1  5018 143 PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION-INDUCED UP-REGULATION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) PROMOTES SYNAPTIC DELIVERY OF ALPHA-AMINO-3-HYDROXY-5-METHYL-4-ISOXAZOLEPROPIONIC ACID RECEPTOR GLUA1 SUBUNITS IN DESCENDING PAIN MODULATORY CIRCUITS. THE ENHANCED AMPA RECEPTOR PHOSPHORYLATION AT GLUA1 SERINE 831 SITES IN THE CENTRAL PAIN-MODULATING SYSTEM PLAYS A PIVOTAL ROLE IN DESCENDING PAIN FACILITATION AFTER INFLAMMATION, BUT THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS REMAIN UNCLEAR. WE SHOW HERE THAT, IN THE RAT BRAIN STEM, IN THE NUCLEUS RAPHE MAGNUS, WHICH IS A CRITICAL RELAY IN THE DESCENDING PAIN-MODULATING SYSTEM OF THE BRAIN, PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN INDUCED BY COMPLETE FREUND ADJUVANT (CFA) CAN ENHANCE AMPA RECEPTOR-MEDIATED EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC CURRENTS AND THE GLUA2-LACKING AMPA RECEPTOR-MEDIATED RECTIFICATION INDEX. WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS SHOWED AN INCREASE IN GLUA1 PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-831 BUT NOT AT SER-845. THIS WAS ACCOMPANIED BY AN INCREASE IN DISTRIBUTION OF THE SYNAPTIC GLUA1 SUBUNIT. IN PARALLEL, THE LEVEL OF HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION AT BDNF GENE PROMOTER REGIONS WAS REDUCED SIGNIFICANTLY 3 DAYS AFTER CFA INJECTION, AS INDICATED BY CHIP ASSAYS. THIS WAS CORRELATED WITH AN INCREASE IN BDNF MRNA LEVELS AND BDNF PROTEIN LEVELS. SEQUESTERING ENDOGENOUS EXTRACELLULAR BDNF WITH TRKB-IGG IN THE NUCLEUS RAPHE MAGNUS DECREASED AMPA RECEPTOR-MEDIATED SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AND GLUA1 PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-831 3 DAYS AFTER CFA INJECTION. UNDER THE SAME CONDITIONS, BLOCKADE OF TRKB RECEPTOR FUNCTIONS, PHOSPHOLIPASE C, OR PKC IMPAIRED GLUA1 PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-831 AND DECREASED EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC CURRENTS MEDIATED BY GLUA2-LACKING AMPA RECEPTORS. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC UP-REGULATION OF BDNF BY PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION INDUCES GLUR1 PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-831 SITES THROUGH ACTIVATION OF THE PHOSPHOLIPASE C-PKC SIGNALING CASCADE, LEADING TO THE TRAFFICKING OF GLUA1 TO PAIN-MODULATING NEURONAL SYNAPSES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
2  3175  37 H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION REGULATED BY P38 IS INVOLVED IN BIM EXPRESSION AND APOPTOSIS IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA CELLS INDUCED BY IMATINIB. INCREASING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT HISTONE H2AX PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN REGULATION OF TUMOR CELL APOPTOSIS AND ACTS AS A NOVEL HUMAN TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN. HOWEVER, THE ACTION OF H2AX IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML) CELLS IS UNKNOWN. THE DETAILED MECHANISM AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION BY H2AX REMAIN ELUSIVE IN CANCER CELLS. HERE, WE REPORT THAT H2AX WAS INVOLVED IN APOPTOSIS OF CML CELLS. OVEREXPRESSION OF H2AX INCREASED APOPTOTIC SENSITIVITY OF CML CELLS (K562) INDUCED BY IMATINIB. HOWEVER, OVEREXPRESSION OF SER139-MUTATED H2AX (BLOCKING PHOSPHORYLATION) DECREASED SENSITIVITY OF K562 CELLS TO APOPTOSIS. SIMILARLY, KNOCKDOWN OF H2AX MADE K562 CELLS RESISTANT TO APOPTOTIC INDUCTION. THESE RESULTS REVEALED THAT THE FUNCTION OF H2AX INVOLVED IN APOPTOSIS IS STRICTLY RELATED TO ITS PHOSPHORYLATION (SER139). OUR DATA FURTHER INDICATED THAT IMATINIB MAY STIMULATE MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE (MAPK) FAMILY MEMBER P38, AND H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION FOLLOWED A SIMILAR TIME COURSE, SUGGESTING A PARALLEL RESPONSE. H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION CAN BE BLOCKED BY P38 SIRNA OR ITS INHIBITOR. THESE DATA DEMONSTRATED THAT H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION WAS REGULATED BY P38 MAPK PATHWAY IN K562 CELLS. HOWEVER, THE P38 MAPK DOWNSTREAM, MITOGEN- AND STRESS-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE-1 AND -2, WHICH PHOSPHORYLATED HISTONE H3, WERE NOT REQUIRED FOR H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION DURING APOPTOSIS. FINALLY, WE PROVIDED EPIGENETIC EVIDENCE THAT H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION REGULATED APOPTOSIS-RELATED GENE BIM EXPRESSION. BLOCKING OF H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION INHIBITED BIM GENE EXPRESSION. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE DATA DEMONSTRATED THAT H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION REGULATED BY P38 IS INVOLVED IN BIM EXPRESSION AND APOPTOSIS IN CML CELLS INDUCED BY IMATINIB.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
3  1220  33 CRISPR/CAS9-BASED MUTAGENESIS OF HISTONE H3.1 IN SPINAL DYNORPHINERGIC NEURONS ATTENUATES THERMAL SENSITIVITY IN MICE. BURN INJURY IS A TRAUMA RESULTING IN TISSUE DEGRADATION AND SEVERE PAIN, WHICH IS PROCESSED FIRST BY NEURONAL CIRCUITS IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN. WE HAVE RECENTLY SHOWN THAT IN MICE, EXCITATORY DYNORPHINERGIC (PDYN) NEURONS PLAY A PIVOTAL ROLE IN THE RESPONSE TO BURN-INJURY-ASSOCIATED TISSUE DAMAGE VIA HISTONE H3.1 PHOSPHORYLATION-DEPENDENT SIGNALING. AS PDYN NEURONS WERE MOSTLY ASSOCIATED WITH MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA, THEIR INVOLVEMENT IN THERMONOCICEPTION HAD TO BE FURTHER ELUCIDATED. USING A CUSTOM-MADE AAV9_MUTH3.1 VIRUS COMBINED WITH THE CRISPR/CAS9 SYSTEM, HERE WE PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT BLOCKING HISTONE H3.1 PHOSPHORYLATION AT POSITION SERINE 10 (S10) IN SPINAL PDYN NEURONS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASES THE THERMAL NOCICEPTIVE THRESHOLD IN MICE. IN CONTRAST, NEITHER MECHANOSENSATION NOR ACUTE CHEMONOCICEPTION WAS AFFECTED BY THE TRANSGENIC MANIPULATION OF HISTONE H3.1. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT BLOCKING RAPID EPIGENETIC TAGGING OF S10H3 IN SPINAL PDYN NEURONS ALTERS ACUTE THERMOSENSATION AND THUS EXPLAINS THE INVOLVEMENT OF PDYN CELLS IN THE IMMEDIATE RESPONSE TO BURN-INJURY-ASSOCIATED TISSUE DAMAGE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
4  5063  34 PHOSPHORYLATED HISTONE 3 AT SERINE 10 IDENTIFIES ACTIVATED SPINAL NEURONS AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF TISSUE INJURY-ASSOCIATED PAIN. TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES IN SUPERFICIAL SPINAL DORSAL HORN NEURONS (SSDHN) ARE ESSENTIAL IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF PROLONGED PAIN. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INCLUDING POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS IN HISTONES ARE PIVOTAL IN REGULATING TRANSCRIPTION. HERE, WE REPORT THAT PHOSPHORYLATION OF SERINE 10 (S10) IN HISTONE 3 (H3) SPECIFICALLY OCCURS IN A GROUP OF RAT SSDHN FOLLOWING THE ACTIVATION OF NOCICEPTIVE PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS BY BURN INJURY, CAPSAICIN APPLICATION OR SUSTAINED ELECTRICAL ACTIVATION OF NOCICEPTIVE PRIMARY SENSORY NERVE FIBRES. IN CONTRAST, BRIEF THERMAL OR MECHANICAL NOCICEPTIVE STIMULI, WHICH FAIL TO INDUCE TISSUE INJURY OR INFLAMMATION, DO NOT PRODUCE THE SAME EFFECT. BLOCKING N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE RECEPTORS OR ACTIVATION OF EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASES 1 AND 2, OR BLOCKING OR DELETING THE MITOGEN- AND STRESS-ACTIVATED KINASES 1 AND 2 (MSK1/2), WHICH PHOSPHORYLATE S10 IN H3, INHIBIT UP-REGULATION IN PHOSPHORYLATED S10 IN H3 (P-S10H3) AS WELL AS FOS TRANSCRIPTION, A DOWN-STREAM EFFECT OF P-S10H3. DELETING MSK1/2 ALSO INHIBITS THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARRAGEENAN-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY HEAT HYPERALGESIA IN MICE. WE PROPOSE THAT P-S10H3 IS A NOVEL MARKER FOR NOCICEPTIVE PROCESSING IN SSDHN WITH HIGH RELEVANCE TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROLONGED PAIN.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
5  2479  43 EPIGENETIC UPREGULATION OF CXCL12 EXPRESSION MEDIATES ANTITUBULIN CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. CLINICALLY, MICROTUBULE-TARGETED AGENTS-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN HAMPERS CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS FOR PATIENTS WITH CANCER. HERE, WE FOUND THAT APPLICATION OF PACLITAXEL OR VINCRISTINE INCREASED THE PROTEIN AND MRNA EXPRESSION OF CXCL12 AND FREQUENCY AND AMPLITUDE OF MINIATURE EXCITATORY POST SYNAPTIC CURRENTS (MEPSCS) IN SPINAL DORSAL HORN NEURONS. SPINAL LOCAL APPLICATION OF CXCL12 INDUCED THE LONG-TERM POTENTIATION OF NOCICEPTIVE SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AND INCREASED THE AMPLITUDE OF MEPSCS. INHIBITION OF CXCL12 USING THE TRANSGENIC MICE (CXCL12) OR NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY OR SIRNA AMELIORATED THE MEPSC'S ENHANCEMENT AND MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA. IN ADDITION, PACLITAXEL AND VINCRISTINE BOTH COULD INCREASE THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION 3 (STAT3) AND THE ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H4 IN THE CXCL12-EXPRESSING NEURONS. IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS DEMONSTRATED THAT ANTITUBULIN CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS INCREASED THE BINDING OF STAT3 TO THE CXCL12 GENE PROMOTER AND THE INTERACTION BETWEEN STAT3 AND P300, AND CONTRIBUTED TO THE ENHANCED TRANSCRIPTION OF CXCL12 BY INCREASING THE ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H4 IN CXCL12 GENE PROMOTER. INHIBITION OF STAT3 BY INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRUS ENCODING CRE AND GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN INTO STAT3 MICE OR INHIBITOR S3I-201 INTO RATS SUPPRESSED THE CXCL12 UPSURGE BY DECREASING THE ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H4. FINALLY, BLOCKADE OF CXCR4 BUT NOT CXCR7 AMELIORATED THE PACLITAXEL- OR VINCRISTINE-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA. TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT ENHANCED INTERACTION BETWEEN STAT3 AND P300 MEDIATED THE EPIGENETIC UPREGULATION OF CXCL12 IN DORSAL HORN NEURONS, WHICH CONTRIBUTED TO THE ANTITUBULIN CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS-INDUCED PERSISTENT PAIN.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
6  3227  27 HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION-INDUCED H3SER10 PHOSPHORYLATION IN STEPWISE GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS AND ITS CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS. BACKGROUND: OUR PREVIOUS WORKS HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT HELICOBACTER PYLORI (HP) INFECTION CAN ALTER HISTONE H3 SERINE 10 PHOSPHORYLATION STATUS IN GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS. HOWEVER, WHETHER HELICOBACTER PYLORI-INDUCED HISTONE H3 SERINE 10 PHOSPHORYLATION PARTICIPATES IN GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS IS UNKNOWN. WE INVESTIGATE THE EXPRESSION OF HISTONE H3 SERINE 10 PHOSPHORYLATION IN VARIOUS STAGES OF GASTRIC DISEASE AND EXPLORE ITS CLINICAL IMPLICATION. MATERIALS AND METHODS: STOMACH BIOPSY SAMPLES FROM 129 PATIENTS WERE COLLECTED AND STAINED WITH HISTONE H3 SERINE 10 PHOSPHORYLATION, KI67, AND HELICOBACTER PYLORI BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY STAINING, EXPRESSED AS LABELING INDEX. THEY WERE CATEGORIZED INTO NONATROPHIC GASTRITIS, CHRONIC ATROPHIC GASTRITIS, INTESTINAL METAPLASIA, LOW-GRADE INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA, HIGH-GRADE INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA, AND INTESTINAL-TYPE GASTRIC CANCER GROUPS. HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION WAS DETERMINED BY EITHER (13) C-UREA BREATH TEST OR IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY STAINING. RESULTS: IN HELICOBACTER PYLORI-NEGATIVE PATIENTS, LABELING INDEX OF HISTONE H3 SERINE 10 PHOSPHORYLATION WAS GRADUALLY INCREASED IN NONATROPHIC GASTRITIS, CHRONIC ATROPHIC GASTRITIS, INTESTINAL METAPLASIA GROUPS, PEAKED AT LOW-GRADE INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA, AND DECLINED IN HIGH-GRADE INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA AND GASTRIC CANCER GROUPS. IN HELICOBACTER PYLORI-INFECTED PATIENTS, LABELING INDEX OF HISTONE H3 SERINE 10 PHOSPHORYLATION FOLLOWED THE SIMILAR PATTERN AS ABOVE, WITH INCREASED EXPRESSION OVER THE CORRESPONDING HELICOBACTER PYLORI-NEGATIVE CONTROLS EXCEPT IN NONATROPHIC GASTRITIS PATIENT WHOSE LABELING INDEX WAS DECREASED WHEN COMPARED WITH HELICOBACTER PYLORI-NEGATIVE CONTROL. LABELING INDEX OF KI67 IN HELICOBACTER PYLORI-NEGATIVE GROUPS WAS HIGHER IN GASTRIC CANCER THAN CHRONIC ATROPHIC GASTRITIS AND LOW-GRADE INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA GROUPS, AND HIGHER IN INTESTINAL METAPLASIA GROUP COMPARED WITH CHRONIC ATROPHIC GASTRITIS GROUP. IN HELICOBACTER PYLORI-POSITIVE GROUPS, KI67 LABELING INDEX WAS INCREASED STEPWISE FROM NONATROPHIC GASTRITIS TO GASTRIC CANCER EXCEPT SLIGHTLY DECREASE IN CHRONIC ATROPHIC GASTRITIS GROUP. IN ADDITION, WE NOTED THAT HISTONE H3 SERINE 10 PHOSPHORYLATION STAINING IS ACCOMPANIED WITH ITS LOCATION CHANGES FROM GASTRIC GLAND BOTTOM EXPANDED TO WHOLE GLAND AS DISEASE STAGE PROGRESS. CONCLUSIONS: THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT STEPWISE GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED HISTONE H3 SERINE 10 PHOSPHORYLATION, HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION ENHANCES HISTONE H3 SERINE 10 PHOSPHORYLATION EXPRESSION IN THESE PROCESSES; IT IS ALSO ACCOMPANIED WITH HISTONE H3 SERINE 10 PHOSPHORYLATION LOCATION CHANGE FROM GLAND BOTTOM STAINING EXPAND TO WHOLE GLAND EXPRESSION. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION MAY PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN HELICOBACTER PYLORI-INDUCED GASTRIC CANCER.	2018	

7   969  29 CHRONIC NON-BACTERIAL OSTEOMYELITIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPAIRED SP1 SIGNALING, REDUCED IL10 PROMOTER PHOSPHORYLATION, AND REDUCED MYELOID IL-10 EXPRESSION. CHRONIC NON-BACTERIAL OSTEOMYELITIS (CNO) IS AN AUTO-INFLAMMATORY DISORDER THAT AFFECTS THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. INTERLEUKIN (IL-)10 IS AN IMMUNE-MODULATORY CYTOKINE THAT CONTROLS INFLAMMATION, AND LIMITS INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE RESPONSES. DYSREGULATION OF IL-10 EXPRESSION HAS BEEN SHOWN TO RESULT IN AUTOIMMUNE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES. WE INVESTIGATED IL-10 EXPRESSION BY MONOCYTIC CELLS FROM CNO PATIENTS AND CONTROLS. IN RESPONSE TO STIMULATION WITH LPS, IL-10 EXPRESSION FROM CNO MONOCYTES WAS REDUCED (P<0.001). THIS WAS INDEPENDENT OF IL10 PROMOTER POLYMORPHISMS. THUS, WE INVESTIGATED SP1 RECRUITMENT TO THE IL10 PROMOTER AND SAW MARKEDLY REDUCED BINDING IN CNO MONOCYTES. THIS WAS ACCOMPANIED WITH REDUCED PHOSPHORYLATION OF HISTONE H3 SERINE 10 (H3S10), AN ACTIVATING EPIGENETIC MARK. IMPAIRED RECRUITMENT OF SP1 TO THE IL10 PROMOTER, AND REDUCED H3S10 PHOSPHORYLATION, MAY BE A REFLECTION OF DEFICIENT MAPK SIGNALING IN CNO MONOCYTES IN RESPONSE TO LPS STIMULATION. THUS, WE HAVE DISCOVERED A MECHANISM THAT MAY BE CENTRAL IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CNO.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
8  2300  48 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION IN THE PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY: IMPLICATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) IS KNOWN TO BE UP-REGULATED IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY, AND TO CONTRIBUTE TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN. HERE, WE FOUND THAT THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AT DAY 7 POST-INJURY WERE INHIBITED ONLY WHEN ANTI-BDNF ANTIBODY WAS INTRATHECALLY ADMINISTRATED AT DAY 2 POST-INJURY. CONSISTENT WITH BEHAVIORAL RESULTS, WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF BDNF PROTEIN IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN WERE MARKEDLY INDUCED DURING EARLY STAGE POST-INJURY. MOREOVER, THE MAXIMAL INCREASE IN BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION IN THE DRG WAS OBSERVED AT DAY 1 POST-INJURY, AND SIGNIFICANTLY ELEVATED LEVELS WERE SUSTAINED FOR AT LEAST 14 DAYS. FOUR OF FIVE BDNF MRNA TRANSCRIPTS WERE UP-REGULATED AFTER NERVE INJURY, AND THE MOST INDUCIBLE TRANSCRIPT WAS EXON I. USING A CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAY, WE FOUND THAT NERVE INJURY PROMOTES HISTONE H3 AND H4 ACETYLATION, TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE MODIFICATIONS, AT BDNF PROMOTER I AT DAY 1 POST-INJURY, AND THE LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION REMAIN ELEVATED FOR AT LEAST 7 DAYS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT AN INITIAL INCREASE IN BDNF EXON I EXPRESSION CONTROLLED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MIGHT HAVE A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
9  2785  37 EZH2 REGULATES SPINAL NEUROINFLAMMATION IN RATS WITH NEUROPATHIC PAIN. ALTERATION IN GENE EXPRESSION ALONG THE PAIN SIGNALING PATHWAY IS A KEY MECHANISM CONTRIBUTING TO THE GENESIS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. ACCUMULATING STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN NOCICEPTIVE PROCESS IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN. IN THIS PRESENT STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG-2 (EZH2), A SUBUNIT OF THE POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2, IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN IN THE GENESIS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN RATS INDUCED BY PARTIAL SCIATIC NERVE LIGATION. EZH2 IS A HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE, WHICH CATALYZES THE METHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 ON K27 (H3K27), RESULTING IN GENE SILENCING. WE FOUND THAT LEVELS OF EZH2 AND TRI-METHYLATED H3K27 (H3K27TM) IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN WERE INCREASED IN RATS WITH NEUROPATHIC PAIN ON DAY 3 AND DAY 10 POST NERVE INJURIES. EZH2 WAS PREDOMINANTLY EXPRESSED IN NEURONS IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS. THE NUMBER OF NEURONS WITH EZH2 EXPRESSION WAS INCREASED AFTER NERVE INJURY. MORE STRIKINGLY, NERVE INJURY DRASTICALLY INCREASED THE NUMBER OF MICROGLIA WITH EZH2 EXPRESSION BY MORE THAN SEVENFOLD. INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF THE EZH2 INHIBITOR ATTENUATED THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF MECHANICAL AND THERMAL HYPERALGESIA IN RATS WITH NERVE INJURY. SUCH ANALGESIC EFFECTS WERE CONCURRENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE REDUCED LEVELS OF EZH2, H3K27TM, IBA1, GFAP, TNF-ALPHA, IL-1BETA, AND MCP-1 IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN IN RATS WITH NERVE INJURY. OUR RESULTS HIGHLY SUGGEST THAT TARGETING THE EZH2 SIGNALING PATHWAY COULD BE AN EFFECTIVE APPROACH FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
10  3832  33 INVOLVEMENT OF SPINAL SIRT1 IN DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN RATS. IT IS KNOWN THAT THE EPIGENETIC PROCESS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IS INVOLVED IN THE NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER SIRTUIN TYPE 1 (SIRT1), AN NAD(+) DEPENDENT DEACETYLASE, AFFECTED ALLODYNIA AND HYPERALGESIA IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THE NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODEL WAS ESTABLISHED BY LIGATURE OF THE RIGHT SCIATIC NERVE TO INDUCE CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) IN RATS. HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE (HAT) ACTIVITY WAS INCREASED AND, AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) ACTIVITY WAS DECLINED IN TISSUE OF THE SPINAL DORSA HORN IN CCI RATES BY MEANS OF ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA). THE PERSISTENT HYPERALGESIA AND ALLODYNIA CAUSED BY CCI WERE ASSOCIATED WITH DOWNREGULATION OF SIRT1 AND UPREGULATION OF ACETYLATED-H3 (AC-H3) IN TISSUE OF THE SPINAL CORD BY WESTERN BLOT ASSAY, WHICH WAS REVERSED AFTER INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF SIRT1 AGONIST SRT1720. SRT1720 TREATMENT ACHIEVED ANALGESIC THROUGH INHIBITING THE ACETYLATION OF NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B (NF-KAPPAB) AND BLOCKING THE RELEASES OF THE INFLAMMATORY FACTORS INCLUDING TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA) AND INTERLEUKIN (IL)-6 BY MEANS OF WESTERN BLOT AND REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR (RT-PCR), RESPECTIVELY. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT SIRT1 IN THE SPINAL CORD PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN THE RAT MODEL.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
11  6079  30 THE EFFECT OF CXCL12 PROCESSING ON CD34+ CELL MIGRATION IN MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. PRIMARY MYELOFIBROSIS (PMF) AND POLYCYTHEMIA VERA (PV) ARE CHRONIC MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. PMF AND, TO A LESSER DEGREE, PV ARE CHARACTERIZED BY CONSTITUTIVE MOBILIZATION OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS (HSC) AND PROGENITOR CELLS (HPC) INTO THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD (PB). THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE CHEMOKINE CXCL12 AND ITS RECEPTOR CXCR4 PLAYS A PIVOTAL ROLE IN DETERMINING THE TRAFFICKING OF CD34(+) CELLS BETWEEN THE BONE MARROW (BM) AND THE PB. PMF, BUT NOT PV, IS ASSOCIATED WITH DOWNREGULATION OF CXCR4 BY CD34(+) CELLS DUE TO EPIGENETIC EVENTS. BOTH PV AND PMF PATIENTS HAVE ELEVATED LEVELS OF IMMUNOREACTIVE FORMS OF CXCL12 IN THE BM AND PB. USING ELECTROSPRAY MASS SPECTROMETRY, THE PB AND BM PLASMA OF PV AND PMF PATIENTS WAS SHOWN TO CONTAIN REDUCED AMOUNTS OF INTACT CXCL12 BUT SIGNIFICANT AMOUNTS OF SEVERAL TRUNCATED FORMS OF CXCL12, WHICH ARE LACKING IN NORMAL PB AND BM PLASMA. THESE TRUNCATED FORMS OF CXCL12 ARE THE PRODUCT OF THE ACTION OF SEVERAL SERINE PROTEASES, INCLUDING DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE-IV, NEUTROPHIL ELASTASE, MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, AND CATHEPSIN G. UNLIKE CXCL12, THESE TRUNCATES EITHER LACK THE ABILITY TO ACT AS A CHEMOATTRACTANT FOR CD34(+) CELLS AND/OR ACT AS AN ANTAGONIST TO THE ACTION OF CXCL12. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT PROTEOLYTIC DEGRADATION OF CXCL12 IS CHARACTERISTIC OF BOTH PV AND PMF AND THAT THE RESULTING TRUNCATED FORMS OF CXCL12, IN ADDITION TO THE REDUCED EXPRESSION OF CXCR4 BY CD34(+) CELLS, LEAD TO A PROFOUND MOBILIZATION OF HSC/HPC IN PMF.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
12  2452  48 EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE CO-TRANSPORTER 2 EXPRESSION IN INFLAMMATORY PAIN INDUCED BY COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA). BACKGROUND: MULTIPLE MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTE TO THE STIMULUS-EVOKED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY THAT MAY BE EXPERIENCED AFTER PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION. PERSISTENT PATHOLOGICAL STIMULI IN MANY PAIN CONDITIONS AFFECT THE EXPRESSION OF CERTAIN GENES THROUGH EPIGENETIC ALTERNATIONS. THE MAIN PURPOSE OF OUR STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION ON POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE CO-TRANSPORTER 2 (KCC2) GENE EXPRESSION IN THE PERSISTENCE OF INFLAMMATORY PAIN. METHODS: PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN WAS INDUCED THROUGH THE INJECTION OF COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA) IN THE LEFT HIND PAW OF RATS. ACETYL-HISTONE H3 AND H4 LEVEL WAS DETERMINED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN. PAIN BEHAVIOUR AND INHIBITORY SYNAPTIC FUNCTION OF SPINAL CORD WERE DETERMINED BEFORE AND AFTER CFA INJECTION. KCC2 EXPRESSION WAS DETERMINED BY REAL TIME RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOT. INTRATHECAL KCC2 SIRNA (2 MUG PER 10 MUL PER RAT) OR HDAC INHIBITOR (10 MUG PER 10 MUL PER RAT) WAS INJECTED ONCE DAILY FOR 3 DAYS BEFORE CFA INJECTION. RESULTS: PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN EPIGENETICALLY SUPPRESSED KCC2 EXPRESSION THROUGH HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC)-MEDIATED HISTONE HYPOACETYLATION, RESULTING IN DECREASED INHIBITORY SIGNALLING EFFICACY. KCC2 KNOCK-DOWN CAUSED BY INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF KCC2 SIRNA IN NAIVE RATS REDUCED KCC2 EXPRESSION IN THE SPINAL CORD, LEADING TO SENSITIZED PAIN BEHAVIOURS AND IMPAIRED INHIBITORY SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION IN THEIR SPINAL CORDS. MOREOVER, INTRATHECAL HDAC INHIBITOR INJECTION IN CFA RATS INCREASED KCC2 EXPRESSION, PARTIALLY RESTORING THE SPINAL INHIBITORY SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AND RELIEVING THE SENSITIZED PAIN BEHAVIOUR. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE TRANSCRIPTION OF SPINAL KCC2 IS REGULATED BY HISTONE ACETYLATION EPIGENETICALLY FOLLOWING CFA. SIGNIFICANCE: PERSISTENT PAIN SUPPRESSES KCC2 EXPRESSION THROUGH HDAC-MEDIATED HISTONE HYPOACETYLATION AND CONSEQUENTLY IMPAIRS THE INHIBITORY FUNCTION OF INHIBITORY INTERNEURONS. DRUGS SUCH AS HDAC INHIBITORS THAT SUPPRESS THE INFLUENCES OF PERSISTENT PAIN ON THE EXPRESSION OF KCC2 MAY SERVE AS A NOVEL ANALGESIC.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
13  4906  32 P300 EXERTS AN EPIGENETIC ROLE IN CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN THROUGH ITS ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY IN RATS FOLLOWING CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI). BACKGROUND: NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS DETRIMENTAL TO HUMAN HEALTH; HOWEVER, ITS PATHOGENESIS STILL REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN. OVEREXPRESSION OF PAIN-ASSOCIATED GENES AND INCREASED NOCICEPTIVE SOMATO-SENSITIVITY ARE WELL OBSERVED IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN REGULATING THE EXPRESSION OF PRO- OR ANTI-NOCICEPTIVE GENES HAS BEEN REVEALED BY STUDIES RECENTLY, AND WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL COACTIVATOR AND THE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE E1A BINDING PROTEIN P300 (P300), AS A PART OF THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF GENE REGULATION, MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN INDUCED BY CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI). TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, TWO DIFFERENT APPROACHES WERE USED IN THIS STUDY: (I) DOWN-REGULATING P300 WITH SPECIFIC SMALL HAIRPIN RNA (SHRNA) AND (II) CHEMICAL INHIBITION OF P300 ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY BY A SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITOR, C646. RESULTS: USING THE CCI RAT MODEL, WE FOUND THAT THE P300 EXPRESSION WAS INCREASED IN THE LUMBAR SPINAL CORD ON DAY 14 AFTER CCI. THE TREATMENT WITH INTRATHECAL P300 SHRNA REVERSED CCI-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AND THERMAL HYPERALGESIA, AND SUPPRESSED THE EXPRESSION OF CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 (COX-2), A NEUROPATHIC PAIN-ASSOCIATED FACTOR. FURTHERMORE, C646, AN INHIBITOR OF P300 ACETYLTRANSFERASE, ALSO ATTENUATED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AND THERMAL HYPERALGESIA, ACCOMPANIED BY A SUPPRESSED COX-2 EXPRESSION, IN THE SPINAL CORD. CONCLUSIONS: THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT, THROUGH ITS ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY IN THE SPINAL CORD AFTER CCI, P300 EPIGENETICALLY PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. INHIBITING P300, USING INTERFERING RNA OR C646, MAY BE A PROMISING APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW NEUROPATHIC PAIN THERAPIES.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
14  2477  30 EPIGENETIC UPREGULATION OF CDK5 IN THE DORSAL HORN CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN RATS. NUMEROUS REPORTS HAVE SHOWN THAT CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 5 (CDK5), A PROLINE-DIRECTED SERINE/THREONINE KINASE, CRITICALLY CONTRIBUTES TO THE INDUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF CHRONIC PAIN INDUCED BY PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION AND NERVE INJURY. RECENT EVIDENCE HAS ALSO SUGGESTED THE CRITICAL ROLE OF AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IN THE SETTING OF CHRONIC PAIN. THE PRESENT STUDY AIMS TO ELUCIDATE THE CYCLIC AMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN (CREB)-MEDIATED UPREGULATION OF CDK5 AND ITS FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE IN RATS WITH NEUROPATHIC PAIN INDUCED BY CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) IN THE SCIATIC NERVE. SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED EXPRESSION OF CDK5 WAS OBSERVED IN THE DORSAL HORN OF RATS WITH CCI, AND INTRATHECAL DELIVERY OF CDK5 INHIBITOR ROSCOVITINE SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED THE MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA IN THESE RATS. PHOSPHORYLATION OF CREB AND ITS OCCUPANCY IN THE CDK5 PROMOTER REGION WAS ALSO INCREASED IN THE DORSAL HORN, WHICH LED TO INCREASED HISTONE H4 ACETYLATION IN THE CDK5 PROMOTER REGION AND THE UPREGULATED TRANSCRIPTION OF CDK5. INHIBITION OF CREB ACTIVITY ATTENUATED THE UPREGULATION OF CDK5 AND ALLEVIATED THE MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA IN RATS WITH CCI. THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATED A CREB-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC UPREGULATION OF CDK5 IN THE DORSAL HORN, WHICH CRITICALLY CONTRIBUTED TO THE MAINTENANCE OF PAINFUL BEHAVIOR IN THE RATS WITH NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
15  6767  29 ZNF382 CONTROLS MOUSE NEUROPATHIC PAIN VIA SILENCER-BASED EPIGENETIC INHIBITION OF CXCL13 IN DRG NEURONS. NERVE INJURY-INDUCED CHANGES OF GENE EXPRESSION IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) ARE CRITICAL FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN GENESIS. HOWEVER, HOW THESE CHANGES OCCUR REMAINS ELUSIVE. HERE WE REPORT THE DOWN-REGULATION OF ZINC FINGER PROTEIN 382 (ZNF382) IN INJURED DRG NEURONS AFTER NERVE INJURY. RESCUING THIS DOWN-REGULATION ATTENUATES NOCICEPTIVE HYPERSENSITIVITY. CONVERSELY, MIMICKING THIS DOWN-REGULATION PRODUCES NEUROPATHIC PAIN SYMPTOMS, WHICH ARE ALLEVIATED BY C-X-C MOTIF CHEMOKINE 13 (CXCL13) KNOCKDOWN OR ITS RECEPTOR CXCR5 KNOCKOUT. MECHANISTICALLY, AN IDENTIFIED CIS-ACTING SILENCER AT DISTAL UPSTREAM OF THE CXCL13 PROMOTER SUPPRESSES CXCL13 TRANSCRIPTION VIA BINDING TO ZNF382. BLOCKING THIS BINDING OR GENETICALLY DELETING THIS SILENCER ABOLISHES THE ZNF382 SUPPRESSION ON CXCL13 TRANSCRIPTION AND IMPAIRS ZNF382-INDUCED ANTINOCICEPTION. MOREOVER, ZNF382 DOWN-REGULATION DISRUPTS THE REPRESSIVE EPIGENETIC COMPLEX CONTAINING HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1 AND SET DOMAIN BIFURCATED 1 AT THE SILENCER-PROMOTER LOOP, RESULTING IN CXCL13 TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION. THUS, ZNF382 DOWN-REGULATION IS REQUIRED FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN LIKELY THROUGH SILENCER-BASED EPIGENETIC DISINHIBITION OF CXCL13, A KEY NEUROPATHIC PAIN PLAYER, IN DRG NEURONS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
16  2326  28 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HOTAIR IN ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. PURPOSE: CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) ACCOUNTS FOR ~10% OF LEUKEMIA CASES, AND ITS PROGRESSION INVOLVES EPIGENETIC GENE REGULATION. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HOTAIR AND ITS TARGET MICRORNA, MIR-143, IN ADVANCED CML. PATIENTS AND METHODS: WE FIRST ISOLATED BONE MARROW MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM 70 PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT PHASES OF CML AND FROM HEALTHY DONORS AS NORMAL CONTROL; WE ALSO CULTURED K562 AND KCL22 CELLS, TREATED WITH DEMETHYLATION DRUG; MTT ASSAY, FLOW CYTOMETRY, QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QPCR), METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP), WESTERN BLOT, LUCIFERASE ASSAY, RNA PULL-DOWN ASSAY AND RNA-BINDING PROTEIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (RIP) ASSAY WERE PERFORMED. RESULT: AS MEASURED BY QPCR, HOTAIR EXPRESSION IN K562 CELLS, KCL22 CELLS, AND SAMPLES FROM CASES OF ADVANCED-STAGE CML INCREASED WITH LEVELS OF SEVERAL DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEACETYLATES, INCLUDING DNMT1, DNMT3A, HDAC1, EZH2, AND LSD1, AND MIR-143 LEVELS WERE DECREASED AND HOTAIR LEVELS WERE INCREASED. TREATMENT WITH 5-AZACYTIDINE, A DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR, DECREASED DNMT1, DNMT3A, HDAC1, EZH2, LSD1 MRNA, PROTEIN LEVELS, AND HOTAIR MRNA LEVELS BUT INCREASED MIR-143 LEVELS. HOTAIR KNOCKDOWN AND MIR-143 OVEREXPRESSION BOTH INHIBITED PROLIFERATION AND PROMOTED APOPTOSIS IN KCL22 AND K562 CELLS THROUGH THE PI3K/AKT PATHWAY. RNA PULL-DOWN, MASS SPECTROMETRY, AND RIP ASSAYS SHOWED THAT HOTAIR INTERACTED WITH EZH2 AND LSD1. A DUAL-LUCIFERASE ASSAY DEMONSTRATED THAT HOTAIR INTERACTED WITH MIR-143. CONCLUSION: OUR FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THE KEY EPIGENETIC INTERACTIONS OF HOTAIR RELATED TO CML PROGRESSION AND SUGGEST HOTAIR AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR ADVANCED CML. FURTHERMORE, OUR RESULTS SUPPORT THE USE OF DEMETHYLATION DRUGS AS A CML TREATMENT STRATEGY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
17  6660  44 UPREGULATION OF CXCR4 THROUGH PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION CONTRIBUTES TO INFLAMMATORY HYPERALGESIA IN RATS. AIM AND METHODS: CHRONIC PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATION IS A COMMON CLINICAL PROBLEM, AND THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS YET ARE INCOMPLETELY DEFINED. DNA METHYLATION HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC PAIN. HOWEVER, THE SPECIFIC GENES REGULATED BY DNA METHYLATION UNDER INFLAMMATORY PAIN CONDITION REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED HOW CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR4 EXPRESSION IS REGULATED BY DNA METHYLATION AND HOW IT CONTRIBUTES TO INFLAMMATORY PAIN INDUCED BY COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA) IN RATS. RESULTS: INTRAPLANTAR INJECTION OF CFA COULD NOT ONLY INDUCE SIGNIFICANT HYPERALGESIA IN RATS, BUT ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASE THE EXPRESSION OF CXCR4 MRNA AND PROTEIN IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG). INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF CXCR4 ANTAGONIST AMD3100 SIGNIFICANTLY RELIEVED HYPERALGESIA IN INFLAMMATORY RATS IN A TIME- AND DOSE-DEPENDENT MANNER. BISULFITE SEQUENCING AND METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR DEMONSTRATE THAT CFA INJECTION LED TO A SIGNIFICANT DEMETHYLATION OF CPG ISLAND AT CXCR4 GENE PROMOTER. CONSISTENTLY, THE EXPRESSION OF DNMT3B WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DOWNREGULATED AFTER CFA INJECTION. ONLINE SOFTWARE PREDICTION REVEALS THREE BINDING SITES OF P65 IN THE CPG ISLAND OF CXCR4 GENE PROMOTER, WHICH HAS CONFIRMED BY THE CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY, CFA TREATMENT SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASES THE RECRUITMENT OF P65 TO CXCR4 GENE PROMOTER. INHIBITION OF NF-KB SIGNALING USING P65 INHIBITOR PYRROLIDINE DITHIOCARBAMATE SIGNIFICANTLY PREVENTED THE INCREASES OF THE CXCR4 EXPRESSION. CONCLUSION: UPREGULATION OF CXCR4 EXPRESSION DUE TO PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION FOLLOWED BY INCREASED RECRUITMENT OF P65 TO PROMOTER OF CXCR4 GENE CONTRIBUTES TO INFLAMMATORY HYPERALGESIA. THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE A THEORETICAL BASIS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN FROM AN EPIGENETIC PERSPECTIVE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
18  6612  31 ULTRA-LOW-DOSE NALOXONE ENHANCES THE ANTINOCICEPTIVE EFFECT OF MORPHINE IN PTX-TREATED RATS: REGULATION ON GLOBAL HISTONE METHYLATION. OBJECTIVE: EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING MAY HAVE A POSSIBLE ROLE IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT; THE PRESENT STUDY EXAMINED THE GLOBAL PATTERNS OF LYSINE HISTONE MODIFICATION. IN THIS SERIAL STUDY WE ANALYZED THE LEVELS OF HISTONE 3 LYSINE 4 MONOMETHYLATION, HISTONE 3 LYSINE 4 DIMETHYLATION, AND HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 TRIMETHYLATION IN PERTUSSIS TOXIN (PTX)-INDUCED THERMAL HYPERALGESIC RAT SPINAL CORDS. METHODS: MALE WISTAR RATS IMPLANTED WITH AN INTRATHECAL CATHETER RECEIVED A SINGLE INTRATHECAL PTX (1 MUG IN 5 MUL SALINE) INJECTION. FOUR DAYS LATER, THEY WERE RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO RECEIVE EITHER A SINGLE INJECTION OF SALINE, OR ULTRA-LOW-DOSE NALOXONE (15 NG IN 5 MUL SALINE), FOLLOWED BY MORPHINE (10 MUG IN 5 MUL SALINE) INJECTION 30 MINUTES LATER. RESULTS: THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT PTX INJECTION INDUCED THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND SIGNIFICANT INCREASE OF GLOBAL HISTONE METHYLATION IN THE SPINAL CORDS. INTRATHECAL MORPHINE ALONE DID NOT AFFECT THE THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND GLOBAL HISTONE METHYLATION. IN CONTRAST, INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF ULTRA-LOW-DOSE NALOXONE PLUS MORPHINE SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED THE PTX-INDUCED THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND DOWN-REGULATED THE GLOBAL HISTONE METHYLATION. CONCLUSION: THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT ULTRA-LOW-DOSE NALOXONE MIGHT BE CLINICAL VALUABLE FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN MANAGEMENT VIA REGULATING GLOBAL HISTONE MODIFICATION.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
19   742  40 CANNABINOID CB2 RECEPTORS ARE UPREGULATED VIA BIVALENT HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND CONTROL PRIMARY AFFERENT INPUT TO THE SPINAL CORD IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. TYPE-2 CANNABINOID RECEPTORS (CB2, ENCODED BY THE CNR2 GENE) ARE MAINLY EXPRESSED IN IMMUNE CELLS, AND CB2 AGONISTS NORMALLY HAVE NO ANALGESIC EFFECT. HOWEVER, NERVE INJURY UPREGULATES CB2 IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG), FOLLOWING WHICH CB2 STIMULATION REDUCES NEUROPATHIC PAIN. IT IS UNCLEAR HOW NERVE INJURY INCREASES CB2 EXPRESSION OR HOW CB2 ACTIVITY IS TRANSFORMED IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. IN THIS STUDY, IMMUNOBLOTTING SHOWED THAT SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL) INDUCED A DELAYED AND SUSTAINED INCREASE IN CB2 EXPRESSION IN THE DRG AND DORSAL SPINAL CORD SYNAPTOSOMES. RNASCOPE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION ALSO SHOWED THAT SNL SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASED CB2 MRNA LEVELS, MOSTLY IN MEDIUM AND LARGE DRG NEURONS. FURTHERMORE, WE FOUND THAT THE SPECIFIC CB2 AGONIST JWH-133 SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITS THE AMPLITUDE OF DORSAL ROOT-EVOKED GLUTAMATERGIC EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC CURRENTS IN SPINAL DORSAL HORN NEURONS IN SNL RATS, BUT NOT IN SHAM CONTROL RATS; INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF JWH-133 REVERSED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN SNL RATS, BUT HAD NO EFFECT IN SHAM CONTROL RATS. IN ADDITION, CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION-QPCR ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT SNL INCREASED ENRICHMENT OF TWO ACTIVATING HISTONE MARKS (H3K4ME3 AND H3K9AC) AND DIMINISHED OCCUPANCY OF TWO REPRESSIVE HISTONE MARKS (H3K9ME2 AND H3K27ME3) AT THE CNR2 PROMOTER IN THE DRG. IN CONTRAST, SNL HAD NO EFFECT ON DNA METHYLATION LEVELS AROUND THE CNR2 PROMOTER. OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY PROMOTES CB2 EXPRESSION IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS VIA EPIGENETIC BIVALENT HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND THAT CB2 ACTIVATION REDUCES NEUROPATHIC PAIN BY ATTENUATING NOCICEPTIVE TRANSMISSION FROM PRIMARY AFFERENT NERVES TO THE SPINAL CORD.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
20  3869  29 JNK1 REGULATES HISTONE ACETYLATION IN TRIGEMINAL NEURONS FOLLOWING CHEMICAL STIMULATION. TRIGEMINAL NERVE FIBERS IN NASAL AND ORAL CAVITIES ARE SENSITIVE TO VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDOUS STIMULI, WHICH TRIGGER MANY NEUROTOXIC PROBLEMS SUCH AS CHRONIC MIGRAINE HEADACHE AND TRIGEMINAL IRRITATED DISORDERS. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF JNK KINASE CASCADE AND ITS EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF HISTONE REMODELING IN TRIGEMINAL GANGLION (TG) NEURONS ACTIVATED BY ENVIRONMENTAL NEUROTOXINS REMAINS UNKNOWN. HERE WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF JNK/C-JUN CASCADE IN THE REGULATION OF ACETYLATION OF H3 HISTONE IN TG NEURONS FOLLOWING IN VITRO STIMULATION BY A NEURO-INFLAMMATORY AGENT, MUSTARD OIL (MO). WE FOUND THAT MO STIMULATION ELICITED JNK/C-JUN PATHWAY SIGNIFICANTLY BY ENHANCING PHOSPHO-JNK1, PHOSPHO-C-JUN EXPRESSION, AND C-JUN ACTIVITY, WHICH WERE CORRELATED WITH AN ELEVATED ACETYLATED H3 HISTONE IN TG NEURONS. HOWEVER, INCREASES IN PHOSPHO-C-JUN AND C-JUN ACTIVITY WERE SIGNIFICANTLY BLOCKED BY A JNK INHIBITOR, SP600125. WE ALSO FOUND THAT ALTERED H3 HISTONE REMODELING, ASSESSED BY H3 ACETYLATION IN TRIGGERED TG NEURONS, WAS REDUCED BY SP600125. THE STUDY SUGGESTS THAT THE ACTIVATED JNK SIGNALING IN REGULATION OF HISTONE REMODELING MAY CONTRIBUTE TO NEURO-EPIGENTIC CHANGES IN PERIPHERAL SENSORY NEURONS FOLLOWING ENVIRONMENTAL NEUROTOXIC EXPOSURE.	2008