1  1299 113 DECREASED REELIN EXPRESSION IN THE LEFT PREFRONTAL CORTEX (BA9) IN CHRONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS. BACKGROUND: REELIN IS UNDER EPIGENETIC CONTROL AND HAS BEEN REPORTED TO BE DECREASED IN CORTICAL REGIONS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA. METHODS: TO ESTABLISH IF EXPRESSION OF REELIN IS ALTERED IN SPECIFIC CORTICAL, HIPPOCAMPAL OR THALAMIC REGIONS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS, WE MEASURED GENE EXPRESSION OF REELIN IN A POSTMORTEM STUDY OF ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA AND NON-AFFECTED CONTROLS IN BOTH HEMISPHERES DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN GRAY AND WHITE MATTER. WE COMPARED CEREBRAL POSTMORTEM SAMPLES (DORSOLATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX BA9 AND BA46, SUPERIOR TEMPORAL CORTEX BA22, ENTORHINAL CORTEX BA28, SENSORIC CORTEX BA1-3, HIPPOCAMPUS, CA4, MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS) FROM 12 SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS WITH 13 NORMAL SUBJECTS INVESTIGATING GENE EXPRESSION OF REELIN IN THE GRAY AND WHITE MATTER OF BOTH HEMISPHERES BY IN SITU-HYBRIDIZATION. RESULTS: THE LEFT PREFRONTAL AREA (BA9) OF SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS REVEALED A DECREASED EXPRESSION OF REELIN-MRNA OF 29.1% IN THE WHITE (P = 0.022) AND 13.6% IN THE GRAY MATTER (P = 0.007) COMPARED TO THE CONTROL GROUP. NONE OF THE OTHER REGIONS EXAMINED SHOWED ANY STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES. CONCLUSION: SINCE REELIN IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MIGRATION AND SYNAPSE FORMATION, THE DECREASED GENE EXPRESSION OF REELIN IN THE LEFT PREFRONTAL AREA OF SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS POINTS TO NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DEFICITS IN NEURONAL MIGRATION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY. HOWEVER, OUR STUDY GROUP WAS SMALL, AND RESULTS SHOULD BE VERIFIED USING LARGER SAMPLES.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
2   579  30 BEHAVIORAL AND MOLECULAR NEUROEPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN PRENATALLY STRESSED MICE: RELEVANCE FOR THE STUDY OF CHROMATIN REMODELING PROPERTIES OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS. WE HAVE RECENTLY REPORTED THAT MICE BORN FROM DAMS STRESSED DURING PREGNANCY (PRS MICE), IN ADULTHOOD, HAVE BEHAVIORAL DEFICITS REMINISCENT OF BEHAVIORS OBSERVED IN SCHIZOPHRENIA (SZ) AND BIPOLAR (BP) DISORDER PATIENTS. FURTHERMORE, WE HAVE SHOWN THAT THE FRONTAL CORTEX (FC) AND HIPPOCAMPUS OF ADULT PRS MICE, LIKE THAT OF POSTMORTEM CHRONIC SZ PATIENTS, ARE CHARACTERIZED BY INCREASES IN DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (DNMT1), TEN-ELEVEN METHYLCYTOSINE DIOXYGENASE 1 (TET1) AND EXHIBIT AN ENRICHMENT OF 5-METHYLCYTOSINE (5MC) AND 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5HMC) AT NEOCORTICAL GABAERGIC AND GLUTAMATERGIC GENE PROMOTERS. HERE, WE SHOW THAT THE BEHAVIORAL DEFICITS AND THE INCREASED 5MC AND 5HMC AT GLUTAMIC ACID DECARBOXYLASE 67 (GAD1), REELIN (RELN) AND BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) PROMOTERS AND THE REDUCED EXPRESSION OF THE MESSENGER RNAS (MRNAS) AND PROTEINS CORRESPONDING TO THESE GENES IN FC OF ADULT PRS MICE IS REVERSED BY TREATMENT WITH CLOZAPINE (5 MG KG(-1) TWICE A DAY FOR 5 DAYS) BUT NOT BY HALOPERIDOL (1 MG KG(-1) TWICE A DAY FOR 5 DAYS). INTERESTINGLY, CLOZAPINE HAD NO EFFECT ON EITHER THE BEHAVIOR, PROMOTER METHYLATION OR THE EXPRESSION OF THESE MRNAS AND PROTEINS WHEN ADMINISTERED TO OFFSPRING OF NONSTRESSED PREGNANT MICE. CLOZAPINE, BUT NOT HALOPERIDOL, REDUCED THE ELEVATED LEVELS OF DNMT1 AND TET1, AS WELL AS THE ELEVATED LEVELS OF DNMT1 BINDING TO GAD1, RELN AND BDNF PROMOTERS IN PRS MICE SUGGESTING THAT CLOZAPINE, UNLIKE HALOPERIDOL, MAY LIMIT DNA METHYLATION BY INTERFERING WITH DNA METHYLATION DYNAMICS. WE CONCLUDE THAT THE PRS MOUSE MODEL MAY BE USEFUL PRECLINICALLY IN SCREENING FOR THE POTENTIAL EFFICACY OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS ACTING ON ALTERED EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. FURTHERMORE, PRS MICE MAY BE INVALUABLE FOR UNDERSTANDING THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF SZ AND BP DISORDER AND FOR PREDICTING TREATMENT RESPONSES AT EARLY STAGES OF THE ILLNESS ALLOWING FOR EARLY DETECTION AND REMEDIAL INTERVENTION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
3  3647  26 INCREASED REELIN PROMOTER METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH GRANULE CELL DISPERSION IN HUMAN TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY. MESIAL TEMPORAL SCLEROSIS (MTS) IS THE MOST COMMON LESION IN CHRONIC, INTRACTABLE TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSIES (TLE) AND CHARACTERIZED BY SEGMENTAL NEURONAL CELL LOSS IN MAJOR HIPPOCAMPAL SEGMENTS. ANOTHER HISTOPATHOLOGICAL HALLMARK INCLUDES GRANULE CELL DISPERSION (GCD), AN ARCHITECTURAL DISTURBANCE OF THE DENTATE GYRUS ENCOUNTERED IN APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PATIENTS WITH MESIAL TEMPORAL SCLEROSIS. REELIN, WHICH PLAYS A KEY ROLE DURING HIPPOCAMPAL DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF LAMINAR ORGANIZATION, IS SYNTHESIZED AND RELEASED BY CAJAL-RETZIUS CELLS OF THE DENTATE MOLECULAR LAYER, AND PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT REELIN TRANSCRIPT LEVELS ARE DOWNREGULATED IN HUMAN TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSIES SPECIMENS. TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER EPIGENETIC SILENCING BY REELIN PROMOTER METHYLATION MAY BE AN UNDERLYING PATHOGENETIC MECHANISM OF GCD, DNA WAS HARVESTED FROM 3 MICRODISSECTED HIPPOCAMPAL SUBREGIONS (I.E. MOLECULAR AND GRANULE CELL LAYERS OF THE DENTATE GYRUS AND PRESUBICULUM) FROM 8 MTS SPECIMENS WITH GCD, 5 TLE SAMPLES WITHOUT GCD, AND 3 AUTOPSY CONTROLS. PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS ANALYZED AFTER BISULFITE TREATMENT, CLONING, AND DIRECT SEQUENCING; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY WAS PERFORMED TO IDENTIFY CAJAL-RETZIUS CELLS. REELIN PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS FOUND TO BE GREATER IN TLE SPECIMENS THAN IN CONTROLS; PROMOTER METHYLATION CORRELATED WITH GCD AMONG TLE SPECIMENS (P < 0.0002). NO OTHER CLINICAL OR HISTOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETER (I.E. SEX, AGE, SEIZURE DURATION, MEDICATION OR EXTENT, OF MTS) CORRELATED WITH PROMOTER METHYLATION. THESE DATA SUPPORT A COMPROMISED REELIN-SIGNALING PATHWAY AND IDENTIFY PROMOTER METHYLATION AS AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF TLE.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
4  1554  32 DNA METHYLATION LEVELS OF RELN PROMOTER REGION IN ULTRA-HIGH RISK, FIRST EPISODE AND CHRONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA COHORTS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA. THE ESSENTIAL ROLE OF THE REELIN GENE (RELN) DURING BRAIN DEVELOPMENT MAKES IT A PROMINENT CANDIDATE IN HUMAN EPIGENETIC STUDIES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA. PREVIOUS LITERATURE HAS REPORTED DIFFERING LEVELS OF DNA METHYLATION (DNAM) IN PATIENTS WITH PSYCHOSIS. THEREFORE, THIS STUDY AIMED TO (1) EXAMINE AND COMPARE RELN DNAM LEVELS IN SUBJECTS AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF PSYCHOSIS CROSS-SECTIONALLY, (2) ANALYSE THE EFFECT OF ANTIPSYCHOTICS (AP) ON DNAM, AND (3) EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS AND APPLICABILITY OF RELN PROMOTER DNAM AS A POSSIBLE BIOLOGICAL-BASED MARKER FOR SYMPTOM SEVERITY IN PSYCHOSIS.. THE STUDY COHORT CONSISTED OF 56 HEALTHY CONTROLS, 87 ULTRA-HIGH RISK (UHR) INDIVIDUALS, 26 FIRST-EPISODE (FE) PSYCHOSIS INDIVIDUALS AND 30 CHRONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA (CS) INDIVIDUALS. THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SYNDROME SCALE (PANSS) WAS USED TO ASSESS SCHIZOPHRENIA SEVERITY. AFTER PYROSEQUENCING SELECTED CPG SITES OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD, THE AVERAGE MEAN DNAM LEVELS WERE COMPARED AMONGST THE 4 SUBGROUPS. OUR RESULTS SHOWED DIFFERING LEVELS OF DNAM, WITH UHR HAVING THE LOWEST (7.72 +/- 0.19) WHILE THE CS HAD THE HIGHEST LEVELS (HC: 8.78 +/- 0.35; FE: 7.75 +/- 0.37; CS: 8.82 +/- 0.48). SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER AVERAGE MEAN DNAM LEVELS WERE FOUND IN CS SUBJECTS ON AP (9.12 +/- 0.61) COMPARED TO UHR WITHOUT MEDICATION (UHR(-)) (7.39 +/- 0.18). A SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION WAS ALSO OBSERVED BETWEEN THE AVERAGE MEAN DNAM OF FE AND PANSS NEGATIVE SYMPTOM FACTOR (R(2) = 0.237, SS = -0.401, *P = 0.033). IN CONCLUSION, OUR FINDINGS SUGGESTED DIFFERENT LEVELS OF DNAM FOR SUBJECTS AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF PSYCHOSIS. THOSE SUBJECTS THAT TOOK AP HAVE DIFFERENT DNAM LEVELS. THERE WERE SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN FE DNAM AND NEGATIVE PANSS SCORES. WITH MORE FUTURE EXPERIMENTS AND ON LARGER COHORTS, THERE MAY BE POTENTIAL USE OF DNAM OF THE RELN GENE AS ONE OF THE GENES FOR THE BIOLOGICAL-BASED MARKER FOR SYMPTOM SEVERITY IN PSYCHOSIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
5  1332  28 DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPE INDUCED BY PRENATAL DEXAMETHASONE IN MICE IS REVERSED BY DESIPRAMINE. EXPOSURE TO PRENATAL INSULTS HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK FOR NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, INCLUDING DEPRESSION, BUT THE MECHANISMS ARE STILL POORLY UNDERSTOOD. PERSISTENT ALTERATIONS OF THE HPA AXIS FEEDBACK MECHANISM AS WELL AS ADULT IMPAIRED NEUROGENESIS ARE BELIEVED TO PLAY A RELEVANT ROLE IN THE ETIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION. IN ADDITION, GROWING EVIDENCE POINTS AT EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING AS A KEY FACTOR. WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY SHOWN THAT PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO THE SYNTHETIC GLUCOCORTICOID DEXAMETHASONE (DEX) IMPAIRS NEUROGENESIS AND LEADS TO LATE ONSET OF DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR THAT DOES NOT RESPOND TO THE SSRI ANTIDEPRESSANT FLUOXETINE (FLX). THE AIMS OF THIS STUDY WERE TO ASSESS THE EFFECT OF DEX PRENATAL EXPOSURE ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF HIPPOCAMPAL GRANULE NEURONS AND ON THE EXPRESSION OF GENES RELATED TO PLASTICITY; AND TO TEST WHETHER THE SNRI ANTIDEPRESSANT DESIPRAMINE (DMI), UNLIKE FLX, COULD COUNTERACT THE EFFECT OF PRENATAL-DEX. C57BL/6 MICE WERE EXPOSED TO DEX (0.05 MG/KG/DAY) IN UTERO AND RECEIVED INTRA-HIPPOCAMPAL INJECTION OF GFP EXPRESSING RETROVIRAL VECTOR FOR LABELING OF NEWBORN GRANULE CELLS AT ELEVEN MONTHS. BY TWELVE MONTHS, DEX MICE SHOWED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED NEUROGENESIS AND MORPHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS OF THE NEWBORN GRANULE CELLS IN THE DENTATE GYRUS (DG). FURTHERMORE DEX MICE DISPLAYED ALTERED EXPRESSION OF GENES CONTROLLING NEUROGENESIS AND NEURONAL MORPHOLOGY, SUCH AS CDKN1C, P16, TRKB, DISC1 AND REELIN. CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH DMI LED TO A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN IMMOBILITY TIME IN THE FORCED SWIM TEST. IN ADDITION, DMI RESTORED NEUROGENESIS, NEURONAL MORPHOLOGY IN THE DG, AS WELL AS THE EXPRESSION OF ALL RELATED GENES. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT (1) PRENATAL DEX INDUCES EARLY AND PERSISTENT REPROGRAMMING EFFECTS RESULTING IN ALTERED NEUROGENESIS AND NEURONAL MORPHOLOGY; AND (2) DMI TREATMENT REVERSES DEX-INDUCED DEPRESSION BY RESTORING THE EXPRESSION OF GENES RELEVANT TO NEURONAL PLASTICITY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
6  1809  20 EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS ON THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR GENE EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPI OF CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS RATS. RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS HAVE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS. HOWEVER, THE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS ON HISTONE MODIFICATION REMAIN UNCLEAR. THEREFORE, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS ON THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF THE BDNF GENE IN THE RAT HIPPOCAMPUS. RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS (6 H/D FOR 21 D) AND THEN WERE ADMINISTERED WITH EITHER OLANZAPINE (2 MG/KG) OR HALOPERIDOL (1 MG/KG). THE LEVELS OF HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION AND MECP2 BINDING AT BDNF PROMOTER IV WERE ASSESSED WITH CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS. THE MRNA LEVELS OF TOTAL BDNF WITH EXON IV, HDAC5, DNMT1, AND DNMT3A WERE ASSESSED WITH A QUANTITATIVE RT-PCR PROCEDURE. CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS RESULTED IN THE DOWNREGULATION OF TOTAL AND EXON IV BDNF MRNA LEVELS AND A DECREASE IN HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION AND AN INCREASE IN MECP2 BINDING AT BDNF PROMOTER IV. FURTHERMORE, THERE WERE ROBUST INCREASES IN THE EXPRESSION OF HDAC5 AND DNMTS. OLANZAPINE ADMINISTRATION LARGELY PREVENTED THESE CHANGES. THE ADMINISTRATION OF HALOPERIDOL HAD NO EFFECT. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUG OLANZAPINE INDUCED HISTONE MODIFICATION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND THAT THESE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS MAY REPRESENT ONE OF THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE ACTIONS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7  4390  28 MODELING THE MOLECULAR EPIGENETIC PROFILE OF PSYCHOSIS IN PRENATALLY STRESSED MICE. BASED ON POSTMORTEM BRAIN STUDIES, OUR OVERARCHING EPIGENETIC HYPOTHESIS IS THAT CHRONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA (SZ) IS A PSYCHOPATHOLOGICAL CONDITION INVOLVING DYSREGULATION OF THE DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM AMONG DNA METHYLATION/DEMETHYLATION NETWORK COMPONENTS AND THE EXPRESSION OF SZ TARGET GENES, INCLUDING GABAERGIC AND GLUTAMATERGIC GENES. SZ HAS A NATURAL COURSE, STARTING WITH A PRODROMAL PHASE, A FIRST EPISODE THAT OCCURS IN ADOLESCENTS OR IN YOUNG ADULTS, AND LATER DETERIORATION OVER THE ADULT YEARS. HENCE, THE EPIGENETIC STATUS AT EACH NEURODEVELOPMENTAL STAGE OF THE DISEASE CANNOT BE STUDIED JUST IN POSTMORTEM BRAIN OF CHRONIC SZ PATIENTS, BUT REQUIRES THE USE OF NEURODEVELOPMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS. WE HAVE DIRECTED THE FOCUS OF OUR RESEARCH TOWARD STUDYING THE EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE OF THE SZ BRAIN IN THE OFFSPRING OF DAMS STRESSED DURING PREGNANCY (PRS MICE). ADULT PRS MICE HAVE BEHAVIORAL DEFICITS REMINISCENT OF BEHAVIORS OBSERVED IN PSYCHOTIC PATIENTS. THE ADULT PRS BRAIN, LIKE THAT OF POSTMORTEM CHRONIC SZ PATIENTS, IS CHARACTERIZED BY A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1, TET METHYLCYTOSINE DIOXYGENASE 1 (TET1), 5-METHYLCYTOSINE, AND 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE AT SZ CANDIDATE GENE PROMOTERS AND A REDUCTION IN THE EXPRESSION OF GLUTAMATERGIC AND GABAERGIC GENES. IN PRS MICE, MEASUREMENTS OF EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS FOR SZ CAN BE ASSESSED AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT WITH THE GOAL OF FURTHER ELUCIDATING THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THIS DISEASE AND PREDICTING TREATMENT RESPONSES AT SPECIFIC STAGES OF THE ILLNESS, WITH PARTICULAR ATTENTION TO EARLY DETECTION AND POSSIBLY EARLY INTERVENTION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
8  4397  35 MODULATION OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION IN RODENT CORTICAL NEUROPLASTICITY PATHWAYS EXERTS RAPID ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS. BACKGROUND: STRESS INCREASES DNA METHYLATION, PRIMARILY A SUPPRESSIVE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM CATALYZED BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT), AND DECREASES THE EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN NEURONAL PLASTICITY AND MOOD REGULATION. DESPITE CHRONIC ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT DECREASES STRESS-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION, IT IS NOT KNOWN WHETHER INHIBITION OF DNMT WOULD CONVEY RAPID ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS. AIM: THIS WORK TESTED SUCH A HYPOTHESIS AND EVALUATED WHETHER A BEHAVIORAL EFFECT INDUCED BY DNMT INHIBITORS (DNMTI) CORRESPONDS WITH CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND TRANSCRIPT LEVELS IN GENES CONSISTENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY (BDNF, TRKB, 5-HT(1A), NMDA, AND AMPA). METHODS: MALE WISTAR RATS RECEIVED INTRAPERITONEAL (I.P.) INJECTION OF TWO PHARMACOLOGICALLY DIFFERENT DNMTI (5-AZAD 0.2 AND 0.6 MG/KG OR RG108 0.6 MG/KG) OR VEHICLE (1 ML/KG), 1 H OR 7 DAYS BEFORE THE LEARNED HELPLESSNESS TEST (LH). DNA METHYLATION IN TARGET GENES AND THE CORRESPONDENT TRANSCRIPT LEVELS WERE MEASURED IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS (HPC) AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) USING MEDIP-QPCR. IN PARALLEL SEPARATE GROUPS, THE ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECT OF 5-AZAD AND RG108 WAS INVESTIGATED IN THE FORCED SWIMMING TEST (FST). THE INVOLVEMENT OF CORTICAL BDNF-TRKB-MTOR PATHWAYS WAS ASSESSED BY INTRA-VENTRAL MEDIAL PFC (VMPFC) INJECTIONS OF RAPAMYCIN (MTOR INHIBITOR), K252A (TRKB RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST), OR VEHICLE (0.2 MUL/SIDE). RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT BOTH 5-AZAD AND RG108 ACUTELY AND 7 DAYS BEFORE THE TEST DECREASED ESCAPE FAILURES IN THE LH. LH STRESS INCREASED DNA METHYLATION AND DECREASED TRANSCRIPT LEVELS OF BDNF IV AND TRKB IN THE PFC, EFFECTS THAT WERE NOT SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED BY RG108 TREATMENT. THE SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF 5-AZAD (0.2 MG/KG) AND RG108 (0.2 MG/KG) INDUCED AN ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECT IN FST, WHICH WAS, HOWEVER, ATTENUATED BY TRKB AND MTOR INHIBITION INTO THE VMPFC. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT ACUTE INHIBITION OF STRESS-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION PROMOTES RAPID AND SUSTAINED ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED BDNF-TRKB-MTOR SIGNALING IN THE PFC.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
9   881  21 CHRONIC CLOZAPINE TREATMENT RESTRAINS VIA HDAC2 THE PERFORMANCE OF MGLU2 RECEPTOR AGONISM IN A RODENT MODEL OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC ACTIVITY. PRECLINICAL FINDINGS IN RODENT MODELS POINTED TOWARD ACTIVATION OF METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE 2/3 (MGLU2/3) RECEPTORS AS A NEW PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACH TO TREAT PSYCHOSIS. HOWEVER, MORE RECENT STUDIES FAILED TO SHOW CLINICAL EFFICACY OF MGLU2/3 RECEPTOR AGONISM IN SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS. WE PREVIOUSLY PROPOSED THAT LONG-TERM ANTIPSYCHOTIC MEDICATION RESTRICTED THE THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF THESE GLUTAMATERGIC AGENTS. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM UNDERLYING THE POTENTIAL REPERCUSSION OF PREVIOUS ANTIPSYCHOTIC EXPOSURE ON THE THERAPEUTIC PERFORMANCE OF MGLU2/3 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. HERE WE SHOW THAT THIS MALADAPTIVE EFFECT OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC TREATMENT IS MEDIATED MOSTLY VIA HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 (HDAC2). CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH THE ANTIPSYCHOTIC CLOZAPINE LED TO A DECREASE IN MOUSE FRONTAL CORTEX MGLU2 MRNA, AN EFFECT THAT REQUIRED EXPRESSION OF BOTH HDAC2 AND THE SEROTONIN 5-HT(2A) RECEPTOR. THIS TRANSCRIPTIONAL ALTERATION OCCURRED IN ASSOCIATION WITH HDAC2-DEPENDENT REPRESSIVE HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AT THE MGLU2 PROMOTER. WE FOUND THAT CHRONIC CLOZAPINE TREATMENT DECREASED VIA HDAC2 THE CAPABILITIES OF THE MGLU2/3 RECEPTOR AGONIST LY379268 TO ACTIVATE G-PROTEINS IN THE FRONTAL CORTEX OF MICE. CHRONIC CLOZAPINE TREATMENT BLUNTED THE ANTIPSYCHOTIC-RELATED BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF LY379268, AN EFFECT THAT WAS NOT OBSERVED IN HDAC2 KNOCKOUT MICE. MORE IMPORTANTLY, CO-ADMINISTRATION OF THE CLASS I AND II HDAC INHIBITOR SAHA (VORINOSTAT) PRESERVED THE ANTIPSYCHOTIC PROFILE OF LY379268 AND FRONTAL CORTEX MGLU2/3 RECEPTOR DENSITY IN WILD-TYPE MICE. THESE FINDINGS RAISE CONCERNS ON THE DESIGN OF PREVIOUS CLINICAL STUDIES WITH MGLU2/3 AGONISTS, PROVIDING THE RATIONALE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HDAC2 INHIBITORS AS A NEW EPIGENETIC-BASED APPROACH TO IMPROVE THE CURRENTLY LIMITED RESPONSE TO TREATMENT WITH GLUTAMATERGIC ANTIPSYCHOTICS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
10  2827  28 FLUOXETINE INCREASES HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS AND INDUCES EPIGENETIC FACTORS BUT DOES NOT IMPROVE FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY AFTER TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY. THE SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR FLUOXETINE INDUCES HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS, STIMULATES MATURATION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY OF ADULT HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS, AND REDUCES MOTOR/SENSORY AND MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS IN SEVERAL CNS DISORDERS. IN THE SETTING OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI), ITS EFFECTS ON NEUROPLASTICITY AND FUNCTION HAVE YET TO BE THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATED. HERE WE EXAMINED THE EFFICACY OF FLUOXETINE AFTER A MODERATE TO SEVERE TBI, PRODUCED BY A CONTROLLED CORTICAL IMPACT. THREE DAYS AFTER TBI OR SHAM SURGERY, MICE WERE TREATED WITH FLUOXETINE (10 MG/KG/D) OR VEHICLE FOR 4 WEEKS. TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF FLUOXETINE ON NEUROPLASTICITY, HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION WERE STUDIED. STEREOLOGIC ANALYSIS OF THE DENTATE GYRUS REVEALED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN DOUBLECORTIN-POSITIVE CELLS IN BRAIN-INJURED ANIMALS TREATED WITH FLUOXETINE RELATIVE TO CONTROLS, A FINDING CONSISTENT WITH ENHANCED HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCLUDING AN INCREASE IN HISTONE 3 ACETYLATION AND INDUCTION OF METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN, A TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR INVOLVED IN DNA METHYLATION, WERE LIKEWISE SEEN BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY AND QUANTITATIVE WESTERN IMMUNOBLOTS, RESPECTIVELY, IN BRAIN-INJURED ANIMALS TREATED WITH FLUOXETINE. TO DETERMINE IF FLUOXETINE IMPROVES NEUROLOGICAL OUTCOMES AFTER TBI, GAIT FUNCTION AND SPATIAL LEARNING AND MEMORY WERE ASSESSED BY THE CATWALK-ASSISTED GAIT TEST AND BARNES MAZE TEST, RESPECTIVELY. NO DIFFERENCES IN THESE PARAMETERS WERE SEEN BETWEEN FLUOXETINE- AND VEHICLE-TREATED ANIMALS. THUS WHILE FLUOXETINE ENHANCED NEUROPLASTICITY IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AFTER TBI, ITS CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION DID NOT RESTORE LOCOMOTOR FUNCTION OR AMELIORATE MEMORY DEFICITS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
11  5267  29 PROMOTER ACTIVITY-BASED CASE-CONTROL ASSOCIATION STUDY ON SLC6A4 HIGHLIGHTING HYPERMETHYLATION AND ALTERED AMYGDALA VOLUME IN MALE PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA. ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN ALTERED DNA METHYLATION OF THE SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER (5-HTT)-ENCODING GENE SLC6A4 AND EARLY LIFE ADVERSITY, MOOD AND ANXIETY DISORDERS, AND AMYGDALA REACTIVITY HAVE BEEN REPORTED. HOWEVER, FEW STUDIES HAVE EXAMINED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF SLC6A4 IN SCHIZOPHRENIA (SZ). WE EXAMINED CPG SITES OF SLC6A4, WHOSE DNA METHYLATION LEVELS HAVE BEEN REPORTED TO BE ALTERED IN BIPOLAR DISORDER, USING 3 INDEPENDENT COHORTS OF PATIENTS WITH SZ AND AGE-MATCHED CONTROLS. WE FOUND SIGNIFICANT HYPERMETHYLATION OF A CPG SITE IN SLC6A4 IN MALE PATIENTS WITH SZ IN ALL 3 COHORTS. WE SHOWED THAT CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION OF RISPERIDONE DID NOT AFFECT THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS AT THIS CPG SITE USING COMMON MARMOSETS, AND THAT IN VITRO DNA METHYLATION AT THIS CPG SITE DIMINISHED THE PROMOTER ACTIVITY OF SLC6A4. WE THEN GENOTYPED THE 5-HTT-LINKED POLYMORPHIC REGION (5-HTTLPR) AND INVESTIGATED THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG 5-HTTLPR, DNA METHYLATION, AND AMYGDALA VOLUME USING BRAIN IMAGING DATA. WE FOUND THAT PATIENTS HARBORING LOW-ACTIVITY 5-HTTLPR ALLELES SHOWED HYPERMETHYLATION AND THEY SHOWED A NEGATIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION LEVELS AND LEFT AMYGDALA VOLUMES. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE CPG SITE IN SLC6A4 IS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SZ, ESPECIALLY IN MALE PATIENTS HARBORING LOW-ACTIVITY 5-HTTLPR ALLELES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
12  1831  31 EFFECTS OF MATERNAL SEPARATION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG ON EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR EXON I PROMOTER IN THE ADULT RAT HIPPOCAMPUS. AIM: EARLY LIFE STRESS CAN INDUCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THROUGH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS AND IS A RISK FACTOR FOR DEPRESSION. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG ACTION. WE INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE BDNF EXON I PROMOTER IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF ADULT RATS SUBJECTED TO MATERNAL SEPARATION (MS) DURING EARLY LIFE AND TREATED WITH AN ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG AS ADULTS. METHODS: RAT PUPS WERE SUBJECTED TO MS FROM POSTNATAL DAY 1 TO 21 AND RECEIVED CHRONIC ESCITALOPRAM (ESC) AS ADULTS. WE ASSESSED THE EFFECTS OF MS AND ESC ON BDNF EXON I AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT) MRNA LEVELS (QUANTITATIVE REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION), ACETYLATED HISTONE H3, AND MECP2 BINDING TO THE BDNF PROMOTER I (CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION FOLLOWED BY REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION), AND BDNF PROTEIN LEVELS (ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY). RESULTS: THE LEVELS OF BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION, AND DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA WERE ALTERED IN THE MS GROUP COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL GROUP. SIGNIFICANT DECREASES WERE OBSERVED IN THE BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, AND HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS AND THERE WERE SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA LEVELS. THE COMPARISON BETWEEN THE MS + ESC AND MS GROUPS REVEALED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, AND HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS AND SIGNIFICANT DECREASES IN MECP2 AND DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA LEVELS. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT MS INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE BDNF EXON I PROMOTER AND THESE CHANGES WERE PREVENTED BY ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG TREATMENT DURING ADULTHOOD.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
13  2755  29 EXPRESSION OF CLASS II HISTONE DEACETYLASES IN TWO MOUSE MODELS OF TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS LIKE ALTERED HISTONE ACETYLATION MAY HAVE A CRUCIAL ROLE IN EPILEPTOGENESIS. IN TWO MOUSE MODELS OF TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY, WE INVESTIGATED CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF CLASS II HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDAC), A GROUP OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCERS THAT SHUTTLE BETWEEN NUCLEUS AND CYTOPLASM. INTRAHIPPOCAMPAL INJECTION OF KAINIC ACID (KA) INDUCED A STATUS EPILEPTICUS, DEVELOPMENT OF SPONTANEOUS SEIZURES (AFTER 3 DAYS), AND FINALLY CHRONIC EPILEPSY AND GRANULE CELL DISPERSION. EXPRESSION OF CLASS II HDAC MRNAS WAS INVESTIGATED AT DIFFERENT TIME INTERVALS AFTER KA INJECTION IN THE GRANULE CELL LAYERS AND IN SECTORS CA1 AND CA3 CONTRALATERAL TO THE SITE OF KA INJECTION LACKING NEURODEGENERATION. INCREASED EXPRESSION OF HDAC5 AND 9 MRNAS COINCIDED WITH PRONOUNCED GRANULE CELL DISPERSION IN THE KA-INJECTED HIPPOCAMPUS AT LATE INTERVALS (14-28 DAYS AFTER KA) AND EQUALLY AFFECTED BOTH HDAC9 SPLICE VARIANTS. IN CONTRAST, IN THE PILOCARPINE MODEL (SHOWING NO GRANULE CELL DISPERSION), WE OBSERVED DECREASES IN THE EXPRESSION OF HDAC5 AND 9 AT THE SAME TIME INTERVALS. BEYOND THIS, STRIKING SIMILARITIES BETWEEN BOTH TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY MODELS SUCH AS FAST DECREASES IN HDAC7 AND 10 MRNAS DURING THE ACUTE STATUS EPILEPTICUS WERE OBSERVED, NOTABLY ALSO IN THE CONTRALATERAL HIPPOCAMPUS NOT AFFECTED BY NEURODEGENERATION. THE PARTICULAR PATTERNS OF HDAC MRNA EXPRESSION SUGGEST A ROLE IN EPILEPTOGENESIS AND GRANULE CELL DISPERSION. REDUCED EXPRESSION OF HDACS MAY RESULT IN INCREASED EXPRESSION OF PRO- AND ANTICONVULSIVE PROTEINS. ON THE OTHER HAND, EXPORT OF HDACS FROM THE NUCLEUS INTO THE CYTOPLASM COULD ALLOW FOR DEACETYLATION OF CYTOPLASMATIC PROTEINS INVOLVED IN AXONAL AND DENDRITIC REMODELING, LIKE GRANULE CELL DISPERSION. HDAC 5 AND HDAC 9 EXPRESSION IS HIGHLY INCREASED IN GRANULE CELLS OF THE KA-INJECTED HIPPOCAMPUS AND PARALLELS GRANULE CELL DISPERSION. BOTH HDACS ARE THOUGHT TO BE TARGETED TO THE CYTOPLASM AND TO ACT THERE BY DEACETYLATING CYTOPLASMATIC (E.G. CYTOSCELETON-RELATED) PROTEINS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
14  6108  33 THE ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT AMELIORATES CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT BY ACTIVATING THE SIRT1/MIR-134 SIGNALING PATHWAY IN HIPPOCAMPUS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS (CUMS) IS AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR DEPRESSION AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS IN HUMANS. ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT (EE) SHOWED A BENEFICIAL EFFECT ON DEPRESSION AND COGNITION BY ENHANCING BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) EXPRESSION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY. HOWEVER, IT IS STILL NOT CLEARLY UNDERSTOOD WHETHER AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IS INVOLVED IN THE BDNF MODULATION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY THAT OCCURS AFTER EE TREATMENT FOR THE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS ELICITED BY CUMS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF THE NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF EE. METHODS: ALL RATS WERE EXPOSED TO THE 5-WEEK CUMS PROCEDURE EXCEPT THE CONTROL GROUP. AFTER CUMS PROCEDURE, SOME RATS WERE STEREOTAXICALLY INJECTED WITH SIRT1 PHARMACOLOGIC INHIBITOR EX527 OR SIRT1 KNOCKING DOWN LENTIVIRUS (SH-SIRT1) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS FOLLOWED BY EE TREATMENT FOR 3 WEEKS. OTHER RATS WERE DIRECTLY SUBJECTED TO EE TREATMENT WITHOUT STEREOTAXIC INJECTION. BEHAVIORAL TESTS WERE USED TO APPRAISE DEPRESSION AND COGNITION AFTER EE TREATMENT. THEN EPIGENETIC MOLECULES, SYNAPTIC PROTEINS, DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND BRANCHES, AND SYNAPTIC MORPHOLOGY OF THE DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS WERE DETERMINED. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT CUMS INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS INCLUDING DECREASED SUCROSE PREFERENCE RATIO, PROLONGED IMMOBILITY AND REDUCED LOCOMOTOR AND EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY; COGNITIVE DEFICITS INCLUDING SPATIAL LEARNING AND MEMORY IMPAIRMENT; REDUCED DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND NUMBER OF BRANCHES; THINNED POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY; DOWNREGULATED SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY, DECREASED BDNF AND SYNAPTIC PROTEINS INCLUDING SYNAPTOPHYSIN (SYN) AND POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY PROTEIN 95 (PSD95) EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. HOWEVER, THE CUMS-INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS, COGNITIVE DEFICITS, DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND BRANCH NUMBER REDUCTION, POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY THINNING, SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY DOWNREGULATION, BDNF AND SYNAPTIC PROTEINS REDUCTION, INCLUDING SYNAPTOPHYSIN (SYN) AND POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY PROTEIN 95 (PSD95), WERE REVERSED BY EE TREATMENT. HOWEVER, DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS WERE OBSERVED AGAIN IN RATS SUBJECTED TO STEREOTAXIC INJECTION WITH EX527 OR SH-SIRT1. FURTHERMORE, THIS STUDY ALSO FOUND THAT SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 REGULATES THE DOWNSTREAM MOLECULES BDNF, AND THE SYNAPTIC PROTEINS SYN AND PSD95 IN PRIMARY CULTURED HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS. CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY PROVIDES EVIDENCE FOR THE NEUROPROTECTIVE ROLE OF EE ON DEPRESSION AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS BY ACTIVATING THE SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY, WHICH ACCOUNTS FOR THE REGULATION OF SYNAPTIC PROTEINS, INCLUDING BDNF, PSD95 AND SYN, DENDRITIC REMODELING AND ULTRASTRUCTURE CHANGES OF SYNAPSES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS.	2019	

15  4581  18 N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE 2B RECEPTOR SUBTYPE (NR2B) PROMOTER METHYLATION IN PATIENTS DURING ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL. NMDA RECEPTORS AND ESPECIALLY THE NR2B RECEPTOR SUBTYPE PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE DURING CHRONIC ETHANOL CONSUMPTION AND ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL. THEREFORE, THE NR2B RECEPTOR SUBTYPE EXPRESSION IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELLS OF 32 MALE PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM ALCOHOL DEPENDENCY WERE ASSESSED THROUGH QUANTITATIVE RT-PCR AND TO EXPLORE REGULATING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, A METHYLATION ANALYSIS WAS CONDUCTED USING BISULFITE SEQUENCING OF A FRAGMENT OF THE NR2B PROMOTER REGION. THE EXPRESSION OF THE NR2B RECEPTOR INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY DURING THE FIRST 24 H OF WITHDRAWAL TREATMENT (DAY 1; T = 4.1, P = 0.001), AND ALSO ON AND DAY 3 (T = 2.4; P = 0.029). THE SEVERITY OF ALCOHOL DRINKING PATTERN, MEASURED BY LIFETIME DRINKING AND DAILY ETHANOL INTAKE, WAS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH THE METHYLATION OF A DEFINED CLUSTER OF FIVE CPG-SITES WITHIN THE NR2B PROMOTER (LIFETIME DRINKING: SPEARMAN'S RHO = -0.55; P = 0.013; DAILY ETHANOL INTAKE: RHO = -0.46; P = 0.043). THESE FINDINGS MIGHT EXPLAIN THE OBSERVATION OF AN IMPACT OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION PATTERNS ON THE GRAVITY OF WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
16  3177  32 H3K9ME2 REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX IS INVOLVED IN THE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPE INDUCED BY MATERNAL SEPARATION IN MALE RATS. BACKGROUND: EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) INDUCES A DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPE AND INCREASES THE RISK OF DEPRESSION. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) HAS BEEN CONFIRMED TO BE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM BY WHICH ELS ALTERS THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF AND CHANGES SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSION HAS NOT BEEN FULLY CLARIFIED. METHODS: THE PRESENT STUDY USED MATERNAL SEPARATION (MS) AND CHRONIC UNPREDICTED MILD STRESS (CUMS) TO ESTABLISH AN MS ANIMAL MODEL AND A DEPRESSIVE ANIMAL MODEL. WE ASSESSED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOURS, INCLUDING ANHEDONIA, LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY, ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOUR, AND SPATIAL MEMORY, USING THE SUCROSE PREFERENCE TEST, THE OPEN FIELD TEST, THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE TEST, AND THE MORRIS WATER MAZE TEST. WE ALSO INVESTIGATED BDNF AND H3K9ME2 EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (MPFC) BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, WESTERN BLOTTING, AND QPCR ANALYSIS. ADDITIONALLY, WE USED UNC0642, A SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITOR OF HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE (G9A), AS AN INTERVENTION. RESULTS: THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT CUMS INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOURS IN RATS AND RESULTED IN INCREASED H3K9ME2 EXPRESSION AND DECREASED BDNF EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MPFC. MORE IMPORTANTLY, ADULT MS RATS EXPERIENCING CUMS HAD MORE SEVERE DEPRESSIVE BEHAVIOURS, HAD HIGHER EXPRESSION OF H3K9ME2 IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MPFC, AND HAD LOWER EXPRESSION OF BDNF IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MPFC. IN ADDITION, ADMINISTRATION OF THE G9A INHIBITOR REVERSED MOST OF THE CHANGES. CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDY SUGGESTS THAT ELS CHANGED BDNF AND H3K9ME2 EXPRESSION IN THE RAT BRAIN, RESULTING IN A DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
17   434  29 ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECT OF SODIUM BUTYRATE IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE IN TET1 AND IN 5-HYDROXYMETHYLATION LEVELS IN THE BDNF GENE. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC DRUGS LIKE SODIUM BUTYRATE (NAB) SHOW ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS IN PRECLINICAL STUDIES, BUT THE EXACT MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF THE ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECTS REMAIN UNKNOWN. WHILE RESEARCH USING NAB HAS MAINLY FOCUSED ON ITS ROLE AS A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR (HDACI), THERE IS ALSO EVIDENCE THAT NAB AFFECTS DNA METHYLATION. METHODS: THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE NAB'S PUTATIVE ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFICACY IN RELATION TO DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX OF AN ESTABLISHED GENETIC RAT MODEL OF DEPRESSION (THE FLINDERS SENSITIVE LINE [FSL]) AND ITS CONTROLS (THE FLINDERS RESISTANT LINE). RESULTS: THE FSL RATS HAD LOWER LEVELS OF TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION METHYLCYTOSINE DIOXYGENASE 1 (TET1), WHICH CATALYZES THE CONVERSION OF DNA METHYLATION TO HYDROXYMETHYLATION. AS INDICATED BY THE BEHAVIORAL DESPAIR TEST, CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION OF NAB HAD ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS IN THE FSL AND WAS ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED LEVELS OF TET1. THE TET1 UPREGULATION WAS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE OF HYDROXYMETHYLATION AND A DECREASE OF METHYLATION IN BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF), A GENE ASSOCIATED WITH NEUROGENESIS AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY. THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH A CORRESPONDING BDNF OVEREXPRESSION. CONCLUSIONS: OUR DATA SUPPORT THE ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFICACY OF HDACIS AND SUGGEST THAT THEIR EPIGENETIC EFFECTS MAY ALSO INCLUDE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES THAT ARE MEDIATED BY DEMETHYLATION-FACILITATING ENZYMES LIKE TET1.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
18  3331  28 HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR SUBERANILOHYDROXAMIC ACID TREATMENT REVERSES HYPOSENSITIVITY TO GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID IN THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA DURING ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL. BACKGROUND: THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA) IS IMPORTANT FOR ALCOHOL-RELATED REWARD AND REINFORCEMENT. MOUSE VTA NEURONS ARE HYPOSENSITIVE TO GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (GABA) DURING ETHANOL (ETOH) WITHDRAWAL, AND GABA RESPONSIVENESS IS NORMALIZED BY IN VITRO TREATMENT WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACI). THE PRESENT STUDY EXAMINED THE EFFECT OF A SYSTEMICALLY ADMINISTERED HDACI, SUBERANILOHYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) ON GABA SENSITIVITY, AND RELATED MOLECULAR CHANGES IN VTA NEURONS DURING WITHDRAWAL AFTER CHRONIC ETOH INTAKE IN RATS. METHODS: SPRAGUE DAWLEY MALE ADULT RATS WERE FED WITH LIEBER-DECARLI DIET (9% ETOH OR CONTROL DIET) FOR 16 DAYS. EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS INCLUDED CONTROL DIET-FED AND ETOH DIET-FED (0- OR 24-HOUR WITHDRAWAL) RATS TREATED WITH EITHER SAHA OR VEHICLE INJECTION. SINGLE-UNIT RECORDINGS WERE USED TO MEASURE THE RESPONSE OF VTA NEURONS TO GABA. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY WAS PERFORMED TO EXAMINE LEVELS OF HDAC2, ACETYLATED HISTONE H3 LYSINE 9 (ACH3K9), AND GABA(A) RECEPTOR ALPHA1 AND ALPHA5 SUBUNITS IN THE VTA; QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION WAS PERFORMED TO EXAMINE THE MRNA LEVELS OF HDAC2 AND GABA(A) RECEPTOR SUBUNITS. RESULTS: VTA NEURONS FROM THE WITHDRAWAL GROUP EXHIBITED GABA HYPOSENSITIVITY. IN VIVO SAHA TREATMENT 2 HOURS BEFORE SACRIFICE NORMALIZED THE SENSITIVITY OF VTA NEURONS TO GABA. ETOH WITHDRAWAL WAS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED HDAC2 AND DECREASED ACH3K9 PROTEIN LEVELS; SAHA TREATMENT NORMALIZED ACH3K9 LEVELS. INTERESTINGLY, NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGE WAS OBSERVED IN THE MRNA LEVELS OF HDAC2. THE MRNA LEVELS, BUT NOT PROTEIN LEVELS, OF GABA(A) RECEPTOR ALPHA1 AND ALPHA5 SUBUNITS WERE INCREASED DURING WITHDRAWAL. CONCLUSIONS: WITHDRAWAL FROM CHRONIC ETOH EXPOSURE RESULTS IN A DECREASE IN GABA-MEDIATED INHIBITION, AND THIS GABA HYPOSENSITIVITY IS NORMALIZED BY IN VIVO SAHA TREATMENT. DISRUPTION OF SIGNALING IN THE VTA PRODUCED BY ALTERATION OF GABA NEUROTRANSMISSION COULD BE 1 NEUROADAPTIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS LEADING TO CRAVING AND RELAPSE. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HDACI PHARMACOTHERAPY WITH AGENTS LIKE SAHA MIGHT BE AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT FOR ALCOHOLISM.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
19  1751  26 EARLY LIFE STRESS INCREASES STRESS VULNERABILITY THROUGH BDNF GENE EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE RAT HIPPOCAMPUS. EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) EXERTS LONG-LASTING EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES ON THE BRAIN AND MAKES AN INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBLE TO LATER DEPRESSION. IT IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD WHETHER ELS AND SUBSEQUENT ADULT CHRONIC STRESS MODULATE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. WE EXAMINED THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF THE BDNF GENE IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, WHICH MAY UNDERLIE STRESS VULNERABILITY TO POSTNATAL MATERNAL SEPARATION (MS) AND ADULT RESTRAINT STRESS (RS). RAT PUPS WERE SEPARATED FROM THEIR DAMS (3 H/DAY FROM P1-P21). WHEN THE PUPS REACHED ADULTHOOD (8 WEEKS OLD), WE INTRODUCED RS (2 H/DAY FOR 3 WEEKS) FOLLOWED BY ESCITALOPRAM TREATMENT. WE SHOWED THAT BOTH THE MS AND RS GROUPS EXPRESSED REDUCED LEVELS OF TOTAL AND EXON IV BDNF MRNA. FURTHERMORE, RS POTENTIATED MS-INDUCED DECREASES IN THESE EXPRESSION LEVELS. SIMILARLY, BOTH THE MS AND RS GROUPS SHOWED DECREASED LEVELS OF ACETYLATED HISTONE H3 AND H4 AT BDNF PROMOTER IV, AND RS EXACERBATED MS-INDUCED DECREASES OF H3 AND H4 ACETYLATION. BOTH THE MS AND RS GROUPS HAD INCREASED MECP2 LEVELS AT BDNF PROMOTER IV, AS WELL AS INCREASED HDAC5 MRNA, AND THE COMBINATION OF MS AND RS EXERTED A GREATER EFFECT ON THESE PARAMETERS THAN DID RS ALONE. IN THE FORCED SWIMMING TEST, THE IMMOBILITY TIME OF THE MS + RS GROUP WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN THAT OF THE RS GROUP. ADDITIONALLY, CHRONIC ESCITALOPRAM TREATMENT RECOVERED THESE ALTERATIONS. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT POSTNATAL MS AND SUBSEQUENT ADULT RS MODULATE EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE BDNF GENE, AND THAT THESE CHANGES MAY BE RELATED TO BEHAVIORAL PHENOTYPE. THESE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN ESCITALOPRAM ACTION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
20   949  29 CHRONIC METHAMPHETAMINE TREATMENT REDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY GENES AND CHANGES THEIR DNA METHYLATION STATUS IN THE MOUSE BRAIN. METHAMPHETAMINE (METH) IS A HIGHLY ADDICTIVE PSYCHOSTIMULANT THAT MAY CAUSE LONG-LASTING SYNAPTIC DYSFUNCTION AND ABNORMAL GENE EXPRESSION. WE AIMED TO EXPLORE THE DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY GENES IN CHRONIC METH-TREATED MOUSE BRAIN. WE USED THE RT(2) PROFILER PCR ARRAY AND THE REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR TO CHARACTERIZE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY GENES IN THE FRONTAL CORTEX AND THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF CHRONIC METH-TREATED MICE COMPARED WITH NORMAL SALINE-TREATED MICE. WE FURTHER USED PYROSEQUENCING TO ASSESS DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN THE CPG REGION OF THE FIVE IMMEDIATE EARLY GENES (IEGS) IN CHRONIC METH-TREATED MOUSE BRAIN. WE DETECTED SIX DOWNREGULATED GENES IN THE FRONTAL CORTEX AND THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF CHRONIC METH-TREATED MICE, INCLUDING FIVE IEGS (ARC, EGR2, FOS, KLF10, AND NR4A1) AND ONE NEURONAL RECEPTOR GENE (GRM1), COMPARED WITH NORMAL SALINE-TREATED GROUP, BUT ONLY FOUR GENES (ARC, EGR2, FOS, AND NR4A1) WERE CONFIRMED TO BE DIFFERENT. FURTHERMORE, WE FOUND SEVERAL CPG SITES OF THE ARC AND THE FOS THAT HAD SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION STATUS IN THE FRONTAL CORTEX OF CHRONIC METH-TREATED MICE, WHILE THE KLF10 AND THE NR4A1 THAT HAD SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION OF METH MAY LEAD TO SIGNIFICANT DOWNREGULATION OF THE IEGS EXPRESSION IN BOTH THE FRONTAL CORTEX AND THE HIPPOCAMPUS, WHICH MAY PARTLY ACCOUNT FOR THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF THE ACTION OF METH. FURTHERMORE, THE CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION STATUS OF THE IEGS IN THE BRAIN INDICATE THAT AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM-DEPENDENT TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO METH ADDICTION, WHICH WARRANTS ADDITIONAL STUDY.	2015