1  2425 108 EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF IRF1 DYSREGULATES TYPE III INTERFERON RESPONSES TO RESPIRATORY VIRUS INFECTION IN EPITHELIAL TO MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION. CHRONIC OXIDATIVE INJURY PRODUCED BY AIRWAY DISEASE TRIGGERS A TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA (TGF-BETA)-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING KNOWN AS THE EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT). WE OBSERVE THAT EMT SILENCES PROTECTIVE MUCOSAL INTERFERON (IFN)-I AND III PRODUCTION ASSOCIATED WITH ENHANCED RHINOVIRUS (RV) AND RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV) REPLICATION. MESENCHYMAL TRANSITIONED CELLS ARE DEFECTIVE IN INDUCIBLE INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR 1 (IRF1) EXPRESSION BY OCCLUDING RELA AND IRF3 ACCESS TO THE PROMOTER. IRF1 IS NECESSARY FOR THE EXPRESSION OF TYPE III IFNS (IFNLS 1 AND 2/3). INDUCED BY THE EMT, ZINC FINGER E-BOX BINDING HOMEOBOX 1 (ZEB1) BINDS AND SILENCES IRF1. ECTOPIC ZEB1 IS SUFFICIENT FOR IRF1 SILENCING, WHEREAS ZEB1 KNOCKDOWN PARTIALLY RESTORES IRF1-IFNL UPREGULATION. ZEB1 SILENCES IRF1 THROUGH THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF THE ENHANCER OF ZESTE 2 POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2 SUBUNIT (EZH2), FORMING REPRESSIVE H3K27(ME3) MARKS. WE OBSERVE THAT IRF1 EXPRESSION IS MEDIATED BY ZEB1 DE-REPRESSION, AND OUR STUDY DEMONSTRATES HOW AIRWAY REMODELLING/FIBROSIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A DEFECTIVE MUCOSAL ANTIVIRAL RESPONSE THROUGH ZEB1-INITIATED EPIGENETIC SILENCING.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
2  2406  28 EPIGENETIC RESPONSES TO RHINOVIRUS EXPOSURE IN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS ARE CORRELATED WITH KEY TRANSCRIPTIONAL PATHWAYS IN CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS. BACKGROUND: VIRUSES MAY DRIVE IMMUNE MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYPOSIS (CRSWNP), BUT LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS. OBJECTIVES: TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL RESPONSES TO A COMMON UPPER RESPIRATORY PATHOGEN, RHINOVIRUS (RV), THAT ARE SPECIFIC TO PATIENTS WITH CRSWNP USING A PRIMARY SINONASAL EPITHELIAL CELL CULTURE MODEL. METHODS: AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS WERE COLLECTED AT SURGERY FROM PATIENTS WITH CRSWNP (CASES) AND FROM CONTROLS WITHOUT SINUS DISEASE, CULTURED, AND THEN EXPOSED TO RV OR VEHICLE FOR 48 H. DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION AND DNA METHYLATION (DNAM) BETWEEN CASES AND CONTROLS IN RESPONSE TO RV WERE DETERMINED USING LINEAR MIXED MODELS. WEIGHTED GENE CO-EXPRESSION ANALYSIS (WGCNA) WAS USED TO IDENTIFY (A) CO-REGULATED GENE EXPRESSION AND DNAM SIGNATURES, AND (B) GENES, PATHWAYS, AND REGULATORY MECHANISMS SPECIFIC TO CRSWNP. RESULTS: WE IDENTIFIED 5585 DIFFERENTIAL TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND 261 DNAM RESPONSES (FDR <0.10) TO RV BETWEEN CRSWNP CASES AND CONTROLS. THESE DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSES FORMED THREE CO-EXPRESSION/CO-METHYLATION MODULES THAT WERE RELATED TO CRSWNP AND THREE THAT WERE RELATED TO RV (BONFERRONI CORRECTED P < .01). MOST (95%) OF THE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPGS (DMCS) WERE IN MODULES RELATED TO CRSWNP, WHEREAS THE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES (DEGS) WERE MORE EQUALLY DISTRIBUTED BETWEEN THE CRSWNP- AND RV-RELATED MODULES. GENES IN THE CRSWNP-RELATED MODULES WERE ENRICHED IN KNOWN CRS AND/OR VIRAL RESPONSE IMMUNE PATHWAYS. CONCLUSION: RV ACTIVATES SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC PROGRAMS AND CORRELATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL NETWORKS IN THE SINONASAL EPITHELIUM OF INDIVIDUALS WITH CRSWNP. THESE NOVEL OBSERVATIONS SUGGEST EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES SPECIFIC TO PATIENTS WITH CRSWNP MODULATE RESPONSE TO VIRAL PATHOGENS AT THE MUCOSAL ENVIRONMENTAL INTERFACE. DETERMINING HOW VIRAL RESPONSE PATHWAYS ARE INVOLVED IN EPITHELIAL INFLAMMATION IN CRSWNP COULD LEAD TO THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR THIS BURDENSOME AIRWAY DISORDER.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
3  6518  29 TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF HUMAN RHINOVIRUS-INDUCED CXCL10 PRODUCTION BY CIGARETTE SMOKE. HUMAN RHINOVIRUS (HRV) TRIGGERS EXACERBATIONS OF ASTHMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. CIGARETTE SMOKING IS THE PRIMARY RISK FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, AND 25% OF INDIVIDUALS WITH ASTHMA SMOKE. SMOKERS EXPERIENCE BOTH LONGER AND MORE SEVERE COLDS. WE PREVIOUSLY SHOWED THAT CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT (CSE) INHIBITED HRV-INDUCED EXPRESSION OF A RANGE OF EPITHELIAL ANTIVIRAL MOLECULES. HERE, WE USE CXCL10 AS A MODEL ANTIVIRAL GENE TO EXAMINE THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH CSE INHIBITS EPITHELIAL ANTIVIRAL IMMUNITY. HRV-INDUCED CXCL10 TRANSCRIPTION DEPENDS ON ACTIVATION OF NF-KB AND IFN-REGULATORY FACTOR-1 (IRF-1), AND WE NOW ALSO IMPLICATE TWO SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION (STAT) CONSENSUS SEQUENCES IN THE CXCL10 PROMOTER IN HRV-INDUCED CXCL10 EXPRESSION. CSE INHIBITED HRV-INDUCED ACTIVATION AND NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION/BINDING OF BOTH NF-KB, AND IRF-1 TO THEIR RESPECTIVE RECOGNITION SEQUENCES IN THE CXCL10 PROMOTER. HRV ALSO INDUCED FORMATION OF COMPLEXES AT THE STAT REGION IN THE CXCL10 PROMOTER, AND HRV-INDUCED ACTIVATION OF STAT-1 WAS INHIBITED BY CSE. IN ADDITION, CSE INHIBITED HRV-INDUCED CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY AROUND THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL START SITE OF THE CXCL10 PROMOTER. ALTHOUGH CSE INHIBITED HRV-INDUCED EXPRESSION OF BOTH THE VIRAL DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA SENSORS, RETINOIC ACID-INDUCIBLE GENE-I AND MELANOMA DIFFERENTIATION-ASSOCIATED GENE (MDA) 5, ONLY SPECIFIC SHORT INTERFERING RNA (SIRNA) TO MDA5, BUT NOT NONTARGETING SIRNA, OR SIRNA TO RETINOIC ACID-INDUCIBLE GENE-I, INHIBITED HRV-INDUCED CXCL10 INDUCTION. WE CONCLUDE THAT CSE REDUCES CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY AND INHIBITS VIRAL SIGNALING VIA NF-KB, IRF-1, STAT-1, AND MDA5. THUS, WE SHOW THAT CSE CAN SIMULTANEOUSLY MODULATE MULTIPLE PATHWAYS LINKED TO INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES TO HRV INFECTION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
4  6708  25 VIRAL INDUCED EFFECTS ON A VULNERABLE EPITHELIUM; LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAEDIATRIC ASTHMA AND EOSINOPHILIC OESOPHAGITIS. THE EPITHELIUM IS INTEGRAL TO THE PROTECTION OF MANY DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AND FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF BIOCHEMICAL HOMEOSTASIS. EMERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT PARTICULAR CHILDREN HAVE EPITHELIAL VULNERABILITIES LEADING TO DYSREGULATED BARRIER FUNCTION AND INTEGRITY, THAT RESULTANTLY CONTRIBUTES TO DISEASE PATHOGENESIS. THESE EPITHELIAL VULNERABILITIES LIKELY DEVELOP IN UTERO OR IN EARLY LIFE DUE TO VARIOUS GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. ALTHOUGH VARIOUS EPITHELIA ARE UNIQUELY STRUCTURED WITH SPECIFIC FUNCTION, PREVALENT ALLERGIC-TYPE EPITHELIAL DISEASES IN CHILDREN POTENTIALLY HAVE COMMON OR PARALLEL DISEASE PROCESSES. THESE INCLUDE INFLAMMATION AND IMMUNE RESPONSE DYSREGULATION STEMMING FROM ATYPICAL EPITHELIAL BARRIER FUNCTION AND INTEGRITY. TWO DISEASES WHERE AETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS ARE POTENTIALLY LINKED TO EPITHELIAL VULNERABILITIES INCLUDE PAEDIATRIC ASTHMA AND EOSINOPHILIC OESOPHAGITIS (EOE). FOR EXAMPLE, RHINOVIRUS C (RV-C) IS A KNOWN RISK FACTOR FOR PAEDIATRIC ASTHMA DEVELOPMENT AND IS KNOWN TO DISRUPT RESPIRATORY EPITHELIAL BARRIER FUNCTION CAUSING ACUTE INFLAMMATION. IN ADDITION, EOE, A PREVALENT ATOPIC CONDITION OF THE OESOPHAGEAL EPITHELIUM, IS CHARACTERISED BY SIMILAR INNATE IMMUNE AND EPITHELIAL RESPONSES TO VIRAL INJURY. THIS REVIEW EXAMINES THE CURRENT LITERATURE AND IDENTIFIES THE GAPS IN THE FIELD DEFINING VIRAL-INDUCED EFFECTS ON A VULNERABLE RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM AND RESULTING CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, DRAWING FROM KNOWLEDGE GENERATED IN ACUTE WHEEZING ILLNESS, PAEDIATRIC ASTHMA AND EOE. BESIDES HIGHLIGHTING THE IMPORTANCE OF EPITHELIAL STRUCTURE AND BARRIER FUNCTION IN ALLERGIC DISEASE PATHOGENESIS REGARDLESS OF SPECIFIC EPITHELIAL SUB-TYPES, THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE IMPORTANCE OF EXAMINING OTHER PARALLEL ALLERGIC-TYPE DISEASE PROCESSES THAT MAY UNCOVER COMMONALITIES DRIVING DISEASE PATHOGENESIS. THIS IN TURN MAY BE BENEFICIAL IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMON THERAPEUTICS FOR CURRENT CLINICAL MANAGEMENT AND DISEASE PREVENTION IN THE FUTURE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
5   698  41 BROMODOMAIN CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 (BRD4) REGULATES EXPRESSION OF ITS INTERACTING COACTIVATORS IN THE INNATE RESPONSE TO RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS. BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 PLAYS A CENTRAL ROLE IN COORDINATING THE COMPLEX EPIGENETIC COMPONENT OF THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE. PREVIOUS STUDIES IMPLICATED BRD4 AS A COMPONENT OF A CHROMATIN-MODIFYING COMPLEX THAT IS DYNAMICALLY RECRUITED TO A NETWORK OF PROTECTIVE CYTOKINES BY BINDING ACTIVATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, POLYMERASES, AND HISTONES TO TRIGGER THEIR RAPID EXPRESSION VIA TRANSCRIPTIONAL ELONGATION. OUR PREVIOUS STUDY EXTENDED OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE AIRWAY EPITHELIAL BRD4 INTERACTOME BY IDENTIFYING OVER 100 FUNCTIONALLY IMPORTANT COACTIVATORS AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, WHOSE ASSOCIATION IS INDUCED BY RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV) INFECTION. RSV IS AN ETIOLOGICAL AGENT OF RECURRENT RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH EXACERBATIONS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. USING A HIGHLY SELECTIVE SMALL-MOLECULE BRD4 INHIBITOR (ZL0454) DEVELOPED BY US, WE EXTEND THESE FINDINGS TO IDENTIFY THE GENE REGULATORY NETWORK DEPENDENT ON BRD4 BROMODOMAIN (BD) INTERACTIONS. HUMAN SMALL AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS WERE INFECTED IN THE ABSENCE OR PRESENCE OF ZL0454, AND GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING WAS PERFORMED. A HIGHLY REPRODUCIBLE DATASET WAS OBTAINED WHICH INDICATED THAT BRD4 MEDIATES BOTH ACTIVATION AND REPRESSION OF RSV-INDUCIBLE GENE REGULATORY NETWORKS CONTROLLING CYTOKINE EXPRESSION, INTERFERON (IFN) PRODUCTION, AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX REMODELING. INDEX GENES OF FUNCTIONALLY SIGNIFICANT CLUSTERS WERE VALIDATED INDEPENDENTLY. WE DISCOVER THAT BRD4 REGULATES THE EXPRESSION OF ITS OWN GENE DURING THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE. INTERESTINGLY, BRD4 ACTIVATES THE EXPRESSION OF NFKAPPAB/RELA, A COACTIVATOR THAT BINDS TO BRD4 IN A BD-DEPENDENT MANNER. WE EXTEND THIS FINDING TO SHOW THAT BRD4 ALSO REGULATES OTHER COMPONENTS OF ITS FUNCTIONAL INTERACTOME, INCLUDING THE MEDIATOR (MED) COACTIVATOR COMPLEX AND THE SWI/SNF-RELATED, MATRIX-ASSOCIATED, ACTIN-DEPENDENT REGULATOR OF CHROMATIN (SMARC) SUBUNITS. TO PROVIDE FURTHER INSIGHT INTO MECHANISMS FOR BRD4 IN RSV EXPRESSION, WE MAPPED 7,845 RSV-INDUCIBLE TN5 TRANSPOSASE PEAKS ONTO THE BRD4-DEPENDENT GENE BODIES. THESE WERE LOCATED IN PROMOTERS AND INTRONS OF CYTOSTRUCTURAL AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) FORMATION GENES. THESE DATA INDICATE THAT BRD4 MEDIATES THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS TO RNA INFECTION BY MODULATING THE EXPRESSION OF ITS COACTIVATORS, CONTROLLING THE EXPRESSION OF HOST DEFENSE MECHANISMS AND REMODELING GENES THROUGH CHANGES IN PROMOTER ACCESSIBILITY.	2021	

6  6662  22 UPREGULATION OF FZD5 IN EOSINOPHILIC CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYPS BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION. EOSINOPHILIC CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYPS (CRSWNP) IS ONE OF THE MOST CHALLENGING PROBLEMS IN CLINICAL RHINOLOGY. FZD5 IS A RECEPTOR FOR WNT5A, AND ITS COMPLEX WITH WNT5A CONTRIBUTES TO ACTIVATING INFLAMMATION AND TISSUE MODIFICATION. NASAL POLYPS AND EOSINOPHIL/NON-EOSINOPHIL COUNTS ARE REPORTED TO BE DIRECTLY CORRELATED. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED THE EXPRESSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FZD5, AND THE ROLE OF EOSINOPHIL INFILTRATION AND FZD5 IN EOSINOPHILIC CRSWNP PATHOGENESIS. THE PROGNOSTIC ROLE OF EOSINOPHIL LEVELS WAS EVALUATED IN SEVEN PATIENTS WITH CRSWNP. FIFTEEN PATIENTS WITH CRS WERE CLASSIFIED BASED ON THE PERCENTAGE OF EOSINOPHILS IN NASAL POLYP TISSUE. METHYLATED GENES WERE DETECTED USING METHYL-CPG-BINDING DOMAIN SEQUENCING, AND QRT-PCR AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY WERE USED TO DETECT FZD5 EXPRESSION IN NASAL POLYP TISSUE SAMPLES. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT MRNA EXPRESSION OF FZD5 WAS UPREGULATED IN NASAL POLYPS. FZD5 EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN NASAL POLYP SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS WITH EOSINOPHILIC CRSWNP THAN IN THOSE FROM PATIENTS WITH NON-EOSINOPHILIC CRSWNP, AS INDICATED BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY. FURTHERMORE, INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE LEVELS WERE HIGHER IN EOSINOPHILIC CRSWNP-DERIVED EPITHELIAL CELLS THAN IN NORMAL TISSUES. IN CONCLUSION, FZD5 EXPRESSION IN NASAL MUCOSAL EPITHELIAL CELLS IS CORRELATED WITH INFLAMMATORY CELLS AND MIGHT PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF EOSINOPHILIC CRSWNP.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
7  3758  25 INTEGRATED MRNA AND MICRORNA TRANSCRIPTOME PROFILING DURING DIFFERENTIATION OF HUMAN NASAL POLYP EPITHELIUM REVEALS AN ALTERED CILIOGENESIS. BACKGROUND: HUMAN ADULT BASAL STEM/PROGENITOR CELLS (BSCS) OBTAINED FROM CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYPS (CRSWNP) WHEN DIFFERENTIATED IN AN AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE (ALI) USUALLY PROVIDE A PSEUDOSTRATIFIED AIRWAY EPITHELIUM WITH SIMILAR ABNORMALITIES THAN ORIGINAL IN VIVO PHENOTYPE. HOWEVER, THE INTRINSIC MECHANISMS REGULATING THIS COMPLEX PROCESS ARE NOT WELL DEFINED AND THEIR UNDERSTANDING COULD OFFER POTENTIAL NEW THERAPIES FOR CRSWNP (INCURABLE DISEASE). METHODS: WE PERFORMED A TRANSCRIPTOME-WIDE ANALYSIS DURING IN VITRO MUCOCILIARY DIFFERENTIATION OF HUMAN ADULT BSCS FROM CRSWNP, COMPARED TO THOSE ISOLATED FROM CONTROL NASAL MUCOSA (CONTROL-NM), IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY WHICH KEY MRNA AND MICRORNAS ARE REGULATING THIS COMPLEX PROCESS IN PATHOLOGICAL AND HEALTHY CONDITIONS. RESULTS: A NUMBER OF GENES, MIRS, BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, AND PATHWAYS WERE IDENTIFIED DURING MUCOCILIARY DIFFERENTIATION OF BOTH CRSWNP AND CONTROL-NM EPITHELIA, AND NOTABLY, WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT GENETIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAM RESPONSIBLE OF CILIOGENESIS AND CILIA FUNCTION IS SIGNIFICANTLY IMPAIRED IN CRSWNP EPITHELIUM, PRESUMABLY PRODUCED BY AN ALTERED EXPRESSION OF MICRORNAS, PARTICULARLY OF THOSE MIRS BELONGING TO MIR-34 AND MI-449 FAMILIES. CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY PROVIDES FOR THE FIRST TIME A NOVEL INSIGHT INTO THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF SINONASAL MUCOCILIARY DIFFERENTIATION, DEMONSTRATING THAT TRANSCRIPTOME RELATED TO CILIOGENESIS AND CILIA FUNCTION IS SIGNIFICANTLY IMPAIRED DURING DIFFERENTIATION OF CRSWNP EPITHELIUM DUE TO AN ALTERED EXPRESSION OF MICRORNAS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
8   254  22 ADVANCES IN ASTHMA 2015: ACROSS THE LIFESPAN. IN 2015, PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING ASTHMA RANGED FROM INSIGHTS TO ASTHMA INCEPTION, EXACERBATIONS, AND SEVERITY TO ADVANCEMENTS THAT WILL IMPROVE DISEASE MANAGEMENT THROUGHOUT THE LIFESPAN. 2015'S INSIGHTS TO ASTHMA INCEPTION INCLUDED HOW THE INTESTINAL MICROBIOME AFFECTS ASTHMA EXPRESSION WITH THE IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC GASTROINTESTINAL BACTERIAL TAXA IN EARLY INFANCY ASSOCIATED WITH LESS ASTHMA RISK, POSSIBLY BY PROMOTING REGULATORY IMMUNE DEVELOPMENT AT A CRITICAL EARLY AGE. THE RELEVANCE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN REGULATING ASTHMA-RELATED GENE EXPRESSION WAS STRENGTHENED. PREDICTING AND PREVENTING EXACERBATIONS THROUGHOUT LIFE MIGHT HELP TO REDUCE PROGRESSIVE LUNG FUNCTION DECREASE AND DISEASE SEVERITY IN ADULTHOOD. ALTHOUGH ALLERGY HAS LONG BEEN LINKED TO ASTHMA EXACERBATIONS, A MECHANISM THROUGH WHICH IGE IMPAIRS RHINOVIRUS IMMUNITY AND UNDERLIES ASTHMA EXACERBATIONS WAS DEMONSTRATED AND IMPROVED BY ANTI-IGE THERAPY (OMALIZUMAB). OTHER KEY MOLECULAR PATHWAYS UNDERLYING ASTHMA EXACERBATIONS, SUCH AS CADHERIN-RELATED FAMILY MEMBER 3 (CDHR3) AND OROSOMUCOID LIKE 3 (ORMDL3), WERE ELUCIDATED. NEW ANTI-IL-5 THERAPEUTICS, MEPOLIZUMAB AND RESLIZUMAB, WERE US FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION APPROVED FOR THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH SEVERE EOSINOPHILIC ASTHMA. IN A CLINICAL TRIAL THE NOVEL THERAPEUTIC INHALED GATA3 MRNA-SPECIFIC DNAZYME ATTENUATED EARLY- AND LATE-PHASE ALLERGIC RESPONSES TO INHALED ALLERGEN. THESE CURRENT FINDINGS ARE SIGNIFICANT STEPS TOWARD ADDRESSING UNMET NEEDS IN ASTHMA PREVENTION, SEVERITY MODIFICATION, DISPARITIES, AND LIFESPAN OUTCOMES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
9  5429  17 REGULATION OF TYPE I INTERFERON RESPONSES. TYPE I INTERFERONS (IFNS) ACTIVATE INTRACELLULAR ANTIMICROBIAL PROGRAMMES AND INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES. CANONICAL TYPE I IFN SIGNALLING ACTIVATES THE JANUS KINASE (JAK)-SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION (STAT) PATHWAY, LEADING TO TRANSCRIPTION OF IFN-STIMULATED GENES (ISGS). HOST, PATHOGEN AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS REGULATE THE RESPONSES OF CELLS TO THIS SIGNALLING PATHWAY AND THUS CALIBRATE HOST DEFENCES WHILE LIMITING TISSUE DAMAGE AND PREVENTING AUTOIMMUNITY. HERE, WE SUMMARIZE THE SIGNALLING AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT REGULATE TYPE I IFN-INDUCED STAT ACTIVATION AND ISG TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION. THESE REGULATORY MECHANISMS DETERMINE THE BIOLOGICAL OUTCOMES OF TYPE I IFN RESPONSES AND WHETHER PATHOGENS ARE CLEARED EFFECTIVELY OR CHRONIC INFECTION OR AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE ENSUES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
10  5920  46 TARGETING CHROMATIN REMODELING IN INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS. MUCOSAL SURFACES OF THE HUMAN BODY ARE LINED BY A CONTIGUOUS EPITHELIAL CELL SURFACE THAT FORMS A BARRIER TO AEROSOLIZED PATHOGENS. SPECIALIZED PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS DETECT THE PRESENCE OF VIRAL PATHOGENS AND INITIATE PROTECTIVE HOST RESPONSES BY TRIGGERING ACTIVATION OF THE NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPAB (NFKAPPAB)/RELA TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AND FORMATION OF A COMPLEX WITH THE POSITIVE TRANSCRIPTION ELONGATION FACTOR (P-TEFB)/CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE (CDK)9 AND BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 (BRD4) EPIGENETIC READER. THE RELA.BRD4.P-TEFB COMPLEX PRODUCES ACUTE INFLAMMATION BY REGULATING TRANSCRIPTIONAL ELONGATION, WHICH PRODUCES A RAPID GENOMIC RESPONSE BY INACTIVE GENES MAINTAINED IN AN OPEN CHROMATIN CONFIGURATION ENGAGED WITH HYPOPHOSPHORYLATED RNA POLYMERASE II. WE DESCRIBE RECENT STUDIES THAT HAVE LINKED PROLONGED ACTIVATION OF THE RELA-BRD4 PATHWAY WITH THE EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT) BY INDUCING A CORE OF EMT COREPRESSORS, STIMULATING SECRETION OF GROWTH FACTORS PROMOTING AIRWAY FIBROSIS. THE MESENCHYMAL STATE PRODUCES REWIRING OF THE KINOME AND REPROGRAMMING OF INNATE RESPONSES TOWARD INFLAMMATION. IN ADDITION, THE CORE REGULATOR ZINC FINGER E-BOX HOMEODOMAIN 1 (ZEB1) SILENCES THE EXPRESSION OF THE INTERFERON RESPONSE FACTOR 1 (IRF1), REQUIRED FOR TYPE III IFN EXPRESSION. THIS EPIGENETIC SILENCING IS MEDIATED BY THE ENHANCER OF ZESTE 2 (EZH2) HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE. BECAUSE OF THEIR POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS IN CANCER AND INFLAMMATION, SMALL-MOLECULE INHIBITORS OF NFKAPPAB/RELA, CDK9, BRD4, AND EZH2 HAVE BEEN THE TARGETS OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY EFFORTS. WE SUGGEST THAT DISRUPTION OF THE RELA.BRD4.P-TEFB PATHWAY AND EZH2 METHYLTRANSFERASE HAS IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS FOR REVERSING FIBROSIS AND RESTORING NORMAL MUCOSAL IMMUNITY IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
11  6687  20 VALIDATION OF THE EPIGENETIC READER BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 (BRD4) AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR TREATMENT OF AIRWAY REMODELING. STRUCTURAL REMODELING IS CENTRAL TO THE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF MANY CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES, REPRESENTING AN IMPORTANT UNMET NEED. WE EXAMINE THE EVIDENCE SUPPORTING BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 (BRD4) AS A VALIDATED BIOLOGICAL TARGET FOR TREATMENT OF AIRWAY REMODELING. IN EPITHELIAL CELLS AND FIBROBLASTS, BRD4 SERVES AS A SCAFFOLD FOR CHROMATIN REMODELING COMPLEXES IN ACTIVE SUPER-ENHANCERS. IN RESPONSE TO INFLAMMATORY STIMULI, BRD4 IS REPOSITIONED TO INNATE AND MESENCHYMAL GENES ACTIVATING THEIR PRODUCTION. PROOF-OF-CONCEPT STUDIES SHOW PROMISING BENEFIT OF SELECTIVE BRD4 INHIBITORS IN DISRUPTING EPITHELIAL MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION AND MYOFIBROBLAST TRANSITION IN DIVERSE MODELS OF LUNG INJURY. RECENT IDENTIFICATION OF BIOMARKERS OF BRD4 PROVIDES A BASIS FOR FURTHER DRUG DEVELOPMENT FOR APPLICATION IN VIRAL-INDUCED AIRWAY INFLAMMATION, COPD AND INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
12  4116  29 MECHANISMS OF AIRWAY EPITHELIAL INJURY AND ABNORMAL REPAIR IN ASTHMA AND COPD. THE AIRWAY EPITHELIUM COMPRISES OF DIFFERENT CELL TYPES AND ACTS AS A PHYSICAL BARRIER PREVENTING PATHOGENS, INCLUDING INHALED PARTICLES AND MICROBES, FROM ENTERING THE LUNGS. GOBLET CELLS AND SUBMUCOSAL GLANDS PRODUCE MUCUS THAT TRAPS PATHOGENS, WHICH ARE EXPELLED FROM THE RESPIRATORY TRACT BY CILIATED CELLS. BASAL CELLS ACT AS PROGENITOR CELLS, DIFFERENTIATING INTO DIFFERENT EPITHELIAL CELL TYPES, TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS FOLLOWING INJURY. ADHERENS AND TIGHT JUNCTIONS BETWEEN CELLS MAINTAIN THE EPITHELIAL BARRIER FUNCTION AND REGULATE THE MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES ACROSS IT. IN THIS REVIEW WE DISCUSS HOW ABNORMAL EPITHELIAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, CAUSED BY CHRONIC INJURY AND ABNORMAL REPAIR, DRIVES AIRWAY DISEASE AND SPECIFICALLY ASTHMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). IN BOTH DISEASES, INHALED ALLERGENS, POLLUTANTS AND MICROBES DISRUPT JUNCTIONAL COMPLEXES AND PROMOTE CELL DEATH, IMPAIRING THE BARRIER FUNCTION AND LEADING TO INCREASED PENETRATION OF PATHOGENS AND A CONSTANT AIRWAY IMMUNE RESPONSE. IN ASTHMA, THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE PRECIPITATES THE EPITHELIAL INJURY AND DRIVES ABNORMAL BASAL CELL DIFFERENTIATION. THIS LEADS TO REDUCED CILIATED CELLS, GOBLET CELL HYPERPLASIA AND INCREASED EPITHELIAL MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION, WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO IMPAIRED MUCOCILIARY CLEARANCE AND AIRWAY REMODELLING. IN COPD, CHRONIC OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION TRIGGER PREMATURE EPITHELIAL CELL SENESCENCE, WHICH CONTRIBUTES TO LOSS OF EPITHELIAL INTEGRITY AND AIRWAY INFLAMMATION AND REMODELLING. INCREASED NUMBERS OF BASAL CELLS SHOWING DEREGULATED DIFFERENTIATION, CONTRIBUTES TO CILIARY DYSFUNCTION AND MUCOUS HYPERPRODUCTION IN COPD AIRWAYS. DEFECTIVE ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIVIRAL AND DAMAGE REPAIR MECHANISMS, POSSIBLY DUE TO GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC FACTORS, MAY CONFER SUSCEPTIBILITY TO AIRWAY EPITHELIAL DYSFUNCTION IN THESE DISEASES. THE CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT A CONSTANT CYCLE OF INJURY AND ABNORMAL REPAIR OF THE EPITHELIUM DRIVES CHRONIC AIRWAY INFLAMMATION AND REMODELLING IN ASTHMA AND COPD. MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF INJURY SUSCEPTIBILITY AND DAMAGE RESPONSE MAY LEAD TO IMPROVED THERAPIES FOR THESE DISEASES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
13   170  25 ABNORMALITIES OF THE TYPE I INTERFERON SIGNALING PATHWAY IN LUPUS AUTOIMMUNITY. TYPE I INTERFERONS (IFNS), MOSTLY IFNALPHA AND IFNBETA, AND THE TYPE I IFN SIGNATURE ARE IMPORTANT IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE), AN AUTOIMMUNE CHRONIC CONDITION LINKED TO INFLAMMATION. BOTH IFNALPHA AND IFNBETA TRIGGER A SIGNALING CASCADE THAT, THROUGH THE ACTIVATION OF JAK1, TYK2, STAT1 AND STAT2, INITIATES GENE TRANSCRIPTION OF IFN STIMULATED GENES (ISGS). NOTEWORTHY, OTHER STAT FAMILY MEMBERS AND IFN RESPONSIVE FACTORS (IRFS) CAN ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO THE ACTIVATION OF THE IFN RESPONSE. ABERRANT TYPE I IFN SIGNALING, THEREFORE, CAN EXACERBATE SLE BY DEREGULATED HOMEOSTASIS LEADING TO UNNECESSARY PERSISTENCE OF THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TYPE I IFNS. THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF SLE IS PARTIALLY KNOWN AND CONSIDERED MULTIFACTORIAL. FAMILY-BASED AND GENOME WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (GWAS) HAVE IDENTIFIED GENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL ABNORMALITIES IN KEY MOLECULES DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN THE TYPE I IFN SIGNALING PATHWAY, NAMELY TYK2, STAT1 AND STAT4, AND IRF5. GAIN-OF-FUNCTION MUTATIONS THAT HEIGHTEN IFNALPHA/BETA PRODUCTION, WHICH IN TURN MAINTAINS TYPE I IFN SIGNALING, ARE FOUND IN OTHER PATHOLOGIES LIKE THE INTERFERONOPATHIES. HOWEVER, THE DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS HAVE YET TO BE DETERMINED. SIGNALING MOLECULES ACTIVATED IN RESPONSE TO TYPE I IFNS ARE UPREGULATED IN IMMUNE CELL SUBSETS AND AFFECTED TISSUES OF SLE PATIENTS. MOREOVER, TYPE I IFNS INDUCE CHROMATIN REMODELING LEADING TO A STATE PERMISSIVE TO TRANSCRIPTION, AND SLE PATIENTS HAVE INCREASED GLOBAL AND GENE-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, SUCH AS HYPOMETHYLATION OF DNA AND HISTONE ACETYLATION. EPIGENOME WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (EWAS) HIGHLIGHT IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SLE PATIENTS AND HEALTHY CONTROLS IN INTERFERON STIMULATED GENES (ISGS). THE COMBINATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC FACTORS MAY STIMULATE TYPE I IFN SIGNALING TRANSIENTLY AND PRODUCE LONG-LASTING DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS THROUGH EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE FOR THE PATHOGENIC ROLE OF TYPE I IFNS IN SLE ADVOCATES THE CLINICAL USE OF NEUTRALIZING ANTI-TYPE I IFN RECEPTOR ANTIBODIES AS A THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY, WITH CLINICAL STUDIES ALREADY SHOWING PROMISING RESULTS. CURRENT AND FUTURE CLINICAL TRIALS WILL DETERMINE WHETHER DRUGS TARGETING MOLECULES OF THE TYPE I IFN SIGNALING PATHWAY, LIKE NON-SELECTIVE JAK INHIBITORS OR SPECIFIC TYK2 INHIBITORS, MAY BENEFIT PEOPLE LIVING WITH LUPUS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                      
14  3075  20 GENOME-WIDE EPIGENETIC STUDY OF CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS TISSUES REVEALS DYSREGULATED INFLAMMATORY, IMMUNOLOGIC AND REMODELING PATHWAYS. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETICS STUDIES MECHANISMS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, NON-CODING RNAS, AND ALTERNATIVE POLYADENYLATION THAT CAN MODIFY GENE ACTIVITY WITHOUT CHANGING THE UNDERLYING DNA NUCLEOTIDE BASE-PAIR STRUCTURE. BECAUSE THESE CHANGES ARE REVERSIBLE, THEY HAVE POTENTIAL IN DEVELOPING NOVEL THERAPEUTICS. CURRENTLY, SEVEN PHARMACEUTICAL AGENTS TARGETING EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE FDA APPROVED AND COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE FOR TREATMENT OF CERTAIN CANCERS. HOWEVER, STUDIES INVESTIGATING EPIGENETICS IN CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS (CRS) HAVE NOT BEEN UNDERTAKEN PREVIOUSLY IN THE UNITED STATES. OBJECTIVES: THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE SINONASAL DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN CRS VERSUS CONTROLS, TO DISCERN ENVIRONMENTALLY-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IMPACTING CRS SUBJECTS. METHODS AND RESULTS: ETHMOIDAL SAMPLES FROM CRS AND INFERIOR TURBINATE MUCOSAL TISSUE SAMPLES FROM CONTROLS WITHOUT CRS WERE STUDIED. DNA METHYLATION WAS STUDIED BY REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING. RADMETH(R) BIOSTATISTICAL PACKAGE WAS USED TO IDENTIFY DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS) BETWEEN CRS AND CONTROLS. INGENUITY PATHWAY ANALYSIS OF DMRS WAS PERFORMED TO IDENTIFY TOP UPSTREAM REGULATORS AND CANONICAL PATHWAYS. NINETY-THREE SAMPLES FROM 64 CRS SUBJECTS (36 CRSWNP; 28 CRSSNP) AND 29 CONTROLS WERE STUDIED. CRS AND CONTROL SAMPLES DIFFERED IN 13 662 CPGS SITES AND 1381 DMRS. TOP UPSTREAM REGULATORS IDENTIFIED INCLUDED: 1. CRS VERSUS CONTROLS: TGFB1, TNF, TP53, DGCR8, AND BETA-ESTRADIOL. 2. CRSWNP VERSUS CONTROLS: TGFB1, CTNNB1, LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE, ID2, AND TCF7L2. 3. CRSSNP VERSUS CONTROLS: MYOD1, ACETONE, ID2, ST8SIA4, AND LEPR. CONCLUSIONS: DIFFERENTIAL PATTERNS OF METHYLATION WERE IDENTIFIED BETWEEN CONTROLS AND CRS, CRSWNP, AND CRSSNP. EPIGENETIC, ENVIRONMENTALLY-INDUCED CHANGES RELATED TO NOVEL, INFLAMMATORY, IMMUNOLOGIC, AND REMODELING PATHWAYS APPEAR TO AFFECT EPITHELIAL INTEGRITY, CELL PROLIFERATION, HOMEOSTASIS, VASCULAR PERMEABILITY, AND OTHER YET UNCHARACTERIZED PATHWAYS AND GENES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
15  5607  27 RSV-INDUCED H3K4 DEMETHYLASE KDM5B LEADS TO REGULATION OF DENDRITIC CELL-DERIVED INNATE CYTOKINES AND EXACERBATES PATHOGENESIS IN VIVO. RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV) INFECTION CAN RESULT IN SEVERE DISEASE PARTIALLY DUE TO ITS ABILITY TO INTERFERE WITH THE INITIATION OF TH1 RESPONSES TARGETING THE PRODUCTION OF TYPE I INTERFERONS (IFN) AND PROMOTING A TH2 IMMUNE ENVIRONMENT. EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE IMPORTANT IN REGULATING INFLAMMATORY PATHWAYS. RSV-INFECTED BONE MARROW-DERIVED DCS (BMDCS) UPREGULATED EXPRESSION OF KDM5B/JARID1B H3K4 DEMETHYLASE. KDM5B-SPECIFIC SIRNA INHIBITION IN BMDC LED TO A 10-FOLD INCREASE IN IFN-BETA AS WELL AS INCREASES IN IL-6 AND TNF-ALPHA COMPARED TO CONTROL-TRANSFECTED CELLS. THE GENERATION OF KDM5BFL/FL-CD11C-CRE+ MICE RECAPITULATED THE LATTER RESULTS DURING IN VITRO DC ACTIVATION SHOWING INNATE CYTOKINE MODULATION. IN VIVO, INFECTION OF KDM5BFL/FL-CD11C-CRE+ MICE WITH RSV RESULTED IN HIGHER PRODUCTION OF IFN-GAMMA AND REDUCED IL-4 AND IL-5 COMPARED TO LITTERMATE CONTROLS, WITH SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED INFLAMMATION, IL-13, AND MUCUS PRODUCTION IN THE LUNGS. SENSITIZATION WITH RSV-INFECTED DCS INTO THE AIRWAYS OF NAIVE MICE LED TO AN EXACERBATED RESPONSE WHEN MICE WERE CHALLENGED WITH LIVE RSV INFECTION. WHEN KDM5B WAS BLOCKED IN DCS WITH SIRNA OR DCS FROM KDM5BFL/FL-CD11C-CRE MICE WERE USED, THE EXACERBATED RESPONSE WAS ABROGATED. IMPORTANTLY, HUMAN MONOCYTE-DERIVED DCS TREATED WITH A CHEMICAL INHIBITOR FOR KDM5B RESULTED IN INCREASED INNATE CYTOKINE LEVELS AS WELL AS ELICITED DECREASED TH2 CYTOKINES WHEN CO-CULTURED WITH RSV REACTIVATED CD4+ T CELLS. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT KDM5B ACTS TO REPRESS TYPE I IFN AND OTHER INNATE CYTOKINES TO PROMOTE AN ALTERED IMMUNE RESPONSE FOLLOWING RSV INFECTION THAT CONTRIBUTES TO DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
16  6349  19 THE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN THE CHRONIC SINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYP. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYPS (CRSWNP) IS A COMMON AND HETEROGENEOUS INFLAMMATORY DISEASE. THE UNDERLYING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND TREATMENT OF CRSWNP ARE PARTIALLY UNDERSTOOD. OF THE DIFFERENT EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN CRSWNP, HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS), METHYLATION OF DNA, AND THE LEVELS OF MIRNA ARE WIDELY STUDIED. HERE, WE REVIEW THE HUMAN STUDIES OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN CRSWNP. RECENT FINDINGS: THE PROMOTERS OF COL18A1, PTGES, PLAT, AND TSLP GENES ARE HYPERMETHYLATED IN CRSWNP COMPARED WITH THOSE OF CONTROLS, WHILE THE PROMOTERS OF PGDS, ALOX5AP, LTB4R, IL-8, AND FZD5 GENES ARE HYPOMETHYLATED IN CRSWNP. PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION SUPPRESSES THE GENE EXPRESSION, WHILE PROMOTER HYPOMETHYLATION INCREASES THE GENE EXPRESSION. STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THE ELEVATION IN THE LEVELS OF HDAC2, HDAC4, AND H3K4ME3 IN CRSWNP. IN CRSWNP PATIENTS, THERE IS ALSO AN UPREGULATION OF CERTAIN MIRNAS INCLUDING MIR-125B, MIR-155, MIR-19A, MIR-142-3P, AND MIR-21 AND DOWNREGULATION OF MIR-4492. EPIGENETICS TAKES PART IN THE IMMUNOLOGY OF CRSWNP AND MAY GIVE RISE TO ENDOTYPES OF CRSWNP. BOTH HDAC2 AND THE MIRNA INCLUDING MIR-18A, MIR-124A, AND MIR-142-3P MAY TAKE FUNCTION IN THE REGULATION OF GLUCOCORTICOID RESISTANCE. HDAC INHIBITORS AND KDM2B HAVE SHOWN EFFECTIVENESS IN DECREASING NASAL POLYP, AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) OR HDAC INHIBITORS MAY HAVE A POTENTIAL EFFICACY FOR THE TREATMENT OF CRSWNP. RECENT ADVANCES IN THE EPIGENETICS OF CRSWNP HAVE LED TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF SEVERAL POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR THIS DISEASE. THE USE OF EPIGENETICS MAY PROVIDE NOVEL AND EFFECTIVE BIOMARKERS AND THERAPIES FOR THE TREATMENT OF NASAL POLYP.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
17  3171  29 GUT MICROBIAL GABAERGIC SIGNALING IMPROVES STRESS-ASSOCIATED INNATE IMMUNITY TO RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTION. INTRODUCTION: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCES REVEAL THAT POPULATIONS WITH PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS HAVE AN INCREASED LIKELIHOOD OF RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTION INVOLVING INFLUENZA A VIRUS (IAV) AND SARS-COV-2. OBJECTIVES: THIS STUDY AIMS TO EXPLORE THE POTENTIAL CORRELATION BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS AND INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTIONS AND HOW THIS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO A MORE SEVERE DISEASE PROGRESSION. METHODS: A CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS (CRS) MOUSE MODEL WAS USED TO INFECT IAV AND ESTIMATE LUNG INFLAMMATION. ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES (AMS) WERE OBSERVED IN THE NUMBERS, FUNCTION AND METABOLIC-EPIGENETIC PROPERTIES. TO CONFIRM THE CENTRAL IMPORTANCE OF THE GUT MICROBIOME IN STRESS-EXACERBATED VIRAL PNEUMONIA, MICE WERE CONDUCTED THROUGH MICROBIOME DEPLETION AND GUT MICROBIOME TRANSPLANTATION. RESULTS: STRESS EXPOSURE INDUCED A DECLINE IN LACTOBACILLACEAE ABUNDANCE AND HENCE GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (GABA) LEVEL IN MICE. MICROBIAL-DERIVED GABA WAS RELEASED IN THE PERIPHERAL AND SENSED BY AMS VIA GABA(A)R, LEADING TO ENHANCED MITOCHONDRIAL METABOLISM AND ALPHA-KETOGLUTARATE (ALPHAKG) GENERATION. THE METABOLIC INTERMEDIATOR IN TURN SERVED AS THE COFACTOR FOR THE EPIGENETIC REGULATOR TET2 TO CATALYZE DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION AND PROMOTED THE PPARGAMMA-CENTERED GENE PROGRAM UNDERPINNING SURVIVAL, SELF-RENEWING, AND IMMUNOREGULATION OF AMS. THUS, WE UNCOVER AN UNAPPRECIATED GABA/TET2/PPARGAMMA REGULATORY CIRCUITRY INITIATED BY THE GUT MICROBIOME TO INSTRUCT DISTANT IMMUNE CELLS THROUGH A METABOLIC-EPIGENETIC PROGRAM. ACCORDINGLY, RECONSTITUTION WITH GABA-PRODUCING PROBIOTICS, ADOPTIVE TRANSFERRING OF GABA-CONDITIONED AMS, OR RESUMPTION OF PULMONARY ALPHAKG LEVEL REMARKABLY IMPROVED AMS HOMEOSTASIS AND ALLEVIATED SEVERE PNEUMONIA IN STRESSED MICE. CONCLUSION: TOGETHER, OUR STUDY IDENTIFIES MICROBIOME-DERIVED TONIC SIGNALING TUNED BY PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS TO IMPRINT RESIDENT IMMUNE CELLS AND DEFENSIVE RESPONSE IN THE LUNGS. FURTHER STUDIES ARE WARRANTED TO TRANSLATE THESE FINDINGS, BASICALLY FROM MURINE MODELS, INTO THE INDIVIDUALS WITH PSYCHIATRIC STRESS DURING RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
18  1632  28 DNMTS ARE INVOLVED IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITIONS IN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS. CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS (CRS) PATHOGENESIS IS CLOSELY RELATED TO TISSUE REMODELING, INCLUDING EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT). EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY KEY ROLES IN EMT. DNA METHYLATION, MEDIATED BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS), IS AN EPIGENETIC MARKER THAT IS CRITICAL TO EMT. THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER DNMTS WERE INVOLVED IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EMT AND ELUCIDATE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS IN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT ACTIVITY WERE QUANTIFIED. DNMT EXPRESSION WAS MEASURED USING REAL-TIME PCR (QRT-PCR) IN HUMAN CRS TISSUES. MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS OF DNMTS, E-CADHERIN, VIMENTIN, ALPHA-SMA, AND FIBRONECTIN WERE DETERMINED USING RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOTTING, RESPECTIVELY. DNMT1, DNMT3A, AND DNMT3B GENE EXPRESSION WERE KNOCKED DOWN USING SIRNA TRANSFECTION. MAPK PHOSPHORYLATION AND EMT-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR LEVELS WERE DETERMINED USING WESTERN BLOTTING. SIGNALING PATHWAYS WERE ANALYZED USING SPECIFIC INHIBITORS OF MAPK. WE DEMONSTRATED THESE DATA IN PRIMARY NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION, DNMT ACTIVITY, AND DNMT EXPRESSION INCREASED IN CRS TISSUES. DNMT EXPRESSION WAS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH LUND-MCKAY CT SCORES. TGF-BETA1 DOSE-DEPENDENTLY INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION. FURTHER, 5-AZA INHIBITED TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT, SNAIL, AND SLUG EXPRESSION RELATED TO EMT, AS WELL AS P38 AND JNK PHOSPHORYLATION IN A549 CELLS AND TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION AND EMT IN PRIMARY NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION LEADS TO DNA METHYLATION AND EMT VIA P38, JNK, SNAIL, AND SLUG SIGNALING PATHWAYS. INHIBITION OF DNMT SUPPRESSED THE EMT PROCESS AND THEREFORE IS POTENTIALLY A CRS THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
19  6450  27 THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR INFLAMMATION-MEDIATED AIRWAY REMODELING IN CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE. ACUTE EXACERBATIONS OF CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE ACCOUNT FOR SUBSTANTIAL MORBIDITY AND HEALTH COSTS. REPEATED INFLAMMATORY EPISODES AND ATTENDANT BRONCHOCONSTRICTION CAUSE STRUCTURAL REMODELING OF THE AIRWAY. REMODELING IS A MULTICELLULAR RESPONSE TO MUCOSAL INJURY THAT RESULTS IN EPITHELIAL CELL-STATE CHANGES, ENHANCED EXTRACELLULAR DEPOSITION, AND EXPANSION OF PRO-FIBROTIC MYOFIBROBLAST POPULATIONS. AREAS COVERED: THIS MANUSCRIPT OVERVIEWS MECHANISTIC STUDIES IDENTIFYING KEY SENTINEL CELL POPULATIONS IN THE AIRWAY AND HOW PATTERN RECOGNITION SIGNALING INDUCES MALADAPTIVE MUCOSAL CHANGES AND AIRWAY REMODELING. STUDIES ELUCIDATING HOW NFKAPPAB COUPLES WITH AN ATYPICAL HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE, BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 (BRD4) THAT REPROGRAMS MUCOSAL FIBROGENIC RESPONSES, ARE DESCRIBED. THE APPROACHES TO DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SELECTIVE INHIBITORS OF EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING ON INNATE INFLAMMATION AND STRUCTURAL REMODELING IN PRECLINICAL MODELS ARE DETAILED. EXPERT COMMENTARY: BRONCHIOLAR CELLS DERIVED FROM SCGB1A1-EXPRESSING PROGENITORS FUNCTION AS MAJOR SENTINEL CELLS OF THE AIRWAY, RESPONSIBLE FOR INITIATING ANTIVIRAL AND AEROALLERGEN RESPONSES. IN THESE SENTINEL CELLS, ACTIVATION OF INNATE INFLAMMATION IS COUPLED TO NEUTROPHILIC RECRUITMENT, MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION AND MYOFIBROBLAST EXPANSION. THERAPEUTICS TARGETING THE NFKB-BRD4 MAY BE EFFICACIOUS IN REDUCING PATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ACUTE EXACERBATIONS IN CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
20  5938  34 TARGETING INDUCIBLE EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING PATHWAYS IN CHRONIC AIRWAY REMODELING. ALLERGIC ASTHMA IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY AIRWAY DISEASE WHOSE CLINICAL COURSE IS PUNCTUATED BY ACUTE EXACERBATIONS FROM AEROALLERGEN EXPOSURE OR RESPIRATORY VIRUS INFECTIONS. AEROALLERGENS AND RESPIRATORY VIRUSES STIMULATE TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR (TLR) SIGNALING, PRODUCING OXIDATIVE INJURY AND INFLAMMATION. REPETITIVE EXACERBATIONS PRODUCE COMPLEX MUCOSAL ADAPTATIONS, CELL-STATE CHANGES, AND STRUCTURAL REMODELING. THESE STRUCTURAL CHANGES PRODUCE SUBSTANTIAL MORBIDITY, DECREASE LUNG CAPACITY, AND IMPAIR QUALITY OF LIFE. WE WILL REVIEW RECENT SYSTEMS-LEVEL STUDIES THAT PROVIDE FUNDAMENTAL NEW INSIGHTS INTO HOW REPETITIVE ACTIVATION OF INNATE SIGNALING PATHWAYS PRODUCE EPIGENETIC 'TRAINING' TO INDUCE ADAPTIVE EPITHELIAL RESPONSES. OXIDATIVE STRESS PRODUCED DOWNSTREAM OF TLR SIGNALING INDUCES TRANSIENT OXIDATION OF GUANINE BASES IN THE REGULATORY REGIONS OF INFLAMMATORY GENES. THE EPIGENETIC MARK 8-OXOG IS BOUND BY A PLEIOTROPIC DNA REPAIR ENZYME, 8-OXOGUANINE DNA GLYCOSYLASE (OGG1), WHICH INDUCES CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES IN ADJACENT DNA TO RECRUIT THE NFKAPPAB.BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 (BRD4) COMPLEX. THE NFKAPPAB.BRD4 COMPLEX NOT ONLY PLAYS A CENTRAL ROLE IN INFLAMMATION, BUT ALSO TRIGGERS MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX REMODELING. SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS OF OGG1-8-OXOG BINDING AND BRD4-ACETYLATED HISTONE INTERACTION HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED. WE PRESENT STUDIES DEMONSTRATING EFFICACY OF THESE IN REDUCING AIRWAY INFLAMMATION IN PRECLINICAL MODELS. TARGETING INDUCIBLE EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING PATHWAY SHOWS PROMISE FOR THERAPEUTICS IN REVERSING AIRWAY REMODELING IN A VARIETY OF CHRONIC AIRWAY DISEASES.	2019