1  6753 99 WILD TYPE HBX AND TRUNCATED HBX: PLEIOTROPIC REGULATORS DRIVING SEQUENTIAL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC STEPS OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS AND PROGRESSION OF HBV-ASSOCIATED NEOPLASMS. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) IS ONE OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENTS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF TUMORIGENESIS ARE COMPLEX. ONE OF THE HOST FACTORS INVOLVED IS APPARENTLY THE LONG-LASTING INFLAMMATORY REACTION WHICH ACCOMPANIES CHRONIC HBV INFECTION. ALTHOUGH HBV LACKS A TYPICAL VIRAL ONCOGENE, THE HBX GENE ENCODING A PLEIOTROPIC REGULATORY PROTEIN EMERGED AS A MAJOR PLAYER IN LIVER CARCINOGENESIS. HERE WE REVIEW THE TUMORIGENIC FUNCTIONS OF HBX WITH AN EMPHASIS ON WILD TYPE AND TRUNCATED HBX VARIANTS, AND THEIR ROLE IN THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL DYSREGULATION AND EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING OF THE HOST CELL GENOME. WE SUGGEST THAT HBX ACQUIRED BY THE HBV GENOME DURING EVOLUTION ACTS LIKE A CELLULAR PROTO-ONC GENE THAT IS ACTIVATED BY DELETION DURING HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. THE RESULTING VIRAL ONCOGENE (V-ONC GENE) CODES FOR A TRUNCATED HBX PROTEIN THAT FACILITATES TUMOR PROGRESSION. COPYRIGHT (C) 2015 JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2   153 29 ABERRANT METHYLATION OF MULTIPLE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IN AGING LIVER, CHRONIC HEPATITIS, AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC ALTERATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). HOWEVER, THE MOLECULAR PROCESSES UNDERLYING THE METHYLATOR PHENOTYPE AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF HEPATITIS VIRUSES ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. THE CURRENT STUDY IS A COMPREHENSIVE METHYLATION ANALYSIS OF HUMAN LIVER TISSUE SPECIMENS. A TOTAL OF 176 LIVER TISSUES, INCLUDING 77 PAIRS OF HCCS AND MATCHING NONCANCEROUS LIVER AND 22 NORMAL LIVERS, WERE ANALYZED FOR METHYLATION. METHYLATION OF 19 EPIGENETIC MARKERS WAS QUANTIFIED, AND THE RESULTS WERE CORRELATED WITH DIFFERENT DISEASE STATES AND THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) AND HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) INFECTIONS. BASED ON METHYLATION PROFILES, THE 19 LOCI WERE CATEGORIZED INTO 3 GROUPS. NORMAL LIVER TISSUES SHOWED METHYLATION PRIMARILY IN GROUP 1 LOCI (HIC-1, CASP8, GSTP1, SOCS1, RASSF1A, P16, APC), WHICH WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN GROUP 2 (CDH1, RUNX3, RIZ1, SFRP2, MINT31) AND GROUP 3 MARKERS (COX2, MINT1, CACNA1G, RASSF2, MINT2, REPRIMO, DCC) (P < 0.0001). NONCANCEROUS LIVERS DEMONSTRATED INCREASED METHYLATION IN BOTH GROUP 1 AND GROUP 2 LOCI. METHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY MORE ABUNDANT IN HCV-POSITIVE LIVERS COMPARED WITH NORMAL LIVER TISSUES. CONVERSELY, HCC SHOWED FREQUENT METHYLATION AT EACH LOCUS INVESTIGATED IN ALL 3 GROUPS. HOWEVER, THE GROUP 3 LOCI SHOWED MORE DENSE AND FREQUENT METHYLATION IN HCV-POSITIVE CANCERS COMPARED WITH BOTH HBV-POSITIVE CANCERS AND VIRUS-NEGATIVE CANCERS (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: METHYLATION IN HCC IS FREQUENT BUT OCCURS IN A GENE-SPECIFIC AND DISEASE-SPECIFIC MANNER. METHYLATION PROFILING ALLOWED US TO DETERMINE THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION IS COMMONLY PRESENT IN NORMAL AGING LIVERS, AND SEQUENTIALLY PROGRESSES WITH ADVANCING STAGES OF CHRONIC VIRAL INFECTION. FINALLY, OUR DATA PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT HCV INFECTION MAY ACCELERATE THE METHYLATION PROCESS AND SUGGESTS A CONTINUUM OF INCREASING METHYLATION WITH PERSISTENT VIRAL INFECTION AND CARCINOGENESIS IN THE LIVER.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                
3  5969 25 TERT PROMOTER MUTATIONS IN PRIMARY LIVER TUMORS. NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING HAS DRAWN THE GENETIC LANDSCAPE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND SEVERAL SIGNALING PATHWAYS ARE ALTERED AT THE DNA LEVEL IN TUMORS: WNT/BETA-CATENIN, CELL CYCLE REGULATOR, EPIGENETIC MODIFIER, HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE, OXIDATIVE STRESS, RAS/RAF/MAP KINASE AND AKT/MTOR PATHWAYS. HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IS A MULTISTEP PROCESS STARTING WITH THE EXPOSURE TO DIFFERENT RISK FACTORS, FOLLOWED BY THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE AND CIRRHOSIS PRECEDE IN THE VAST MAJORITY OF THE CASES THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC. SEVERAL LINES OF EVIDENCE HAVE UNDERLINED THE PIVOTAL ROLE OF TELOMERE MAINTENANCE IN BOTH CIRRHOSIS AND HCC PATHOGENESIS. TERT PROMOTER MUTATIONS WERE IDENTIFIED AS THE MOST FREQUENT GENETIC ALTERATIONS IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA WITH AN OVERALL FREQUENCY AROUND 60%. MOREOVER, IN CIRRHOSIS, TERT PROMOTER MUTATIONS ARE OBSERVED AT THE EARLY STEPS OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS SINCE THEY ARE RECURRENTLY IDENTIFIED IN LOW-GRADE AND HIGH-GRADE DYSPLASTIC NODULES. IN CONTRAST, ACQUISITION OF GENOMIC DIVERSITY THROUGH MUTATIONS OF CLASSICAL ONCOGENES AND TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TP53, CTNNB1, ARID1A...) OCCURRED ONLY IN PROGRESSED HCC. IN NORMAL LIVER, A SUBSET OF HCC CAN DERIVED FROM THE MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF HEPATOCELLULAR ADENOMA (HCA). IN HCA, CTNNB1 MUTATIONS PREDISPOSE TO TRANSFORMATION OF HCA IN HCC AND TERT PROMOTER MUTATIONS ARE REQUIRED IN MOST OF THE CASES AS A SECOND HIT FOR A FULL MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION. ALL THESE FINDINGS HAVE REFINED OUR KNOWLEDGE OF HCC PATHOGENESIS AND HAVE POINTED TELOMERASE AS A TARGET FOR TAILORED THERAPY IN THE FUTURE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
4  3276 29 HEPATOCYTE GROWTH CONTROL BY SOCS1 AND SOCS3. THE EXTRAORDINARY CAPACITY OF THE LIVER TO REGENERATE FOLLOWING INJURY IS DEPENDENT ON COORDINATED AND REGULATED ACTIONS OF CYTOKINES AND GROWTH FACTORS. WHEREAS HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR (HGF) AND EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR (EGF) ARE DIRECT MITOGENS TO HEPATOCYTES, INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES SUCH AS TNFALPHA AND IL-6 ALSO PLAY ESSENTIAL ROLES IN THE LIVER REGENERATION PROCESS. THESE CYTOKINES AND GROWTH FACTORS ACTIVATE DIFFERENT SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN A SEQUENTIAL MANNER TO ELICIT HEPATOCYTE PROLIFERATION. THE KINETICS AND MAGNITUDE OF THESE HEPATOCYTE-ACTIVATING STIMULI ARE TIGHTLY REGULATED TO ENSURE RESTORATION OF A FUNCTIONAL LIVER MASS WITHOUT CAUSING UNCONTROLLED CELL PROLIFERATION. HEPATOCYTE PROLIFERATION CAN BECOME DEREGULATED UNDER CONDITIONS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, LEADING TO ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC ABERRATIONS AND EVENTUAL NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION. AMONG THE CONTROL MECHANISMS THAT REGULATE HEPATOCYTE PROLIFERATION, NEGATIVE FEEDBACK INHIBITION BY THE 'SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALING (SOCS)' FAMILY PROTEINS SOCS1 AND SOCS3 PLAY CRUCIAL ROLES IN ATTENUATING CYTOKINE AND GROWTH FACTOR SIGNALING. LOSS OF SOCS1 OR SOCS3 IN THE MOUSE LIVER INCREASES THE RATE OF LIVER REGENERATION AND RENDERS HEPATOCYTES SUSCEPTIBLE TO NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION. THE FREQUENT EPIGENETIC REPRESSION OF THE SOCS1 AND SOCS3 GENES IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA HAS STIMULATED RESEARCH IN UNDERSTANDING THE GROWTH REGULATORY MECHANISMS OF SOCS1 AND SOCS3 IN HEPATOCYTES. WHEREAS SOCS3 IS IMPLICATED IN REGULATING JAK-STAT SIGNALING INDUCED BY IL-6 AND ATTENUATING EGFR SIGNALING, SOCS1 IS CRUCIAL FOR THE REGULATION OF HGF SIGNALING. THESE TWO PROTEINS ALSO MODULE THE FUNCTIONS OF CERTAIN KEY PROTEINS THAT CONTROL THE CELL CYCLE. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS THE CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE FUNCTIONS OF SOCS1 AND SOCS3 IN CONTROLLING HEPATOCYTE PROLIFERATION, AND ITS IMPLICATIONS TO LIVER HEALTH AND DISEASE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
5   442 25 ANTIVIRAL THERAPIES FOR HEPATITIS B VIRUS-RELATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION IS A CRITICAL RISK FACTOR FOR THE CARCINOGENESIS AND PROGRESSION OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). IT PROMOTES HCC DEVELOPMENT BY INDUCING LIVER FIBROGENESIS, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, AND THE EXPRESSION OF ACTIVE VIRAL-CODED PROTEINS. EFFECTIVE ANTIVIRAL TREATMENTS INHIBIT THE REPLICATION OF HBV, REDUCE SERUM VIRAL LOAD AND ACCELERATE HEPATITIS B E ANTIGEN SERUM CONVERSION. TIMELY INITIATION OF ANTIVIRAL TREATMENT IS NOT ONLY ESSENTIAL FOR PREVENTING THE INCIDENCE OF HCC IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B PATIENTS, BUT ALSO IMPORTANT FOR REDUCING HBV REACTIVATION, IMPROVING LIVER FUNCTION, REDUCING OR DELAYING HCC RECURRENCE, AND PROLONGING OVERALL SURVIVAL OF HBV-RELATED HCC PATIENTS AFTER CURATIVE AND PALLIATIVE THERAPIES. THE SELECTION OF ANTIVIRAL DRUGS, MONITORING OF INDICATORS SUCH AS HBV DNA AND HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN, AND TIMELY RESCUE TREATMENT WHEN NECESSARY, ARE ESSENTIAL IN ANTIVIRAL THERAPIES FOR HBV-RELATED HCC.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
6  3257 29 HEPATITIS B X ANTIGEN (HBX) IS AN IMPORTANT THERAPEUTIC TARGET IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) IS A HUMAN PATHOGEN THAT HAS INFECTED AN ESTIMATED TWO BILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE. DESPITE THE AVAILABILITY OF HIGHLY EFFICACIOUS VACCINES, UNIVERSAL SCREENING OF THE BLOOD SUPPLY FOR VIRUS, AND POTENT DIRECT ACTING ANTI-VIRAL DRUGS, THERE ARE MORE THAN 250 MILLION CARRIERS OF HBV WHO ARE AT RISK FOR THE SEQUENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATITIS, FIBROSIS, CIRRHOSIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). MORE THAN 800,000 DEATHS PER YEAR ARE ATTRIBUTED TO CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. MANY DIFFERENT THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED TO BLOCK VIRUS REPLICATION, AND ALTHOUGH EFFECTIVE, NONE ARE CURATIVE. THESE TREATMENTS HAVE LITTLE OR NO IMPACT UPON THE PORTIONS OF INTEGRATED HBV DNA, WHICH OFTEN ENCODE THE VIRUS REGULATORY PROTEIN, HBX. ALTHOUGH GIVEN LITTLE ATTENTION, HBX IS AN IMPORTANT THERAPEUTIC TARGET BECAUSE IT CONTRIBUTES IMPORTANTLY TO (A) HBV REPLICATION, (B) IN PROTECTING INFECTED CELLS FROM IMMUNE MEDIATED DESTRUCTION DURING CHRONIC INFECTION, AND (C) IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC. THUS, THE DEVELOPMENT OF THERAPIES TARGETING HBX, COMBINED WITH OTHER ESTABLISHED THERAPIES, WILL PROVIDE A FUNCTIONAL CURE THAT WILL TARGET VIRUS REPLICATION AND FURTHER REDUCE OR ELIMINATE BOTH THE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE AND HCC. SIMULTANEOUS TARGETING OF ALL THESE CHARACTERISTICS UNDERSCORES THE IMPORTANCE OF DEVELOPING THERAPIES AGAINST HBX.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
7  6271 39 THE ONCOGENIC ROLE OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS. THE HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) IS A SMALL ENVELOPED DNA VIRUS THAT CAUSES ACUTE AND CHRONIC HEPATITIS. HBV INFECTION IS A WORLD HEALTH PROBLEM, WITH 350 MILLION CHRONICALLY INFECTED PEOPLE AT INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING LIVER DISEASE AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). HBV HAS BEEN CLASSIFIED AMONG HUMAN TUMOR VIRUSES BY VIRTUE OF A ROBUST EPIDEMIOLOGIC ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CHRONIC HBV CARRIAGE AND HCC OCCURRENCE. IN THE ABSENCE OF CYTOPATHIC EFFECT IN INFECTED HEPATOCYTES, THE ONCOGENIC ROLE OF HBV MIGHT INVOLVE A COMBINATION OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF THE VIRUS DURING THE MULTISTEP PROCESS OF LIVER CARCINOGENESIS. LIVER INFLAMMATION AND HEPATOCYTE PROLIFERATION DRIVEN BY HOST IMMUNE RESPONSES ARE RECOGNIZED DRIVING FORCES OF LIVER CELL TRANSFORMATION. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS CAN ALSO RESULT FROM VIRAL DNA INTEGRATION INTO HOST CHROMOSOMES AND FROM PROLONGED EXPRESSION OF VIRAL GENE PRODUCTS. NOTABLY, THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY PROTEIN HBX ENCODED BY THE X GENE IS ENDOWED WITH TUMOR PROMOTER ACTIVITY. HBX HAS PLEIOTROPIC ACTIVITIES AND PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN HBV PATHOGENESIS AND IN LIVER CARCINOGENESIS. BECAUSE HEPATIC TUMORS CARRY A DISMAL PROGNOSIS, THERE IS URGENT NEED TO DEVELOP EARLY DIAGNOSTIC MARKERS OF HCC AND EFFECTIVE THERAPIES AGAINST CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. DECIPHERING THE ONCOGENIC MECHANISMS THAT UNDERLIE HBV-RELATED TUMORIGENESIS MIGHT HELP DEVELOPING ADAPTED THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
8  2234 29 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS PRECEDE MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS AND DRIVE HUMAN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY LIVER CANCER IS A MULTISTAGE PROCESS. DETAILED UNDERSTANDING OF SEQUENTIAL EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IS LARGELY MISSING. HERE, WE PERFORMED INFINIUM HUMAN METHYLATION 450K BEADCHIPS AND RNA-SEQ ANALYSES FOR GENOME-WIDE METHYLOME AND TRANSCRIPTOME PROFILING OF CIRRHOTIC LIVER (N = 7), LOW- (N = 4) AND HIGH-GRADE (N = 9) DYSPLASTIC LESIONS, AND EARLY (N = 5) AND PROGRESSED (N = 3) HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS (HCC) SYNCHRONOUSLY DETECTED IN 8 PATIENTS WITH HCC WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B INFECTION. INTEGRATIVE ANALYSES OF EPIGENETICALLY DRIVEN MOLECULAR CHANGES WERE IDENTIFIED AND VALIDATED IN 2 INDEPENDENT COHORTS COMPRISING 887 HCCS. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SEQUENCING WAS FURTHER EMPLOYED FOR CLONALITY ANALYSES, INDICATING MULTICLONAL ORIGIN IN THE MAJORITY OF INVESTIGATED HCCS. ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION PROGRESSIVELY INCREASED FROM LIVER CIRRHOSIS (CL) TO DYSPLASTIC LESIONS AND REACHED A MAXIMUM IN EARLY HCCS. ASSOCIATED EARLY ALTERATIONS IDENTIFIED BY INGENUITY PATHWAY ANALYSIS (IPA) INVOLVED APOPTOSIS, IMMUNE REGULATION, AND STEMNESS PATHWAYS, WHILE LATE CHANGES CENTERED ON CELL SURVIVAL, PROLIFERATION, AND INVASION. WE FURTHER VALIDATED 23 PUTATIVE EPIDRIVERS WITH CONCOMITANT EXPRESSION CHANGES AND ASSOCIATED WITH OVERALL SURVIVAL. FUNCTIONALLY, STRIATIN 4 (STRN4) WAS DEMONSTRATED TO BE EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED, AND INHIBITION OF STRN4 SIGNIFICANTLY SUPPRESSED TUMORIGENICITY OF HCC CELL LINES. OVERALL, APPLICATION OF INTEGRATIVE GENOMIC ANALYSES DEFINES EPIGENETIC DRIVER ALTERATIONS AND PROVIDES PROMISING TARGETS FOR POTENTIALLY NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9  6848 35 [MOLECULAR GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS]. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS A MAJOR TYPE OF PRIMARY LIVER CANCER AND ONE OF THE MOST FREQUENT HUMAN MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS. COMMON RISK FACTORS OF HUMAN HCC INCLUDE CHRONIC HEPATITIS VIRUS (HBV AND HCV) INFECTION, DIETARY AFLATOXIN B1 (AFB1) INGESTION, CHRONIC ALCOHOL ABUSE, AND CIRRHOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH GENETIC LIVER DISEASES. HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IS THE RESULT OF INTERACTION BETWEEN HEREDITARY AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. INHERITANCE DETERMINES INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CANCER; ENVIRONMENT DETERMINES WHICH SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS EXPRESS CANCER. STUDIES OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS SHOWED THAT HCC DEVELOPMENT IS A COMPLEX POLYGENE AND MULTIPATHWAY PROCESS; THE ACTIVATION OF PROTO-ONCOGENES AND THE INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES INDUCED BY GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE CORE BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS; RB1, P53, AND WNT PATHWAYS ARE COMMONLY AFFECTED IN HCCS OF DIFFERENT ETIOLOGIES, WHICH MAY REFLECT COMMON PATHOLOGIC SEQUENCE OF HCC: CHRONIC LIVER INJURY, CIRRHOSIS, ATYPICAL HYPERPLASTIC NODULES, AND HCC OF EARLY STAGES. HEPATITIS VIRUS INFECTION-ASSOCIATED HCCS HAVE FREQUENT ALTERATIONS IN RB1 PATHWAY, INCLUDING METHYLATION OF P16INK4A AND RB1 GENES AND AMPLIFICATION OF CYCLIN D1. AFB1 EXPOSURE-ASSOCIATED HCCS HAVE FREQUENT ALTERATIONS IN P53 PATHWAY; THE G-->T MUTATION OF P53 GENE AT CODON 249 HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED AS A GENETIC HALLMARK OF HCC CAUSED BY AFB1. ALCOHOLISM-ASSOCIATED HCCS HAVE FREQUENT ALTERATIONS IN BOTH RB1 AND P53 PATHWAYS. THE ROLES OF SOME IMPORTANT GENES RELATED TO CELL APOPTOSIS, DNA REPAIR, DRUG METABOLISM, AND TUMOR METASTASIS IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS HAD BEEN DISCUSSED.	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
10  1478 25 DIVERSE ROLES OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS IN LIVER CANCER. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) IS A WIDESPREAD HUMAN PATHOGEN RESPONSIBLE FOR ACUTE AND CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES. THE HEPATITIS B BURDEN IS PARTICULARLY HEAVY IN ENDEMIC COUNTRIES, WHERE LIVER CIRRHOSIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA ARE LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH. HOWEVER, THE ONCOGENIC ROLE OF HBV REMAINS ENIGMATIC. AS THE VIRUS HAS NO CYTOPATHIC EFFECT, LIVER DAMAGE IS ATTRIBUTED TO IMMUNE RESPONSES THAT INDUCE INFLAMMATION, APOPTOSIS AND REGENERATION, FOSTERING THE ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. IN A MORE DIRECT ACTION, FREQUENT INTEGRATION OF HBV DNA INTO HOST CHROMOSOMES MAY LEAD TO INSERTIONAL MUTAGENESIS OF CANCER-RELATED GENES AND CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY. HBV PROTEINS, NOTABLY THE HBX TRANSACTIVATOR, PARTICIPATE AS CO-FACTORS IN ONCOGENESIS. BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF HEPATITIS B PATHOGENESIS IS MANDATORY FOR IMPROVING DISEASE MANAGEMENT.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
11  4134 39 MECHANISMS OF HUMAN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. THE MAJOR RISK FACTORS AND ETIOLOGICAL AGENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN HUMANS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AND CHARACTERIZED. AMONG THESE ARE CHRONIC INFECTION WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS OR HEPATITIS C VIRUS, EXPOSURE TO AFLATOXIN B1, AND CIRRHOSIS OF ANY ETIOLOGY (INCLUDING ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS AND CIRRHOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH GENETIC LIVER DISEASES). BOTH CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND CIRRHOSIS REPRESENT MAJOR PRENEOPLASTIC CONDITIONS OF THE LIVER AS THE MAJORITY OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS ARISE IN THESE PATHOLOGICAL SETTINGS. HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS REPRESENTS A LINEAR AND PROGRESSIVE PROCESS IN WHICH SUCCESSIVELY MORE ABERRANT MONOCLONAL POPULATIONS OF HEPATOCYTES EVOLVE. REGENERATIVE HEPATOCYTES IN FOCAL LESIONS IN THE INFLAMED LIVER (CHRONIC HEPATITIS OR CIRRHOSIS) GIVE RISE TO HYPERPLASTIC HEPATOCYTE NODULES, AND THESE PROGRESS TO DYSPLASTIC NODULES, WHICH ARE THOUGHT TO BE THE DIRECT PRECURSOR OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. IN MOST CASES, THE NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION OF HEPATOCYTES RESULTS FROM ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC DAMAGE DURING THE REPETITIVE CELLULAR PROLIFERATION THAT OCCURS IN THE INJURED LIVER IN RESPONSE TO PARACRINE GROWTH FACTOR AND CYTOKINE STIMULATION. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS EXHIBIT NUMEROUS GENETIC ABNORMALITIES (INCLUDING CHROMOSOMAL DELETIONS, REARRANGEMENTS, ANEUPLOIDY, GENE AMPLIFICATIONS, AND MUTATIONS), AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS (INCLUDING MODULATION OF DNA METHYLATION). THESE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS COMBINE TO ACTIVATE POSITIVE MEDIATORS OF CELLULAR PROLIFERATION (INCLUDING CELLULAR PROTO-ONCOGENES AND THEIR MITOGENIC SIGNALING PATHWAYS) AND INACTIVATE NEGATIVE MEDIATORS OF CELLULAR PROLIFERATION (INCLUDING TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES), RESULTING IN CELLS WITH AUTONOMOUS GROWTH POTENTIAL. HOWEVER, HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS EXHIBIT A HIGH DEGREE OF GENETIC HETEROGENEITY, SUGGESTING THAT MULTIPLE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE GENESIS OF SUBSETS OF HEPATOCELLULAR NEOPLASMS. CONTINUED INVESTIGATION OF THE MECHANISMS OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS WILL REFINE OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BASIS FOR NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION IN LIVER, ENABLING THE DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTION AND/OR MORE EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA.	2003	

12  4131 40 MECHANISMS OF HBV-INDUCED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) CONTRIBUTES TO HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) DEVELOPMENT THROUGH DIRECT AND INDIRECT MECHANISMS. HBV DNA INTEGRATION INTO THE HOST GENOME OCCURS AT EARLY STEPS OF CLONAL TUMOR EXPANSION AND INDUCES BOTH GENOMIC INSTABILITY AND DIRECT INSERTIONAL MUTAGENESIS OF DIVERSE CANCER-RELATED GENES. PROLONGED EXPRESSION OF THE VIRAL REGULATORY PROTEIN HBX AND/OR ALTERED VERSIONS OF THE PRES/S ENVELOPE PROTEINS DYSREGULATES CELL TRANSCRIPTION AND PROLIFERATION CONTROL AND SENSITIZES LIVER CELLS TO CARCINOGENIC FACTORS. ACCUMULATION OF PRES1 LARGE ENVELOPE PROTEINS AND/OR PRES2/S MUTANT PROTEINS ACTIVATES THE UNFOLD PROTEINS RESPONSE, THAT CAN CONTRIBUTE TO HEPATOCYTE TRANSFORMATION. EPIGENETIC CHANGES TARGETING THE EXPRESSION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES OCCUR EARLY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC. A MAJOR ROLE IS PLAYED BY THE HBV PROTEIN, HBX, WHICH IS RECRUITED ON CELLULAR CHROMATIN AND MODULATES CHROMATIN DYNAMICS AT SPECIFIC GENE LOCI. COMPARED WITH TUMORS ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER RISK FACTORS, HBV-RELATED TUMORS HAVE A HIGHER RATE OF CHROMOSOMAL ALTERATIONS, P53 INACTIVATION BY MUTATIONS AND OVEREXPRESSION OF FETAL LIVER/HEPATIC PROGENITOR CELLS GENES. THE WNT/BETA-CATENIN PATHWAY IS ALSO OFTEN ACTIVATED BUT HBV-RELATED TUMORS DISPLAY A LOW RATE OF ACTIVATING BETA-CATENIN MUTATIONS. HBV-RELATED HCCS MAY ARISE ON NON-CIRRHOTIC LIVERS, FURTHER SUPPORTING THE NOTION THAT HBV PLAYS A DIRECT ROLE IN LIVER TRANSFORMATION BY TRIGGERING BOTH COMMON AND ETIOLOGY SPECIFIC ONCOGENIC PATHWAYS IN ADDITION TO STIMULATING THE HOST IMMUNE RESPONSE AND DRIVING LIVER CHRONIC NECRO-INFLAMMATION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
13  5761 36 SOMATIC MUTATIONS, VIRAL INTEGRATION AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN THE EVOLUTION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS-INDUCED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. LIVER CANCER IN MEN IS THE SECOND LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER DEATH AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) ACCOUNTS FOR 70%-85% OF THE TOTAL LIVER CANCER WORLDWIDE. CHRONIC INFECTION WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) IS THE MAJOR CAUSE OF HCC. CHRONIC, INTERMITTENTLY ACTIVE INFLAMMATION PROVIDES "FERTILE FIELD" FOR "MUTATION, SELECTION, AND ADAPTATION" OF HBV AND THE INFECTED HEPATOCYTES, A LONG-TERM EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS DURING HBV-INDUCED CARCINOGENESIS. HBV MUTATIONS, WHICH ARE POSITIVELY SELECTED BY INSUFFICIENT IMMUNITY, CAN PROMOTE AND PREDICT THE OCCURRENCE OF HCC. RECENTLY, ADVANCED SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGIES INCLUDING WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCING, EXOME SEQUENCING, AND RNA SEQUENCING PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES TO BETTER UNDER-STAND THE INSIGHT OF HOW SOMATIC MUTATIONS, STRUCTURE VARIATIONS, HBV INTEGRATIONS, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS CONTRIBUTE TO HCC DEVELOPMENT. GENOMIC VARIATIONS OF HCC CAUSED BY VARIOUS ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS MAY BE DIFFERENT, BUT THE COMMON DRIVER MUTATIONS ARE IMPORTANT TO ELUCIDATE THE HCC EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS. GENOME-WIDE ANALYSES OF HBV INTEGRATIONS ARE HELPFUL IN CLARIFYING THE TARGETED GENES OF HBV IN CARCINOGENESIS AND DISEASE PROGRESSION. RNA SEQUENCING CAN IDENTIFY KEY MOLECULES WHOSE EXPRESSIONS ARE EPIGENETICALLY MODIFIED DURING HCC EVOLUTION. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZED THE CURRENT FINDINGS OF NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCINGS FOR HBV-HCC AND PROPOSED A THEORY FRAMEWORK OF CANCER EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT BASED ON THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF HBV-INDUCED HCC TO CHARACTERIZE AND INTERPRET EVOLUTIONARY MECHANISMS OF HCC AND POSSIBLE OTHER CANCERS. UNDERSTANDING THE KEY VIRAL AND GENOMIC VARIATIONS INVOLVED IN HCC EVOLUTION IS ESSENTIAL FOR GENERATING EFFECTIVE DIAGNOSTIC, PROGNOSTIC, AND PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS AS WELL AS THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR THE INTERVENTIONS OF HBV-HCC.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
14  4462 39 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF HBV-ASSOCIATED HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) CONTRIBUTES TO HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) DEVELOPMENT THROUGH DIRECT AND INDIRECT MECHANISMS. HBV-DNA INTEGRATION INTO THE HOST GENOME OCCURS AT EARLY STEPS OF CLONAL TUMOR EXPANSION AND INDUCES BOTH GENOMIC INSTABILITY AND DIRECT INSERTIONAL MUTAGENESIS OF DIVERSE CANCER-RELATED GENES. PROLONGED EXPRESSION OF THE VIRAL REGULATORY PROTEIN HBX AND THE LARGE ENVELOPE PROTEIN DEREGULATE THE CELLULAR TRANSCRIPTION PROGRAM AND PROLIFERATION CONTROL AND SENSITIZE LIVER CELLS TO CARCINOGENIC FACTORS. EPIGENETIC CHANGES TARGETING THE EXPRESSION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES OCCUR EARLY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC. A MAJOR ROLE IS PLAYED BY HBX THAT IS RECRUITED ON CELLULAR CHROMATIN AND MODULATES CHROMATIN DYNAMICS AT SPECIFIC GENE LOCI. COMPARED WITH TUMORS ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER RISK FACTORS, HBV-RELATED TUMORS HAVE A HIGHER RATE OF CHROMOSOMAL ALTERATIONS AND P53 INACTIVATION BY MUTATIONS, OVEREXPRESS FETAL LIVER/HEPATIC PROGENITOR CELLS GENES, AND SHOW A SPECIFIC ACTIVATION OF THE AKT PATHWAY. THE WNT/BETA-CATENIN PATHWAY IS ALSO OFTEN ACTIVATED, BUT HBV-RELATED TUMORS DISPLAY A LOW RATE OF ACTIVATING BETA-CATENIN MUTATIONS. ALL AVAILABLE EVIDENCE STRONGLY SUPPORTS THE NOTION THAT CHRONIC HBV INFECTION TRIGGERS BOTH COMMON AND ETIOLOGY-SPECIFIC ONCOGENIC PATHWAYS, THUS PLAYING A DIRECT ROLE BEYOND STIMULATION OF HOST IMMUNE RESPONSES AND CHRONIC NECROINFLAMMATORY LIVER DISEASE.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
15  4903 26 P16 PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION IN HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA WITH OR WITHOUT HEPATITIS VIRUS INFECTION. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC ALTERATION THROUGH METHYLATION IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT STEPS IN CARCINOGENESIS. HOWEVER, THE RELATION BETWEEN HEPATITIS VIRUS INFECTION AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. METHODS: SIXTEEN PATIENTS WITHOUT HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) AND HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) AND 35 PATIENTS WITH HBV OR HCV WHO UNDERWENT LIVER RESECTION FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) WERE STUDIED. MUTATION OF P53 WAS DETECTED BY DIRECT SEQUENCING. METHYLATION STATUS OF P16 WAS EVALUATED IN TUMOR AND NONCANCEROUS LIVER TISSUES BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. RESULTS: IN HCC WITHOUT HBV AND HCV, P53 MUTATIONS WERE DETECTED IN 5 (31%) OF 16 HCCS. METHYLATION OF P16 PROMOTER WAS DETECTED IN 2 (25%) OF 8 MODERATELY DIFFERENTIATED HCCS, 6 (75%) OF 8 POORLY DIFFERENTIATED HCCS, AND NONE OF 16 NONCANCEROUS TISSUE SPECIMENS. IN HCC WITH HBV OR HCV, P53 MUTATIONS WERE DETECTED IN 8 (23%) OF 35 HCCS. METHYLATION OF P16 PROMOTER WAS DETECTED IN 2 (100%) OF 2 WELL-DIFFERENTIATED HCCS, 13 (76%) OF 17 MODERATELY DIFFERENTIATED HCCS, 12 (75%) OF 16 POORLY DIFFERENTIATED HCCS, AND 9 (26%) OF 35 NONCANCEROUS LIVER TISSUE SPECIMENS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HEPATITIS VIRUSES MIGHT INDUCE METHYLATION OF P16 PROMOTER IN LIVER WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, BEFORE APPEARANCE OF HCC.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
16  2980 34 GENETIC BASIS OF HEPATITIS VIRUS-ASSOCIATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: LINKAGE BETWEEN INFECTION, INFLAMMATION, AND TUMORIGENESIS. HEPATITIS VIRUS INFECTION IS A LEADING CAUSE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE, INCLUDING CIRRHOSIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). ALTHOUGH ANTI-VIRAL THERAPIES AGAINST HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) AND HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) HAVE DRAMATICALLY PROGRESSED DURING THE PAST DECADE, THE ESTIMATED NUMBER OF PEOPLE CHRONICALLY INFECTED WITH HBV AND/OR HCV IS ~370 MILLION, AND HEPATITIS VIRUS-ASSOCIATED HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IS A SERIOUS HEALTH CONCERN WORLDWIDE. UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISM OF VIRUS-ASSOCIATED CARCINOGENESIS IS CRUCIAL TOWARD BOTH TREATMENT AND PREVENTION, AND THE RECENTLY DEVELOPED WHOLE GENOME/EXOME SEQUENCING ANALYSIS USING NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGIES HAS CONTRIBUTED TO UNVEILING THE LANDSCAPE OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS IN NOT ONLY TUMOR TISSUES BUT ALSO THE BACKGROUND LIVER TISSUES UNDERLYING CHRONIC LIVER DAMAGE CAUSED BY HEPATITIS VIRUS INFECTION. SEVERAL MAJOR MECHANISMS UNDERLIE THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS IN THE HEPATITIS VIRUS-INFECTED LIVER, SUCH AS THE GENERATION OF REACTIVE OXIDATIVE STRESS, ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF DNA MUTATOR ENZYMES, AND DYSFUNCTION OF THE DNA REPAIR SYSTEM. IN ADDITION, DIRECT ONCOGENIC EFFECTS OF HEPATITIS VIRUS, REPRESENTED BY THE INTEGRATION OF HBV-DNA, ARE OBSERVED IN INFECTED HEPATOCYTES. ELUCIDATING THE WHOLE PICTURE OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, AS WELL AS THE MECHANISMS OF TUMORIGENESIS, WILL FACILITATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF EFFICIENT TREATMENT AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES FOR HEPATITIS VIRUS-ASSOCIATED HCC.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
17  3394 32 HOST EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND HEPATITIS B VIRUS-ASSOCIATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE MOST FREQUENT PRIMARY MALIGNANCY OF THE LIVER AND A LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED DEATHS WORLDWIDE. ALTHOUGH MUCH PROGRESS HAS BEEN MADE IN HCC DRUG DEVELOPMENT IN RECENT YEARS, TREATMENT OPTIONS REMAIN LIMITED. THE MAJOR CAUSE OF HCC IS CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION. DESPITE THE EXISTENCE OF A VACCINE, MORE THAN 250 MILLION INDIVIDUALS ARE CHRONICALLY INFECTED BY HBV. CURRENT ANTIVIRAL THERAPIES CAN REPRESS VIRAL REPLICATION BUT TO DATE THERE IS NO CURE FOR CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. OF NOTE, INHIBITION OF VIRAL REPLICATION REDUCES BUT DOES NOT ELIMINATE THE RISK OF HCC DEVELOPMENT. HBV CONTRIBUTES TO LIVER CARCINOGENESIS BY DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF HBV-INDUCED HOST EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH HCC, WITH AN EMPHASIS ON THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN HBV PROTEINS AND THE HOST CELL EPIGENETIC MACHINERY LEADING TO MODULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
18  3825 31 INVESTIGATION OF CTNNB1 GENE MUTATIONS AND EXPRESSION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND CIRRHOSIS IN ASSOCIATION WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV), ALONG WITH HEPATITIS C VIRUS CHRONIC INFECTION, REPRESENTS A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) DEVELOPMENT. HOWEVER, MOLECULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC ARE NOT YET COMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. RECENT STUDIES HAVE INDICATED THAT MUTATIONS IN CTNNB1 GENE ENCODING FOR BETA-CATENIN PROTEIN LEAD TO ABERRANT ACTIVATION OF THE WNT/ BETA-CATENIN PATHWAY. THE MUTATIONS IN TURN ACTIVATE SEVERAL DOWNSTREAM GENES, INCLUDING C-MYC, PROMOTING THE NEOPLASTIC PROCESS. THE PRESENT STUDY EVALUATED THE MUTATIONAL PROFILE OF THE CTNNB1 GENE AND EXPRESSION LEVELS OF CTNNB1 AND C-MYC GENES IN HBV-RELATED HCC, AS WELL AS IN CIRRHOTIC AND CONTROL TISSUES. MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE BETA-CATENIN GENE AND HBV GENOTYPING WERE CONDUCTED BY DIRECT SEQUENCING. EXPRESSION OF BETA-CATENIN AND C-MYC GENES WAS ASSESSED USING REAL-TIME PCR. AMONG THE HCC CASES, 18.1% SHOWED MISSENSE POINT MUTATION IN EXON 3 OF CTNNB1, MORE FREQUENTLY IN CODONS 32, 33, 38 AND 45. THE FREQUENCY OF MUTATION IN THE HOTSPOTS OF EXON 3 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN NON-VIRAL HCCS (29.4%) RATHER THAN HBV-RELATED CASES (12.7%, P = 0.021). THE EXPRESSION OF BETA-CATENIN AND C-MYC GENES WAS FOUND UPREGULATED IN CIRRHOTIC TISSUES IN ASSOCIATION WITH HBV INFECTION. MUTATIONS AT BOTH PHOSPHORYLATION AND NEIGHBORING SITES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED ACTIVITY OF THE WNT PATHWAY. THE RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT MUTATED BETA-CATENIN CAUSED ACTIVATION OF THE WNT PATHWAY, BUT THE RATE OF CTNNB1 GENE MUTATIONS WAS NOT RELATED TO HBV INFECTION. HBV FACTORS MAY DEREGULATE THE WNT PATHWAY BY CAUSING EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE HBV-RELATED HCC.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
19  3262 33 HEPATITIS D AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HEPATITIS D VIRUS (HDV) IS A DEFECTIVE CIRCULAR SHAPE SINGLE STRANDED HDV RNA VIRUS WITH TWO TYPES OF VIRAL PROTEINS, SMALL AND LARGE HEPATITIS D ANTIGENS, SURROUNDED BY HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN. SUPERINFECTION WITH HDV IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B IS ASSOCIATED WITH A MORE THREATENING FORM OF LIVER DISEASE LEADING TO RAPID PROGRESSION TO CIRRHOSIS. IN SPITE OF SOME CONTROVERSY IN THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES, HDV INFECTION DOES INCREASE THE RISK OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) COMPARED TO HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) MONOINFECTION. HEPATIC DECOMPENSATION, RATHER THAN DEVELOPMENT OF HCC, IS THE FIRST USUAL CLINICAL ENDPOINT DURING THE COURSE OF HDV INFECTION. OXIDATIVE STRESS AS A RESULT OF SEVERE NECROINFLAMMATION MAY PROGRESS TO HCC. THE LARGE HEPATITIS D ANTIGEN IS A REGULATOR OF VARIOUS CELLULAR FUNCTIONS AND AN ACTIVATOR OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION (STAT)3 AND THE NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B PATHWAY. ANOTHER PROPOSED EPIGENETIC MECHANISM BY WHICH HCC MAY FORM IS THE ABERRANT SILENCING OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES. HDV ANTIGENS HAVE ALSO BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION OF THE CLUSTERIN PROMOTER. THIS ENHANCES THE EXPRESSION OF CLUSTERIN IN INFECTED CELLS, INCREASING CELL SURVIVAL POTENTIAL. ANY CONTRIBUTION OF HBV DNA INTEGRATION WITH CHROMOSOMES OF INFECTED HEPATOCYTES IS NOT CLEAR AT THIS STAGE. THE TARGETED INHIBITION OF STAT3 AND CYCLOPHILIN, AND AUGMENTATION OF PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA HAVE A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC ROLE IN HCC.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
20    42 27 A COMPREHENSIVE GENOME-WIDE PROFILING COMPARISON BETWEEN HBV AND HCV INFECTED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. BACKGROUND: HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON CANCERS WORLDWIDE, ESPECIALLY IN EAST ASIA. EVEN WITH THE PROGRESS IN THERAPY, 5-YEAR SURVIVAL RATES REMAIN UNSATISFIED. CHRONIC INFECTION WITH THE HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) OR HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) HAS BEEN EPIDEMIOLOGICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH HCC AND IS THE MAJOR ETIOLOGY IN THE EAST ASIAN POPULATION. THE DETAILED MECHANISM, ESPECIALLY THE CHANGES OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION BETWEEN THE TWO TYPES OF VIRUS-RELATED HCC, AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HCC DEVELOPMENT, METASTASIS, AND RECURRENCE REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. METHODS: IN THIS INTEGRATED ANALYSIS, WE CHARACTERIZED GENOME-SCALE PROFILES OF HBV AND HCV INFECTED HCC BY COMPARING THEIR GENE EXPRESSION PATTERN, METHYLATION PROFILES, AND COPY NUMBER VARIATIONS FROM THE PUBLICLY ACCESSIBLE DATA OF THE CANCER GENOME ATLAS PROGRAM (TCGA). RESULTS: THE HLA-A, STAT1, AND OAS2 GENES WERE HIGHLY ENRICHED AND UP-REGULATED DISCOVERED IN THE HCV-INFECTED HCC. HYPOMETHYLATION BUT NOT COPY NUMBER VARIATIONS MIGHT BE THE MAJOR FACTOR FOR THE UP-REGULATION OF THESE IMMUNE-RELATED GENES IN HCV-INFECTED HCC. CONCLUSIONS: THE RESULTS INDICATED THE DIFFERENT EPIGENETIC CHANGES OF HBV/HCV RELATED HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. THE TOP UP-REGULATED GENES IN HCV GROUP WERE SIGNIFICANTLY CLUSTERED IN THE IMMUNE-RELATED AND DEFENSE RESPONSE PATHWAYS. THESE FINDINGS WILL HELP US TO UNDERSTAND THE PATHOGENESIS OF HBV/HCV ASSOCIATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA.	2019