTING THE MIXTURE TOXICITY OF THE ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS (EDCS), ESPECIALLY FOCUSING ON THE SCREENING OF BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS AND OTHER TOXICOGENETIC ENDPOINTS. REVIEWED LITERATURE SHOWED THAT NUMEROUS MULTIPLEXED TOXICOGENOMIC TECHNIQUES WERE APPLIED TO DETERMINE REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS IN VERTEBRATES, BUT LIMITED STUDIES WERE FOUND IN NON-MAMMALIAN SPECIES AFTER MIXTURE CHEMICAL EXPOSURE. FURTHER, WE FOUND THAT THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND CONCENTRATION SELECTION ARE THE TWO IMPORTANT PARAMETERS IN MIXTURE TOXICITY STUDIES THAT SHOULD BE TIME- AND COST-EFFECTIVE, HIGHLY PRECISE, AND ENVIRONMENTALLY RELEVANT. A SUMMARY OF EDC MIXTURES AFFECTING THE THYROID AXIS, ESTROGEN AXIS, ANDROGEN AXIS, GROWTH STRESS, AND IMMUNE SYSTEM VIA IN VIVO BIOASSAYS WAS ALSO PRESENTED. IT IS INTERESTING TO MENTION THAT MAJORITY OF ESTROGENIC EFFECTS OF THE MIXTURES WERE SEX-DEPENDENT, PARTICULARLY OBSERVED IN MALE FISH AS COMPARED TO FEMALE FISH. FURTHER, THE ANDROGEN AXIS WAS PERTURBED WITH SERIOUS MALFORMATIONS IN MALE RAT TESTIS (EPIDIDYMAL OR GUBERNACULAR LESIONS, AND DECIDUOUS SPERMATIDS). ALSO, TRANSGENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC EFFECTS WERE PROMOTED IN THE F(3) AND F(4) GENERATIONS IN THE FORM OF DNA METHYLATION EPIMUTATIONS IN SPERM, INCREASING POLYCYSTIC OVARIES AND REDUCING THE OFFSPRING. SIMILARLY, INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS, HIGH ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMATIC ACTIVITIES, DISTURBED ESTROUS CYCLE, AND DECREASED STEROIDOGENESIS WERE THE COMMONLY FOUND EFFECTS AFTER ACUTE OR CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO EDC MIXTURES. IMPORTANTLY, THE CONCENTRATION ADDITION (CA) AND INDEPENDENT ACTION (IA) MODELS BECAME MORE PREVALENT AND SUITABLE PREDICTIVE MODELS TO UNVEIL THE PROMINENCE OF SYNERGISTIC ESTROGENIC AND ANTI-ANDROGENIC EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL MIXTURES. MORE IMPORTANTLY, THIS REVIEW ENCOMPASSES THE RESEARCH CHALLENGES AND GAPS IN THE EXISTING KNOWLEDGE AND SPECIFIC FUTURE RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES ON COMBINED TOXICITY.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
11  3119  39 GESTATIONAL EXPOSURE TO PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION EXACERBATES THE GROWTH PHENOTYPES INDUCED BY PRECONCEPTION PATERNAL ALCOHOL USE: A MULTIPLEX MODEL OF EXPOSURE. IT IS NOW CLEAR THAT PARENTAL HISTORIES OF DRUG USE, TOXICANT EXPOSURE, AND SOCIAL STRESS ALL HAVE A SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE ON THE HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEXT GENERATION. HOWEVER, THE ABILITY OF EPIGENETIC PARENTAL LIFE MEMORIES TO INTERACT WITH SUBSEQUENT GESTATIONAL EXPOSURES AND CUMULATIVELY MODIFY THE DEVELOPMENTAL TRAJECTORY OF THE OFFSPRING REMAINS AN UNEXPLORED PERSPECTIVE IN TOXICOLOGY. STUDIES FROM OUR LABORATORY HAVE IDENTIFIED MALE-SPECIFIC POSTNATAL GROWTH RESTRICTION IN A MOUSE MODEL OF CHRONIC, PRECONCEPTION PATERNAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE. THE GOAL OF THE CURRENT STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE IF PATERNAL ALCOHOL USE, BEFORE CONCEPTION, COULD MODIFY THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE OFFSPRING TO A COMPLETELY SEPARATE EXPOSURE ENCOUNTERED BY THE MOTHER DURING PREGNANCY. IN INDEPENDENT EXPERIMENTS, WE PREVIOUSLY IDENTIFIED ALTERED DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING AND INCREASED MARKERS OF SEVERE ASTHMA INDUCED BY GESTATIONAL EXPOSURE TO PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION. IN THIS STUDY, MALE MICE WERE EXPOSED TO EITHER THE CONTROL OR ALCOHOL PRECONCEPTION TREATMENTS, THEN MATED TO NAIVE FEMALES, WHICH WE SUBSEQUENTLY EXPOSED TO AN ULTRAFINE MIXTURE OF PARTICULATE MATTER VIA INHALATION. INDIVIDUALLY, NEITHER PRECONCEPTION PATERNAL DRINKING NOR GESTATIONAL EXPOSURES TO PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION IMPACTED THE POSTNATAL GROWTH OF FEMALE OFFSPRING. HOWEVER, WHEN BOTH EXPOSURES WERE COMBINED, FEMALES DISPLAYED A 30% REDUCTION IN WEIGHT GAIN. UNEXPECTEDLY, THIS EXPOSURE PARADIGM RESULTED IN A DRAMATIC POSTNATAL INCREASE IN LITTER LOSS DUE TO MATERNAL CANNIBALISM, WHICH PREVENTED ADDITIONAL MEASURES OF OFFSPRING HEALTH. THESE PRELIMINARY STUDIES PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF A COMPLEX INTERPLAY BETWEEN PRECONCEPTION LIFE HISTORY AND INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN THE CONTROL OF POSTNATAL GROWTH.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
12  6078  35 THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE IN ZEBRAFISH. ARSENIC IS A PREVALENT ENVIRONMENTAL TOXIN AND A GROUP ONE HUMAN CARCINOGENIC AGENT. CHRONIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH MANY HUMAN DISEASES. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY IS TO EVALUATE ZEBRAFISH AS AN ANIMAL MODEL TO ASSESS ARSENIC TOXICITY IN ELEVATED LONG-TERM ARSENIC EXPOSURE. WITH PROLONGED EXPOSURE (6 MONTHS) TO VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF ARSENIC FROM 50 PPB TO 300 PPB, EFFECTS OF ARSENIC ACCUMULATION IN ZEBRAFISH TISSUES, AND PHENOTYPES WERE INVESTIGATED. RESULTS SHOWED THAT THERE ARE NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES OF ARSENIC RETENTION IN ZEBRAFISH TISSUES, AND ZEBRAFISH DID NOT EXHIBIT ANY VISIBLE TUMOR FORMATION UNDER ARSENIC EXPOSURE CONDITIONS. HOWEVER, THE ZEBRAFISH DEMONSTRATE A DYSFUNCTION IN THEIR NEUROLOGICAL SYSTEM, WHICH IS REFLECTED BY A REDUCTION OF LOCOMOTIVE ACTIVITY. MOREOVER, ELEVATED LEVELS OF THE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (SOD2) PROTEIN WERE DETECTED IN THE EYE AND LIVER, SUGGESTING INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS. IN ADDITION, THE PROGENIES OF ARSENIC-TREATED PARENTS DISPLAYED A SMALLER BIOMASS (FOUR-FOLD REDUCTION IN BODY WEIGHT) COMPARED WITH THOSE FROM THEIR PARENTAL CONTROLS. THIS RESULT INDICATES THAT ARSENIC MAY INDUCE GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT ARE THEN PASSED ON TO THE NEXT GENERATION. OVERALL, THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES THAT ZEBRAFISH IS A CONVENIENT VERTEBRATE MODEL WITH ADVANTAGES IN THE EVALUATION OF ARSENIC-ASSOCIATED NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AS WELL AS ITS INFLUENCES ON THE OFFSPRING.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
13  1503  32 DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES IN CHILDREN CONCEIVED IN VITRO OR IN VIVO. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA INDICATE THAT CHILDREN CONCEIVED IN VITRO HAVE A GREATER RELATIVE RISK OF LOW BIRTH-WEIGHT, MAJOR AND MINOR BIRTH DEFECTS, AND RARE DISORDERS INVOLVING IMPRINTED GENES, SUGGESTING THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH ASSISTED REPRODUCTION. WE EXAMINED DNA METHYLATION AT MORE THAN 700 GENES (1536 CPG SITES) IN PLACENTA AND CORD BLOOD AND MEASURED GENE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF A SUBSET OF GENES THAT DIFFERED IN METHYLATION LEVELS BETWEEN CHILDREN CONCEIVED IN VITRO VERSUS IN VIVO. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT IN VITRO CONCEPTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER MEAN METHYLATION AT CPG SITES IN PLACENTA AND HIGHER MEAN METHYLATION AT CPG SITES IN CORD BLOOD. WE ALSO FIND THAT IN VITRO CONCEPTION-ASSOCIATED DNA METHYLATION DIFFERENCES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH GENE EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES AT BOTH IMPRINTED AND NON-IMPRINTED GENES. THE RANGE OF INTER-INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN GENE EXPRESSION OF THE IN VITRO AND IN VIVO GROUPS OVERLAPS SUBSTANTIALLY BUT SOME INDIVIDUALS FROM THE IN VITRO GROUP DIFFER FROM THE IN VIVO GROUP MEAN BY MORE THAN TWO STANDARD DEVIATIONS. SEVERAL OF THE GENES WHOSE EXPRESSION DIFFERS BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN CHRONIC METABOLIC DISORDERS, SUCH AS OBESITY AND TYPE II DIABETES. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THERE MAY BE EPIGENETIC DIFFERENCES IN THE GAMETES OR EARLY EMBRYOS DERIVED FROM COUPLES UNDERGOING TREATMENT FOR INFERTILITY. ALTERNATIVELY, ASSISTED REPRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY MAY HAVE AN EFFECT ON GLOBAL PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. IN EITHER CASE, THESE DIFFERENCES OR CHANGES MAY AFFECT LONG-TERM PATTERNS OF GENE EXPRESSION.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
14   846  34 CHILDHOOD EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IS LINKED TO EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND IMPAIRED SYSTEMIC IMMUNITY IN T CELLS. BACKGROUND: EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EXPOSURE TO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS) INCREASES ATOPY; IT IS UNCLEAR HOW PAH EXPOSURE IS LINKED TO INCREASED SEVERITY OF ATOPIC DISEASES. OBJECTIVE: WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT AMBIENT PAH EXPOSURE IS LINKED TO IMPAIRMENT OF IMMUNITY IN ATOPIC CHILDREN (DEFINED AS CHILDREN WITH ASTHMA AND/OR ALLERGIC RHINITIS) FROM FRESNO, CALIFORNIA, AN AREA WITH ELEVATED AMBIENT PAHS. METHODS: WE RECRUITED 256 SUBJECTS FROM FRESNO, CA. AMBIENT PAH CONCENTRATIONS (NG/M(3) ) WERE MEASURED USING A SPATIAL-TEMPORAL REGRESSION MODEL OVER MULTIPLE TIME PERIODS. ASTHMA DIAGNOSIS WAS DETERMINED BY CURRENT NHLBI CRITERIA. PHENOTYPING AND FUNCTIONAL IMMUNE MEASUREMENTS WERE PERFORMED FROM ISOLATED CELLS. FOR EPIGENETIC MEASUREMENTS, DNA WAS ISOLATED AND PYROSEQUENCED. RESULTS: WE SHOW THAT HIGHER AVERAGE PAH EXPOSURE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH IMPAIRED TREG FUNCTION AND INCREASED METHYLATION IN THE FORKHEAD BOX PROTEIN 3 (FOXP3) LOCUS (P < 0.05), CONDITIONAL ON ATOPIC STATUS. THESE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LINKED TO DIFFERENTIAL PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF FOXP3 (P < 0.001). METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH CELLULAR FUNCTIONAL CHANGES, SPECIFICALLY TREG DYSFUNCTION, AND AN INCREASE IN TOTAL PLASMA IGE LEVELS. PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF IL-10 DECREASED AND IFN-GAMMA INCREASED AS THE EXTENT OF PAH EXPOSURE INCREASED. THE STRENGTH OF THE ASSOCIATIONS GENERALLY INCREASED AS THE TIME WINDOW FOR AVERAGE PAH EXPOSURE INCREASED FROM 24 HR TO 1 YEAR, SUGGESTING MORE OF A CHRONIC RESPONSE. SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATIONS WITH CHRONIC PAH EXPOSURE AND IMMUNE OUTCOMES WERE ALSO OBSERVED IN SUBJECTS WITH ALLERGIC RHINITIS. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: COLLECTIVELY, THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT INCREASED AMBIENT PAH EXPOSURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPAIRED SYSTEMIC IMMUNITY AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN A KEY LOCUS INVOLVED IN ATOPY: FOXP3, WITH A HIGHER IMPACT ON ATOPIC CHILDREN. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT INCREASED ATOPIC CLINICAL SYMPTOMS IN CHILDREN COULD BE LINKED TO INCREASED PAH EXPOSURE IN AIR POLLUTION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
15  2900  28 GENDER BIAS IN THERAPEUTIC EFFORT: FROM RESEARCH TO HEALTH CARE. THERE ARE RELEVANT DIMENSIONS FROM A GENDER PERSPECTIVE RELATED TO THERAPEUTIC EFFORT. TO ILLUSTRATE AND DISCUSS POSSIBLE GENDER BIAS RELATED TO MEDICINES, THROUGH THE CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS IN WOMEN, THE PRESCRIPTION OF BIOLOGICAL DRUGS ACCORDING TO SEX, THE POTENTIAL GENDER INEQUALITY IN ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS, AND RESEARCH WITH CLINICAL TRIALS, AS WELL AS THE DECISIONS OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE MARKETING OF MEDICINAL PRODUCTS. THERE IS GREATER TENDENCY TO PRESCRIBE PAIN RELIEVERS, REGARDLESS OF PAIN, AND DRUGS FOR LOW INTENSITY DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN WOMEN THAN IN MEN. THE OPPOSITE OCCURS IN THE PRESCRIPTION OF STATINS AND ADEQUATE DOSES, AND WITH THE GREATER PROBABILITY OF PRESCRIBING ANTI-TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR IN MEN THAN IN WOMEN WITH ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS, DESPITE A SIMILAR DISEASE BURDEN. ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS ARE OBSERVED MORE FREQUENTLY IN WOMEN THAN IN MEN, WHERE DETERMINANTS SUCH AS BODY WEIGHT ARE HAVING LITTLE INFLUENCE ON THE DOSAGE. IT IS CURRENTLY SCARCELY CONSIDERED IN THE PRESCRIPTION THAT WOMEN HAVE DIFFERENCES IN THE ACTIVITY OF CYTOCHROME CYPP450 ENZYMES, WHICH CAN AFFECT THE LIVER'S METABOLISM RATE. THERE ARE EVEN IMMUNOLOGICAL, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC EFFECTS (DUE TO HEREDITY AND UNEVEN GENE DOSING LOCATED IN THE X AND Y CHROMOSOMES) THAT CAN INFLUENCE THESE DIFFERENCES BY SEX. FINALLY, THROUGH CASES OF HORMONAL THERAPY CLINICAL TRIALS, A DRUG FOR WOMEN'S INHIBITED SEXUAL DESIRE AND A CONTRACEPTIVE FOR MEN, GENDER BIAS AND STEREOTYPES ARE SHOWN TO INFLUENCE A POTENTIAL GENERATION OF INEQUALITIES, ESPECIALLY IN ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS TO THE DETRIMENT OF WOMEN. IN CONCLUSION, HEALTH PROFESSIONALS FREQUENTLY ATTRIBUTE PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS TO WOMEN'S EMOTIONALITY, INFLUENCING THEIR GREATER PRESCRIPTION OF SYMPTOMATIC DRUGS. WHETHER THE SAME REASON INFLUENCES THE LOWER PRESCRIPTION OF THERAPEUTIC DRUGS IN WOMEN THAN IN MEN SHOULD BE ANALYZED. THERE ARE BIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS TO CONSIDER DUE TO THEIR INFLUENCE ON A GREATER PHARMACOLOGICAL TOXICITY IN WOMEN. CLINICAL TRIALS SHOULD IMPROVE ACCORDING TO THE GENDER RECOMMENDATIONS BY THE FOOD AND DRUGS ADMINISTRATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
16  5875  26 SYMPTOMS OF ALLERGIC RHINITIS IN WOMEN DURING EARLY PREGNANCY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER PREVALENCE OF ALLERGIC RHINITIS IN THEIR OFFSPRING. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES IS A UBIQUITOUS MECHANISM DURING CELL DIFFERENTIATION, ORGANOGENESIS AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS. RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT ALLERGEN EXPOSURE DURING VERY EARLY PREGNANCY INCREASES BRONCHIAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN OFFSPRING IN A MURINE MODEL OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA. HOWEVER, NO SUCH PHENOMENA WERE REPORTED IN HUMANS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC CONTROL IN THE ONSET OF ALLERGIC DISEASES WAS INVESTIGATED. METHODS: A TOTAL OF 400 PAIRS OF MOTHERS WITH PHYSICIAN-DIAGNOSED ALLERGIC RHINITIS (AR) AND THEIR OFFSPRING (AGE 7-18 MONTHS) WHO PARTICIPATED IN A LARGE-SCALE MEDICAL CHECK-UP WERE ENROLLED IN THIS RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY. FAMILY HISTORY OF ALLERGIC DISEASES AND THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF AR SYMPTOMS DURING PREGNANCY WERE INQUIRED ABOUT USING A SELF-ANSWERED QUESTIONNAIRE. A LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODEL ADJUSTED FOR AGE, GENDER, BIRTH MONTH AND FATHER'S HISTORY OF ALLERGIC DISEASES WAS STATISTICALLY ANALYZED. RESULTS: OFFSPRING WHOSE MOTHERS HAD ANY AR SYMPTOMS DURING EARLY PREGNANCY SHOWED A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER ADJUSTED ODDS RATIO FOR THE ONSET OF AR IN OFFSPRING THAN THOSE WHOSE MOTHERS HAD NO SYMPTOMS DURING PREGNANCY (ADJUSTED ODDS RATIO: 6.26, P = 0.036). HOWEVER, THE SYMPTOMS OF AR DURING LATE PREGNANCY SHOWED NO EFFECTS ON THE ODDS RATIO. IN CONTRAST, THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF AR SYMPTOMS DURING EARLY OR LATE PREGNANCY SHOWED NO ASSOCIATION WITH THE PREVALENCE OF FOOD ALLERGY, ATOPIC DERMATITIS OR ASTHMA IN OFFSPRING. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THE PRESENCE OF POSSIBLE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATING THE ONSET OF AR IN HUMANS PRESUMABLY THROUGH INCREASED ORGAN-SPECIFIC HYPERSENSITIVITY.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
17  2472  39 EPIGENETIC TRANSMISSION OF THE IMPACT OF EARLY STRESS ACROSS GENERATIONS. BACKGROUND: TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES IN EARLY LIFE ARE RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BEHAVIORAL AND EMOTIONAL DISORDERS. SUCH DISORDERS CAN PERSIST THROUGH ADULTHOOD AND HAVE OFTEN BEEN REPORTED TO BE TRANSMITTED ACROSS GENERATIONS. METHODS: TO INVESTIGATE THE TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECT OF EARLY STRESS, MICE WERE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC AND UNPREDICTABLE MATERNAL SEPARATION FROM POSTNATAL DAY 1 TO 14. RESULTS: WE SHOW THAT CHRONIC AND UNPREDICTABLE MATERNAL SEPARATION INDUCES DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND ALTERS THE BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE TO AVERSIVE ENVIRONMENTS IN THE SEPARATED ANIMALS WHEN ADULT. MOST OF THE BEHAVIORAL ALTERATIONS ARE FURTHER EXPRESSED BY THE OFFSPRING OF MALES SUBJECTED TO MATERNAL SEPARATION, DESPITE THE FACT THAT THESE MALES ARE REARED NORMALLY. CHRONIC AND UNPREDICTABLE MATERNAL SEPARATION ALSO ALTERS THE PROFILE OF DNA METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER OF SEVERAL CANDIDATE GENES IN THE GERMLINE OF THE SEPARATED MALES. COMPARABLE CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION ARE ALSO PRESENT IN THE BRAIN OF THE OFFSPRING AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION. CONCLUSIONS: THESE FINDINGS HIGHLIGHT THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF EARLY STRESS ON BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES ACROSS GENERATIONS AND ON THE REGULATION OF DNA METHYLATION IN THE GERMLINE.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
18  1058  34 CLINICAL MEASURES OF ALLOSTATIC LOAD IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH FOOD ALLERGY, DEPRESSION, OR ANXIETY. PURPOSE: SUSTAINED HIGH STRESS EXPOSURE RESULTS IN CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF THE STRESS RESPONSE SYSTEM, DYSREGULATED STRESS RESPONSES, HIGH ALLOSTATIC LOAD, AND POOR LATER-LIFE HEALTH. CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS FACE STRESSORS RELATED TO THEIR CONDITION IN ADDITION TO THOSE TYPICAL OF CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE, PLACING THEM AT RISK OF HIGH ALLOSTATIC LOAD. THE PURPOSE OF THIS SECONDARY ANALYSIS WAS TO EXAMINE WHETHER YOUTH WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS DIFFER FROM CONTROLS ON CLINICAL MEASURES OF ALLOSTATIC LOAD. DESIGN AND METHODS: A SECONDARY ANALYSIS OF TWO DATASETS, THE ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD OF A TERTIARY CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL AND DATA FROM THE SURVEY OF THE HEALTH OF WISCONSIN, COMPARED YOUTH WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS TO CONTROLS ON CLINICAL MEASURES OF ALLOSTATIC LOAD. ADDITIONAL ANALYSES EXPLORED WHETHER PARENTAL STRESS AND MENTAL HEALTH INFLUENCED THESE RELATIONSHIPS. RESULTS: ANALYSES IDENTIFIED DIFFERENCES IN BMI, BLOOD PRESSURE, AND WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE BETWEEN YOUTH WITH FOOD ALLERGY, ANXIETY, OR DEPRESSION, AND CONTROLS. THESE RELATIONSHIPS DIFFERED FOR MALES AND FEMALES AND FOR THOSE WITH COMORBID MENTAL AND PHYSICAL CONDITIONS, AND WERE INFLUENCED BY PARENT STRESS AND MENTAL HEALTH. CONCLUSIONS: RESULTS SUPPORT FUTURE STUDIES EXPLORING WHETHER HIGH STRESS IN YOUTH WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS LEADS TO INCREASED ALLOSTATIC LOAD. INCORPORATING BIOMARKERS AS WELL AS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS WILL PROVIDE CRITICAL INSIGHTS. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: YOUTH WITH MENTAL AND PHYSICAL CHCS MAY BE AT INCREASED RISK OF HIGH ALLOSTATIC LOAD, REFLECTED IN CLINICAL MEASURES OF METABOLISM, AND SHOULD HAVE REGULAR ASSESSMENTS OF THEIR METABOLIC HEALTH.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
19  2207  33 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND GLUCOCORTICOID SENSITIVITY IN MYALGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS/CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (ME/CFS). BACKGROUND: MYALGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS/CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (ME/CFS) IS A DEBILITATING IDIOPATHIC DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY UNEXPLAINED FATIGUE THAT FAILS TO RESOLVE WITH SUFFICIENT REST. DIAGNOSIS IS BASED ON A LIST OF SYMPTOMS AND EXCLUSION OF OTHER FATIGUE-RELATED HEALTH CONDITIONS. DESPITE A HETEROGENEOUS PATIENT POPULATION, IMMUNE AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS FUNCTION DIFFERENCES, SUCH AS ENHANCED NEGATIVE FEEDBACK TO GLUCOCORTICOIDS, ARE RECURRING FINDINGS IN ME/CFS STUDIES. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, SUCH AS CPG METHYLATION, ARE KNOWN TO REGULATE LONG-TERM PHENOTYPIC DIFFERENCES AND PREVIOUS WORK BY OUR GROUP FOUND DNA METHYLOME DIFFERENCES IN ME/CFS, HOWEVER THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DNA METHYLOME MODIFICATIONS, CLINICAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH ME/CFS HAS NOT BEEN EXAMINED. METHODS: WE EXAMINED THE DNA METHYLOME IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) OF A LARGER COHORT OF FEMALE ME/CFS PATIENTS USING THE ILLUMINA HUMANMETHYLATION450 BEADCHIP ARRAY. IN PARALLEL TO THE DNA METHYLOME ANALYSIS, WE INVESTIGATED IN VITRO GLUCOCORTICOID SENSITIVITY DIFFERENCES BY STIMULATING PBMCS WITH PHYTOHAEMAGGLUTININ AND SUPPRESSED GROWTH WITH DEXAMETHASONE. WE EXPLORED DNA METHYLATION DIFFERENCES USING BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING AND STATISTICAL PERMUTATION. LINEAR REGRESSION WAS IMPLEMENTED TO DISCOVER EPIGENOMIC REGIONS ASSOCIATED WITH SELF-REPORTED QUALITY OF LIFE AND NETWORK ANALYSIS OF GENE ONTOLOGY TERMS TO BIOLOGICALLY CONTEXTUALIZE RESULTS. RESULTS: WE DETECTED 12,608 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED SITES BETWEEN ME/CFS PATIENTS AND HEALTHY CONTROLS PREDOMINANTLY LOCALIZED TO CELLULAR METABOLISM GENES, SOME OF WHICH WERE ALSO RELATED TO SELF-REPORTED QUALITY OF LIFE HEALTH SCORES. AMONG ME/CFS PATIENTS, GLUCOCORTICOID SENSITIVITY WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION AT 13 LOCI. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS INDICATE DNA METHYLATION MODIFICATIONS IN CELLULAR METABOLISM IN ME/CFS DESPITE A HETEROGENEOUS PATIENT POPULATION, IMPLICATING THESE PROCESSES IN IMMUNE AND HPA AXIS DYSFUNCTION IN ME/CFS. MODIFICATIONS TO EPIGENETIC LOCI ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENCES IN GLUCOCORTICOID SENSITIVITY MAY BE IMPORTANT AS BIOMARKERS FOR FUTURE CLINICAL TESTING. OVERALL, THESE FINDINGS ALIGN WITH RECENT ME/CFS WORK THAT POINT TOWARDS IMPAIRMENT IN CELLULAR ENERGY PRODUCTION IN THIS PATIENT POPULATION.	2017	
                                                  
20   477  29 ARSENIC PROJECTS IN SE ASIA. EARLY LIFE EXPOSURE TO INORGANIC ARSENIC IS ASSOCIATED WITH A WIDE RANGE OF MALIGNANT AND CHRONIC DISEASE OUTCOMES IN HUMANS. PRENATAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE MAY GIVE RISE TO ADVERSE EFFECTS ON CHILD HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT AS ARSENIC READILY PASSES THROUGH THE PLACENTA IN HUMAN BEINGS. THE IMPACT OF MATERNAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE ON FETAL GENE EXPRESSION WAS CONDUCTED IN PREGNANT WOMEN LIVING IN SOUTHERN THAILAND. ARSENIC EXPOSED NEWBORNS HAD SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER LEVELS OF ARSENIC IN CORD BLOOD, AND A SET OF GENES ASSOCIATED WITH NUMEROUS BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS, INCLUDING CELL SIGNALING, APOPTOSIS, INFLAMMATORY AND STRESS RESPONSE. A SLIGHT INCREASE IN PROMOTER METHYLATION OF P53 IN CORD BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES WHICH CORRELATED WITH ARSENIC ACCUMULATION IN NAILS WAS OBSERVED IN THESE EXPOSED NEWBORNS. A FOLLOW-UP STUDY ON THESE EXPOSED CHILDREN SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE, MEASURED AS 8-HYDROXYDEOXYGUANOSINE (8-OHDG) IN SALIVA. IN ADDITION, LEVELS OF URINARY 8-OHDG EXCRETION AND SALIVARY HOGG1 EXPRESSION WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN EXPOSED CHILDREN SUGGESTING A DEFECT IN REPAIR OF 8-OHDG IN ARSENIC-EXPOSED CHILDREN. OUR STUDY INDICATES THAT PRENATAL ARSENIC AND CONTINUED EXPOSURE THROUGH EARLY CHILDHOOD CAN TRIGGER VARIOUS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS THAT MAY LEAD TO DISEASE DEVELOPMENT LATER IN LIFE.	2016