1  2407 121 EPIGENETIC RESTORATION OF VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL KV1.2 ALLEVIATES NERVE INJURY-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNELS (KV) ARE IMPORTANT REGULATORS OF NEURONAL EXCITABILITY FOR ITS ROLE OF REGULATING RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL AND REPOLARIZATION. RECENT STUDIES SHOW THAT KV CHANNELS PARTICIPATE IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN, BUT THE DETAILED UNDERLYING MECHANISMS ARE FAR FROM BEING CLEAR. IN THIS STUDY, WE USED SIRNA, MIR-137 AGOMIR, AND ANTAGOMIR TO REGULATE THE EXPRESSION OF KV1.2 IN SPINAL CORD AND DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG) OF NAIVE AND CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) RATS. KV CURRENTS AND NEURON EXCITABILITY IN DRG NEURONS WERE EXAMINED BY PATCH-CLAMP WHOLE-CELL RECORDING TO VERIFY THE CHANGE IN KV1.2 FUNCTION. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT KV1.2 WAS DOWN-REGULATED IN DRG AND SPINAL DORSAL HORN (SDH) BY CCI. KNOCKDOWN OF KV1.2 BY INTRATHECALLY INJECTING KCNA2 SIRNA INDUCED SIGNIFICANT MECHANICAL AND THERMAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN NAIVE RATS. CONCOMITANT WITH THE DOWN-REGULATION OF KV1.2 WAS AN INCREASE IN THE EXPRESSION OF THE MIR-137. THE TARGETING AND REGULATING OF MIR-137 ON KCNA2 WAS VERIFIED BY DUAL-LUCIFERASE REPORTER SYSTEM AND INTRATHECAL INJECTING MIR-137 AGOMIR. FURTHERMORE, RESCUING THE EXPRESSION OF KV1.2 IN CCI RATS, ACHIEVED THROUGH INHIBITING MIR-137, RESTORED THE ABNORMAL KV CURRENTS AND EXCITABILITY IN DRG NEURONS, AND ALLEVIATED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AND THERMAL HYPERALGESIA. THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT THE MIR-137-MEDIATED KV1.2 IMPAIRMENT IS A CRUCIAL ETIOPATHOGENESIS FOR THE NERVE INJURY-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND CAN BE A NOVEL POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN MANAGEMENT.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
2  3612  23 IN UTERO PARTICULATE MATTER EXPOSURE PRODUCES HEART FAILURE, ELECTRICAL REMODELING, AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT ADULTHOOD. BACKGROUND: PARTICULATE MATTER (PM; PM(2.5) [PM WITH DIAMETERS OF <2.5 MUM]) EXPOSURE DURING DEVELOPMENT IS STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES AT ADULTHOOD. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT IN UTERO PM(2.5) EXPOSURE ALONE COULD ALTER CARDIAC STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION AT ADULTHOOD. METHODS AND RESULTS: FEMALE FVB MICE WERE EXPOSED EITHER TO FILTERED AIR OR PM(2.5) AT AN AVERAGE CONCENTRATION OF 73.61 MUG/M(3) FOR 6 H/DAY, 7 DAYS/WEEK THROUGHOUT PREGNANCY. AFTER BIRTH, ANIMALS WERE ANALYZED AT 12 WEEKS OF AGE. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC (N=9-10 MICE/GROUP) AND PRESSURE-VOLUME LOOP ANALYSES (N=5 MICE/GROUP) REVEALED REDUCED FRACTIONAL SHORTENING, INCREASED LEFT VENTRICULAR END-SYSTOLIC AND -DIASTOLIC DIAMETERS, REDUCED LEFT VENTRICULAR POSTERIOR WALL THICKNESS, END-SYSTOLIC ELASTANCE, CONTRACTILE RESERVE (DP/DT(MAX)/END-SYSTOLIC VOLUME), FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT ACCELERATION OF RELAXATION), AND BLUNTED CONTRACTILE RESPONSE TO BETA-ADRENERGIC STIMULATION IN PM(2.5)-EXPOSED MICE. ISOLATED CARDIOMYOCYTE (N=4-5 MICE/GROUP) FUNCTION ILLUSTRATED REDUCED PEAK SHORTENING, +/-DL/DT, AND PROLONGED ACTION POTENTIAL DURATION AT 90% REPOLARIZATION. HISTOLOGICAL LEFT VENTRICULAR ANALYSES (N=3 MICE/GROUP) SHOWED INCREASED COLLAGEN DEPOSITION IN IN UTERO PM(2.5)-EXPOSED MICE AT ADULTHOOD. CARDIAC INTERLEUKIN (IL)-6, IL-1SS, COLLAGEN-1, MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE (MMP) 9, AND MMP13 GENE EXPRESSIONS WERE INCREASED AT BIRTH IN IN UTERO PM(2.5)-EXPOSED MICE (N=4 MICE/GROUP). IN ADULT HEARTS (N=5 MICE/GROUP), GENE EXPRESSIONS OF SIRTUIN (SIRT) 1 AND SIRT2 WERE DECREASED, DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) 1, DNMT3A, AND DNMT3B WERE INCREASED, AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION (N=6 MICE/GROUP) OF CA(2+)-ATPASE, PHOSPHORYLATED PHOSPHOLAMBAN, AND NA(+)/CA(2+) EXCHANGER WERE DECREASED. CONCLUSIONS: IN UTERO PM(2.5) EXPOSURE TRIGGERS AN ACUTE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, CHRONIC MATRIX REMODELING, AND ALTERATIONS IN CA(2+) HANDLING PROTEINS, RESULTING IN GLOBAL ADULT CARDIAC DYSFUNCTION. THESE RESULTS ALSO HIGHLIGHT THE POTENTIAL INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETICS IN PRIMING OF ADULT CARDIAC DISEASE.	2017	
                                         
3  1476  24 DIVERSE EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS OF MACROPHAGES IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS. EMERGING RESEARCH ON EPIGENETICS HAS RESULTED IN MANY NOVEL DISCOVERIES IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS (AS), AN INFLAMMAGING-ASSOCIATED DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION PRIMARILY DRIVEN BY MACROPHAGES. THE BULK OF EVIDENCE HAS DEMONSTRATED THE CENTRAL ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MACHINERY IN MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION TO PRO- (M1-LIKE) OR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY (M2-LIKE) PHENOTYPE. AN INCREASING NUMBER OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND THEIR MODIFIERS INVOLVED IN REPROGRAMMING MACROPHAGES BY REGULATING DNA METHYLATION OR HISTONE MODIFICATIONS (E.G., METHYLATION, ACETYLATION, AND RECENTLY LACTYLATION) HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED. THEY MAY ACT TO DETERMINE OR SKEW THE DIRECTION OF MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION IN AS LESIONS, THEREBY REPRESENTING A PROMISING TARGET. HERE WE DESCRIBE THE CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE EPIGENETIC MACHINERY INVOLVING MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION, TO SHED LIGHT ON CHRONIC INFLAMMATION-DRIVING ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF INFLAMMAGING-ASSOCIATED DISEASES, USING AS AS A PROTOTYPIC EXAMPLE, AND DISCUSS THE CHALLENGE FOR DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE THERAPIES TARGETING THE EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS AGAINST THESE DISEASES, PARTICULARLY HIGHLIGHTING A POTENTIAL STRATEGY BASED ON EPIGENETICALLY-GOVERNED REPOLARIZATION FROM M1-LIKE TO M2-LIKE PHENOTYPE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
4  2885  39 G9A PARTICIPATES IN NERVE INJURY-INDUCED KCNA2 DOWNREGULATION IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS. NERVE INJURY-INDUCED DOWNREGULATION OF VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL SUBUNIT KCNA2 IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) IS CRITICAL FOR DRG NEURONAL EXCITABILITY AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN GENESIS. HOWEVER, HOW NERVE INJURY CAUSES THIS DOWNREGULATION IS STILL ELUSIVE. EUCHROMATIC HISTONE-LYSINE N-METHYLTRANSFERASE 2, ALSO KNOWN AS G9A, METHYLATES HISTONE H3 ON LYSINE RESIDUE 9 TO PREDOMINANTLY PRODUCE A DYNAMIC HISTONE DIMETHYLATION, RESULTING IN CONDENSED CHROMATIN AND GENE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION. WE SHOWED HERE THAT BLOCKING NERVE INJURY-INDUCED INCREASE IN G9A RESCUED KCNA2 MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN THE AXOTOMIZED DRG AND ATTENUATED THE DEVELOPMENT OF NERVE INJURY-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY. MIMICKING THIS INCREASE DECREASED KCNA2 MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION, REDUCED KV CURRENT, AND INCREASED EXCITABILITY IN THE DRG NEURONS AND LED TO SPINAL CORD CENTRAL SENSITIZATION AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN-LIKE SYMPTOMS. G9A MRNA IS CO-LOCALIZED WITH KCNA2 MRNA IN THE DRG NEURONS. THESE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT G9A CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT THROUGH EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF KCNA2 IN THE AXOTOMIZED DRG.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
5  1630  41 DNMT3A CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF BONE CANCER PAIN BY SILENCING KV1.2 EXPRESSION IN SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN. METASTATIC BONE TUMOR-INDUCED CHANGES IN GENE TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION IN PAIN-RELATED REGIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM MAY PARTICIPATE IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF BONE CANCER PAIN. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION REGULATE GENE TRANSCRIPTION. HERE, WE REPORT THAT INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF DECITABINE, A DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) INHIBITOR, DOSE DEPENDENTLY ATTENUATED THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF BONE CANCER PAIN INDUCED BY INJECTING PROSTATE CANCER CELLS INTO THE TIBIA. THE LEVEL OF THE DE NOVO DNMT3A, BUT NOT DNMT3B, TIME DEPENDENTLY INCREASED IN THE IPSILATERAL L4/5 DORSAL HORN (NOT L4/5 DORSAL ROOT GANGLION) AFTER PROSTATE CANCER CELLS INJECTION. BLOCKING THIS INCREASE THROUGH MICROINJECTION OF RECOMBINANT ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRUS 5 (AAV5) EXPRESSING DNMT3A SHRNA INTO DORSAL HORN RESCUED PROSTATE CANCER CELLS-INDUCED DOWNREGULATION OF DORSAL HORN KV1.2 EXPRESSION AND IMPAIRED PROSTATE CANCER CELLS-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY. IN TURN, MIMICKING THIS INCREASE THROUGH MICROINJECTION OF AAV5 EXPRESSING FULL-LENGTH DNMT3A INTO DORSAL HORN REDUCED DORSAL HORN KV1.2 EXPRESSION AND PRODUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN THE ABSENCE OF PROSTATE CANCER CELLS INJECTION. ADMINISTRATION OF NEITHER DECITABINE NOR VIRUS AFFECTED LOCOMOTOR FUNCTION AND ACUTE RESPONSES TO MECHANICAL, THERMAL, OR COLD STIMULI. GIVEN THAT DNMT3A MRNA IS CO-EXPRESSED WITH KCNA2 MRNA (ENCODING KV1.2) IN INDIVIDUAL DORSAL HORN NEURONS, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT INCREASED DORSAL HORN DNMT3A CONTRIBUTES TO BONE CANCER PAIN THROUGH SILENCING DORSAL HORN KV1.2 EXPRESSION. DNMT3A MAY REPRESENT A POTENTIAL NEW TARGET FOR CANCER PAIN MANAGEMENT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
6  1166  37 CONTRIBUTION OF DNMT1 TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN GENESIS PARTIALLY THROUGH EPIGENETICALLY REPRESSING KCNA2 IN PRIMARY AFFERENT NEURONS. EXPRESSIONAL CHANGES OF PAIN-ASSOCIATED GENES IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS OF DRG ARE CRITICAL FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN GENESIS. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT)-TRIGGERED DNA METHYLATION SILENCES GENE EXPRESSION. WE SHOW HERE THAT DNMT1, A CANONICAL MAINTENANCE METHYLTRANSFERASE, ACTS AS THE DE NOVO DNMT AND IS REQUIRED FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN GENESIS LIKELY THROUGH REPRESSING AT LEAST DRG KCNA2 GENE EXPRESSION IN MALE MICE. PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY UPREGULATED DNMT1 EXPRESSION IN THE INJURED DRG THROUGH THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN-TRIGGERED TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF DNMT1 GENE. BLOCKING THIS UPREGULATION PREVENTED NERVE INJURY-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION WITHIN THE PROMOTER AND 5'-UNTRANSLATED REGION OF KCNA2 GENE, RESCUED KCNA2 EXPRESSION AND TOTAL KV CURRENT, ATTENUATED HYPEREXCITABILITY IN THE INJURED DRG NEURONS, AND ALLEVIATED NERVE INJURY-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITIES. GIVEN THAT KCNA2 IS A KEY PLAYER IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT DRG DNMT1 MAY BE A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN MANAGEMENT.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE REPORTED THAT DNMT1, A CANONICAL DNA MAINTENANCE METHYLTRANSFERASE, IS UPREGULATED VIA THE ACTIVATION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR CREB IN THE INJURED DRG AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY. THIS UPREGULATION WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR NERVE INJURY-INDUCED DE NOVO DNA METHYLATION WITHIN THE PROMOTER AND 5'-UNTRANSLATED REGION OF THE KCNA2 GENE, REDUCTIONS IN KCNA2 EXPRESSION AND KV CURRENT AND INCREASES IN NEURONAL EXCITABILITY IN THE INJURED DRG. SINCE PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITION OR GENETIC KNOCKDOWN OF DRG DNMT1 ALLEVIATED NERVE INJURY-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITIES, DRG DNMT1 CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN GENESIS PARTIALLY THROUGH REPRESSION OF DRG KCNA2 GENE EXPRESSION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
7   598  26 BETA-ADRENERGIC SIGNALING PROMOTES TUMOR ANGIOGENESIS AND PROSTATE CANCER PROGRESSION THROUGH HDAC2-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF THROMBOSPONDIN-1. CHRONIC BEHAVIORAL STRESS AND BETA-ADRENERGIC SIGNALING HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO PROMOTE CANCER PROGRESSION, WHOSE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS ARE LARGELY UNCLEAR, ESPECIALLY THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION. HISTONE DEACETYLASE-2 (HDAC2), AN EPIGENETIC REGULATOR, IS CRITICAL FOR STRESS-INDUCED CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY. IT IS UNKNOWN WHETHER IT IS NECESSARY FOR BETA-ADRENERGIC SIGNALING-PROMOTED CANCER PROGRESSION. USING XENOGRAFT MODELS, WE SHOWED THAT CHRONIC BEHAVIORAL STRESS AND BETA-ADRENERGIC SIGNALING PROMOTE ANGIOGENESIS AND PROSTATE CANCER PROGRESSION. HDAC2 WAS INDUCED BY BETA-ADRENERGIC SIGNALING IN VITRO AND IN MOUSE XENOGRAFTS. WE NEXT UNCOVERED THAT HDAC2 IS A DIRECT TARGET OF CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN (CREB) THAT IS ACTIVATED BY BETA-ADRENERGIC SIGNALING. NOTABLY, HDAC2 IS NECESSARY FOR BETA-ADRENERGIC SIGNALING TO INDUCE ANGIOGENESIS. WE FURTHER DEMONSTRATED THAT, UPON CREB ACTIVATION, HDAC2 REPRESSES THROMBOSPONDIN-1 (TSP1), A POTENT ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR, THROUGH EPIGENETIC REGULATION. TOGETHER, THESE DATA ESTABLISH A NOVEL PATHWAY THAT HDAC2 AND TSP1 ACT DOWNSTREAM OF CREB ACTIVATION IN BETA-ADRENERGIC SIGNALING TO PROMOTE CANCER PROGRESSION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
8  5931  29 TARGETING EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS TO REPROGRAMME MACROPHAGES IN NON-RESOLVING INFLAMMATION-DRIVEN ATHEROSCLEROSIS. EPIGENOMIC AND EPIGENETIC RESEARCH HAS BEEN PROVIDING SEVERAL NEW INSIGHTS INTO A VARIETY OF DISEASES CAUSED BY NON-RESOLVING INFLAMMATION, INCLUDING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES. ATHEROSCLEROSIS (AS) HAS LONG BEEN RECOGNIZED AS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE OF THE ARTERIAL WALLS, CHARACTERIZED BY LOCAL PERSISTENT AND STEPWISE ACCELERATING INFLAMMATION WITHOUT RESOLUTION, ALSO KNOWN AS UNCONTROLLED INFLAMMATION. THE PATHOGENESIS OF AS IS DRIVEN PRIMARILY BY HIGHLY PLASTIC MACROPHAGES VIA THEIR POLARIZATION TO PRO- OR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPES AS WELL AS OTHER NOVEL SUBTYPES RECENTLY IDENTIFIED BY SINGLE-CELL SEQUENCING. ALTHOUGH EMERGING EVIDENCE HAS INDICATED THE KEY ROLE OF THE EPIGENETIC MACHINERY IN THE REGULATION OF MACROPHAGE PLASTICITY, THE INVESTIGATION OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND MODIFIERS IN AS AND RELATED INFLAMMATION IS STILL IN ITS INFANCY. AN INCREASING NUMBER OF THE EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS (E.G. TET2, DNMT3A, HDAC3, HDAC9, JMJD3, KDM4A) HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN EPIGENETIC REMODELLING OF MACROPHAGES THROUGH DNA METHYLATION OR HISTONE MODIFICATIONS (E.G. METHYLATION, ACETYLATION, AND RECENTLY LACTYLATION) IN INFLAMMATION. THESE OR MANY UNEXPLORED MODIFIERS FUNCTION TO DETERMINE OR SWITCH THE DIRECTION OF MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION VIA TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPROGRAMMING OF GENE EXPRESSION AND INTRACELLULAR METABOLIC REWIRING UPON MICROENVIRONMENTAL CUES, THEREBY REPRESENTING A PROMISING TARGET FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY THERAPY IN AS. HERE, WE REVIEW UP-TO-DATE FINDINGS INVOLVING THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF MACROPHAGES TO SHED LIGHT ON THE MECHANISM OF UNCONTROLLED INFLAMMATION DURING AS ONSET AND PROGRESSION. WE ALSO DISCUSS CURRENT CHALLENGES FOR DEVELOPING AN EFFECTIVE AND SAFE ANTI-AS THERAPY THAT TARGETS THE EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS AND PROPOSE A POTENTIAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY STRATEGY THAT REPOLARIZES MACROPHAGES FROM PRO- TO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
9  6424  39 THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR C/EBPBETA IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION CONTRIBUTES TO PERIPHERAL NERVE TRAUMA-INDUCED NOCICEPTIVE HYPERSENSITIVITY. CHANGES IN GENE TRANSCRIPTION IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) AFTER NERVE TRAUMA CONTRIBUTE TO THE GENESIS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. WE REPORT THAT PERIPHERAL NERVE TRAUMA CAUSED BY CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) INCREASED THE ABUNDANCE OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR C/EBPBETA (CCAAT/ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN BETA) IN THE DRG. BLOCKING THIS INCREASE MITIGATED THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF CCI-INDUCED MECHANICAL, THERMAL, AND COLD PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITIES WITHOUT AFFECTING BASAL RESPONSES TO ACUTE PAIN AND LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY. CONVERSELY, MIMICKING THIS INCREASE PRODUCED HYPERSENSITIVITY TO MECHANICAL, THERMAL, OR COLD PAIN. IN THE IPSILATERAL DRG, C/EBPBETA PROMOTED A DECREASE IN THE ABUNDANCE OF THE VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL SUBUNIT KV1.2 AND MU OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR) AT THE MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS, WHICH WOULD BE PREDICTED TO INCREASE EXCITABILITY IN THE IPSILATERAL DRG NEURONS AND REDUCE THE EFFICACY OF MORPHINE ANALGESIA. THESE EFFECTS REQUIRED C/EPBBETA-MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF EHMT2 (EUCHROMATIC HISTONE-LYSINE N-METHYLTRANSFERASE 2), WHICH ENCODES G9A, AN EPIGENETIC SILENCER OF THE GENES ENCODING KV1.2 AND MOR. BLOCKING THE INCREASE IN C/EBPBETA IN THE DRG IMPROVED MORPHINE ANALGESIA AFTER CCI. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT C/EBPBETA IS AN ENDOGENOUS INITIATOR OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND COULD BE A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF THIS DISORDER.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
10  5574  44 ROLE OF MICRORNA-143 IN NERVE INJURY-INDUCED UPREGULATION OF DNMT3A EXPRESSION IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS. PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3A (DNMT3A) MRNA AND ITS ENCODING DNMT3A PROTEIN IN INJURED DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG). THIS INCREASE IS CONSIDERED AS AN ENDOGENOUS INSTIGATOR IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN GENESIS THROUGH EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF PAIN-ASSOCIATED GENES (SUCH AS OPRM1) IN INJURED DRG. HOWEVER, HOW DRG DNMT3A IS INCREASED FOLLOWING PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY IS STILL ELUSIVE. WE REPORTED HERE THAT PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY CAUSED BY THE FIFTH SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL) DOWNREGULATED MICRORNA (MIR)-143 EXPRESSION IN INJURED DRG. THIS DOWNREGULATION WAS REQUIRED FOR SNL-INDUCED DRG DNMT3A INCREASE AS RESCUING MIR-143 DOWNREGULATION THROUGH MICROINJECTION OF MIR-143 MIMICS INTO INJURED DRG BLOCKED THE SNL-INDUCED INCREASE IN DNMT3A AND RESTORED THE SNL-INDUCED DECREASES IN OPRM1 MRNA AND ITS ENCODING MU OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR) IN INJURED DRG, IMPAIRED SPINAL CORD CENTRAL SENSITIZATION AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN, AND IMPROVED MORPHINE ANALGESIC EFFECTS FOLLOWING SNL. MIMICKING SNL-INDUCED DRG MIR-143 DOWNREGULATION THROUGH DRG MICROINJECTION OF MIR143 INHIBITORS IN NAIVE RATS INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF DNMT3A AND REDUCED THE EXPRESSION OF OPRM1 MRNA AND MOR IN INJECTED DRG AND PRODUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN-LIKE SYMPTOMS. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT MIR-143 IS A NEGATIVE REGULATOR IN DNMT3A EXPRESSION IN THE DRG UNDER NEUROPATHIC PAIN CONDITIONS AND MAY BE A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
11  3810  44 INTRATHECAL 5-AZACYTIDINE INHIBITS GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND METHYL- CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 EXPRESSION AND ALLEVIATES NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN RATS FOLLOWING CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY. THE PATHOGENESIS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY PLAY A MAJOR ROLE IN REGULATING EXPRESSION OF PRO- OR ANTINOCICEPTIVE GENES. DNA METHYLATION IS A MAJOR EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IN VERTEBRATES, AND METHYL- CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) IS DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN METHYLATION-MEDIATED GENE SILENCING. TO DETERMINE HOW CHANGES IN GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND MECP2 EXPRESSION OCCUR FOLLOWING CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) AND HOW REPRESSION OF DNA METHYLATION AFFECTS THESE CHANGES AND ATTENUATES NEUROPATHIC PAIN, WE USED INTRATHECAL 5-AZACYTIDINE, A DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR, IN CCI RATS. RATS RECEIVED 0.9% SALINE OR 5-AZACYTIDINE (10MUMOL.D(-1)) VIA SPINAL INJECTION ONCE DAILY FROM DAY 3 TO DAY 14 AFTER CCI SURGERY. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND MECP2 EXPRESSION INCREASED IN THE SPINAL CORD IN CCI RATS ON DAY 14 AFTER CCI SURGERY. MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AND THERMAL HYPERALGESIA INDUCED BY CCI WERE ATTENUATED BY INTRATHECAL 5-AZACYTIDINE FROM DAY 5 TO DAY 14 AFTER CCI SURGERY. THE INCREASES IN GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND MECP2 EXPRESSION IN THE SPINAL CORD IN CCI RATS WERE ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED BY INTRATHECAL 5-AZACYTIDINE. THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT INCREASED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND MECP2 EXPRESSION IN THE SPINAL CORD AFTER NERVE DAMAGE MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. 5-AZACYTIDINE SHOWS POTENTIAL FOR TREATING NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
12  4906  48 P300 EXERTS AN EPIGENETIC ROLE IN CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN THROUGH ITS ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY IN RATS FOLLOWING CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI). BACKGROUND: NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS DETRIMENTAL TO HUMAN HEALTH; HOWEVER, ITS PATHOGENESIS STILL REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN. OVEREXPRESSION OF PAIN-ASSOCIATED GENES AND INCREASED NOCICEPTIVE SOMATO-SENSITIVITY ARE WELL OBSERVED IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN REGULATING THE EXPRESSION OF PRO- OR ANTI-NOCICEPTIVE GENES HAS BEEN REVEALED BY STUDIES RECENTLY, AND WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL COACTIVATOR AND THE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE E1A BINDING PROTEIN P300 (P300), AS A PART OF THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF GENE REGULATION, MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN INDUCED BY CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI). TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, TWO DIFFERENT APPROACHES WERE USED IN THIS STUDY: (I) DOWN-REGULATING P300 WITH SPECIFIC SMALL HAIRPIN RNA (SHRNA) AND (II) CHEMICAL INHIBITION OF P300 ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY BY A SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITOR, C646. RESULTS: USING THE CCI RAT MODEL, WE FOUND THAT THE P300 EXPRESSION WAS INCREASED IN THE LUMBAR SPINAL CORD ON DAY 14 AFTER CCI. THE TREATMENT WITH INTRATHECAL P300 SHRNA REVERSED CCI-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AND THERMAL HYPERALGESIA, AND SUPPRESSED THE EXPRESSION OF CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 (COX-2), A NEUROPATHIC PAIN-ASSOCIATED FACTOR. FURTHERMORE, C646, AN INHIBITOR OF P300 ACETYLTRANSFERASE, ALSO ATTENUATED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AND THERMAL HYPERALGESIA, ACCOMPANIED BY A SUPPRESSED COX-2 EXPRESSION, IN THE SPINAL CORD. CONCLUSIONS: THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT, THROUGH ITS ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY IN THE SPINAL CORD AFTER CCI, P300 EPIGENETICALLY PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. INHIBITING P300, USING INTERFERING RNA OR C646, MAY BE A PROMISING APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW NEUROPATHIC PAIN THERAPIES.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
13  3721  40 INHIBITION OF CLASS II HISTONE DEACETYLASES IN THE SPINAL CORD ATTENUATES INFLAMMATORY HYPERALGESIA. BACKGROUND: SEVERAL CLASSES OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) ARE EXPRESSED IN THE SPINAL CORD THAT IS A CRITICAL STRUCTURE OF THE NOCICEPTIVE PATHWAY. HDAC-REGULATED HISTONE ACETYLATION IS AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF CHROMATIN REMODELING LEADING TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION. TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF PATHOLOGICAL PAIN, WE HAVE STUDIED THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT CLASSES OF HDACS IN THE SPINAL CORD ON INFLAMMATORY HYPERALGESIA INDUCED BY COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA). RESULTS: WE INTRATHECALLY APPLIED INHIBITORS SPECIFIC TO DIFFERENT CLASSES OF HDACS AND EVALUATED THEIR IMPACT ON INFLAMMATORY HYPERALGESIA. PRE-INJECTED INHIBITORS TARGETING CLASS I AS WELL AS II (SAHA, TSA, LAQ824) OR IIA (VPA, 4-PB) HDACS SIGNIFICANTLY DELAYED THE THERMAL HYPERALGESIA INDUCED BY UNILATERAL CFA INJECTION IN THE HINDPAW. EXISTING HYPERALGESIA INDUCED BY CFA WAS ALSO ATTENUATED BY THE HDAC INHIBITORS (HDACIS). IN CONTRAST, THESE INHIBITORS DID NOT INTERFERE WITH THE THERMAL RESPONSE EITHER IN NAIVE ANIMALS, OR ON THE CONTRALATERAL SIDE OF INFLAMED ANIMALS. INTERESTINGLY, MS-275 THAT SPECIFICALLY INHIBITS CLASS I HDACS FAILED TO ALTER THE HYPERALGESIA ALTHOUGH IT INCREASED HISTONE 3 ACETYLATION IN THE SPINAL CORD AS SAHA DID. USING IMMUNOBLOT ANALYSIS, WE FURTHER FOUND THAT THE LEVELS OF CLASS IIA HDAC MEMBERS (HDAC4, 5, 7, 9) IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN WERE UPREGULATED FOLLOWING CFA INJECTION WHILE THOSE OF CLASS I HDAC MEMBERS (HDAC1, 2, 3) REMAINED STABLE OR WERE SLIGHTLY REDUCED. CONCLUSIONS: OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT ACTIVITY OF CLASS II HDACS IN THE SPINAL CORD IS CRITICAL TO THE INDUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF INFLAMMATORY HYPERALGESIA INDUCED BY CFA, WHILE ACTIVITY OF CLASS I HDACS MAY BE UNNECESSARY. COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF HDACIS SPECIFIC TO CLASS II AND IIA AS WELL AS THE EXPRESSION PATTERN OF DIFFERENT HDACS IN THE SPINAL CORD IN RESPONSE TO CFA SUGGESTS THAT THE MEMBERS OF CLASS IIA HDACS MAY BE POTENTIAL TARGETS FOR ATTENUATING PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN.	2010	
                                                                                                                     
14  2452  40 EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE CO-TRANSPORTER 2 EXPRESSION IN INFLAMMATORY PAIN INDUCED BY COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA). BACKGROUND: MULTIPLE MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTE TO THE STIMULUS-EVOKED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY THAT MAY BE EXPERIENCED AFTER PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION. PERSISTENT PATHOLOGICAL STIMULI IN MANY PAIN CONDITIONS AFFECT THE EXPRESSION OF CERTAIN GENES THROUGH EPIGENETIC ALTERNATIONS. THE MAIN PURPOSE OF OUR STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION ON POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE CO-TRANSPORTER 2 (KCC2) GENE EXPRESSION IN THE PERSISTENCE OF INFLAMMATORY PAIN. METHODS: PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN WAS INDUCED THROUGH THE INJECTION OF COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA) IN THE LEFT HIND PAW OF RATS. ACETYL-HISTONE H3 AND H4 LEVEL WAS DETERMINED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN. PAIN BEHAVIOUR AND INHIBITORY SYNAPTIC FUNCTION OF SPINAL CORD WERE DETERMINED BEFORE AND AFTER CFA INJECTION. KCC2 EXPRESSION WAS DETERMINED BY REAL TIME RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOT. INTRATHECAL KCC2 SIRNA (2 MUG PER 10 MUL PER RAT) OR HDAC INHIBITOR (10 MUG PER 10 MUL PER RAT) WAS INJECTED ONCE DAILY FOR 3 DAYS BEFORE CFA INJECTION. RESULTS: PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN EPIGENETICALLY SUPPRESSED KCC2 EXPRESSION THROUGH HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC)-MEDIATED HISTONE HYPOACETYLATION, RESULTING IN DECREASED INHIBITORY SIGNALLING EFFICACY. KCC2 KNOCK-DOWN CAUSED BY INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF KCC2 SIRNA IN NAIVE RATS REDUCED KCC2 EXPRESSION IN THE SPINAL CORD, LEADING TO SENSITIZED PAIN BEHAVIOURS AND IMPAIRED INHIBITORY SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION IN THEIR SPINAL CORDS. MOREOVER, INTRATHECAL HDAC INHIBITOR INJECTION IN CFA RATS INCREASED KCC2 EXPRESSION, PARTIALLY RESTORING THE SPINAL INHIBITORY SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AND RELIEVING THE SENSITIZED PAIN BEHAVIOUR. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE TRANSCRIPTION OF SPINAL KCC2 IS REGULATED BY HISTONE ACETYLATION EPIGENETICALLY FOLLOWING CFA. SIGNIFICANCE: PERSISTENT PAIN SUPPRESSES KCC2 EXPRESSION THROUGH HDAC-MEDIATED HISTONE HYPOACETYLATION AND CONSEQUENTLY IMPAIRS THE INHIBITORY FUNCTION OF INHIBITORY INTERNEURONS. DRUGS SUCH AS HDAC INHIBITORS THAT SUPPRESS THE INFLUENCES OF PERSISTENT PAIN ON THE EXPRESSION OF KCC2 MAY SERVE AS A NOVEL ANALGESIC.	2017	

15  1654  40 DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA COACTIVATOR-ASSOCIATED ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 CONTRIBUTES TO PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITIES. NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES WITHIN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY, WHICH INVOLVES EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. COACTIVATOR-ASSOCIATED ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (CARM1), AN EPIGENETIC ACTIVATOR, REGULATES GENE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY BY PROTEIN POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS. HOWEVER, WHETHER CARM1 PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS UNKNOWN. WE REPORT HERE THAT PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY INDUCED THE UPREGULATION OF THE MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF CARM1 IN THE INJURED DRG, AND BLOCKING ITS EXPRESSION THROUGH SMALL INTERFERING RNA (SIRNA) IN THE INJURED DRG ATTENUATED THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. FURTHERMORE, PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITION OF CARM1 MITIGATED PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AND THERMAL HYPERALGESIA. GIVEN THAT CARM1 INHIBITION OR KNOCKDOWN ATTENUATED THE INDUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT CARM1 MAY SERVE AS A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN TREATMENT IN CLINICAL APPLICATIONS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
16   772  34 CDYL DEFICIENCY BRAKES NEURONAL EXCITABILITY AND NOCICEPTION THROUGH PROMOTING KCNB1 TRANSCRIPTION IN PERIPHERAL SENSORY NEURONS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE INVOLVED IN THE ONSET, DEVELOPMENT, AND MAINTENANCE OF PAIN; HOWEVER, THE PRECISE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM UNDERLYING PAIN REGULATION REMAINS ELUSIVE. HERE IT IS REPORTED THAT THE EPIGENETIC FACTOR CHROMODOMAIN Y-LIKE (CDYL) IS CRUCIAL FOR PAIN PROCESSING. SELECTIVE KNOCKOUT OF CDYL IN SENSORY NEURONS RESULTS IN DECREASED NEURONAL EXCITABILITY AND NOCICEPTION. MOREOVER, CDYL FACILITATES HISTONE 3 LYSINE 27 TRIMETHYLATION (H3K27ME3) DEPOSITION AT THE KCNB1 INTRON REGION THUS SILENCING VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL (K(V) ) SUBFAMILY MEMBER K(V) 2.1 TRANSCRIPTION. LOSS FUNCTION OF CDYL ENHANCES TOTAL K(V) AND K(V) 2.1 CURRENT DENSITY IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA AND KNOCKDOWN OF K(V) 2.1 REVERSES THE PAIN-RELATED PHENOTYPES OF CDYL DEFICIENCY MICE. FURTHERMORE, FOCAL ADMINISTRATION OF A NOVEL POTENT CDYL ANTAGONIST BLUNTS NOCICEPTION AND ATTENUATES NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THESE FINDINGS REVEAL THAT CDYL IS A CRITICAL REGULATOR OF PAIN SENSATION AND SHED LIGHT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL ANALGESICS TARGETING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
17  4615  48 NERVE INJURY DIMINISHES OPIOID ANALGESIA THROUGH LYSINE METHYLTRANSFERASE-MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF MU-OPIOID RECEPTORS IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS. THE MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR, ENCODED BY OPRM1) AGONISTS ARE THE MAINSTAY ANALGESICS FOR TREATING MODERATE TO SEVERE PAIN. NERVE INJURY CAUSES DOWN-REGULATION OF MORS IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) AND DIMINISHES THE OPIOID EFFECT ON NEUROPATHIC PAIN. HOWEVER, THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE DIMINISHED MOR EXPRESSION CAUSED BY NERVE INJURY ARE NOT CLEAR. G9A (ENCODED BY EHMT2), A HISTONE 3 AT LYSINE 9 METHYLTRANSFERASE, IS A KEY CHROMATIN REGULATOR RESPONSIBLE FOR GENE SILENCING. IN THIS STUDY, WE DETERMINED THE ROLE OF G9A IN DIMINISHED MOR EXPRESSION AND OPIOID ANALGESIC EFFECTS IN ANIMAL MODELS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. WE FOUND THAT NERVE INJURY IN RATS INDUCED A LONG-LASTING REDUCTION IN THE EXPRESSION LEVEL OF MORS IN THE DRG BUT NOT IN THE SPINAL CORD. NERVE INJURY CONSISTENTLY INCREASED THE ENRICHMENT OF THE G9A PRODUCT HISTONE 3 AT LYSINE 9 DIMETHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER OF OPRM1 IN THE DRG. G9A INHIBITION OR SIRNA KNOCKDOWN FULLY REVERSED MOR EXPRESSION IN THE INJURED DRG AND POTENTIATED THE MORPHINE EFFECT ON PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY INDUCED BY NERVE INJURY. IN MICE LACKING EHMT2 IN DRG NEURONS, NERVE INJURY FAILED TO REDUCE THE EXPRESSION LEVEL OF MORS AND THE MORPHINE EFFECT. IN ADDITION, G9A INHIBITION OR EHMT2 KNOCKOUT IN DRG NEURONS NORMALIZED NERVE INJURY-INDUCED REDUCTION IN THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF THE OPIOID ON SYNAPTIC GLUTAMATE RELEASE FROM PRIMARY AFFERENT NERVES. OUR FINDINGS INDICATE THAT G9A CONTRIBUTES CRITICALLY TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF MORS IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. G9A INHIBITORS MAY BE USED TO ENHANCE THE OPIOID ANALGESIC EFFECT IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
18  2370  26 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE ALTERNATIVELY ACTIVATED MACROPHAGE PHENOTYPE. ALTERNATIVELY ACTIVATED (M2) MACROPHAGES PLAY CRITICAL ROLES IN DIVERSE CHRONIC DISEASES, INCLUDING PARASITE INFECTIONS, CANCER, AND ALLERGIC RESPONSES. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE ACQUISITION AND MAINTENANCE OF THEIR PHENOTYPE. WE REPORT THAT M2-MACROPHAGE MARKER GENES ARE EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED BY RECIPROCAL CHANGES IN HISTONE H3 LYSINE-4 (H3K4) AND HISTONE H3 LYSINE-27 (H3K27) METHYLATION; AND THE LATTER METHYLATION MARKS ARE REMOVED BY THE H3K27 DEMETHYLASE JUMONJI DOMAIN CONTAINING 3 (JMJD3). WE FOUND THAT CONTINUOUS INTERLEUKIN-4 (IL-4) TREATMENT LEADS TO DECREASED H3K27 METHYLATION, AT THE PROMOTER OF M2 MARKER GENES, AND A CONCOMITANT INCREASE IN JMJD3 EXPRESSION. FURTHERMORE, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT IL-4-DEPENDENT JMJD3 EXPRESSION IS MEDIATED BY STAT6, A MAJOR TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR OF IL-4-MEDIATED SIGNALING. AFTER IL-4 STIMULATION, ACTIVATED STAT6 IS INCREASED AND BINDS TO CONSENSUS SITES AT THE JMJD3 PROMOTER. INCREASED JMJD3 CONTRIBUTES TO THE DECREASE OF H3K27 DIMETHYLATION AND TRIMETHYLATION (H3K27ME2/3) MARKS AS WELL AS THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF SPECIFIC M2 MARKER GENES. THE DECREASE IN H3K27ME2/3 AND INCREASE IN JMJD3 RECRUITMENT WERE CONFIRMED BY IN VIVO STUDIES USING A SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI EGG-CHALLENGED MOUSE MODEL, A WELL-STUDIED SYSTEM KNOWN TO SUPPORT AN M2 PHENOTYPE. COLLECTIVELY, THESE DATA INDICATE THAT CHROMATIN REMODELING IS MECHANISTICALLY IMPORTANT IN THE ACQUISITION OF THE M2-MACROPHAGE PHENOTYPE.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
19  1631  47 DNMT3A METHYLATION IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BACKGROUND: MU OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR) PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN MEDIATING ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF OPIOIDS AND IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE PATHOLOGIES OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE REPORTED THAT PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY DOWNREGULATES MOR EXPRESSION, BUT THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REMAIN UNKNOWN. OBJECTIVE: THEREFORE, WE INVESTIGATED DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE3A (DNMT3A) EXPRESSION OR METHYLATION CHANGES WITHIN MOR PROMOTER IN THE SPINAL CORD IN A NEUROPATHIC PAIN INDUCED BY A CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) MOUSE MODEL AND FURTHER DETERMINED WHETHER THESE INJURY-ASSOCIATED CHANGES ARE REVERSIBLE BY PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS. METHODS: A CCI MOUSE MODEL WAS ESTABLISHED AND TISSUE SPECIMENS OF LUMBAR SPINAL CORDS WERE COLLECTED. THE NOCICEPTION THRESHOLD WAS EVALUATED BY A MODEL HEATED 400 BASE. DNMT3A AND MOR MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVEL WERE DETECTED BY REAL-TIME-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND WESTERN BLOT, RESPECTIVELY. METHYLATION OF DNMT3A GENE WAS MEASURED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR. RESULTS: OUR DATA SHOWED THAT CHRONIC NERVE INJURY LED TO A SIGNIFICANT UPREGULATION OF DNMT3A EXPRESSION THAT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED METHYLATION OF MOR GENE PROMOTER AND DECREASED MOR PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN THE SPINAL CORD. INHIBITION OF DNMT3A CATALYTIC ACTIVITY WITH DNMT INHIBITOR RG108 SIGNIFICANTLY BLOCKED THE INCREASE IN METHYLATION OF THE MOR PROMOTER, AND THEN UPREGULATED MOR EXPRESSION AND ATTENUATED THERMAL HYPERALGESIA IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN MICE. CONCLUSION: THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES THAT AN INCREASE OF DNMT3A EXPRESSION AND MOR METHYLATION EPIGENETICALLY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. TARGETING DNMT3A TO THE PROMOTER OF MOR GENE BY DNMT INHIBITOR MAY BE A PROMISING APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW NEUROPATHIC PAIN THERAPY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
20  2389  30 EPIGENETIC REPOLARIZATION OF T LYMPHOCYTES FROM CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA PATIENTS USING 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE. T CELL IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION HAS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PROFOUND IMMUNE SUPPRESSION THAT CHARACTERIZES CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). IMPROPER POLARIZATION OF T CELLS HAS BEEN PROPOSED AS ONE OF THE MECHANISM INVOLVED. MOUNTING DATA IMPLICATES CHROMATIN REGULATION, NAMELY PROMOTER METHYLATION, IN THE PLASTICITY OF NAIVE HUMAN T CELLS. RECENT IN VITRO EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT THIS PLASTICITY MAY BE PHENOTYPICALLY ALTERED BY USING METHYLATION INHIBITORS WHICH ARE APPROVED FOR CLINICAL USE IN CERTAIN TYPES OF CANCER. THESE RESULTS BEG THE QUESTION: CAN THE INEFFECTIVE POLARIZATION OF T LYMPHOCYTES IN THE CONTEXT OF CLL BE EFFECTIVELY MODULATED USING METHYLATION INHIBITORS IN A SUSTAINABLE THERAPEUTIC FASHION? TO ANSWER THIS QUESTION OUR LABORATORY HAS STUDIED THE EFFECTS OF 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5A2) IN HELPER AND CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES FROM HEALTHY DONORS AND CLL PATIENTS IN WELL CHARACTERIZED MOLECULAR AND EPIGENETIC SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN EFFECTIVE POLARIZATION. MOREOVER, WE SOUGHT TO INVESTIGATE THE CONSEQUENCES OF METHYLATION INHIBITOR TREATMENT ON LYMPHOCYTE SURVIVAL, ACTIVATION INTENSITY, AND NAIVE CELL POLARIZATION. OUR DATA INDICATES THAT 5A2 TREATMENT CAN DEPOLARIZE TH2 CELLS TO EFFECTIVELY SECRETE INTERFERON GAMMA, SIGNAL VIA T-BET, AND ACHIEVE DEMETHYLATION OF CRITICAL TH1 SPECIFIC PROMOTERS. MOREOVER, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT 5A2 CAN FORCE TH1 POLARIZATION OF NAIVE T CELLS DESPITE A STRONG IL-4 STIMULI AND A LACK OF IL-12. IN CONCLUSION OUR DATA SEEKS TO DEFINE A MODALITY IN WHICH IMPROPER OR INEFFECTIVE T CELL POLARIZATION CAN BE ALTERED BY 5AZA AND COULD BE INCORPORATED IN FUTURE THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS.	2011