1  1826 149 EFFECTS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR ON EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PRODUCTION IN HUMAN NASAL POLYP ORGAN CULTURES. BACKGROUND: NASAL POLYPOSIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITION OF THE SINONASAL MUCOSA AND INVOLVES MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) ACCUMULATION. EPIGENETIC MODULATION BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS INCLUDING TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) HAS BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE INHIBITORY EFFECTS ON MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION IN LUNG AND RENAL FIBROBLASTS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF TSA ON MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND ECM PRODUCTION IN NASAL POLYP ORGAN CULTURES. METHODS: NASAL POLYP TISSUES FROM 18 PATIENTS WERE ACQUIRED DURING ENDOSCOPIC SINUS SURGERY. AFTER ORGAN CULTURE, NASAL POLYPS WERE STIMULATED WITH TGF-BETA1 AND THEN TREATED WITH TSA. ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA), FIBRONECTIN, AND COLLAGEN TYPE I EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE EXAMINED BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR), REAL-TIME PCR, WESTERN BLOT, AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STAINING. HDAC2, HDAC4, AND ACETYLATED H4 EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE ASSAYED BY WESTERN BLOT. CYTOTOXICITY WAS ANALYZED BY THE TERMINAL DEOXYNUCLEOTIDYL TRANSFERASE BIOTIN-DUTP NICK END LABELING ASSAY. RESULTS: THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF ALPHA-SMA, FIBRONECTIN, AND COLLAGEN TYPE 1 WERE INCREASED IN NASAL POLYP AFTER TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF) BETA1 TREATMENT. TSA-INHIBITED TGF-BETA1 INDUCED THESE GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS. FURTHERMORE, TSA SUPPRESSED PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HDAC2 AND HDAC4. HOWEVER, TSA INDUCED HYPERACETYLATION OF HISTONES H4. TREATMENT WITH TGF-BETA1 WITH OR WITHOUT TSA DID NOT HAVE CYTOTOXIC EFFECT. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND ECM PRODUCTION OF NASAL POLYP. TSA COULD BE A CANDIDATE OF A THERAPEUTIC AGENT FOR REVERSING THE TGF-BETA1-INDUCED ECM SYNTHESIS THAT LEADS TO NASAL POLYP DEVELOPMENT.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2  2326  46 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HOTAIR IN ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. PURPOSE: CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) ACCOUNTS FOR ~10% OF LEUKEMIA CASES, AND ITS PROGRESSION INVOLVES EPIGENETIC GENE REGULATION. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HOTAIR AND ITS TARGET MICRORNA, MIR-143, IN ADVANCED CML. PATIENTS AND METHODS: WE FIRST ISOLATED BONE MARROW MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM 70 PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT PHASES OF CML AND FROM HEALTHY DONORS AS NORMAL CONTROL; WE ALSO CULTURED K562 AND KCL22 CELLS, TREATED WITH DEMETHYLATION DRUG; MTT ASSAY, FLOW CYTOMETRY, QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QPCR), METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP), WESTERN BLOT, LUCIFERASE ASSAY, RNA PULL-DOWN ASSAY AND RNA-BINDING PROTEIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (RIP) ASSAY WERE PERFORMED. RESULT: AS MEASURED BY QPCR, HOTAIR EXPRESSION IN K562 CELLS, KCL22 CELLS, AND SAMPLES FROM CASES OF ADVANCED-STAGE CML INCREASED WITH LEVELS OF SEVERAL DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEACETYLATES, INCLUDING DNMT1, DNMT3A, HDAC1, EZH2, AND LSD1, AND MIR-143 LEVELS WERE DECREASED AND HOTAIR LEVELS WERE INCREASED. TREATMENT WITH 5-AZACYTIDINE, A DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR, DECREASED DNMT1, DNMT3A, HDAC1, EZH2, LSD1 MRNA, PROTEIN LEVELS, AND HOTAIR MRNA LEVELS BUT INCREASED MIR-143 LEVELS. HOTAIR KNOCKDOWN AND MIR-143 OVEREXPRESSION BOTH INHIBITED PROLIFERATION AND PROMOTED APOPTOSIS IN KCL22 AND K562 CELLS THROUGH THE PI3K/AKT PATHWAY. RNA PULL-DOWN, MASS SPECTROMETRY, AND RIP ASSAYS SHOWED THAT HOTAIR INTERACTED WITH EZH2 AND LSD1. A DUAL-LUCIFERASE ASSAY DEMONSTRATED THAT HOTAIR INTERACTED WITH MIR-143. CONCLUSION: OUR FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THE KEY EPIGENETIC INTERACTIONS OF HOTAIR RELATED TO CML PROGRESSION AND SUGGEST HOTAIR AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR ADVANCED CML. FURTHERMORE, OUR RESULTS SUPPORT THE USE OF DEMETHYLATION DRUGS AS A CML TREATMENT STRATEGY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
3  1632  43 DNMTS ARE INVOLVED IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITIONS IN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS. CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS (CRS) PATHOGENESIS IS CLOSELY RELATED TO TISSUE REMODELING, INCLUDING EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT). EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY KEY ROLES IN EMT. DNA METHYLATION, MEDIATED BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS), IS AN EPIGENETIC MARKER THAT IS CRITICAL TO EMT. THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER DNMTS WERE INVOLVED IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EMT AND ELUCIDATE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS IN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT ACTIVITY WERE QUANTIFIED. DNMT EXPRESSION WAS MEASURED USING REAL-TIME PCR (QRT-PCR) IN HUMAN CRS TISSUES. MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS OF DNMTS, E-CADHERIN, VIMENTIN, ALPHA-SMA, AND FIBRONECTIN WERE DETERMINED USING RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOTTING, RESPECTIVELY. DNMT1, DNMT3A, AND DNMT3B GENE EXPRESSION WERE KNOCKED DOWN USING SIRNA TRANSFECTION. MAPK PHOSPHORYLATION AND EMT-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR LEVELS WERE DETERMINED USING WESTERN BLOTTING. SIGNALING PATHWAYS WERE ANALYZED USING SPECIFIC INHIBITORS OF MAPK. WE DEMONSTRATED THESE DATA IN PRIMARY NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION, DNMT ACTIVITY, AND DNMT EXPRESSION INCREASED IN CRS TISSUES. DNMT EXPRESSION WAS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH LUND-MCKAY CT SCORES. TGF-BETA1 DOSE-DEPENDENTLY INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION. FURTHER, 5-AZA INHIBITED TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT, SNAIL, AND SLUG EXPRESSION RELATED TO EMT, AS WELL AS P38 AND JNK PHOSPHORYLATION IN A549 CELLS AND TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION AND EMT IN PRIMARY NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION LEADS TO DNA METHYLATION AND EMT VIA P38, JNK, SNAIL, AND SLUG SIGNALING PATHWAYS. INHIBITION OF DNMT SUPPRESSED THE EMT PROCESS AND THEREFORE IS POTENTIALLY A CRS THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
4  5116  24 POSITIVE REGULATION OF HUMAN TELOMERASE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE GENE EXPRESSION AND TELOMERASE ACTIVITY BY DNA METHYLATION IN PANCREATIC CANCER. AIM: WE SOUGHT TO DETERMINE THE ROLE OF TELOMERASE AND ITS CATALYTIC SUBUNIT HTERT IN PANCREATIC CANCER AND EVALUATE THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HTERT BY PROMOTER METHYLATION. METHODS: THIRTY PAIRED SAMPLES OF PANCREATIC DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMAS AND ADJACENT NORMAL TISSUE AND 12 CHRONIC PANCREATITIS SAMPLES WERE STUDIED. REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, TELOMERIC REPEAT AMPLIFICATION PROTOCOL ASSAY, AND METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION WERE PERFORMED TO ANALYZE HTERT EXPRESSION, TELOMERASE ACTIVITY, AND METHYLATION STATUS OF GENE PROMOTERS, RESPECTIVELY. RESULT: HTERT AND TELOMERASE ACTIVITY WERE UPREGULATED IN PANCREATIC CANCER COMPARED WITH PAIRED NORMAL TISSUES AND SAMPLES OF PANCREATITIS. HTERT EXPRESSION CORRELATED WITH TELOMERASE ACTIVITY (P \ .05) AND IN TURN CORRELATED POSITIVELY WITH HTERT PROMOTER METHYLATION (P \ .001) AND P16 PROMOTER METHYLATION. HTERT TRANSCRIPT EXPRESSION AND TELOMERASE ACTIVITY BOTH CONFERRED A WORSE OUTCOME BY UNIVARIATE AND MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS (P \ .05). CONCLUSION: HTERT EXPRESSION AND TELOMERASE ACTIVITY ARE PREDICTORS OF POOR OUTCOME IN PANCREATIC CANCER. HTERT GENE EXPRESSION IS POSITIVELY REGULATED BY PROMOTER METHYLATION.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
5  1620  31 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE-MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING IN MALIGNANT GLIOMA: A COMBINED WHOLE-GENOME MICROARRAY AND PROMOTER ARRAY ANALYSIS. EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IS A COMMON FEATURE IN HUMAN CANCER. PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AND HISTONE DEACETYLATION ARE REVERSIBLE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT1 AND DNMT3B) REGULATE AND MAINTAIN PROMOTER METHYLATION AND ARE OVEREXPRESSED IN HUMAN CANCER. WE PERFORMED WHOLE-GENOME MICROARRAY ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY GENES WITH ALTERED EXPRESSION AFTER RNAI-INDUCED SUPPRESSION OF DNMT IN A GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME (GBM) CELL LINE. WE THEN IDENTIFIED GENES WITH BOTH DECREASED EXPRESSION AND EVIDENCE OF PROMOTER CPG ISLAND HYPERMETHYLATION IN GBM TISSUE SAMPLES USING A COMBINED WHOLE-GENOME MICROARRAY TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS IN CONJUNCTION WITH A PROMOTER ARRAY ANALYSIS AFTER DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION WITH ANTI-5-METHYLCYTIDINE. DNMT1 AND 3B KNOCKDOWN RESULTED IN THE RESTORED EXPRESSION OF 308 GENES THAT ALSO CONTAINED PROMOTER REGION HYPERMETHYLATION. OF THESE, 43 WERE ALSO FOUND TO BE DOWNREGULATED IN GBM TISSUE SAMPLES. THREE DOWNREGULATED GENES WITH HYPERMETHYLATED PROMOTERS AND RESTORED EXPRESSION IN RESPONSE TO ACUTE DNMT SUPPRESSION WERE ASSAYED FOR METHYLATION CHANGES USING BISULFITE SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF THE PROMOTER REGION AFTER CHRONIC DNMT SUPPRESSION. RESTORATION OF GENE EXPRESSION WAS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN PROMOTER REGION METHYLATION, BUT RATHER WITH CHANGES IN HISTONE METHYLATION AND CHROMATIN CONFORMATION. TWO OF THE IDENTIFIED GENES EXHIBITED GROWTH SUPPRESSIVE ACTIVITY IN IN VITRO ASSAYS. COMBINING TARGETED GENETIC MANIPULATIONS WITH COMPREHENSIVE GENOMIC AND EXPRESSION ANALYSES PROVIDES A POTENTIALLY POWERFUL NEW APPROACH FOR IDENTIFYING EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED GENES IN GBM.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
6  1905  45 ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2 CONTRIBUTES TO APOPTOSIS BY INACTIVATING JANUS KINASE 2/ SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION SIGNALING IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. BACKGROUND: INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) IS A PREVALENT WORLDWIDE HEALTH PROBLEM FEATURED BY RELAPSING, CHRONIC GASTROINTESTINAL INFLAMMATION. ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2 (EZH2) IS A CRITICAL EPIGENETIC REGULATOR IN DIFFERENT PATHOLOGICAL MODELS, SUCH AS CANCER AND INFLAMMATION. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF EZH2 IN THE IBD DEVELOPMENT IS STILL OBSCURE. AIM: TO EXPLORE THE EFFECT OF EZH2 ON IBD PROGRESSION AND THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM. METHODS: THE IBD MOUSE MODEL WAS CONDUCTED BY ADDING DEXTRAN SODIUM SULFATE (DSS), AND THE EFFECT OF EZH2 ON DSS-INDUCED COLITIS WAS ASSESSED IN THE MODEL. THE FUNCTION OF EZH2 IN REGULATING APOPTOSIS AND PERMEABILITY WAS EVALUATED BY ANNEXIN V-FITC APOPTOSIS DETECTION KIT, TRANSEPITHELIAL ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE ANALYSIS, AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS OF RELATED MARKERS, INCLUDING ZONA OCCLUDENS 1, CLAUDIN-5, AND OCCLUDIN, IN NCM460 AND FETAL HUMAN COLON (FHC) CELLS. THE MECHANICAL INVESTIGATION WAS PERFORMED BY QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS, AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS. RESULTS: THE COLON LENGTH WAS INHIBITED IN THE DSS-TREATED MICE AND WAS ENHANCED BY THE EZH2 DEPLETION IN THE SYSTEM. DSS TREATMENT CAUSED A DECREASED HISTOLOGICAL SCORE IN THE MICE, WHICH WAS REVERSED BY EZH2 DEPLETION. THE INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, SUCH AS TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA, INTERLEUKIN-6, AND INTERLEUKIN-1BETA, WERE INDUCED IN THE DSS-TREATED MICE, IN WHICH THE DEPLETION OF EZH2 COULD REVERSE THIS EFFECT. MOREOVER, THE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA TREATMENT INDUCED THE APOPTOSIS OF NCM460 AND FHC CELLS, IN WHICH EZH2 DEPLETION COULD REVERSE THIS EFFECT IN THE CELLS. MOREOVER, THE DEPLETION OF EZH2 ATTENUATED PERMEABILITY OF COLONIC EPITHELIAL CELLS. MECHANICALLY, THE DEPLETION OF EZH2 OR EZH2 INHIBITOR GSK343 WAS ABLE TO ENHANCE THE EXPRESSION AND THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF JANUS KINASE 2 (JK2) AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION IN THE NCM460 AND FHC CELLS. SPECIFICALLY, EZH2 INACTIVATED JAK2 EXPRESSION BY REGULATING HISTONE H3K27ME3. JAK2 INHIBITOR TG101348 WAS ABLE TO REVERSE EZH2 KNOCKDOWN-MEDIATED COLONIC EPITHELIAL CELL PERMEABILITY AND APOPTOSIS. CONCLUSION: THUS, WE CONCLUDED THAT EZH2 CONTRIBUTED TO APOPTOSIS AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE BY INACTIVATING JAK2/ SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION SIGNALING IN IBD. EZH2 MAY BE APPLIED AS A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR IBD THERAPY.	2021	

7  6069  36 THE DIOXIN RECEPTOR IS SILENCED BY PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION IN HUMAN ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA THROUGH INHIBITION OF SP1 BINDING. THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ARYL HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR (AHR) HAS RELEVANT FUNCTIONS IN CELL PROLIFERATION. INTERESTINGLY, THE AHR CAN EITHER PROMOTE OR INHIBIT PROLIFERATION DEPENDING ON THE CELL PHENOTYPE. ALTHOUGH RECENT DATA REVEAL POTENTIAL PATHWAYS FOR AHR SIGNALING IN CELL PROLIFERATION, THE MECHANISMS THAT REGULATE ITS ACTIVITY IN TUMOR CELLS REMAIN UNKNOWN. HERE, WE HAVE ANALYZED PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AS A POTENTIAL MECHANISM CONTROLLING AHR EXPRESSION IN HUMAN TUMOR CELLS. AHR PROMOTER CPG METHYLATION WAS SPORADIC IN A PANEL OF 19 TUMOR CELL LINES EXCEPT FOR THE CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) K562 AND THE ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL) REH. WHEN COMPARED WITH NORMAL LYMPHOCYTES, REH HAD VERY LOW CONSTITUTIVE AHR EXPRESSION THAT COULD BE ATTRIBUTED TO PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION SINCE TREATMENT WITH THE DNA DEMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCITIDINE (AZA) SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED AHR MRNA AND PROTEIN. THESE RESULTS IN LEUKEMIA-DERIVED CELL LINES WERE FURTHER CONFIRMED IN PRIMARY ALL, WHERE 33% OF THE PATIENTS (7/21) HAD AHR PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) SHOWED THAT METHYLATION IMPAIRED BINDING OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SP1 TO THE AHR PROMOTER, THUS PROVIDING A MECHANISM FOR AHR DOWNREGULATION IN REH CELLS. THEREFORE, PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION REPRESENTS A NOVEL EPIGENETIC MECHANISM DOWNREGULATING AHR ACTIVITY IN HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES SUCH AS ALL.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
8  2437  44 EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SONIC HEDGEHOG ELICITS ANTITUMOR IMMUNE RESPONSE AND SUPPRESSES TUMOR GROWTH BY INHIBITING THE HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY IN METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS IN SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS. BACKGROUND: PATIENTS WITH METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS MAY SUFFER FROM PAIN OR NEUROLOGIC DEFICIT, AND THE DISEASE MAY BE DETECTED IN PATIENTS WITH A KNOWN MALIGNANCY. SONIC HEDGEHOG (SHH) HAS RECEIVED SPECIAL ATTENTION DUE TO ITS ROLE IN CANCERS. THEREFORE, THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SHH ON ANTITUMOR IMMUNE RESPONSE AND TUMOR GROWTH BY REGULATING THE HEDGEHOG (HH) SIGNALING PATHWAY IN METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS. METHODS: RAT MODELS OF METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS WERE SUCCESSFULLY ESTABLISHED. WE FIRST CALCULATED THE TUMOR VOLUME AND THE INHIBITION RATE OF TUMOR GROWTH TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF SHH ON TUMOR GROWTH. AFTERWARDS, IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY WAS USED TO DETERMINE WHETHER PROLIFERATION WAS DELAYED BY SHH DEPLETION, AND THE 3-(4,5-DIMETHYLTHIAZOL-2-YL)-2,5-DIPHENYLTETRAZOLIUM BROMIDE ASSAY WAS CONDUCTED TO TEST THE CHANGES IN THE LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION RATE IN THE SPLEEN TRIGGERED BY SHH SILENCING. THEN, THE INFLUENCE OF SHH DEPLETION ON IMMUNE FUNCTION WAS INVESTIGATED. LATER, QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND WESTERN BLOT ASSAY WERE PERFORMED TO EXPLORE THE HH SIGNALING PATHWAY-RELATED FACTORS. FINALLY, WE ADDED THE HH SIGNALING PATHWAY INHIBITOR, GDC-0449, TO CONFIRM THE ROLE OF THE PATHWAY IN TUMOR PROGRESSION. RESULTS: INITIALLY, WE OBSERVED THAT SHH DEPLETION WAS A NEGATIVE FACTOR FOR TUMOR GROWTH. AFTERWARDS, IT WAS REVEALED THAT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SHH SERVED AS AN INHIBITOR FACTOR FOR THE FUNCTION OF SPLEEN LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION AND INFLAMMATION WHILE PROMOTING ANTITUMOR IMMUNE FUNCTION. CONCLUSION: OUR PRELIMINARY RESULTS INDICATE THAT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SHH ELICITS AN ANTITUMOR IMMUNE RESPONSE AND SUPPRESSES TUMOR GROWTH BY INHIBITING THE HH SIGNALING PATHWAY IN METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
9  2300  37 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION IN THE PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY: IMPLICATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) IS KNOWN TO BE UP-REGULATED IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY, AND TO CONTRIBUTE TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN. HERE, WE FOUND THAT THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AT DAY 7 POST-INJURY WERE INHIBITED ONLY WHEN ANTI-BDNF ANTIBODY WAS INTRATHECALLY ADMINISTRATED AT DAY 2 POST-INJURY. CONSISTENT WITH BEHAVIORAL RESULTS, WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF BDNF PROTEIN IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN WERE MARKEDLY INDUCED DURING EARLY STAGE POST-INJURY. MOREOVER, THE MAXIMAL INCREASE IN BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION IN THE DRG WAS OBSERVED AT DAY 1 POST-INJURY, AND SIGNIFICANTLY ELEVATED LEVELS WERE SUSTAINED FOR AT LEAST 14 DAYS. FOUR OF FIVE BDNF MRNA TRANSCRIPTS WERE UP-REGULATED AFTER NERVE INJURY, AND THE MOST INDUCIBLE TRANSCRIPT WAS EXON I. USING A CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAY, WE FOUND THAT NERVE INJURY PROMOTES HISTONE H3 AND H4 ACETYLATION, TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE MODIFICATIONS, AT BDNF PROMOTER I AT DAY 1 POST-INJURY, AND THE LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION REMAIN ELEVATED FOR AT LEAST 7 DAYS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT AN INITIAL INCREASE IN BDNF EXON I EXPRESSION CONTROLLED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MIGHT HAVE A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
10  1212  29 CPG ISLAND METHYLATION OF THE HTERT PROMOTER IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER TELOMERASE ACTIVITY IN B-CELL LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. OBJECTIVE: EXPRESSION OF THE CATALYTIC SUBUNIT OF THE TELOMERASE ENZYME HTERT IS ESSENTIAL FOR PROLONGING THE REPLICATIVE LIFESPAN AND IS THE RATE-LIMITING STEP IN CELLULAR IMMORTALIZATION AND CARCINOGENESIS. BECAUSE HTERT EXPRESSION IS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH TELOMERASE ACTIVITY, ITS REGULATION IS SUGGESTED AS THE MAJOR DETERMINANT OF ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY. THE HTERT PROMOTER REGION CONTAINS TWO CPG ISLANDS, WHICH ARE KNOWN TO BE TARGET SITES FOR DE NOVO DNA METHYLATION. TO ELUCIDATE THE IMPACT OF THIS EPIGENETIC MECHANISM ON TELOMERASE ACTIVITY, WE ANALYZED THE DEGREE OF HTERT PROMOTER METHYLATION IN 30 PATIENTS WITH B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: HTERT PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS ASSESSED USING A METHYLATION-SPECIFIC COMPETITIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ASSAY. THE ASSAY IS BASED ON DIGESTION OF GENOMIC DNA WITH A METHYLATION-SENSITIVE RESTRICTION ENZYME BEFORE AMPLIFICATION WITH AN INTERNAL STANDARD. RESULTS: PATIENTS EXHIBITING HIGH TELOMERASE ACTIVITY SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY LESS METHYLATION OF THE HTERT PROMOTER CORE DOMAIN THAN PATIENTS WITH LOW ENZYME ACTIVITY. IN ADDITION, TELOMERASE ACTIVITY WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH TELOMERE LENGTH AND OVERALL SURVIVAL. CONCLUSIONS: OUR DATA SHOW THAT THE DEGREE OF CPG ISLAND METHYLATION OF THE HTERT PROMOTER EXHIBITS AN IMPACT ON TELOMERASE ACTIVITY IN A SUBGROUP OF PATIENTS WITH B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA AND THEREFORE IS ASSUMED TO PLAY A ROLE IN REGULATING HTERT GENE EXPRESSION IN THESE PATIENTS.	2002	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
11  4899  33 OXIDATIVE STRESS MEDIATES THE APOPTOSIS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF THE BCL-2 PROMOTER VIA DNMT1 IN A CIGARETTE SMOKE-INDUCED EMPHYSEMA MODEL. BACKGROUND: EMPHYSEMA IS A CRUCIAL PATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). OXIDATIVE STRESS, APOPTOSIS AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF EMPHYSEMA. HOWEVER, AN ATTEMPT TO ACCURATELY IDENTIFY WHETHER THESE MECHANISMS INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER AND HOW THEY ARE TRIGGERED HAS NEVER BEEN CONDUCTED. METHOD: THE TOTAL REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) LEVEL, PULMONARY APOPTOSIS AND B-CELL LYMPHOMA/LEUKEMIA-2 (BCL-2) EXPRESSION, AN APOPTOSIS REGULATOR, WERE DETECTED IN SAMPLES FROM COPD PATIENTS. BISULFITE SEQUENCING PCR (BSP) WAS CONDUCTED TO OBSERVE THE ALTERATIONS IN THE METHYLATION OF THE BCL-2 PROMOTER IN SPECIMENS. THE DYSREGULATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE ENZYME 1 (DNMT1), A VITAL DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE ENZYME, IN THE LUNGS OF PATIENTS WAS CONFIRMED THROUGH WESTERN BLOTTING. TO FIND OUT INTERACTIONS BETWEEN OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DNA METHYLATION IN EMPHYSEMA, MOUSE MODELS WERE BUILT WITH ANTIOXIDANT TREATMENT AND DNMT1 SILENCING, AND WERE EXAMINED WITH THE PULMONARY APOPTOSIS, BCL-2 AND DNMT1 LEVELS, AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF BCL-2. RESULTS: HIGHER ROS LEVELS AND PULMONARY APOPTOSIS WERE OBSERVED IN COPD PATIENTS THAN IN HEALTHY CONTROLS. DOWNREGULATED BCL-2 EXPRESSION WITH INCREASED PROMOTER METHYLATION AND DNMT1 PROTEIN EXPRESSION WAS FOUND IN COPD PATIENTS. ANTIOXIDANT TREATMENT REDUCED THE LEVEL OF ROS, DNMT1 PROTEIN AND EMPHYSEMATOUS PROGRESSION IN THE SMOKING MODELS. FOLLOWING DNMT1 BLOCKADE, SMOKING MODELS SHOWED IMPROVED LUNG FUNCTION, PULMONARY APOPTOSIS, EMPHYSEMATOUS PROGRESSION, AND INCREASED BCL-2 PROTEIN LEVEL WITH LESS PROMOTER METHYLATION THAN EMPHYSEMA MICE. CONCLUSION: CIGARETTE-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS MEDIATES PULMONARY APOPTOSIS AND HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE BCL-2 PROMOTER IN EMPHYSEMA MODELS THROUGH DNMT1.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
12  1831  44 EFFECTS OF MATERNAL SEPARATION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG ON EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR EXON I PROMOTER IN THE ADULT RAT HIPPOCAMPUS. AIM: EARLY LIFE STRESS CAN INDUCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THROUGH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS AND IS A RISK FACTOR FOR DEPRESSION. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG ACTION. WE INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE BDNF EXON I PROMOTER IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF ADULT RATS SUBJECTED TO MATERNAL SEPARATION (MS) DURING EARLY LIFE AND TREATED WITH AN ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG AS ADULTS. METHODS: RAT PUPS WERE SUBJECTED TO MS FROM POSTNATAL DAY 1 TO 21 AND RECEIVED CHRONIC ESCITALOPRAM (ESC) AS ADULTS. WE ASSESSED THE EFFECTS OF MS AND ESC ON BDNF EXON I AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT) MRNA LEVELS (QUANTITATIVE REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION), ACETYLATED HISTONE H3, AND MECP2 BINDING TO THE BDNF PROMOTER I (CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION FOLLOWED BY REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION), AND BDNF PROTEIN LEVELS (ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY). RESULTS: THE LEVELS OF BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION, AND DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA WERE ALTERED IN THE MS GROUP COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL GROUP. SIGNIFICANT DECREASES WERE OBSERVED IN THE BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, AND HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS AND THERE WERE SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA LEVELS. THE COMPARISON BETWEEN THE MS + ESC AND MS GROUPS REVEALED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, AND HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS AND SIGNIFICANT DECREASES IN MECP2 AND DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA LEVELS. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT MS INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE BDNF EXON I PROMOTER AND THESE CHANGES WERE PREVENTED BY ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG TREATMENT DURING ADULTHOOD.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
13   439  44 ANTILEUKEMIC ACTIVITY OF VALPROIC ACID IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA B CELLS DEFINED BY MICROARRAY ANALYSIS. EPIGENETIC CODE MODIFICATIONS BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS HAVE RECENTLY BEEN PROPOSED AS POTENTIAL NEW THERAPIES FOR HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) REMAINS INCURABLE DESPITE THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW TREATMENTS. CLL B CELLS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY AN APOPTOSIS DEFECT RATHER THAN EXCESSIVE PROLIFERATION, BUT PROLIFERATION CENTERS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN ORGANS SUCH AS THE BONE MARROW AND LYMPH NODES. IN THIS STUDY, WE ANALYZED GENE EXPRESSION MODIFICATIONS IN CLL B CELLS AFTER TREATMENT WITH VALPROIC ACID (VPA), A WELL-TOLERATED ANTI-EPILEPTIC DRUG WITH HDAC INHIBITORY ACTIVITY. CLL B CELLS OBTAINED FROM 14 PATIENTS WERE TREATED IN VITRO WITH A CONCENTRATION OF 1 MM VPA FOR 4 H. VPA EFFECTS ON GENE EXPRESSION WERE THEREAFTER STUDIED USING AFFYMETRIX TECHNOLOGY, AND SOME IDENTIFIED GENES WERE VALIDATED BY REAL-TIME PCR AND WESTERN BLOT. WE OBSERVED THAT VPA INDUCED APOPTOSIS BY DOWNREGULATING SEVERAL ANTI-APOPTOTIC GENES AND BY UPREGULATING PRO-APOPTOTIC GENES. FURTHERMORE, VPA SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED CHEMOSENSITIVITY TO FLUDARABINE, FLAVOPIRIDOL, BORTEZOMIB, THALIDOMIDE AND LENALIDOMIDE. VPA INHIBITED THE PROLIFERATION OF CPG/IL2-STIMULATED CLL B CELLS AND MODULATED MANY CELL CYCLE MESSENGER RNAS. IN CONCLUSION, EXPOSURE OF CLL B CELLS TO VPA INDUCED APOPTOSIS, POTENTIATED CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENT EFFECTS AND INHIBITED PROLIFERATION. THESE DATA STRONGLY SUGGEST THE USE OF VPA IN CLL TREATMENT, PARTICULARLY IN COMBINATION WITH ANTILEUKEMIA AGENTS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
14  3324  47 HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 IS INVOLVED IN MICRO?OPIOID RECEPTOR SUPPRESSION IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN IN A RAT MODEL OF CHRONIC PANCREATITIS PAIN. CHRONIC PAIN OCCURS IN ~85-90% OF CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (CP) PATIENTS. HOWEVER, AS THE PATHOGENESIS OF CP PAIN REMAINS TO BE FULLY UNDERSTOOD, THE CURRENT THERAPIES FOR CP PAIN REMAIN INADEQUATE. EMERGING EVIDENCE HAS SUGGESTED THAT THE EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS OF GENES ARE INVOLVED IN CHRONIC PAIN. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, INTRAPANCREATIC TRINITROBENZENE SULFONIC ACID INFUSIONS WERE USED TO ESTABLISH A CP MODEL IN RATS. MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA WAS MEASURED WITH VON FREY FILAMENTS. IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STAINING ANALYSIS WAS USED TO OBSERVE THE EXPRESSION CHANGES OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 (HDAC2) AND MICRO?OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR), AND INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE SELECTIVE HDAC2 INHIBITOR AR?42 WAS USED TO ASSESS THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS. THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF C?JUN N?TERMINAL KINASE (JNK) IN THE THORACIC SPINAL CORD WERE DETECTED BY WESTERN BLOTTING, AND THE MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS OF INTERLEUKIN (IL)1?BETA, IL?6 AND TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR (TNF)?ALPHA WERE DETECTED BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION?QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. THE RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT HDAC2 EXPRESSION WAS UPREGULATED DURING THE COURSE OF CP INDUCTION, WHILE MOR ACTIVITY IN THE THORACIC SPINAL DORSAL HORN WAS SIGNIFICANTLY SUPPRESSED. INTRATHECAL INFUSION OF AR?42 SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED CP?INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA, WITH RESCUED MOR ACTIVITY. ADDITIONALLY, HDAC2 FACILITATED THE RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, INCLUDING IL?1BETA, IL?6 AND TNF?ALPHA. THESE RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF HDAC2 REGULATING MOR ACTIVITY UNDER CP INDUCTION MAY OCCUR VIA PROMOTING THE RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, THUS ACTIVATING THE JNK SIGNALING PATHWAY. THE PRESENT STUDY SUGGESTED THAT THE EPIGENETIC?REGULATED DISTURBANCE OF MOR IS DEPENDENT ON THE ENDOGENOUS ANALGESIA SYSTEM IN CP, WHICH MAY A PROVIDE NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR TREATING PAIN IN CP.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
15   219  41 ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS FOLLOWING CONTEXTUAL FEAR CONDITIONING REDUCES FEAR MEMORY: TIMING IS ESSENTIAL. BACKGROUND: HISTONE ACETYLATION IS REGULATED IN RESPONSE TO STRESS AND PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN LEARNING AND MEMORY. CHRONIC STRESS IS KNOWN TO DETERIORATE COGNITION, WHEREAS ACUTE STRESS FACILITATES MEMORY FORMATION. HOWEVER, WHETHER ACUTE STRESS FACILITATES MEMORY FORMATION WHEN IT IS APPLIED AFTER FEAR STIMULATION IS NOT YET KNOWN. THEREFORE, THIS STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF ACUTE STRESS APPLIED AFTER FEAR TRAINING ON MEMORY FORMATION, MRNA EXPRESSION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF), EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION, AND CORTICOSTERONE LEVEL IN MICE IN VIVO. METHODS: MICE WERE SUBJECTED TO ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS FOR 30 MIN AT 60 OR 90 MIN AFTER CONTEXTUAL FEAR CONDITIONING TRAINING, AND ACETYLATION OF HISTONE 3 AT LYSINE 14 (H3K14) AND LEVEL OF CORTICOSTERONE WERE MEASURED USING WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS AND ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA), RESPECTIVELY. A FREEZING BEHAVIOR TEST WAS PERFORMED 24 H AFTER TRAINING, AND MRNA EXPRESSION OF BDNF WAS MEASURED USING REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTIONS. DIFFERENT GROUPS OF MICE WERE USED FOR EACH TEST. RESULTS: FREEZING BEHAVIOR SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED WITH THE DOWN-REGULATION OF BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION CAUSED BY ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS AT 60 MIN AFTER FEAR CONDITIONING TRAINING OWING TO THE REDUCTION OF H3K14 ACETYLATION. HOWEVER, BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION AND H3K14 ACETYLATION WERE NOT REDUCED IN ANIMALS SUBJECTED TO IMMOBILIZATION STRESS AT 90 MIN AFTER THE TRAINING. FURTHER, THE CORTICOSTERONE LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGH IN MICE SUBJECTED TO IMMOBILIZATION STRESS AT 60 MIN AFTER THE TRAINING. CONCLUSION: ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS FOR 30 MIN AT 60 MIN AFTER FEAR CONDITIONING TRAINING IMPAIRED MEMORY FORMATION AND REDUCED BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION AND H3K14 ACETYLATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF MICE OWING TO THE HIGH LEVEL OF CORTICOSTERONE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
16  6382  34 THE ROLE OF PARTICULATE MATTERS ON METHYLATION OF IFN-GAMMA AND IL-4 PROMOTER GENES IN PEDIATRIC ALLERGIC RHINITIS. ALLERGIC RHINITIS (AR) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISORDER DRIVEN BY T CELL ACTIVATION. HOW PARTICULATE MATTER CONTRIBUTES TO EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT IN TURN INFLUENCE CYTOKINE GENE EXPRESSION IN CD4(+)T CELLS REMAINS UNCLEAR. IN THIS STUDY, 105 CHILDREN DIAGNOSED WITH AR AND 90 HEALTHY CONTROLS WERE RECRUITED TO EXPLORE THE POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) ON THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CD4(+)T IFN-GAMMA AND IL-4 PROMOTER GENES. DAILY AVERAGE PM(10) AND PM(2.5) WERE OBTAINED FROM FIVE STATE-CONTROLLED MONITORING STATIONS, AND ACTIVITY-BASED DYNAMIC EXPOSURE AND PERSONAL EXPOSURE DATA WERE COLLECTED. DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS OF IFN-GAMMA AND IL-4 PROMOTER REGIONS WERE ANALYZED USING BISULFITE SEQUENCING. MRNA LEVELS WERE DETECTED BY REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. WE FOUND THAT THE METHYLATION RATE IN IFN-GAMMA WAS HIGHER IN AR CD4(+)T CELLS THAN IN THE CONTROLS. IFN-GAMMA MRNA EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN CD4(+)T CELLS, AND NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH THE MEAN METHYLATION LEVEL OF IFN-GAMMA. HOWEVER, NO CORRELATION BETWEEN IL-4 METHYLATION AND IL-4 MRNA EXPRESSION WAS FOUND. AFTER ADJUSTING FOR AGE, GENDER, EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING WITHIN 4 MONTHS AFTER BIRTH AND PARENTAL HISTORY OF ALLERGIC DISEASE, OUT DATA SHOWED THAT PM(2.5) EXPOSURE LEVEL WAS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH METHYLATION LEVEL IN IFN-GAMMA PROMOTER REGION AND DECREASED CYTOKINE EXPRESSION. WE CONCLUDE THAT THE EFFECT OF PM(2.5) ON PEDIATRIC AR MAY BE MEDIATED THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF IFN-GAMMA PROMOTER REGION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
17   531  45 ASTROCYTE REACTIVITY FOLLOWING BLAST EXPOSURE INVOLVES ABERRANT HISTONE ACETYLATION. BLAST INDUCED NEUROTRAUMA (BINT) IS A PREVALENT INJURY WITHIN MILITARY AND CIVILIAN POPULATIONS. THE INJURY IS CHARACTERIZED BY PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL WHICH MANIFESTS AS A MULTITUDE OF COGNITIVE AND FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENTS. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION OFFERS AN IMPORTANT CONTROL MECHANISM FOR GENE EXPRESSION AND CELLULAR FUNCTION WHICH MAY UNDERLIE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND RESULT IN NEURODEGENERATION. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT ALTERED HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS MAY BE INVOLVED IN BLAST INDUCED INFLAMMATION AND THE CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF GLIAL CELLS. THIS STUDY AIMED TO ELUCIDATE CHANGES TO HISTONE ACETYLATION OCCURRING FOLLOWING INJURY AND THE ROLES THESE CHANGES MAY HAVE WITHIN THE PATHOLOGY. SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO EITHER A 10 OR 17 PSI BLAST OVERPRESSURE WITHIN AN ADVANCED BLAST SIMULATOR (ABS). SHAM ANIMALS UNDERWENT THE SAME PROCEDURES WITHOUT BLAST EXPOSURE. MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS WERE MEASURED USING THE NOVEL OBJECT RECOGNITION (NOR) TEST AT 2 AND 7 DAYS POST-INJURY. TISSUES WERE COLLECTED AT 7 DAYS FOR WESTERN BLOT AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY (IHC) ANALYSIS. SHAM ANIMALS SHOWED INTACT MEMORY AT EACH TIME POINT. THE NOVEL OBJECT DISCRIMINATION DECREASED SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN TWO AND 7 DAYS FOR EACH INJURY GROUP (P < 0.05). THIS IS INDICATIVE OF THE ONSET OF MEMORY IMPAIRMENT. WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS SHOWED GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN (GFAP), A KNOWN MARKER OF ACTIVATED ASTROCYTES, WAS ELEVATED IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) FOLLOWING BLAST EXPOSURE FOR BOTH INJURY GROUPS. ANALYSIS OF HISTONE PROTEIN EXTRACT SHOWED NO CHANGES IN THE LEVEL OF ANY TOTAL HISTONE PROTEINS WITHIN THE PFC. HOWEVER, ACETYLATION LEVELS OF HISTONE H2B, H3, AND H4 WERE DECREASED IN BOTH GROUPS (P < 0.05). CO-LOCALIZATION IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE WAS USED TO FURTHER INVESTIGATE ANY POTENTIAL CORRELATION BETWEEN DECREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AND ASTROCYTE ACTIVATION. THESE EXPERIMENTS SHOWED A SIMILAR DECREASE IN H3 ACETYLATION IN ASTROCYTES EXPOSED TO A 17 PSI BLAST BUT NOT A 10 PSI BLAST. FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) ARRAY, SHOWED DYSREGULATION OF SEVERAL CYTOKINE AND CYTOKINE RECEPTORS THAT ARE INVOLVED IN NEUROINFLAMMATORY PROCESSES. WE HAVE SHOWN ABERRANT HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS INVOLVED IN BLAST INDUCED ASTROGLIOSIS AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS. FURTHER UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR ROLE IN THE INJURY PROGRESSION MAY LEAD TO NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS.	2016	
                                               
18  2748  42 EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION OF EZH2 IN SYNOVIAL FIBROBLASTS: EPIGENETIC REPRESSION OF THE WNT INHIBITOR SFRP1 IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. OBJECTIVES: TO STUDY THE EXPRESSION, REGULATION AND FUNCTION OF THE HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOGUE 2 (EZH2) IN SYNOVIAL FIBROBLASTS (SF) FROM PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) AND OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA). METHODS: SF WERE OBTAINED FROM RA AND OA PATIENTS UNDERGOING JOINT SURGERY. EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE ASSESSED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR AND WESTERN BLOT. KINASE INHIBITORS AND REPORTER GENE ASSAYS WERE EMPLOYED TO STUDY SIGNALLING PATHWAYS. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES INCLUDED EZH2 OVEREXPRESSION BY PLASMID TRANSFECTION AND GENE SILENCING BY SMALL INTERFERING RNA. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY WAS USED TO ANALYSE HISTONE METHYLATION WITHIN DISTINCT PROMOTER REGIONS. RESULTS: BY STUDYING THE EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION OF EZH2 IN SF THE AUTHORS FOUND THAT EZH2 IS OVEREXPRESSED IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS SYNOVIAL FIBROBLASTS (RASF) AND FURTHER INDUCED BY TUMOUR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA THROUGH THE NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B AND JUN KINASE PATHWAYS. AS A TARGET GENE OF EZH2 THE AUTHORS IDENTIFIED SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEIN 1 (SFRP1), AN INHIBITOR OF WNT SIGNALLING, WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ACTIVATION OF RASF, AND SHOW THAT SFRP1 EXPRESSION CORRELATES WITH THE OCCUPATION OF ITS PROMOTER WITH ACTIVATING AND SILENCING HISTONE MARKS. CONCLUSIONS: THESE DATA STRONGLY SUGGEST THAT THE CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY ENVIRONMENT OF THE RA JOINT INDUCES EZH2 AND THUS MIGHT CAUSE CHANGES IN THE EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMES OF SF.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
19   922  31 CHRONIC IL-1BETA-INDUCED INFLAMMATION REGULATES EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION MEMORY PHENOTYPES VIA EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION FACILITATES TUMOR PROGRESSION. WE DISCOVERED THAT A SUBSET OF NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER CELLS UNDERWENT A GRADUALLY PROGRESSING EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL (EMT) PHENOTYPE FOLLOWING A 21-DAY EXPOSURE TO IL-1BETA, AN ABUNDANT PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE IN THE AT-RISK FOR LUNG CANCER PULMONARY AND THE LUNG TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENTS. PATHWAY ANALYSIS OF THE GENE EXPRESSION PROFILE AND IN VITRO FUNCTIONAL STUDIES REVEALED THAT THE EMT AND EMT-ASSOCIATED PHENOTYPES, INCLUDING ENHANCED CELL INVASION, PD-L1 UPREGULATION, AND CHEMORESISTANCE, WERE SUSTAINED IN THE ABSENCE OF CONTINUOUS IL-1BETA EXPOSURE. WE REFERRED TO THIS PHENOMENON AS EMT MEMORY. UTILIZING A DOXYCYCLINE-CONTROLLED SLUG EXPRESSION SYSTEM, WE FOUND THAT HIGH EXPRESSION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SLUG WAS INDISPENSABLE FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF EMT MEMORY. HIGH SLUG EXPRESSION IN TUMORS OF LUNG CANCER PATIENTS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH POOR SURVIVAL. CHEMICAL OR GENETIC INHIBITION OF SLUG UPREGULATION PREVENTED EMT FOLLOWING THE ACUTE IL-1BETA EXPOSURE BUT DID NOT REVERSE EMT MEMORY. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR FURTHER REVEALED A SLUG-MEDIATED TEMPORAL REGULATION OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCLUDING ACCUMULATION OF H3K27, H3K9, AND DNA METHYLATION, IN THE CDH1 (E-CADHERIN) PROMOTER FOLLOWING THE CHRONIC IL-1BETA EXPOSURE. CHEMICAL INHIBITION OF DNA METHYLATION NOT ONLY RESTORED E-CADHERIN EXPRESSION IN EMT MEMORY, BUT ALSO PRIMED CELLS FOR CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED APOPTOSIS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
20  4303  46 MICRORNA-223 INHIBITS TISSUE FACTOR EXPRESSION IN VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. OBJECTIVE: ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PROCESS, IN WHICH VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (ECS) BECOME DYSFUNCTIONAL OWING TO THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES, SUCH AS INFLAMMATORY FACTOR AND GROWTH FACTORS. TISSUE FACTOR (TF) EXPRESSION IS INDUCED BY THE ABOVE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES IN ACTIVATED ECS. TF INITIATES THROMBOSIS ON DISRUPTED ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES WHICH PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE DURING THE ONSET OF ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES (ACS). INCREASING EVIDENCES SUGGEST THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF MICRORNAS AS EPIGENETIC REGULATORS OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC DISEASE. THE AIM OF OUR STUDY IS TO IDENTIFY IF MICRORNA-223 (MIR-223) TARGETS TF IN ECS. METHODS AND RESULTS: BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT TF IS A TARGET CANDIDATE OF MIR-223. WESTERN BLOTTING ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA) INCREASED TF EXPRESSION IN AORTA OF C57BL/6J MICE AND CULTURED ECS (EA.HY926 CELLS AND HUVEC) AFTER 4 H TREATMENT. IN TNF-ALPHA TREATED ECS, TF MRNA WAS ALSO INCREASED MEASURED BY REAL-TIME PCR. REAL-TIME PCR RESULTS SHOWED THAT MIR-223 LEVELS WERE DOWNREGULATED IN TNF-ALPHA-TREATED AORTA OF C57BL/6J MICE AND CULTURED ECS. TRANSFECTION OF ECS WITH MIR-223 MIMIC OR MIR-223 INHIBITOR MODIFIED TF EXPRESSION BOTH IN MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS. LUCIFERASE ASSAYS CONFIRMED THAT MIR-223 SUPPRESSED TF EXPRESSION BY BINDING TO THE SEQUENCE OF TF 3'-UNTRANSLATED REGIONS (3'UTR). TF PROCOAGULANT ACTIVITY WAS INHIBITED BY OVEREXPRESSING MIR-223 WITH OR WITHOUT TNF-ALPHA STIMULATION. CONCLUSIONS: MIR-223-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF TF EXPRESSION PROVIDES A NOVEL MOLECULAR MECHANISM FOR THE REGULATION OF COAGULATION CASCADE, AND SUGGESTS A CLUE AGAINST THROMBOGENESIS DURING THE PROCESS OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE RUPTURE.	2014