1  1502 120 DNA METHYLATION AND EPIGENETIC EVENTS UNDERLYING RENAL CELL CARCINOMAS. RENAL CELL CARCINOMA (RCC) REFERS TO A GROUP OF TUMORS THAT DEVELOP FROM THE EPITHELIUM OF THE KIDNEY TUBES, INCLUDING CLEAR CELL RCC, PAPILLARY RCC, AND CHROMOPHOBE RCC. MOST CLEAR CELL RENAL CARCINOMAS HAVE A LARGE HISTOLOGIC SUBTYPE, GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC VON HIPPEL-LINDAU (VHL). A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE GENETIC MODIFICATION GENOME SUGGESTED THAT CHROMOSOME 3P LOSS AND CHROMOSOME GAINS 5Q AND 7 MAY BE SIGNIFICANT COPY DEFECTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLEAR RCC. A MORE POTENT RCC MAY DEVELOP IF CHROMOSOME 1P, 4, 9, 13Q, OR 14Q IS ALSO LOST. RENAL CARCINOGENESIS IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OR HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES. HOWEVER, IF REGIONAL HYPERMETHYLATION OF DNA IN CPG C-TYPE ISLANDS HAS ALREADY ACCUMULATED IN CANCER-FREE KIDNEY TISSUE, IT IMPLIES THAT THE PRESENCE OF MALIGNANT KIDNEY LESIONS MAY ALSO BE DETECTED BY MODIFIED DNA METHYLATION. MODIFICATION OF DNA METHYLATION IN CANCEROUS KIDNEY TISSUE MAY ADVANCE KIDNEY TISSUE TO EPIGENETIC MUTATIONS AND GENES, LEADING TO MORE SERIOUS CANCERS AND EVEN DETERMINING A PATIENT'S OUTCOME. THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PROFILE PROVIDES ACCURATE PREDICTORS FOR PATIENTS WITH KIDNEY CANCER. NEW GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGIES WILL HELP TO SPEED UP THE IDENTIFICATION OF VITAL CELLS FOR KIDNEY CANCER PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
2  2937  84 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS DURING RENAL CARCINOGENESIS. RENAL CELL CARCINOMA (RCC) IS NOT A SINGLE ENTITY, BUT COMPRISES A GROUP OF TUMORS INCLUDING CLEAR CELL RCC, PAPILLARY RCC AND CHROMOPHOBE RCC, WHICH ARISE FROM THE EPITHELIUM OF RENAL TUBULES. THE MAJORITY OF CLEAR CELL RCCS, THE MAJOR HISTOLOGICAL SUBTYPE, HAVE GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF THE VON HIPPEL-LINDAU (VHL) GENE. GERMLINE MUTATIONS IN THE MET AND FUMARATE HYDRATASE (FH) GENES LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 PAPILLARY RCCS, RESPECTIVELY, AND SUCH MUTATIONS OF EITHER THE TSC1 OR TSC2 GENE INCREASE THE RISK OF RCC. GENOME-WIDE COPY NUMBER ALTERATION ANALYSIS HAS SUGGESTED THAT LOSS OF CHROMOSOME 3P AND GAIN OF CHROMOSOMES 5Q AND 7 MAY BE COPY NUMBER ABERRATIONS INDISPENSABLE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLEAR CELL RCC. WHEN CHROMOSOME 1P, 4, 9, 13Q OR 14Q IS ALSO LOST, MORE CLINICOPATHOLOGICALLY AGGRESSIVE CLEAR CELL RCC MAY DEVELOP. SINCE RENAL CARCINOGENESIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH NEITHER CHRONIC INFLAMMATION NOR PERSISTENT VIRAL INFECTION, AND HARDLY ANY HISTOLOGICAL CHANGE IS EVIDENT IN CORRESPONDING NON-TUMOROUS RENAL TISSUE FROM PATIENTS WITH RENAL TUMORS, PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS IN THE KIDNEY HAVE BEEN RARELY DESCRIBED. HOWEVER, REGIONAL DNA HYPERMETHYLATION ON C-TYPE CPG ISLANDS HAS ALREADY ACCUMULATED IN SUCH NON-CANCEROUS RENAL TISSUES, SUGGESTING THAT, FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF ALTERED DNA METHYLATION, THE PRESENCE OF PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS CAN BE RECOGNIZED EVEN IN THE KIDNEY. GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION PROFILES IN PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS ARE BASICALLY INHERITED BY THE CORRESPONDING CLEAR CELL RCCS DEVELOPING IN INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS: DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS AT THE PRECANCEROUS STAGE MAY FURTHER PREDISPOSE RENAL TISSUE TO EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ALTERATIONS, GENERATE MORE MALIGNANT CANCERS, AND EVEN DETERMINE PATIENT OUTCOME. THE LIST OF TUMOR-RELATED GENES SILENCED BY DNA HYPERMETHYLATION HAS RECENTLY BEEN INCREASING. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PROFILING PROVIDES AN OPTIMAL MEANS OF PROGNOSTICATION FOR PATIENTS WITH RCCS. RECENTLY DEVELOPED HIGH-THROUGHPUT TECHNOLOGIES FOR GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ANALYSES WILL FURTHER ACCELERATE THE IDENTIFICATION OF KEY MOLECULES FOR USE IN THE PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY OF RCCS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                
3  4423  40 MOLECULAR AND IMMUNOLOGIC MARKERS OF KIDNEY CANCER-POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS IN PREDICTIVE, PREVENTIVE AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE. KIDNEY CANCER IS ONE OF THE DEADLIEST MALIGNANCIES DUE TO FREQUENT LATE DIAGNOSIS (33 % OR RENAL CELL CARCINOMA ARE METASTATIC AT DIAGNOSIS) AND POOR TREATMENT OPTIONS. THERE ARE TWO MAJOR SUBTYPES OF KIDNEY CANCER: RENAL CELL CARCINOMA (RCC) AND RENAL PELVIS CARCINOMA. THE RISK FACTORS FOR RCC, ACCOUNTING FOR MORE THAN 90 % OF ALL KIDNEY CANCERS, ARE SMOKING, OBESITY, HYPERTENSION, MISUSE OF PAIN MEDICATION, AND SOME GENETIC DISEASES. THE MOST COMMON MOLECULAR MARKERS OF KIDNEY CANCER INCLUDE MUTATIONS AND EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF VON HIPPEL-LINDAU (VHL) GENE, GENES OF VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF) PATHWAY, AND CARBONIC ANHYDRASE IX (CIAX). THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION AND CHROMATIN STRUCTURE REMODELING, WAS ALSO DEMONSTRATED. IMMUNOLOGIC PROPERTIES OF RCC ENABLE THIS TYPE OF TUMOR TO ESCAPE IMMUNE RESPONSE EFFECTIVELY. AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THIS PROCESS IS PLAYED BY TUMOR-ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGES THAT DEMONSTRATE MIXED M1/M2 PHENOTYPE. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ASPECTS FOR RCC DEVELOPMENT AND CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ALLOWING PERSONALIZED APPROACHES FOR DIAGNOSTICS AND PROGNOSTIC PREDICTION OF THIS DISEASE. A SET OF MACROPHAGE MARKERS IS SUGGESTED FOR THE ANALYSIS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF MACROPHAGE PHENOTYPE AND DISEASE PROGNOSIS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
4  6705  32 VHL INACTIVATION IN PRECANCEROUS KIDNEY CELLS INDUCES AN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE VIA ER STRESS-ACTIVATED IRE1ALPHA SIGNALING. MUTATIONS AND EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF THE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE VON HIPPEL-LINDAU (VHL) ARE MAJOR CAUSES OF CLEAR-CELL RENAL CELL CARCINOMA (CCRCC) THAT MAY ORIGINATE FROM CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF VHL LOSS OF FUNCTION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CCRCC VIA INFLAMMATION REMAINS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. VHL-MUTANT CELLS EXHIBIT METABOLIC ABNORMALITIES THAT CAN CAUSE CHRONIC ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) STRESS AND UNFOLDED PROTEIN RESPONSE. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT UNRESOLVED ER STRESS INDUCES THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES OBSERVED IN CCRCC. ER STRESS MARKERS INCLUDING BIP AND XBP1S WERE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN CULTURED AND PRIMARY VHL LOSS-OF-FUNCTION KIDNEY CELLS. IN EPITHELIAL CELLS, THE KINASE ACTIVITY OF IRE1ALPHA WAS REQUIRED FOR THE INDUCTION OF NF-KAPPAB AND JNK AND FOR THE RECRUITMENT OF MACROPHAGES. IRE1ALPHA KINASE ACTIVITY WAS ALSO IMPORTANT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FIBROTIC PHENOTYPE IN CONDITIONAL VHLH KNOCKOUT MICE. OUR RESULTS OFFER INSIGHTS INTO THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL AGAINST CCRCC DEVELOPMENT BY RELIEVING METABOLIC STRESS. SUCH CANCER PREVENTION STRATEGY MAY BE CRITICAL FOR HIGH-RISK COHORTS SUCH AS THE FAMILIAL VHL DISEASE PATIENTS. CANCER RES; 77(13); 3406-16. (C)2017 AACR.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
5  4900  32 OXIDATIVE STRESS-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF HUMAN KIDNEY EPITHELIAL CELLS. RENAL CELL CARCINOMA (RCC) IN HUMANS IS POSITIVELY INFLUENCED BY OXIDATIVE STRESS STATUS IN KIDNEYS. WE RECENTLY REPORTED THAT ADAPTIVE RESPONSE TO LOW LEVEL OF CHRONIC OXIDATIVE STRESS INDUCES MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF IMMORTALIZED HUMAN RENAL TUBULAR EPITHELIAL CELLS. EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN HUMAN RCC ARE WELL DOCUMENTED, BUT ITS ROLE IN OXIDATIVE STRESS-INDUCED MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF KIDNEY CELLS IS NOT KNOWN. THEREFORE, THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN CHRONIC OXIDATIVE STRESS-INDUCED MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF HK-2, HUMAN RENAL TUBULAR EPITHELIAL CELLS. THE RESULTS REVEALED ABERRANT EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORY GENES INVOLVED IN DNA METHYLATION (DNMT1, DNMT3A AND MBD4) AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS (HDAC1, HMT1 AND HAT1) IN HK-2 CELLS MALIGNANTLY TRANSFORMED BY CHRONIC OXIDATIVE STRESS. ADDITIONALLY, BOTH IN VITRO SOFT AGAR ASSAY AND IN VIVO NUDE MICE STUDY SHOWING DECREASED TUMORIGENIC POTENTIAL OF MALIGNANTLY TRANSFORMED HK-2 CELLS FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH DNA DE-METHYLATING AGENT 5-AZA 2' DC FURTHER CONFIRMED THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF DNA HYPERMETHYALTION IN OXIDATIVE STRESS-INDUCED MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION. CHANGES OBSERVED IN GLOBAL HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION (H3K9, H3K18, H3K27 AND H3K14) AND DECREASE IN PHOSPHO-H2AX (SER139) ALSO SUGGEST POTENTIAL ROLE OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN INCREASED SURVIVAL AND MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF HK-2 CELLS BY OXIDATIVE STRESS. IN SUMMARY, THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING INDUCED BY LOW LEVELS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS ACT AS DRIVER FOR MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF KIDNEY EPITHELIAL CELLS. FINDINGS OF THIS STUDY ARE HIGHLY RELEVANT IN POTENTIAL CLINICAL APPLICATION OF EPIGENETIC-BASED THERAPEUTICS FOR TREATMENTS OF KIDNEY CANCERS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
6  6434  37 THE VON HIPPEL LINDAU TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENE IS A NOVEL TARGET OF E2F4-MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION IN PREECLAMPSIA. THE VON HIPPEL LINDAU TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR (VHL) PROTEIN IS ESSENTIAL FOR PROPER PLACENTAL DEVELOPMENT AND IS DOWNREGULATED IN PREECLAMPSIA (PE), A DEVASTATING DISORDER OF PREGNANCY TYPIFIED BY CHRONIC HYPOXIA. TO DATE, KNOWLEDGE ON VHL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION IS RESTRICTED TO INACTIVATING MUTATIONS AND LOSS-OF-HETEROZYGOSITY IN RENAL CELL CARCINOMAS. HEREIN, WE SOUGHT TO EXAMINE WHETHER VHL DNA IS SUBJECT TO DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION, AND IF SO, WHETHER IT IS ALTERED IN EARLY-ONSET PE (E-PE). SODIUM BISULFITE MODIFICATION AND METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT VHL IS SUBJECT TO EXTENSIVE METHYLATION IN A CPG-RICH REGION WITHIN ITS PROMOTER IN THE HUMAN PLACENTA. NOTABLY, WE DETECTED SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN METHYLATION IN E-PE PLACENTAE RELATIVE TO NORMOTENSIVE AGE-MATCHED CONTROLS AT KEY TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING SITES, INCLUDING THAT OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOR E2F4. TREATMENT OF JEG3 CELLS WITH 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE, REVEALED THAT LOSS OF DNA METHYLATION PROMOTED VHL TRANSCRIPTION BY ATTENUATING VHL ASSOCIATION WITH E2F4. RNAI KNOCKDOWN OF E2F4 IN VITRO CONFIRMED ITS FUNCTION ON VHL REPRESSION. EXPOSURE OF JEG3 CELLS TO TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA (TGFBETA) DOWNREGULATED VHL MRNA. IN LINE WITH ELEVATED LEVELS OF TGFBETA3 IN E-PE, CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS REVEALED THAT E2F4-VHL ASSOCIATION WAS ENHANCED UPON TGFBETA3 TREATMENT, INDICATIVE OF VHL TRANSCRIPTIONAL INHIBITION. IN LINE WITH DECREASED VHL EXPRESSION IN E-PE, AUGMENTED E2F4-VHL ASSOCIATION WAS ALSO OBSERVED IN E-PE PLACENTAL TISSUE RELATIVE TO CONTROLS. IN CONCLUSION, WE DEMONSTRATE FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT HYPOMETHYLATION OF VHL DNA AT A KEY TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING SITE HAS SIGNIFICANT CONSEQUENCES FOR ITS TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION IN EARLY-ONSET PREECLAMPSIA.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
7  6704  22 VHL GENE METHYLATION CONTRIBUTES TO EXCESSIVE ERYTHROCYTOSIS IN CHRONIC MOUNTAIN SICKNESS RAT MODEL BY UPREGULATING THE HIF-2ALPHA/EPO PATHWAY. AIMS: HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTORS (HIFS) PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ERYTHROCYTOSIS IN CHRONIC MOUNTAIN SICKNESS (CMS). VON HIPPEL-LINDAU (VHL) IS A KEY REGULATOR OF HYPOXIA THAT CAN DIRECT THE POLY-UBIQUITYLATION AND DEGRADATION OF HIFS. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE BELIEVED TO CONTRIBUTE TOWARD ADAPTION TO CHRONIC HYPOXIA. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE CONTRIBUTION AND MECHANISM OF VHL METHYLATION IN RATS WITH ERYTHROCYTOSIS IN CMS. MAIN METHODS: THE METHYLATION STATUS OF VHL WAS MEASURED VIA BISULFITE SEQUENCING PCR, WHILE VHL, DNMT1, DNMT3ALPHA, AND DNMT3BETA EXPRESSION WERE ASSESSED USING REAL-TIME REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION PCR AND WESTERN BLOTTING. HIF-2ALPHA AND EPO EXPRESSION LEVELS IN BONE MARROW WERE DETERMINED VIA IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING, AND ERYTHROID HYPERPLASIA IN BONE MARROW SECTIONS WERE OBSERVED WITH HEMATOXYLIN AND EOSIN STAINING. KEY FINDINGS: WE FOUND THAT CHRONIC HYPOXIA TRIGGERED ERYTHROID HYPERPLASIA IN THE BONE MARROW AND INCREASED THE QUANTITY OF PERIPHERAL RED BLOOD CELLS IN CMS RATS. CHRONIC HYPOXIA SIGNIFICANTLY INDUCED METHYLATION AT THE CPG SITE IN THE VHL PROMOTER, DECREASED VHL EXPRESSION, AND INCREASED HIF-2ALPHA AND EPO EXPRESSION. CHRONIC HYPOXIA INCREASED DNMT3ALPHA AND DNMT3BETA EXPRESSION, CONSISTENT WITH THE DECREASE IN VHL EXPRESSION. THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR 5-AZACYTIDINE REDUCED CHRONIC HYPOXIA-INDUCED ERYTHROID PROLIFERATION IN THE BONE MARROW OF RATS WITH CMS BY SUPPRESSING VHL METHYLATION AND DNMTS EXPRESSION. SIGNIFICANCE: OUR STUDY SUGGESTS THAT VHL METHYLATION CONTRIBUTES TOWARD EXCESSIVE ERYTHROCYTOSIS IN CMS BY UPREGULATING THE HIF-2ALPHA/EPO PATHWAY IN THE BONE MARROW OF RATS. WE DEMONSTRATED THAT THE DNMT INHIBITOR 5-AZACYTIDINE CAN ATTENUATE ERYTHROID HYPERPLASIA IN THE BONE MARROW BY DEMETHYLATING THE VHL PROMOTER.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
8   564  39 BASAL CELL CARCINOMAS OF THE SCALP AFTER RADIOTHERAPY FOR TINEA CAPITIS IN CHILDHOOD: A GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC STUDY WITH COMPARISON WITH BASAL CELL CARCINOMAS EVOLVING IN CHRONICALLY SUN-EXPOSED AREAS. BACKGROUND: BASAL CELL CARCINOMA (BCC) HAS BEEN MOSTLY ASSOCIATED WITH SUN EXPOSURE, BUT IONIZING RADIATION IS ALSO A KNOWN RISK FACTOR. IT IS NOT CLEAR IF THE PATHOGENESIS OF BCC, NAMELY AT A GENOMIC AND EPIGENETIC LEVEL, DIFFERS ACCORDING TO THE UNDERLYING TRIGGERING FACTORS. OBJECTIVE: THE PRESENT STUDY AIMS TO COMPARE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN BCCS RELATED TO IONIZING RADIATION AND CHRONIC SUN EXPOSURE. METHODS: TUMOR SAMPLES FROM BCCS OF THE SCALP IN PATIENTS SUBMITTED TO RADIOTHERAPY TO TREAT TINEA CAPITIS IN CHILDHOOD AND BCCS FROM SUN-EXPOSED AREAS WERE ANALYSED THROUGH ARRAY COMPARATIVE GENOMIC HYBRIDIZATION (ARRAY-CGH) AND METHYLATION-SPECIFIC MULTIPLEX LIGATION-DEPENDENT PROBE AMPLIFICATION (MS-MLPA) TO DETECT COPY NUMBER ALTERATIONS AND METHYLATION STATUS OF SPECIFIC GENES. RESULTS: GENOMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF TUMOR SAMPLES REVEALED SEVERAL COPY NUMBER GAINS AND LOSSES IN ALL CHROMOSOMES, WITH THE MOST FREQUENT GAINS OBSERVED AT 2P, 6P, 12P, 14Q, 15Q, 18Q, XP AND YP, AND THE MOST FREQUENT LOSSES OBSERVED AT 3Q, 14Q, 16P, 17Q, 22Q, XP, YP AND YQ. WE DEVELOPED A STATISTICAL MODEL, ENCOMPASSING GAINS IN 3P AND 16P AND LOSSES IN 14Q AND 20P, WITH POTENTIAL TO DISCRIMINATE BCC SAMPLES WITH SPORADIC AETIOLOGY FROM BCC SAMPLES THAT EVOLVE AFTER RADIOTHERAPY IN CHILDHOOD FOR THE TREATMENT OF TINEA CAPITIS, WHICH PRESENTED STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE (P = 0.003). FEW METHYLATED GENES WERE DETECTED THROUGH MS-MLPA, MOST FREQUENTLY RARB AND CD44. CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDY REPRESENTS A STEP FORWARD IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE GENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE PATHOGENESIS OF BCC AND SUGGESTS POTENTIAL DIFFERENCES ACCORDING TO THE UNDERLYING RIS K FACTORS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
9  6849  31 [MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS]. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IN JAPAN IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES OF INFECTION WITH THE HEPATITIS B OR C VIRUSES. ANALYSIS OF HCC TISSUES FREQUENTLY DETECTS LOSS OF HETEROZYGOSITY AT CHROMOSOMES 1P, 4, 6Q, 8P, 10Q, 13Q, 16Q, 17P, AND MANY GENOMIC AND EPIGENOMIC ABNORMALITIES HAVE BEEN FOUND IN P53, BETA-CATENIN, P16CDKI, DNA MISMATCH REPAIR GENES, AND OTHERS. HOWEVER, NO SPECIFIC ABNORMAL GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC CHANGES FOR HCC HAVE BEEN FOUND SO FAR. THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC HAS BEEN REPORTED IN MICE TRANSGENIC FOR THE HEPATITIS B VIRUS X GENE OR THE HEPATITIS C VIRUS CORE GENE, AND THESE VIRAL PROTEINS MIGHT PLAY ESSENTIAL ROLES IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND FIBROSIS DUE TO PERSISTENT VIRAL INFECTION MIGHT ALSO INFLUENCE THE GENOMIC INSTABILITY OF HEPATOCYTES, LEADING TO ACCUMULATION OF GENOMIC CHANGES.	1999	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
10   185  32 ACCUMULATION OF ABERRANT CPG HYPERMETHYLATION BY HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION PROMOTES DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF GASTRIC MALT LYMPHOMA. ABERRANT DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IS AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM FOR THE INACTIVATION OF TUMOR-RELATED GENES IN HUMAN TUMORS. GASTRIC MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE (MALT) LYMPHOMAS ARISE FROM HELICOBACTER PYLORI-ASSOCIATED CHRONIC GASTRITIS; MOST PATIENTS ARE H. PYLORI-POSITIVE AND ERADICATION THERAPY IS HIGHLY EFFECTIVE. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE USED METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR TO ANALYZE THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS OF 11 TUMOR-RELATED GENES (KIP2, P16, HMLH-1, P15, P73, MGMT, DAPK, MINT1, MINT2, MINT31 AND HCAD) IN 21 SPECIMENS OF MALT LYMPHOMA, 5 SPECIMENS OF MALT LYMPHOMA WITH LARGE CELL COMPONENT (HIGH-GRADE MALT LYMPHOMA), 15 SPECIMENS OF DIFFUSE LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMA (DLBCL), 8 SPECIMENS OF COMPLETE REMISSION OF MALT LYMPHOMA AFTER ERADICATION THERAPY, 5 SPECIMENS WITH NO EVIDENCE OF MALIGNANCY AND PBMCS FROM 10 HEALTHY DONORS. THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF METHYLATED GENES WAS SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER IN GASTRIC LYMPHOMAS AS COMPARED TO NORMAL CONTROLS (P<0.001). THE CPG ISLAND METHYLATOR PHENOTYPE (CIMP) WAS OBSERVED IN 93.3% (14/15) OF DLBCLS, 100% (5/5) OF HIGH-GRADE MALT LYMPHOMAS AND 61.9% (13/21) OF MALT LYMPHOMAS; IN CONTRAST, CIMP WAS NOT FOUND IN THE CONTROL GROUP (0%). THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF METHYLATED GENES AND THE CIMP INCIDENCE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED WITH H. PYLORI INFECTION. FURTHERMORE, ABERRANT CPG METHYLATION OF SPECIFIC GENES, SUCH AS P16, MGMT AND MINT31, WAS CONSISTENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH H. PYLORI INFECTION. THESE FINDINGS STRONGLY SUGGEST THAT H. PYLORI INFECTION CAUSES THE ABERRANT DNA HYPERMETHYLATION OF SPECIFIC GENES AND INDUCES CIMP, WHICH IS AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC MECHANISM FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF GASTRIC MALT LYMPHOMA; ADDITIONALLY, OUR FINDINGS PROVIDE NEW EPIGENETIC MARKERS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
11   342  45 ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION ASSOCIATED WITH ABNORMALITIES OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES IN HUMAN CANCERS DURING TRANSITION FROM A PRECANCEROUS TO A MALIGNANT STATE. ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION ARE ONE OF THE MOST CONSISTENT EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HUMAN CANCERS. HUMAN CANCERS GENERALLY SHOW GLOBAL DNA HYPOMETHYLATION ACCOMPANIED BY REGION-SPECIFIC HYPERMETHYLATION. ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION MAY RESULT IN CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY AS A RESULT OF CHANGES IN CHROMATIN STRUCTURE. DNA HYPERMETHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS SILENCES VARIOUS TUMOR-RELATED GENES. ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION ARE FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN CANCERS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND/OR PERSISTENT INFECTION WITH VIRUSES OR OTHER PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS, SUCH AS HEPATITIS B OR C VIRUSES, EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS, HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS AND HELICOBACTER PYLORI, OR WITH CIGARETTE SMOKING. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION ARE INVOLVED EVEN IN THE EARLY AND PRECANCEROUS STAGES. ON THE OTHER HAND, IN PATIENTS WITH CANCERS, ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH POORER TUMOR DIFFERENTIATION, TUMOR AGGRESSIVENESS AND POOR PROGNOSIS. PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS SHOWING ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION MAY PROGRESS RAPIDLY AND GENERATE MORE MALIGNANT CANCERS. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) 1 OVER-EXPRESSION IS NOT A SECONDARY RESULT OF INCREASED CELL PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY BUT IS SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH THE CPG ISLAND METHYLATOR PHENOTYPE, WHICH IS DEFINED AS FREQUENT DNA HYPERMETHYLATION OF C-TYPE CPG ISLANDS THAT ARE USUALLY METHYLATED IN A CANCER-SPECIFIC (NOT AGE-DEPENDENT) MANNER. SPLICING ALTERATION OF DNMT3B MAY RESULT IN CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY THROUGH DNA HYPOMETHYLATION OF PERICENTROMERIC SATELLITE REGIONS. ALTERATION OF DNA METHYLATION MAY BECOME AN INDICATOR FOR CARCINOGENETIC RISK ESTIMATION AND EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF CANCERS AND A BIOLOGICAL PREDICTOR OF POOR PROGNOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH CANCERS. CORRECTION OF DNA METHYLATION STATUS MAY OFFER A NEW STRATEGY FOR PREVENTION AND THERAPY OF CANCERS.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
12  6770  30 [ABERRANT METHYLATION OF MULTIPLE GENES AND ITS CLINICAL IMPLICATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA]. OBJECTIVE: TO INVESTIGATE THE METHYLATION FREQUENCIES OF MULTIPLE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS) IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) AND THE CLINICAL IMPLICATION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN MOLECULAR CARCINOGENESIS OF HCC. METHODS: SIXTY SAMPLES OF HCC AND THE PAIRED ADJACENT LIVER TISSUE, 16 SAMPLES FROM POST-HEPATITIS CIRRHOTIC LIVERS, 5 FROM LIVERS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND 5 FROM NORMAL LIVERS WERE COLLECTED. EIGHT TSGS FREQUENTLY SILENCED BY HYPERMETHYLATION OF THEIR PROMOTERS IN VARIOUS TYPES OF DIGESTIVE TUMORS WERE SELECTED, INCLUDING APC, RASSF1A, P16, GSTP1, MGMT, DAPK, SOCS-1 AND RIZ1. THE STATUS OF PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THESE 8 GENES WAS INVESTIGATED USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. THE CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL DATA OF HCC WERE ALSO ANALYZED IN ORDER TO EVALUATE THE CLINICAL IMPLICATION OF ABERRANT METHYLATION IN HCC. RESULTS: METHYLATION OF THE 8 TSGS WAS QUITE FREQUENT IN HCC, WITH A METHYLATION RATE OF 95.0% IN RASSF1A, 90.0% IN APC, 73.3% IN GSTP1, 65.0% IN P16, 61.6% IN RIZ1 AND 60.0% IN MGMT. METHYLATION OF THE 6 GENES WAS MORE FREQUENT IN HCC THAN THAT IN ADJACENT TISSUES (P < 0.05). THE METHYLATION RATE OF MGMT, GSTP1 AND RIZ1 IN THE ADJACENT TISSUES WAS 41.6%, 40.0% AND 25.0%, RESPECTIVELY, SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN THAT IN CIRRHOTIC LIVER (P < 0.05). P16 METHYLATION WAS MORE FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN HCC IN ELDERLY PATIENTS. THE FREQUENCY OF MGMT METHYLATION WAS TENDED TO BE HIGHER IN GIANT HCC THAN THAT IN THE OTHER TYPES OF HCC. PATIENTS WITH MGMT METHYLATION IN THE TUMOR WERE FOUND TO HAVE A SHORTER DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL. CONCLUSION: DIFFERENT FREQUENCY OF METHYLATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS, ADJACENT LIVER TISSUES AND CIRRHOTIC LIVERS IMPLIES THAT EPIGENETIC ALTERATION IN THE HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOGENESIS MAY BE A GRADUALLY PROGRESSIVE PROCESS. METHYLATION STATUS OF MGMT, GSTP1 AND RIZ1 MAY BE PROMISING IN RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND IN EARLY DIAGNOSIS. FURTHERMORE, MGMT METHYLATION MIGHT BE ALSO USED AS A POTENTIAL PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKER FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA PATIENTS.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
13  1107  30 COMBINING CYTOGENETIC AND EPIGENETIC APPROACHES IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IMPROVES PROGNOSIS PREDICTION FOR PATIENTS WITH ISOLATED 13Q DELETION. BACKGROUND: BOTH DEFECTIVE DNA METHYLATION AND ACTIVE DNA DEMETHYLATION PROCESSES ARE EMERGING AS IMPORTANT RISK FACTORS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). HOWEVER, ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN 5-CYTOSINE EPIGENETIC MARKERS AND THE MOST FREQUENT CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES DETECTED IN CLL REMAIN TO BE ESTABLISHED. METHODS: CLL PATIENTS WERE RETROSPECTIVELY CLASSIFIED INTO A CYTOGENETIC LOW-RISK GROUP (ISOLATED 13Q DELETION), AN INTERMEDIATE-RISK GROUP (NORMAL KARYOTYPE OR TRISOMY 12), AND A HIGH-RISK GROUP (11Q DELETION, 17P DELETION, OR COMPLEX KARYOTYPE [>/= 3 BREAKPOINTS]). THE TWO 5-CYTOSINE DERIVATIVES, 5-METHYLCYTOSINE (5-MCYT) AND 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5-HMCYT), WERE TESTED BY ELISA (N = 60), WHILE REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR WAS USED FOR DETERMINING TRANSCRIPTIONAL EXPRESSION LEVELS OF DNMT AND TET (N = 24). RESULTS: BY USING GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION/DEMETHYLATION LEVELS, IN THE LOW-RISK DISEASE GROUP, TWO SUBGROUPS WITH SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT CLINICAL OUTCOMES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED (MEDIAN TREATMENT-FREE SURVIVAL [TFS] 45 VERSUS > 120 MONTHS FOR 5-MCYT, P = 0.0008, AND 63 VERSUS > 120 MONTHS FOR 5-HMCYT, P = 0.04). A DEFECTIVE 5-MCYT STATUS WAS FURTHER ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGHER PERCENTAGE OF 13Q DELETED NUCLEI (> 80%), THUS SUGGESTING AN ACQUIRED PROCESS. WHEN CONSIDERING THE CYTOGENETIC INTERMEDIATE/HIGH-RISK DISEASE GROUPS, AN ASSOCIATION OF 5-MCYT STATUS WITH LYMPHOCYTOSIS (P = 0.0008) AND THE LYMPHOCYTE DOUBLING TIME (P = 0.04) BUT NOT WITH TFS WAS OBSERVED, AS WELL AS A REDUCTION OF DNMT3A, TET1, AND TET2 TRANSCRIPTS. CONCLUSIONS: COMBINING CYTOGENETIC STUDIES WITH 5-MCYT ASSESSMENT ADDS ACCURACY TO CLL PATIENTS' PROGNOSES AND PARTICULARLY FOR THOSE WITH 13Q DELETION AS A SOLE CYTOGENETIC ABNORMALITY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
14  1582  42 DNA METHYLATION PROFILES IN PRECANCEROUS TISSUE AND CANCERS: CARCINOGENETIC RISK ESTIMATION AND PROGNOSTICATION BASED ON DNA METHYLATION STATUS. ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION, WHICH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE ABNORMALITIES AND RESULT IN SILENCING OF TUMOR-RELATED GENES AND CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY, ARE INVOLVED EVEN IN PRECANCEROUS CHANGES IN VARIOUS ORGANS. DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS ALSO ACCOUNT FOR THE HISTOLOGICAL HETEROGENEITY AND CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF HUMAN CANCERS. THEREFORE, WE HAVE ANALYZED DNA METHYLATION ON A GENOME-WIDE SCALE IN CLINICAL TISSUE SAMPLES. OUR APPROACH USING THE BACTERIAL ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOME ARRAY-BASED METHYLATED CPG ISLAND AMPLIFICATION METHOD HAS REVEALED THAT DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS CORRELATED WITH THE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF MORE MALIGNANT CANCERS ARE ALREADY ACCUMULATED AT THE PRECANCEROUS STAGE IN THE KIDNEY, LIVER AND URINARY TRACT. DNA METHYLATION PROFILES AT PRECANCEROUS STAGES ARE BASICALLY INHERITED BY THE CORRESPONDING CANCERS DEVELOPING IN INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS. SUCH DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS MAY CONFER VULNERABILITY TO FURTHER GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, GENERATE MORE MALIGNANT CANCERS, AND THUS DETERMINE PATIENT OUTCOME. ON THE BASIS OF BACTERIAL ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOME ARRAY-BASED METHYLATED CPG ISLAND AMPLIFICATION DATA, INDICATORS FOR CARCINOGENETIC RISK ESTIMATION HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED USING LIVER TISSUE SPECIMENS FROM PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS VIRUS INFECTION, CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND LIVER CIRRHOSIS OR HISTOLOGICALLY NORMAL UROTHELIA, AND FOR PROGNOSTICATION USING BIOPSY OR SURGICALLY RESECTED SPECIMENS FROM PATIENTS WITH RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA. SUCH GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION PROFILING HAS NOW FIRMLY ESTABLISHED THE CLINICAL RELEVANCE OF TRANSLATIONAL EPIGENETICS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
15  4232  37 METHYLATION OF RUNX3 IN VARIOUS TYPES OF HUMAN CANCERS AND PREMALIGNANT STAGES OF GASTRIC CARCINOMA. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE HAS IDENTIFIED A MECHANISM POTENTIALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES, NAMELY TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING BY ABERRANT METHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS. A PREVIOUS STUDY HAS SHOWN THE LOSS OF RUNX3 EXPRESSION, DUE TO ABERRANT METHYLATION OF ITS CPG ISLAND, IN GASTRIC CANCER CELL LINES, SUGGESTING THAT RUNX3 IS A TARGET FOR EPIGENETIC GENE SILENCING IN GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. HOWEVER, THERE ARE LIMITED DATA ON THE METHYLATION STATUS OF RUNX3 IN THE NEOPLASTIC AND NON-NEOPLASTIC TISSUES IN VARIOUS TYPES OF HUMAN CANCERS, INCLUDING GASTRIC CANCER. HERE, WE REPORT THAT 60% OF GASTRIC CANCER CELL LINES AND 64% OF PRIMARY GASTRIC CARCINOMAS (N=75) WERE METHYLATED AT THE RUNX3 CPG ISLAND. RUNX3 METHYLATION WAS ALSO DETECTED IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS (73%, N=48), LARYNX CANCERS (62%, N=37), LUNG CANCERS (46%, N=24), BREAST CANCERS (25%, N=25), PROSTATE CANCERS (23%, N=44), ENDOMETRIAL CANCERS (12.5%, N=24), COLON CANCERS (4.9%, N=61) AND UTERINE CERVICAL CANCERS (2.5%, N=40), SHOWING THAT RUNX3 METHYLATION IS NOT RESTRICTED TO GASTRIC CANCER. INTERESTINGLY, THE RUNX3 METHYLATION WAS ESPECIALLY FREQUENT IN TUMORS FROM TISSUES OF A FOREGUT DERIVATIVE, THAT IS, THE STOMACH, LIVER, LARYNX AND LUNG. NEXT, THE METHYLATION STATUS OF RUNX3 IN VARIOUS NON-NEOPLASTIC TISSUES WAS EXAMINED, INCLUDING THE PREMALIGNANT LESIONS OF GASTRIC CARCINOMAS. THE RUNX3 METHYLATION WAS FOUND IN 8.1% OF CHRONIC GASTRITIS (N=99), 28.1% OF INTESTINAL METAPLASIA (N=32), 27.3% OF GASTRIC ADENOMAS (N=77) AND 64% OF GASTRIC CARCINOMAS (N=75), BUT NOT IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B, NORMAL PROSTATE AND COLON MUCOSA, EVEN THOUGH IN CASES OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS, THE METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF ITS NEOPLASTIC TISSUES WAS VERY HIGH. IN CONCLUSION, RUNX3 METHYLATION IS FREQUENTLY FOUND IN HUMAN CANCERS, INCLUDING GASTRIC CANCER, AND IS MOSTLY CANCER SPECIFIC, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE STOMACH, AND THUS, MIGHT BE USEFUL AS A POTENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKER OF CANCER.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
16  3067  49 GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION PROFILES IN PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS AND CANCERS. ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION, WHICH RESULT IN CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY AND SILENCING OF TUMOR-RELATED GENES, ARE AMONG THE MOST CONSISTENT EPIGENETIC CHANGES OBSERVED IN HUMAN CANCERS. ANALYSIS OF TISSUE SPECIMENS HAS REVEALED THAT DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS PARTICIPATE IN MULTISTAGE CARCINOGENESIS, EVEN FROM THE EARLY AND PRECANCEROUS STAGES, ESPECIALLY IN ASSOCIATION WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND/OR PERSISTENT VIRAL INFECTION, SUCH AS CHRONIC HEPATITIS OR LIVER CIRRHOSIS RESULTING FROM INFECTION WITH HEPATITIS B OR C VIRUS. DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS CAN ACCOUNT FOR THE HISTOLOGICAL HETEROGENEITY AND CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF HUMAN CANCERS. OVEREXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 IS NOT A SECONDARY RESULT OF INCREASED CELL PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY, BUT IS SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH ACCUMULATION OF DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN CPG ISLANDS OF TUMOR-RELATED GENES. ALTERATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3B SPLICING MAY RESULT IN CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY THROUGH DNA HYPOMETHYLATION IN PERICENTROMERIC SATELLITE REGIONS. GENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS OF DNA METHYLATION STATUS HAS REVEALED THAT THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILE AT THE PRECANCEROUS STAGE IS BASICALLY INHERITED BY THE CORRESPONDING CANCERS DEVELOPING IN INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS. DNA METHYLATION STATUS IS NOT SIMPLY ALTERED AT THE PRECANCEROUS STAGE; RATHER, DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS AT THE PRECANCEROUS STAGE MAY CONFER VULNERABILITY TO FURTHER GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, GENERATE MORE MALIGNANT CANCERS, AND THUS DETERMINE PATIENT OUTCOME. THEREFORE, GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION PROFILING MAY PROVIDE OPTIMAL INDICATORS FOR CARCINOGENETIC RISK ESTIMATION AND PROGNOSTICATION, AND THUS PROVIDE AN AVENUE FOR CANCER PREVENTION AND THERAPY ON AN INDIVIDUAL BASIS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
17   672  29 BRAF, KRAS AND HELICOBACTER PYLORI EPIGENETIC CHANGES-ASSOCIATED CHRONIC GASTRITIS IN EGYPTIAN PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT GASTRIC CANCER. WE AIMED TO STUDY MLH1 AND MGMT METHYLATION STATUS IN HELICOBACTER PYLORI-ASSOCIATED CHRONIC GASTRITIS IN EGYPTIAN PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT GASTRIC CANCER. 39 PATIENTS WERE INCLUDED IN OUR STUDY. THEY WERE DIVIDED INTO 2 GROUPS; PATIENTS WITHOUT (GROUP I) AND WITH GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA (GROUP II). PATIENTS WERE SUBJECTED TO CLINICAL EXAMINATION, ABDOMINAL ULTRASOUND AND UPPER ENDOSCOPY FOR GASTRIC BIOPSY. BIOPSIES WERE SUBJECTED TO UREASE TEST, HISTOLOGICAL EXAMINATION, AND DNA PURIFICATION. H. PYLORI, BRAF, KRAS, MLH1 AND MGMT METHYLATION WERE ASSESSED BY QUANTITATIVE PCR. DNA SEQUENCING WAS PERFORMED TO ASSESS BRAF AND KRAS GENES MUTATION. QPCR OF H. PYLORI WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN PATIENTS WITH ADENOCARCINOMA (GROUP II) THAN THOSE WITHOUT ADENOCARCINOMA (GROUP I); WITH A P < 0.001 AS WELL AS IN PATIENTS WITH AGE ABOVE 50 YEARS WITH A P VALUE = 0.008. BY APPLYING LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS IT WAS REPORTED THAT THE H. PYLORI QPCR IS A SIGNIFICANT PREDICTOR TO THE ADENOCARCINOMA WITH OR = 1.025 (95 % CI: 1. 002-1.048), WITH SENSITIVITY OF 90 % AND SPECIFICITY OF 100 %. ADENOCARCINOMA PATIENTS HAD A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER MEAN AGE AND LEVELS OF H. PYLORI, BRAF, K-RAS, METHYLATED MGMT AND METHYLATED MLH1 THAN THOSE OF GASTRITIS PATIENTS. DNA SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF BRAF (CODON 12) AND KRAS (CODON 600) HAD GENES MUTATION IN GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA VERSUS CHRONIC GASTRITIS. CONCLUSION: H. PYLORI MAY CAUSE EPIGENETIC CHANGES PREDISPOSING THE PATIENTS TO CANCER STOMACH. ESTIMATION OF H. PYLORI BY QPCR CAN BE A GOOD PREDICTOR TO ADENOCARCINOMA. BRAF AND KRAS GENES MUTATION WERE REVELED IN GASTRITIS AND ADENOCARCINOMA PATIENTS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
18  2661  34 EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS AND GASTRIC CARCINOMA--VIRAL CARCINOGENESIS THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS (EBV)-ASSOCIATED GASTRIC CARCINOMA (GC) IS THE MONOCLONAL GROWTH OF EBV-INFECTED EPITHELIAL CELLS, AND THE ENTITY WAS RECOGNIZED ONLY RECENTLY. EBV-ASSOCIATED GC IS DISTRIBUTED WORLDWIDE AND MORE THAN 90,000 PATIENTS ARE ESTIMATED TO DEVELOP GC ANNUALLY IN ASSOCIATION WITH EBV (10% OF TOTAL GC). EBV-ASSOCIATED GC OCCURS IN TWO FORMS IN TERMS OF THE HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES, I.E., LYMPHOEPITHELIOMA-LIKE GC AND ORDINARY TYPE OF GC. BOTH SHARE CHARACTERISTIC CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURES, SUCH AS THE PREFERENTIAL OCCURRENCE AS MULTIPLE CANCER AND REMNANT STOMACH CANCER. WHILE THE EXPRESSION OF EBV-LATENT GENES IS RESTRICTED TO SEVERAL IN THE INFECTED CELLS (LATENCY I), EBV-ASSOCIATED GC SHOWS GASTRIC CELL PHENOTYPE, RESISTANCE TO APOPTOSIS, AND THE PRODUCTION OF IMMUNOMODULATOR MOLECULES. RECENTLY, GLOBAL AND NON-RANDOM CPG ISLAND METHYLATION OF THE PROMOTER REGION OF MANY CANCER-RELATED GENES HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED WITH THEIR DECREASED EXPRESSION, SUCH AS P16 INK4A, P73 AND E-CADHERIN. THIS ABNORMALITY IS ACCOMPANIED BY METHYLATION OF THE EBV GENOME ITSELF, SUGGESTING A PROCESS OF VIRUS-DRIVEN HYPERMETHYLATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEOPLASTIC CELLS. FURTHER STUDIES ARE NECESSARY TO DETERMINE THE PRECISE SEQUENCE OF EBV INFECTION, METHYLATION, TRANSFORMATION AND SELECTION OF THE PREDOMINANT CLONE WITHIN THE STOMACH MUCOSA. FUTURE STUDIES ARE ALSO DESIRABLE FOR THE TARGET AND STRATEGY OF THERAPY, SUCH AS INITIATING VIRAL REPLICATION OR REVERSING THE DNA METHYLATION OF CELLULAR GENES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
19  5181  28 PREMALIGNANT LESIONS IN GASTRIC CANCER. DESPITE A PLATEAU IN INCIDENCE, GASTRIC CANCER IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON CANCERS WORLDWIDE AND CAUSES CONSIDERABLE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. PREMALIGNANT GASTRIC LESIONS ARE WELL KNOWN RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTESTINAL-TYPE GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMAS. IN THIS MULTISTEP MODEL OF GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS, HELICOBACTER PYLORI CAUSES CHRONIC ACTIVE INFLAMMATION OF THE GASTRIC MUCOSA, WHICH SLOWLY PROGRESSES THROUGH THE PREMALIGNANT STAGES OF ATROPHIC GASTRITIS, INTESTINAL METAPLASIA, AND ADENOMA/DYSPLASIA TO GASTRIC CARCINOMA. THIS PROGRESSION IS PARALLELED BY A STEPWISE ACCUMULATION OF MULTIPLE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES. DETECTION, TREATMENT, AND MOLECULAR ANALYSES OF PREMALIGNANT LESIONS MAY THUS PROVIDE A BASIS FOR GASTRIC CANCER PREVENTION. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES AN OVERVIEW OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON PREMALIGNANT GASTRIC LESIONS. IT ALSO REVIEWS THE ISSUE OF SURVEILLANCE OF PATIENTS WITH PREMALIGNANT LESIONS IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THE SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS WITH GASTRIC CANCER.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
20  2843  33 FREQUENT CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IN PRECURSOR LESIONS AND EARLY GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMAS. GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS INVOLVES MULTIPLE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF TUMOR-RELATED GENES DUE TO CPG ISLAND METHYLATION (CIM) HAS BEEN RECENTLY REPORTED IN GASTRIC CANCER, BUT THE ROLE IN PRECURSOR LESIONS IS NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD. WE ANALYSED THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE P16, THE DNA MISMATCH REPAIR GENE HMLH1, AND FOUR CPG ISLANDS (MINT1, MINT2, MINT25, AND MINT31) USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION IN 35 POLYPOID ADENOMAS AND 46 FLAT DYSPLASIAS UNASSOCIATED WITH CARCINOMA, 34 EARLY ADENOCARCINOMAS (T1N0M0) AND ASSOCIATED ADENOMAS/DYSPLASIAS, AND CORRESPONDING ADJACENT NON-NEOPLASTIC MUCOSA. THE EXTENT OF CIM WAS DEFINED BY THE FRACTION OF METHYLATED LOCI (METHYLATION INDEX), AND COMPARED WITH PREVIOUSLY CHARACTERIZED GENETIC ALTERATIONS (MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY (MSI) AND APC GENE MUTATION). WE FOUND THAT METHYLATION OF P16 WAS MORE FREQUENT IN ADENOCARCINOMA-ASSOCIATED DYSPLASIAS/ADENOMAS (29%) AND ADENOCARCINOMAS (44%) AS COMPARED TO FLAT DYSPLASIAS (4%) AND ADENOMAS (18%) UNASSOCIATED WITH ADENOCARCINOMA (P=0.001). THE MEAN METHYLATION INDEX INCREASED FROM NORMAL/CHRONIC GASTRITIS (CG) MUCOSA (0.09) TO INTESTINAL METAPLASIA (IM) (0.16), FLAT DYSPLASIAS (0.40) OR POLYPOID ADENOMAS (0.41) UNASSOCIATED WITH CARCINOMA, DYSPLASIAS/ADENOMAS ASSOCIATED WITH CARCINOMA (0.44), AND ADENOCARCINOMAS (0.44). THERE WAS NO DIFFERENCE IN FREQUENCIES OF HIGH-LEVEL CPG ISLAND METHYLATION (CIM-H, METHYLATION INDEX > OR =0.5) AMONG FLAT DYSPLASIAS (50%) AND POLYPOID ADENOMAS (51%) UNASSOCIATED WITH CARCINOMA, DYSPLASIAS/ADENOMAS ASSOCIATED WITH ADENOCARCINOMA (47%), AND ADENOCARCINOMA (47%). CIM-H WAS PRESENT IN 15% OF IM, BUT NOT IN NORMAL/CG MUCOSA. THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN METHYLATION OF HMLH1 AND HIGH-LEVEL OF MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY (MSI-H): METHYLATION OF HMLH1 WAS PRESENT IN 71% OF MSI-H TUMORS, BUT ONLY 8% OF MSI-LOW TUMORS AND 13% OF MICROSATELLITE-STABLE TUMORS (P=0.0001). THERE WAS NO STATISTICAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN METHYLATION INDEX AND APC MUTATION. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT CONCURRENT PROMOTER METHYLATION IS AN EARLY AND FREQUENT EVENT IN GASTRIC TUMORIGENESIS, INCLUDING BOTH MSI-H AND MICROSATELLITE-STABLE NEOPLASMS. METHYLATION OF THE P16 GENE MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF GASTRIC PRECURSOR LESIONS.	2004