1  2243 103 EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF CHRONIC ANXIETY AND PAIN BY HISTONE DEACETYLATION. PROLONGED EXPOSURE OF THE CENTRAL AMYGDALA (CEA) TO ELEVATED CORTICOSTEROIDS (CORT) FACILITATES LONG-TERM ANXIETY AND PAIN THROUGH ACTIVATION OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS (GRS) AND CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR (CRF). HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS MAINTAINING THESE RESPONSES ARE UNKNOWN. SINCE CHRONIC PHENOTYPES CAN BE SUSTAINED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, INCLUDING HISTONE MODIFICATIONS SUCH AS DEACETYLATION, WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT HISTONE DEACETYLATION CONTRIBUTES TO THE MAINTENANCE OF CHRONIC ANXIETY AND PAIN INDUCED BY PROLONGED EXPOSURE OF THE CEA TO CORT. WE FOUND THAT BILATERAL INFUSIONS OF A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR INTO THE CEA ATTENUATED ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR AS WELL AS SOMATIC AND VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY RESULTING FROM ELEVATED CORT EXPOSURE. MOREOVER, WE DELINEATED A NOVEL PATHWAY THROUGH WHICH HISTONE DEACETYLATION COULD CONTRIBUTE TO CORT REGULATION OF GR AND SUBSEQUENT CRF EXPRESSION IN THE CEA. SPECIFICALLY, DEACETYLATION OF HISTONE 3 AT LYSINE 9 (H3K9), THROUGH THE COORDINATED ACTION OF THE NAD+-DEPENDENT PROTEIN DEACETYLASE SIRTUIN-6 (SIRT6) AND NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B (NFKAPPAB), SEQUESTERS GR EXPRESSION LEADING TO DISINHIBITION OF CRF. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING IN THE AMYGDALA, SPECIFICALLY HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, IS IMPORTANT IN THE MAINTENANCE OF CHRONIC ANXIETY AND PAIN.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
2  5019  28 PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN IS LINKED WITH ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS, INCREASED BLOOD CORTICOSTERONE, AND REDUCED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN THE RAT AMYGDALA. CHRONIC PAIN INCREASES THE RISK OF DEVELOPING ANXIETY, WITH LIMBIC AREAS BEING LIKELY NEUROLOGICAL SUBSTRATES. DESPITE HIGH CLINICAL RELEVANCE, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE PRECISE BEHAVIORAL, HORMONAL, AND BRAIN NEUROPLASTIC CORRELATES OF ANXIETY IN THE CONTEXT OF PERSISTENT PAIN. PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT DECREASED NOCICEPTIVE THRESHOLDS IN CHRONIC PAIN MODELS ARE PARALLELED BY ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR IN RATS, BUT THERE ARE CONFLICTING IDEAS REGARDING ITS EFFECTS ON THE STRESS RESPONSE AND CIRCULATING CORTICOSTERONE LEVELS. EVEN LESS IS KNOWN ABOUT THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH THE BRAIN ENCODES PAIN-RELATED ANXIETY. THIS STUDY EXAMINES HOW PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN IN A RAT MODEL WOULD IMPACT ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND CORTICOSTERONE RELEASE, AND WHETHER THESE CHANGES WOULD BE REFLECTED IN LEVELS OF GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN BRAIN AREAS INVOLVED IN STRESS REGULATION. COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA) OR SALINE WAS ADMINISTERED IN THE RIGHT HINDPAW OF ADULT MALE WISTAR RATS. BEHAVIORAL TESTING INCLUDED THE MEASUREMENT OF NOCICEPTIVE THRESHOLDS (DIGITAL ANESTHESIOMETER), MOTOR FUNCTION (OPEN FIELD TEST), AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS (ELEVATED PLUS MAZE AND THE DARK-LIGHT BOX TEST). CORTICOSTERONE WAS MEASURED VIA RADIOIMMUNOASSAY. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION (ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY) AS WELL AS DNMT3A LEVELS (WESTERN BLOTTING) WERE QUANTIFIED IN THE AMYGDALA, PREFRONTAL CORTEX, AND VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS. CFA ADMINISTRATION RESULTED IN PERSISTENT REDUCTION IN NOCICEPTIVE THRESHOLD IN THE ABSENCE OF LOCOMOTOR ABNORMALITIES. INCREASED ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS WERE OBSERVED IN THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE AND WERE ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED BLOOD CORTICOSTERONE LEVELS 10 DAYS AFTER PAIN INDUCTION. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION WAS DECREASED IN THE AMYGDALA, WITH NO CHANGES IN DNMT3A ABUNDANCE IN ANY OF THE REGIONS EXAMINED. PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN PROMOTES ANXIETY -LIKE BEHAVIORS, HPA AXIS ACTIVATION, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION THROUGH DNA METHYLATION IN THE AMYGDALA. THESE FINDINGS DESCRIBE A MOLECULAR MECHANISM THAT LINKS PAIN AND STRESS IN A WELL-CHARACTERIZED RODENT MODEL.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
3  1920  44 ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT PREVENTS STRESS-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR AND CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA TO INHIBIT VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. INTRODUCTION: STRESS IS A KNOWN TRIGGER FOR THE SYMPTOMS OF IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS), A GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) DISORDER THAT PRESENTS WITH ABNORMAL BOWEL HABITS AND ABDOMINAL PAIN DUE TO VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. WHILE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES HAVE BEEN USED TO ATTENUATE IBS SYMPTOMS, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS BY WHICH THESE THERAPIES INTERACT WITH STRESS-INDUCED PATHOLOGY REMAINS TO BE DELINEATED. HERE WE USE A RAT MODEL TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT (EE) INHIBITS STRESS-INDUCED CHANGES WITHIN THE BRAIN-GUT AXIS TO PREVENT VISCERAL AND SOMATIC HYPERSENSITIVITY AND COLONIC HYPERPERMEABILITY. METHODS: FEMALE RATS (N = 8/GROUP) WERE HOUSED IN EE ONE WEEK BEFORE AND ONE WEEK DURING EXPOSURE TO WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS (WAS) WHILE CONTROLS WERE HOUSED IN STANDARD CAGES (SH). ONE DAY AFTER THE FINAL WAS EXPOSURE, COLONIC AND SOMATIC SENSITIVITY WERE ASSESSED BY THE VISCEROMOTOR RESPONSE (VMR) TO COLORECTAL DISTENSION (CRD) AND WITHDRAWAL THRESHOLD ELICITED BY AN ELECTRONIC VON FREY ON THE HIND PAW OF THE RATS RESPECTIVELY. ALL RATS WERE RETURNED TO SH FOR 3 WEEKS BEFORE COLONIC AND SOMATIC SENSITIVITY WERE REASSESSED ON DAY 28. THE RATS WERE THEN IMMEDIATELY EUTHANIZED AND THE SPINAL CORD WAS COLLECTED TO ASSESS CHANGES IN NEURONAL ACTIVATION (ASSESSED VIA ERK PHOSPHORYLATION) IN RESPONSE TO NOXIOUS CRD. A SEPARATE COHORT OF ANIMALS (N = 8/GROUP) THAT DID NOT UNDERGO BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENTS WAS EUTHANIZED THE DAY AFTER THE FINAL WAS EXPOSURE AND THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA (CEA) WAS COLLECTED TO INVESTIGATE WAS AND EE INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) AND CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE (CRH) PROMOTER. THE COLON FROM THESE RATS WAS ALSO COLLECTED TO ASSESS COLONIC PERMEABILITY VIA CHANGES IN TRANSEPITHELIAL ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE (TEER) IN VITRO. RESULTS: EXPOSURE TO STRESS PERSISTENTLY INCREASED VMR TO CRD (P < 0.01) AND DECREASED THE HIND PAW WITHDRAWAL THRESHOLD (P < 0.001) IN FEMALE RATS. WAS ALSO DECREASED TEER IN THE COLON TISSUE OF FEMALE RATS (P = 0.05). IN THE CEA, WAS INDUCED A DECREASE IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE GR PROMOTER BUT INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE CRH PROMOTER AND REDUCED GR-CRH INTERACTIONS IN THE CEA. ANALYSIS OF THE SPINAL CORD SHOWED THAT WAS INCREASED CRD-EVOKED ERK PHOSPHORYLATION IN THE DORSAL HORN. EXPOSURE TO EE PREVENTED WAS-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE CEA, DORSAL HORN AND COLON RESPECTIVELY TO PREVENT VISCERAL AND SOMATIC HYPERSENSITIVITY. CONCLUSION: OUR DATA REVEALS THAT BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES CAN PRODUCE LONG LASTING MOLECULAR AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT CAN PREVENT STRESS-INDUCED PATHOLOGIES EVEN AFTER COMPLETION OF THE THERAPY. THESE RESULTS HIGHLIGHT THE POTENTIAL MECHANISMS BY WHICH BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES MAY AMELIORATE VISCERAL PAIN ASSOCIATED STRESS-RELATED PATHOLOGIES SUCH AS THE IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME.	2021	

4  5834  35 STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL PAIN IN FEMALE RATS IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC REMODELING IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA. STRESS AND ANXIETY CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS), A FEMALE-PREDOMINANT DISORDER OF THE GUT-BRAIN AXIS, CHARACTERIZED BY ABDOMINAL PAIN DUE TO HEIGHTENED VISCERAL SENSITIVITY. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE AIMED TO EVALUATE IN FEMALE RATS WHETHER EPIGENETIC REMODELING IN THE LIMBIC BRAIN, SPECIFICALLY IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA (CEA), IS A CONTRIBUTING FACTOR IN STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT 1 H EXPOSURE TO WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS (WAS) FOR 7 CONSECUTIVE DAYS DECREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE GR PROMOTER AND INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE CRH PROMOTER IN THE CEA. CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION WERE MEDIATED BY THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) SIRT-6 AND THE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE CBP, RESPECTIVELY. ADMINISTRATION OF THE HDAC INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) INTO THE CEA PREVENTED STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY THROUGH BLOCKADE OF SIRT-6 MEDIATED HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE GR PROMOTER. IN ADDITION, HDAC INHIBITION WITHIN THE CEA PREVENTED STRESS-INDUCED HISTONE ACETYLATION OF THE CRH PROMOTER. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT, IN FEMALES, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE LIMBIC BRAIN REGULATING GR AND CRH EXPRESSION CONTRIBUTE TO STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND OFFER A POTENTIAL EXPLANATION OF HOW STRESS CAN TRIGGER SYMPTOMS IN IBS PATIENTS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
5  2187  48 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL PAIN: RESILIENCE VERSUS VULNERABILITY IN A TWO-HIT MODEL OF EARLY LIFE STRESS AND CHRONIC ADULT STRESS. BACKGROUND: WOMEN WITH A HISTORY OF EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) HAVE A HIGHER RISK OF DEVELOPING IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS). IN ADDITION, CHRONIC STRESS IN ADULTHOOD CAN EXACERBATE IBS SYMPTOMS SUCH AS ABDOMINAL PAIN DUE TO VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. WE PREVIOUSLY SHOWED THAT SEX AND THE PREDICTABILITY OF ELS DETERMINE WHETHER RATS DEVELOP VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN ADULTHOOD. IN FEMALE RATS, UNPREDICTABLE ELS CONFERS VULNERABILITY AND RESULTS IN VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY, WHEREAS PREDICTABLE ELS INDUCES RESILIENCE AND DOES NOT INDUCE VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN ADULTHOOD. HOWEVER, THIS RESILIENCE IS LOST AFTER EXPOSURE TO CHRONIC STRESS IN ADULTHOOD LEADING TO AN EXACERBATION OF VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) AND CORTICOTROPHIN-RELEASING FACTOR (CRF) IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA (CEA) UNDERLIE STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. HERE, WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE CEA ON VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN A TWO-HIT MODEL OF ELS FOLLOWED BY CHRONIC STRESS IN ADULTHOOD. METHODS: MALE AND FEMALE NEONATAL RATS WERE EXPOSED TO UNPREDICTABLE, PREDICTABLE ELS, OR ODOR ONLY (NO STRESS CONTROL) FROM POSTNATAL DAYS 8 TO 12. IN ADULTHOOD, RATS UNDERWENT STEREOTAXIC IMPLANTATION OF INDWELLING CANNULAS. RATS WERE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS (WAS, 1 H/DAY FOR 7 DAYS) OR SHAM STRESS AND RECEIVED INFUSIONS OF VEHICLE, THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) OR THE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR GARCINOL (GAR) AFTER EACH WAS SESSION. 24 H AFTER THE FINAL INFUSION, VISCERAL SENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED AND THE CEA WAS REMOVED FOR MOLECULAR EXPERIMENTS. RESULTS: IN THE TWO-HIT MODEL (ELS + WAS), FEMALE RATS PREVIOUSLY EXPOSED TO PREDICTABLE ELS, SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 (H3K9) ACETYLATION AT THE GR PROMOTER AND A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN H3K9 ACETYLATION AT THE CRF PROMOTER. THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN GR AND CRF MRNA EXPRESSION IN THE CEA AND AN EXACERBATION OF STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN FEMALE ANIMALS. TSA INFUSIONS IN THE CEA ATTENUATED THE EXACERBATED STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY, WHEREAS GAR INFUSIONS ONLY PARTIALLY AMELIORATED ELS+WAS INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. CONCLUSION: THE TWO-HIT MODEL OF ELS FOLLOWED BY WAS IN ADULTHOOD REVEALED THAT EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION OCCURS AFTER EXPOSURE TO STRESS IN TWO IMPORTANT PERIODS OF LIFE AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. THESE ABERRANT UNDERLYING EPIGENETIC CHANGES MAY EXPLAIN THE EXACERBATION OF STRESS-INDUCED ABDOMINAL PAIN IN IBS PATIENTS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
6  4643  24 NEUROPATHIC PAIN AS A TRIGGER FOR HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN LIMBIC CIRCUITRY. CHRONIC PAIN INVOLVES BOTH CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NEURONAL PLASTICITY THAT ENCOMPASSES CHANGES IN THE BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, AND PERIPHERAL NOCICEPTORS. WITHIN THE FOREBRAIN, MESOCORTICOLIMBIC REGIONS ASSOCIATED WITH EMOTIONAL REGULATION HAVE RECENTLY BEEN SHOWN TO EXHIBIT LASTING GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES IN MODELS OF CHRONIC PAIN. TO BETTER UNDERSTAND HOW SUCH ENDURING TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES MIGHT BE REGULATED WITHIN BRAIN STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH PROCESSING OF PAIN OR AFFECT, WE EXAMINED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INVOLVED WITH ACTIVE OR PERMISSIVE TRANSCRIPTIONAL STATES (HISTONE H3 LYSINE 4 MONO AND TRIMETHYLATION, AND HISTONE H3 LYSINE 27 ACETYLATION) IN PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY (PAG), LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS (LH), NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), AND VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA) 5 WEEKS AFTER SCIATIC NERVE INJURY IN MICE TO MODEL CHRONIC PAIN. FOR BOTH MALE AND FEMALE MICE IN CHRONIC PAIN, WE OBSERVED AN OVERALL TREND FOR A REDUCTION OF THESE EPIGENETIC MARKERS IN PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY, LH, AND NAC, BUT NOT VTA. MOREOVER, WE DISCOVERED THAT SOME EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS EXHIBITED CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN HISTORY, WHILE OTHERS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN PAIN SENSITIVITY. WHEN TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT NERVE INJURY LEADS TO CHRONIC CHROMATIN-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF TRANSCRIPTION IN KEY LIMBIC BRAIN STRUCTURES AND CIRCUITS, WHICH MAY UNDERLIE ENDURING CHANGES IN PAIN PROCESSING AND SENSITIVITY WITHIN THESE SYSTEMS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
7  1163  49 CONTRIBUTION OF AMYGDALA HISTONE ACETYLATION IN EARLY LIFE STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND EMOTIONAL COMORBIDITY. PATIENTS WITH IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) EXPERIENCE NOT ONLY ENHANCED VISCERAL PAIN BUT ALSO EMOTIONAL COMORBIDITIES, SUCH AS ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION. EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) IS A HIGH-RISK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF IBS. LITERATURES HAVE REPORTED AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC MODULATION IN SUSTAINING EXTRINSIC PHENOTYPES. THE AMYGDALA IS CLOSELY RELATED TO THE REGULATION OF VISCERAL FUNCTIONS AND EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCES. IN THIS STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT ELS-INDUCED REPROGRAMMING INAPPROPRIATE ADAPTATION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION MODIFICATION IN THE AMYGDALA MAY RESULT IN VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN ELS RATS. TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, THE MODEL OF ELS RATS WAS ESTABLISHED BY NEONATAL COLORECTAL DILATATION (CRD). VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED BASED ON THE ELECTROMYOGRAPHY RESPONSE OF THE ABDOMINAL EXTERNAL OBLIQUE MUSCLE TO CRD. EMOTIONAL COMORBIDITIES WERE EXAMINED USING THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE TEST, OPEN FIELD TEST, AND SUCROSE PREFERENCE TEST. TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) AND C646 WERE MICROINJECTED INTO THE CENTRAL AMYGDALA (CEA) INDIVIDUALLY TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION MODIFICATION ON VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND EMOTION. WE FOUND NEONATAL CRD RESULTED IN VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS AFTER ADULTHOOD. INHIBITING HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) IN THE CEA BY TSA ENHANCED VISCERAL SENSITIVITY BUT DID NOT AFFECT ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS, WHEREAS INHIBITING HAT BY C646 ATTENUATED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN ELS RATS. INTERESTINGLY, CEA TREATMENT WITH TSA INDUCED VISCERAL SENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN THE CONTROL RATS. WESTERN BLOT SHOWED THAT THE EXPRESSIONS OF ACETYLATED 9 RESIDUE OF HISTONE 3 (H3K9) AND PROTEIN KINASE C ZETA TYPE (PKMZETA) WERE HIGHER IN THE ELS RATS COMPARED TO THOSE OF THE CONTROLS. THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE PKMZETA INHIBITOR ZIP INTO THE CEA ATTENUATED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY OF ELS RATS. FURTHERMORE, THE EXPRESSION OF AMYGDALA PKMZETA WAS ENHANCED BY TSA TREATMENT IN CONTROL RATS. FINALLY, WESTERN BLOT AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE RESULTS INDICATED THE DECREASE OF HDAC1 AND HDAC2 EXPRESSIONS, BUT NOT HDAC3 EXPRESSION, CONTRIBUTED TO THE ENHANCEMENT OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN ELS RATS. OUR RESULTS SUPPORT OUR HYPOTHESIS THAT AMYGDALA-ENHANCED HISTONE ACETYLATION INDUCED BY STRESS IN EARLY LIFE RESULTS IN VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN ELS RATS, AND REVERSING THE ABNORMAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY BE CRUCIAL TO RELIEVE CHRONIC SYMPTOMS IN ELS RATS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
8  5709  38 SIRT1 DECREASES EMOTIONAL PAIN VULNERABILITY WITH ASSOCIATED CAMKIIALPHA DEACETYLATION IN CENTRAL AMYGDALA. EMOTIONAL DISORDERS ARE COMMON COMORBID CONDITIONS THAT FURTHER EXACERBATE THE SEVERITY AND CHRONICITY OF CHRONIC PAIN. HOWEVER, INDIVIDUALS SHOW CONSIDERABLE VULNERABILITY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN UNDER SIMILAR PAIN CONDITIONS. IN THIS STUDY ON MALE RAT AND MOUSE MODELS OF CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN, WE IDENTIFY THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE SIRTUIN 1 (SIRT1) IN CENTRAL AMYGDALA AS A KEY EPIGENETIC REGULATOR THAT CONTROLS THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMORBID EMOTIONAL DISORDERS UNDERLYING THE INDIVIDUAL VULNERABILITY TO CHRONIC PAIN. WE FOUND THAT ANIMALS THAT WERE VULNERABLE TO DEVELOPING BEHAVIORS OF ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION UNDER THE PAIN CONDITION DISPLAYED REDUCED SIRT1 PROTEIN LEVELS IN CENTRAL AMYGDALA, BUT NOT THOSE ANIMALS RESISTANT TO THE EMOTIONAL DISORDERS. VIRAL OVEREXPRESSION OF LOCAL SIRT1 REVERSED THIS VULNERABILITY, BUT VIRAL KNOCKDOWN OF LOCAL SIRT1 MIMICKED THE PAIN EFFECT, ELICITING THE PAIN VULNERABILITY IN PAIN-FREE ANIMALS. THE SIRT1 ACTION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH CAMKIIALPHA DOWNREGULATION AND DEACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 9 AT THE CAMKIIALPHA PROMOTER. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT, BY TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF CAMKIIALPHA IN CENTRAL AMYGDALA, SIRT1 FUNCTIONS TO GUARD AGAINST THE EMOTIONAL PAIN VULNERABILITY UNDER CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS. THIS STUDY INDICATES THAT SIRT1 MAY SERVE AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC MOLECULE FOR INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN WITH VULNERABLE EMOTIONAL DISORDERS.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT CHRONIC PAIN IS A PREVALENT NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE WITH NO EFFECTIVE TREATMENT AT PRESENT. PAIN PATIENTS DISPLAY CONSIDERABLY VARIABLE VULNERABILITY TO DEVELOPING CHRONIC PAIN, INDICATING INDIVIDUAL-BASED MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE PAIN VULNERABILITY, WHICH IS HARDLY ADDRESSED IN CURRENT PRECLINICAL RESEARCH. IN THIS STUDY, WE HAVE IDENTIFIED THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE SIRTUIN 1 (SIRT1) AS A KEY REGULATOR THAT CONTROLS THIS PAIN VULNERABILITY. THIS STUDY REVEALS THAT THE SIRT1-CAMKIIAALPHA PATHWAY IN CENTRAL AMYGDALA ACTS AS AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM THAT GUARDS AGAINST THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMORBID EMOTIONAL DISORDERS UNDER CHRONIC PAIN, AND THAT ITS DYSFUNCTION CAUSES INCREASED VULNERABILITY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT SIRT1 ACTIVATORS MAY BE USED IN A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACH FOR INDIVIDUAL-BASED TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
9  3600  41 IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN VISCERAL PAIN INDUCED BY CHRONIC WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS. EPIGENETIC MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, WHICH INCLUDE DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE DEACETYLATION, ARE IMPLICATED IN THE DYSREGULATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS. PREVIOUSLY, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT REPEATED WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS (WAS), A VALIDATED MODEL OF CHRONIC PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS, INDUCES HEIGHTENED VISCERAL PAIN BEHAVIORS IN RODENTS THAT RESEMBLE IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) SEQUELAE. HOWEVER, THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL PAIN HAS NOT BEEN EXPLORED. OUR HYPOTHESIS IS THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS WITHIN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) ARE IMPORTANT TO CHRONIC STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. ADULT MALE F-344 RATS WITH INTRACEREBROVENTRICULAR (I.C.V.) CANNULAE WERE EXPOSED TO 7 DAYS OF REPEATED WAS. CONTROLS RECEIVED A SHAM STRESS. FOLLOWING THE DAILY 1H STRESSOR, TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA; 100 NG/ML), A POTENT HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, OR VEHICLE (VEH; 0.1% DMSO/SALINE,) AS CONTROL WAS ADMINISTERED VIA THE I.C.V. CANNULA. VISCERAL SENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED 24H AFTER THE FINAL WAS AND QUANTIFIED THE VISCEROMOTOR RESPONSE (VMR) BY RECORDING THE NUMBER OF ABDOMINAL CONTRACTIONS IN RESPONSE TO GRADED PRESSURES (20-60 MMHG) OF COLORECTAL DISTENSIONS (CRD). FROM A SEPARATE GROUP OF RATS THAT WERE EXPOSED TO REPEATED WAS OR SHAM STRESS, THE AMYGDALA WAS ISOLATED TO ASSESS THE METHYLATION STATUS OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) AND CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING-FACTOR (CRF) GENES VIA BISULFITE SEQUENCING AND VERIFIED BY PYROSEQUENCING. GR AND CRF GENE EXPRESSION WAS QUANTIFIED VIA QRT-PCR. STRESSED RATS EXHIBITED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY THAT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED BY TSA. COMPARED TO SHAM CONTROLS, METHYLATION OF THE GR GENE WAS INCREASED FOLLOWING WAS WHILE EXPRESSION OF THE GR GENE WAS DECREASED. METHYLATION OF THE CRF PROMOTER WAS DECREASED WITH WAS WITH A CONCOMITANT INCREASE IN CRF EXPRESSION. THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES THE INVOLVEMENT OF CENTRAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN REGULATING STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND PROVIDES A FOUNDATION FOR EXPLORING THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO IBS-LIKE SYMPTOMATOLOGY.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
10  5624  28 SELECTIVE BOOSTING OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO DRUGS OF ABUSE BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITION. HISTONE ACETYLATION AND OTHER MODIFICATIONS OF THE CHROMATIN ARE IMPORTANT REGULATORS OF GENE EXPRESSION AND, CONSEQUENTLY, MAY CONTRIBUTE TO DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORS AND NEUROPLASTICITY. EARLIER STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT A REDUCTION IN HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) ACTIVITY RESULTS IN THE ENHANCEMENT OF SOME PSYCHOSTIMULANT-INDUCED BEHAVIORS. IN THIS STUDY, WE EXTEND THOSE SEMINAL FINDINGS BY SHOWING THAT THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE HDAC INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE ENHANCES MORPHINE-INDUCED LOCOMOTOR SENSITIZATION AND CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE. IN CONTRAST, THIS COMPOUND HAS NO EFFECTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORPHINE TOLERANCE AND DEPENDENCE. SIMILAR EFFECTS WERE OBSERVED FOR COCAINE AND ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORS. THESE BEHAVIORAL CHANGES WERE ACCOMPANIED BY A SELECTIVE BOOSTING OF A COMPONENT OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAM ACTIVATED BY CHRONIC MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION THAT INCLUDED CIRCADIAN CLOCK GENES AND OTHER GENES RELEVANT TO ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOR. OUR RESULTS SUPPORT A SPECIFIC FUNCTION FOR HISTONE ACETYLATION AND THE EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION AT A REDUCED NUMBER OF BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT LOCI ON NON-HOMEOSTATIC, LONG-LASTING, DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
11  1773  31 EARLY-LIFE STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY BEHAVIOR IS REVERSED BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITION. STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS, ESPECIALLY IN CHILDHOOD, CAN HAVE DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS ON HEALTH AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A HOST OF PSYCHIATRIC AND GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS INCLUDING IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS). EARLY-LIFE STRESS CAN BE RECAPITULATED IN ANIMALS USING THE MATERNAL SEPARATION (MS) MODEL, EXHIBITING MANY KEY PHENOTYPIC OUTCOMES INCLUDING VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MS ARE UNCLEAR, BUT RECENT STUDIES POINT TO A ROLE FOR EPIGENETICS. HISTONE ACETYLATION IS A KEY EPIGENETIC MARK THAT IS ALTERED IN NUMEROUS STRESS-RELATED DISEASE STATES. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN EARLY-LIFE STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. INTERESTINGLY, INCREASED NUMBER OF PAIN BEHAVIORS AND REDUCED THRESHOLD OF VISCERAL SENSATION WERE ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERATIONS IN HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE LUMBOSACRAL SPINAL CORD, A KEY REGION IN VISCERAL PAIN PROCESSING. MOREOVER, WE ALSO INVESTIGATED WHETHER THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR, SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA), COULD REVERSE EARLY-LIFE STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND STRESS-INDUCED FECAL PELLET OUTPUT IN THE MS MODEL. SIGNIFICANTLY, SAHA REVERSED BOTH OF THESE PARAMETERS. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE DATA DESCRIBE, FOR THE FIRST TIME, A KEY ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF EARLY-LIFE STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN A WELL-ESTABLISHED MODEL OF IBS. THESE FINDINGS WILL INFORM NEW RESEARCH AIMED AT THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL PHARMACEUTICAL APPROACHES TARGETING THE EPIGENETIC MACHINERY FOR NOVEL ANTI-IBS DRUGS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12  1803  12 EFFECT OF PROLONGED EMOTIONAL AND PAIN STRESS ON THE CONTENT OF METHYLCYTOSINE-BINDING PROTEIN MECP2 IN NUCLEI OF HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS IN RATS WITH DIFFERENT EXCITABILITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. IN RATS WITH LOW EXCITABILITY THRESHOLD OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM DEMONSTRATING SIGNIFICANT AND PERSISTENT BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS UNDER STRESS CONDITIONS, THE CONTENT OF METHYLCYTOSINE-BINDING PROTEIN MECP2 IN NEURONAL NUCLEI OF HIPPOCAMPAL FIELD CA3 DECREASED OVER 2 WEEKS AFTER LONG-TERM EMOTIONAL AND PAIN STRESS. IT WAS HYPOTHESIZED THAT PROTEIN MECP2 TRIGGERS EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN DNA THAT UNDERLIE "STRESS MEMORY".	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
13  6445  26 THERAPEUTIC BENEFITS OF THE METHYL DONOR S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE ON NERVE INJURY-INDUCED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN MICE. DESPITE CONSIDERABLE ADVANCES IN UNDERSTANDING MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN CHRONIC PAIN, EFFECTIVE TREATMENT REMAINS ELUSIVE. COMORBID CONDITIONS INCLUDING ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT FURTHER IMPACT QUALITY OF LIFE. CHRONIC PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH REVERSIBLE CHANGES IN BRAIN ANATOMY AND FUNCTION AND WITH LONG-TERM CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, CONTRIBUTE TO WIDE-SPREAD AND LONG-LASTING REPROGRAMMING OF GENE EXPRESSION. WE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED DECREASES IN GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN THE MOUSE FRONTAL CORTEX 6 MONTHS AFTER INDUCTION OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN USING THE SPARED NERVE INJURY (SNI) MODEL. HERE, WE EXAMINED THE THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF INCREASING DNA METHYLATION USING THE METHYL DONOR S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE (SAM). S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE IS MARKETED AS A NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT FOR A RANGE OF CONDITIONS INCLUDING LIVER DISEASE, DEPRESSION, OSTEOARTHRITIS, FIBROMYALGIA, AND DEMENTIA. THREE MONTHS AFTER SNI OR SHAM SURGERY, ANIMALS WERE TREATED WITH SAM (20 MG/KG, 3X/WEEK) OR SALINE ORALLY FOR 4 MONTHS, AND THE IMPACT ON SENSORY, MOTOR, MOTIVATIONAL, AND COGNITIVE INDICES WAS MEASURED. S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE ATTENUATED SNI-INDUCED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND REDUCED ACTIVE AVOIDANCE OF MECHANICAL STIMULI BUT HAD NO EFFECT ON COLD SENSITIVITY OR MOTOR CAPACITY. S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE COMPLETELY BLOCKED NERVE INJURY-INDUCED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT AND ATTENUATED SNI-INDUCED DECREASES IN GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN THE FRONTAL CORTEX. IN SUMMARY, CHRONIC ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE METHYL DONOR, SAM, ATTENUATED SENSORY AND COGNITIVE SYMPTOMS ASSOCIATED WITH NERVE INJURY IN MICE. THESE EFFECTS MAY BE MEDIATED, IN PART, THROUGH MODULATION OF DNA METHYLATION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM BY SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF THE METHYL DONOR SAM.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
14  5007  36 PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC, REVERSIBLE CHANGES IN GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN THE MOUSE PREFRONTAL CORTEX. CHANGES IN BRAIN STRUCTURE AND CORTICAL FUNCTION ARE ASSOCIATED WITH MANY CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS INCLUDING LOW BACK PAIN AND FIBROMYALGIA. THE MAGNITUDE OF THESE CHANGES CORRELATES WITH THE DURATION AND/OR THE INTENSITY OF CHRONIC PAIN. MOST STUDIES REPORT CHANGES IN COMMON AREAS INVOLVED IN PAIN MODULATION, INCLUDING THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC), AND PAIN-RELATED PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE PFC CAN BE REVERSED WITH EFFECTIVE TREATMENT. WHILE THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THESE CHANGES ARE UNKNOWN, THEY MUST BE DYNAMICALLY REGULATED. EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN RESPONSE TO EXPERIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT IS REVERSIBLE AND DYNAMIC. EPIGENETIC MODULATION BY DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR AND PATHOLOGICAL GENE EXPRESSION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. DNA METHYLATION MIGHT ALSO BE INVOLVED IN MEDIATING THE PATHOLOGIES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN IN THE BRAIN. WE THEREFORE TESTED A) WHETHER ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION ARE FOUND IN THE BRAIN LONG AFTER CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS INDUCED IN THE PERIPHERY USING THE SPARED NERVE INJURY MODAL AND B) WHETHER THESE INJURY-ASSOCIATED CHANGES ARE REVERSIBLE BY INTERVENTIONS THAT REVERSE THE PATHOLOGIES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN. SIX MONTHS FOLLOWING PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY, ABNORMAL SENSORY THRESHOLDS AND INCREASED ANXIETY WERE ACCOMPANIED BY DECREASED GLOBAL METHYLATION IN THE PFC AND THE AMYGDALA BUT NOT IN THE VISUAL CORTEX OR THE THALAMUS. ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT ATTENUATED NERVE INJURY-INDUCED HYPERSENSITIVITY AND REVERSED THE CHANGES IN GLOBAL PFC METHYLATION. FURTHERMORE, GLOBAL PFC METHYLATION CORRELATED WITH MECHANICAL AND THERMAL SENSITIVITY IN NEUROPATHIC MICE. IN SUMMARY, INDUCTION OF CHRONIC PAIN BY PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE BRAIN. THESE CHANGES ARE DETECTED LONG AFTER THE ORIGINAL INJURY, AT A LONG DISTANCE FROM THE SITE OF INJURY AND ARE REVERSIBLE WITH ENVIRONMENTAL MANIPULATION. CHANGES IN BRAIN STRUCTURE AND CORTICAL FUNCTION THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS MAY THEREFORE BE MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
15  5199  28 PRENATAL MATERNAL STRESS IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED SENSITIVITY TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND SEX-SPECIFIC CHANGES IN SUPRASPINAL MRNA EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC- AND STRESS-RELATED GENES IN ADULTHOOD. EXPOSURE TO PRENATAL MATERNAL STRESS IMPACTS ADULT BEHAVIORAL OUTCOMES AND HAS BEEN SUGGESTED AS A RISK FACTOR FOR CHRONIC PAIN. HOWEVER, THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS IMPLICATED ARE NOT WELL-CHARACTERIZED. IN THIS STUDY, WE ANALYZED THE EFFECT OF A PRENATAL MATERNAL STRESS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN-RELATED BEHAVIOURS AND GENE EXPRESSION IN THE FRONTAL CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS IN ADULT OFFSPRING FOLLOWING CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY OF THE SCIATIC NERVE IN MALE AND FEMALE CD1 MICE. NERVE INJURY-INDUCED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY WAS AMPLIFIED IN BOTH MALE AND FEMALE PRENATALLY-STRESSED OFFSPRING, SUGGESTING THAT PRENATAL STRESS EXACERBATES PAIN AFTER INJURY. ANALYSIS OF MRNA EXPRESSION OF GENES RELATED TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION AND STRESS RESPONSES IN THE FRONTAL CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS, BRAIN STRUCTURES IMPLICATED IN CHRONIC PAIN, SHOWED DISTINCT SEX AND REGION-SPECIFIC PATTERNS OF DYSREGULATION. IN GENERAL, MRNA EXPRESSION WAS MOST FREQUENTLY ALTERED IN THE MALE HIPPOCAMPUS AND EFFECTS OF PRENATAL STRESS WERE MORE PREVALENT THAN EFFECTS OF NERVE INJURY IN BOTH SUPRASPINAL AREAS. THESE FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THE IMPACT OF PRENATAL STRESS ON BEHAVIORAL SENSITIVITY TO A PAINFUL INJURY. CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC- AND STRESS-RELATED GENES SUGGEST A POSSIBLE MECHANISM BY WHICH THE EARLY LIFE STRESS BECOMES EMBEDDED IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. INCREASED UNDERSTANDING OF THE INTERACTIONS AMONG EARLY-LIFE STRESS, SEX, AND PAIN MAY LEAD TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS AND EPIGENETIC DRUGS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN DISORDERS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
16  1833  22 EFFECTS OF METHYL DONOR DIETS ON INCISIONAL PAIN IN MICE. BACKGROUND: DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION WITH METHYL DONORS CAN INFLUENCE THE PROGRAMMING OF EPIGENETIC PATTERNS RESULTING IN PERSISTENT ALTERATIONS IN DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY AND BEHAVIOR. HOWEVER, THE DIETARY EFFECTS OF METHYL DONORS ON PAIN HAVE NOT BEEN EXPLORED. IN THIS STUDY, WE EVALUATED THE EFFECTS OF DIETARY METHYL DONOR CONTENT ON PAIN RESPONSES IN MICE. METHODS: MALE AND FEMALE C57BL/6J MICE WERE TREATED WITH HIGH OR LOW METHYL DONOR DIETS EITHER IN THE PERINATAL PERIOD OR AFTER WEANING. MECHANICAL AND THERMAL NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIVITY WERE MEASURED BEFORE AND AFTER INCISION. RESULTS: MICE FED HIGH OR LOW METHYL DONOR DIETS DISPLAYED EQUAL WEIGHT GAIN OVER THE COURSE OF THE EXPERIMENTS. WHEN EXPOSED TO THESE DIETARY MANIPULATIONS IN THE PERINATAL PERIOD, ONLY MALE OFFSPRING OF DAMS FED A HIGH METHYL DONOR DIET DISPLAYED INCREASED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA. HINDPAW INCISION IN THESE ANIMALS CAUSED ENHANCED NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION, BUT DIETARY HISTORY DID NOT AFFECT THE DURATION OF SENSITIZATION. FOR MICE EXPOSED TO HIGH OR LOW METHYL DONOR DIETS AFTER WEANING, NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE OBSERVED IN MECHANICAL OR THERMAL NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIVITY EITHER AT BASELINE OR IN RESPONSE TO HINDPAW INCISION. CONCLUSIONS: PERINATAL DIETARY FACTORS SUCH AS METHYL DONOR CONTENT MAY IMPACT PAIN EXPERIENCES IN LATER LIFE. THESE EFFECTS, HOWEVER, MAY BE SPECIFIC TO SEX AND PAIN MODALITY.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
17  1800  26 EFFECT OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR ON ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA IN RATS. BACKGROUND: INCREASED PAIN SENSITIVITY IS OBSERVED FOLLOWING ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL, AND ATTEMPTS TO ALLEVIATE THIS HYPERALGESIA CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE CYCLE OF ADDICTION. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE IF ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA WAS OBSERVED IN A CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE MODEL AND IF THIS PAIN WAS AFFECTED BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS, THUS REVEALING AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. METHODS: ADULT MALE SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS RECEIVED LIEBER-DECARLI LIQUID CONTROL OR ETHANOL (9% V/V) DIET FOR 15 DAYS. MECHANICAL SENSITIVITY WAS MEASURED WITH VON FREY HAIR STIMULATION OF THE HINDPAW DURING ETHANOL ADMINISTRATION AND 24- AND 72-HOUR WITHDRAWAL. RESULTS: ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL PRODUCED SEVERE AND SUSTAINED MECHANICAL HYPERALGESIA, AN EFFECT NOT OBSERVED IN THE CONTROL OR ETHANOL-MAINTAINED GROUPS. FURTHERMORE, THIS HYPERALGESIA WAS ATTENUATED BY THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID TREATMENT. CONCLUSIONS: HEIGHTENED PAIN SENSITIVITY WAS OBSERVED FOLLOWING WITHDRAWAL FROM CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE, AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS COULD BE NOVEL TREATMENTS FOR THIS ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
18  4352  22 MIR-200A-3P MODULATES GENE EXPRESSION IN COMORBID PAIN AND DEPRESSION: MOLECULAR IMPLICATION FOR CENTRAL SENSITIZATION. CHRONIC PAIN AND DEPRESSION ARE OFTEN COMORBID EXHIBITING COMMON CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS AND BIOLOGICAL CONNECTIONS RELATED TO CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM SENSITIZATION. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE BRAIN PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN RESPONSE TO LONG-LASTING STRESS AND CHRONIC PAIN, AND MICRORNA IMBALANCE IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) MIGHT BE INVOLVED IN CENTRAL SENSITIZATION. MALE SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO UNPREDICTABLE CHRONIC MILD STRESS (UCMS) AND SPARED NERVE INJURY (SNI) TO INITIATE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND CHRONIC PAIN BEHAVIOR, RESPECTIVELY. THE NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING TECHNIQUE WAS EMPLOYED TO ANALYZE PFC MICRORNAS IN BOTH THE UCMS AND SNI MODELS. RATS EXPOSED TO EITHER UCMS OR SNI EXHIBITED BOTH DEPRESSIVE-LIKE AND CHRONIC PAIN BEHAVIORS. FIVE SPECIFIC MICRORNAS (MIR-10A-5P, MIR-182, MIR-200A-3P, MIR-200B-3P, AND MIR-429) WERE SIMULTANEOUSLY DOWN-REGULATED IN THE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE AND CHRONIC PAIN MODELS AFTER 4 WEEKS OF SHORT-TERM STRESS. GENE ONTOLOGY REVEALED THAT THE 4-WEEK PERIOD OF STRESS ENHANCED NEUROGENESIS. ONLY THE MIR-200A-3P LEVEL WAS CONTINUOUSLY ELEVATED UNDER PROLONGED STRESS, SUGGESTING ROLES OF REDUCED NEUROGENESIS, INFLAMMATORY ACTIVATION, DISTURBED CIRCADIAN RHYTHM, LIPID METABOLISM, AND INSULIN SECRETION IN THE CO-EXISTENCE OF PAIN AND DEPRESSION. THUS WE CONCLUDE THAT MIR-200A-3P MIGHT BE A SPECIFIC BIOMARKER OF CENTRAL SENSITIZATION IN CHRONIC PAIN AND DEPRESSION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
19  4611  31 NEONATAL IMMUNE CHALLENGE FOLLOWED BY ADULT IMMUNE CHALLENGE INDUCES EPIGENETIC-SUSCEPTIBILITY TO AGGRAVATED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. BACKGROUND: ABDOMINAL PAIN IS ONE OF THE MAJOR SYMPTOMS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD). THE INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS RELEASED BY COLON INFLAMMATION ARE KNOWN TO SENSITIZE THE AFFERENT NEURONS, WHICH IS ONE OF THE CONTRIBUTORS TO ABDOMINAL PAIN. HOWEVER, NOT ALL IBD PATIENTS HAVE ABDOMINAL PAIN, AND SOME PATIENTS REPORT ABDOMINAL PAIN DURING REMISSION, SUGGESTING CONTRIBUTIONS OF OTHER PATHOLOGICAL FACTORS TO ABDOMINAL PAIN IN IBD. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES FOUND EARLY-LIFE GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS A RISK FACTOR FOR IBD SYMPTOMS AND ADULT-LIFE GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS MAY TRIGGER THE ONSET OF IBD. WE INVESTIGATED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT NEONATAL COLON IMMUNE CHALLENGE FOLLOWED BY AN ADULT COLON IMMUNE CHALLENGE UPREGULATES SPINAL CORD BDNF THAT AGGRAVATES VISCERAL SENSITIVITY OVER AND ABOVE THAT INDUCED BY ADULT COLON IMMUNE CHALLENGE ALONE. METHODS: WE INDUCED NEONATAL AND ADULT COLON IMMUNE CHALLENGES BY INTRALUMINAL ADMINISTRATION OF TRINITROBENZENE SULFONIC ACID TO THE RAT COLON. KEY RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT NEONATAL IMMUNE CHALLENGE TRIGGERS EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING THAT UPREGULATES TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE IN THE LOCUS CERULEUS WHEN THESE RATS ARE SUBJECTED TO AN ADULT COLON IMMUNE CHALLENGE. THE UPREGULATION OF LOCUS CERULEUS TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE, UPREGULATES NOREPINEPHRINE IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID THAT ACTS ON ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS TO ENHANCE PCREB BINDING TO THE CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT, WHICH RECRUITS HISTONE ACETYLENE TRANSFERASE (HAT) TO THE BDNF GENE TO ENHANCE ITS TRANSCRIPTION RESULTING IN AGGRAVATED VISCEROMOTOR RESPONSE TO COLORECTAL DISTENSION. HAT AND ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS BLOCK THE AGGRAVATION OF VISCERAL SENSITIVITY. CONCLUSION & INFERENCES: HAT AND ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR INHIBITORS MAY SERVE AS ALTERNATES TO OPIOIDS AND NSAIDS IN SUPPRESSING ABDOMINAL PAIN IN IBD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
20  2353  28 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA, DEPENDENCE, AND TOLERANCE IN MICE. REPEATED ADMINISTRATION OF OPIOIDS SUCH AS MORPHINE INDUCES PERSISTENT BEHAVIORAL CHANGES INCLUDING OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA (OIH), TOLERANCE, AND PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE. IN THE CURRENT WORK WE EXPLORED HOW THE BALANCE OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE (HAT) VERSUS HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) MIGHT REGULATE THESE MORPHINE-INDUCED CHANGES. NOCICEPTIVE THRESHOLDS, ANALGESIA, AND PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE WERE ASSESSED DURING AND FOR A PERIOD OF SEVERAL WEEKS AFTER MORPHINE EXPOSURE. TO PROBE THE ROLES OF HISTONE ACETYLATION, THE HAT INHIBITOR CURCUMIN OR A SELECTIVE HDAC INHIBITOR SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) WAS ADMINISTERED DAILY TO GROUPS OF ANIMALS. HISTONE ACETYLATION IN SPINAL CORD WAS ASSESSED BY WESTERN BLOT AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY. CONCURRENT ADMINISTRATION OF CURCUMIN WITH MORPHINE FOR 4 DAYS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED DEVELOPMENT OF OPIOID-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA, THERMAL HYPERALGESIA, TOLERANCE, AND PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE. CONVERSELY, THE HDAC INHIBITOR SAHA ENHANCED THESE RESPONSES. INTERESTINGLY, SAHA TREATMENT AFTER THE TERMINATION OF OPIOID ADMINISTRATION SUSTAINED THESE BEHAVIORAL CHANGES FOR AT LEAST 4 WEEKS. HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION IN THE DORSAL HORN OF THE SPINAL CORD WAS INCREASED AFTER CHRONIC MORPHINE TREATMENT, BUT H4 ACETYLATION WAS UNCHANGED. MOREOVER, WE OBSERVED A DECREASE IN HDAC ACTIVITY IN THE SPINAL CORDS OF MORPHINE-TREATED MICE WHILE OVERALL HAT ACTIVITY WAS UNCHANGED, SUGGESTING A SHIFT TOWARD A STATE OF ENHANCED HISTONE ACETYLATION. PERSPECTIVE: THE CURRENT STUDY INDICATES THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN OPIOID-INDUCED LONG-LASTING NEUROPLASTICITY. THESE RESULTS PROVIDE NEW SIGHT INTO UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISMS OF OPIOID-INDUCED NEUROPLASTICITY AND SUGGEST NEW STRATEGIES TO LIMIT OPIOID ABUSE POTENTIAL AND INCREASE THE VALUE OF THESE DRUGS AS ANALGESICS.	2013