1  1102 106 COMBINED CHEMOSENSITIVITY AND CHROMATIN PROFILING PRIORITIZES DRUG COMBINATIONS IN CLL. THE BRUTON TYROSINE KINASE (BTK) INHIBITOR IBRUTINIB HAS SUBSTANTIALLY IMPROVED THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS FOR CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). ALTHOUGH IBRUTINIB IS NOT CURATIVE, IT HAS A PROFOUND EFFECT ON CLL CELLS AND MAY CREATE NEW PHARMACOLOGICALLY EXPLOITABLE VULNERABILITIES. TO IDENTIFY SUCH VULNERABILITIES, WE DEVELOPED A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH THAT COMBINES EPIGENOME PROFILING (CHARTING THE GENE-REGULATORY BASIS OF CELL STATE) WITH SINGLE-CELL CHEMOSENSITIVITY PROFILING (QUANTIFYING CELL-TYPE-SPECIFIC DRUG RESPONSE) AND BIOINFORMATIC DATA INTEGRATION. BY APPLYING OUR METHOD TO A COHORT OF MATCHED PATIENT SAMPLES COLLECTED BEFORE AND DURING IBRUTINIB THERAPY, WE IDENTIFIED CHARACTERISTIC IBRUTINIB-INDUCED CHANGES THAT PROVIDE A STARTING POINT FOR THE RATIONAL DESIGN OF IBRUTINIB COMBINATION THERAPIES. SPECIFICALLY, WE OBSERVED AND VALIDATED PREFERENTIAL SENSITIVITY TO PROTEASOME, PLK1, AND MTOR INHIBITORS DURING IBRUTINIB TREATMENT. MORE GENERALLY, OUR STUDY ESTABLISHES A BROADLY APPLICABLE METHOD FOR INVESTIGATING TREATMENT-SPECIFIC VULNERABILITIES BY INTEGRATING THE COMPLEMENTARY PERSPECTIVES OF EPIGENETIC CELL STATES AND PHENOTYPIC DRUG RESPONSES IN PRIMARY PATIENT SAMPLES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2  6857  30 [NOVEL CONVENTIONAL THERAPIES IN ONCO-HEMATHOLOGY]. CYTOGENETIC, MOLECULAR AND PHENOTYPING FEATURES OF MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES SUCCEEDED IN IMPROVING THEIR MANAGEMENT BY A MORE ACCURATE STRATIFICATION OF PATIENTS ACCORDING TO SEVERAL GROUPS OF RISK AND BY PROVIDING A RATIONAL FOR TARGETED THERAPY. THREE MAJOR TYPES OF TREATMENT (EXCLUDING CELLULAR THERAPY) ARE CURRENTLY AVAILABLE IN ONCO-HEMATOLOGY: CONVENTIONAL CHEMOTHERAPY, SMALL MOLECULES FOR TARGETED THERAPY AND MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES. CONVENTIONAL CHEMOTHERAPY WITH OPTIMIZATION OF DOSES AND MULTIDRUG-BASED REGIMENS ALLOWED TO SUBSTANTIALLY IMPROVE SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS AND KEEPS A PLACE OF CHOICE IN TREATMENT OF THESE DISEASES. TARGETED TREATMENTS CAME FROM THE CYTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF HEMOPATHIES. THUS, THE KINASE BCR-ABL, AS A RESULT OF THE TRANSLOCATION T(9;22)(Q34;Q11), HAS BEEN SUCCESSFULLY TARGETED BY TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKI) IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND PH+ ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA. MOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES LIKE INTERNAL-TANDEM DUPLICATION/POINT ACTIVATING MUTATIONS IN FLT3 IN SOME ACUTE MYELOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA OR EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATIONS IN SOME BLOOD MALIGNANCIES CAN ALSO BE TARGETED BY SMALL MOLECULES. HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANT CELLS ARE PHENOTYPICALLY CHARACTERIZED BY EXPRESSION OF CLUSTER OF DIFFERENTIATION (CD) ON THEIR SURFACE. THESE CD ARE DETECTED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY USING SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES TARGETING DIFFERENT CD HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED FOR TREATMENT. RITUXIMAB, AN ANTI-CD20 ANTIBODY, WAS THE FIRST MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY SUCCESSFULLY DEVELOPED FOR TREATMENT OF MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES. SINCE RITUXIMAB, MANY OTHER MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES ARE BEING DEVELOPED. TRENDS IN MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES PRESENTED HERE WILL INCLUDE TREATMENTS, WHICH HAVE AT LEAST ENTERED PHASE I/II CLINICAL TRIALS IN ADULT OR CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA. THEY INCLUDE SOME NOVEL DRUGS OF CONVENTIONAL CHEMOTHERAPY LIKE SECOND-GENERATION NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGUES. WE WILL GIVE AN OVERVIEW OF THE SMALL MOLECULES TARGETING THE DIFFERENT CELLULAR PATHWAYS AND WE WILL HIGHLIGHT THOSE APPEARING AS THE MOST PROMISING LIKE NOVEL TKIS. THE LARGE FIELD OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES WILL BE ALSO APPROACHED FOCUSING ON ANTIBODIES DEVELOPED IN LEUKEMIAS.	2011	

3  3996  29 LOOKING FORWARD: NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES IN CHRONIC AND ADVANCED PHASES OF MYELOFIBROSIS. MYELOFIBROSIS (MF) IS COMPLEX AT THE PATHOBIOLOGIC LEVEL AND HETEROGENEOUS AT THE CLINICAL LEVEL. THE ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF MF PROVIDE IMPORTANT INSIGHT INTO THE MECHANISMS DRIVING THIS CHRONIC MYELOID MALIGNANCY, REFINE RISK STRATIFICATION, OFFER NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS, AND SERVE TO MEASURE THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE. ALTHOUGH JAK2 INHIBITION HAS BEEN THE FOCUS OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL EFFORTS OVER THE LAST DECADE, CURRENT EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES HAVE BROADENED TO INCLUDE INHIBITORS OF KEY ALTERNATIVE SIGNALING PATHWAYS, EPIGENETIC MODULATORS, ANTI-FIBROTICS, AND IMMUNOTHERAPIES. BASED ON COMPELLING PRECLINICAL RATIONALE, A NUMBER OF JAK2 INHIBITOR BASED COMBINATION THERAPIES ARE NOW ACTIVELY BEING EVALUATED IN THE CLINIC WITH THE GOAL OF DISEASE COURSE MODIFICATION. THE ROLE AND TIMING OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT (HSCT) FOR MF HAS BEEN CHALLENGED WITH THE AVAILABILITY OF COMMERCIAL RUXOLITINIB AND THE PLETHORA OF EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENT OPTIONS THAT EXIST. INTEGRATION OF PRECONDITIONING JAK2 INHIBITION, REDUCED INTENSITY CONDITIONING REGIMENS, AND ALTERNATIVE DONOR SOURCES ARE ALL BEING EXPLORED IN AN ATTEMPT TO OPTIMIZE THIS POTENTIALLY CURATIVE MODALITY. THIS REVIEW WILL SUMMARIZE MODERN MF RISK STRATIFICATION, CURRENT CLINICAL RESEARCH APPROACHES TO CHRONIC AND ADVANCE PHASE MF FOCUSING ON NOVEL AGENTS ALONE AND IN COMBINATION, AND UPDATE THE READER ON NEW DIRECTIONS IN HSCT.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
4  1882  27 EMERGING TREATMENTS IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML) IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF LEUKAEMIA IN YOUNG ADULTS. ALTHOUGH 75-85% OF PATIENTS WILL ACHIEVE COMPLETE REMISSION AFTER INDUCTION CHEMOTHERAPY, THE LONG-TERM SURVIVAL IS STILL < 50% AT 5 YEARS. CHEMOTHERAPY HAS INCREASED IN INTENSITY IN RECENT YEARS AND IS PERCEIVED TO HAVE REACHED THE LIMIT OF TOXICITY. ALLOGENEIC BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION, WHICH IS UNDOUBTEDLY THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO PREVENT RELAPSE, MAY NOT ADD SUBSTANTIAL SURVIVAL BENEFITS. SEVERAL NEW PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE TREATMENT OF AML ARE NOW BECOMING AVAILABLE, WITH VARIOUS MOLECULAR TARGETS IDENTIFIED, INCLUDING THE FARNESYLATION OF RAS FAMILY PROTEINS AND TYROSINE KINASES INVOLVED IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND EPIGENETIC METHYLATION. MORE SELECTIVE DELIVERY OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS IS ALSO FEASIBLE USING HUMANISED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES, WITH THE INTRIGUING POSSIBILITY OF INCREASING TREATMENT DELIVERY WITHOUT INCREASING THE TOXICITY. HOWEVER, DESPITE THE PROGRESS IN THE RATIONAL DESIGN OF DRUGS IN DISORDERS SUCH AS CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA, AML LACKS A SINGLE SPECIFIC PATHOGNOMIC GENETIC EVENT TO ACT AS A DRUG TARGET. THIS REVIEW DISCUSSES THE DRUGS PRESENTLY UNDER INVESTIGATION IN PHASE II OR PHASE III TRIALS IN AML.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
5  5917  30 TARGETING BCL-2 IN B-CELL MALIGNANCIES AND OVERCOMING THERAPEUTIC RESISTANCE. DEFECTS IN APOPTOSIS CAN PROMOTE TUMORIGENESIS AND IMPAIR RESPONSES OF MALIGNANT B CELLS TO CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS. MEMBERS OF THE B-CELL LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA-2 (BCL-2) FAMILY OF PROTEINS ARE KEY REGULATORS OF THE INTRINSIC, MITOCHONDRIAL APOPTOTIC PATHWAY. OVEREXPRESSION OF ANTIAPOPTOTIC BCL-2 FAMILY PROTEINS IS ASSOCIATED WITH TREATMENT RESISTANCE AND POOR PROGNOSIS. THUS, INHIBITION OF BCL-2 FAMILY PROTEINS IS A RATIONAL THERAPEUTIC OPTION FOR MALIGNANCIES THAT ARE DEPENDENT ON ANTIAPOPTOTIC BCL-2 FAMILY PROTEINS. VENETOCLAX (ABT-199, GDC-0199) IS A HIGHLY SELECTIVE BCL-2 INHIBITOR THAT REPRESENTS THE FIRST APPROVED AGENT OF THIS CLASS AND IS CURRENTLY WIDELY USED IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) AS WELL AS ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML). DESPITE IMPRESSIVE CLINICAL ACTIVITY, VENETOCLAX MONOTHERAPY FOR A PROLONGED DURATION CAN LEAD TO DRUG RESISTANCE OR LOSS OF DEPENDENCE ON THE TARGETED PROTEIN. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF BCL-2 INHIBITION AND THE ROLE OF THIS APPROACH IN THE CURRENT TREATMENT PARADIGM OF B-CELL MALIGNANCIES. WE SUMMARIZE THE DRIVERS OF DE NOVO AND ACQUIRED RESISTANCE TO VENETOCLAX THAT ARE CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH COMPLEX CLONAL SHIFTS, INTERPLAY OF EXPRESSION AND INTERACTIONS OF BCL-2 FAMILY MEMBERS, TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORS, AND METABOLIC MODULATORS. WE ALSO EXAMINE HOW TUMORS INITIALLY RESISTANT TO VENETOCLAX BECOME RESPONSIVE TO IT FOLLOWING PRIOR THERAPIES. HERE, WE SUMMARIZE PRECLINICAL DATA PROVIDING A RATIONALE FOR EFFICACIOUS COMBINATION STRATEGIES OF VENETOCLAX TO OVERCOME THERAPEUTIC RESISTANCE BY A TARGETED APPROACH DIRECTED AGAINST ALTERNATIVE ANTIAPOPTOTIC BCL-2 FAMILY PROTEINS (MCL-1, BCL-XL), COMPENSATORY PROSURVIVAL PATHWAYS, EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS, AND DYSREGULATED CELLULAR METABOLISM/ENERGETICS FOR DURABLE CLINICAL REMISSIONS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
6   557  29 B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTOR SIGNALING IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA: THERAPEUTIC TARGETS AND TRANSLATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES. B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) IS CHARACTERIZED BY CLONALLY EXPANDED AND MOLECULARLY HETEROGENEOUS POPULATIONS OF B LYMPHOCYTES WITH IMPAIRED APOPTOTIC MECHANISMS. THIS OCCURS AS A RESULT OF MULTIPLE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES, INCLUDING CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS AND ENHANCER REGION HYPOMETHYLATION, OFTEN IMPINGING ON INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS THAT ARE ESSENTIAL TO NORMAL B-CELL ACTIVATION, PROLIFERATION, AND SURVIVAL. THE B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTOR (BCR) SIGNALING IS ONE SUCH PATHWAY USURPED BY MALIGNANT B CELLS, AS EXEMPLIFIED BY THE EARLY PHASE CLINICAL SUCCESS ACHIEVED BY SMALL-MOLECULE AGENTS TARGETING KEY PLAYERS INVOLVED IN THE PATHWAY. SUCH NEW TARGETED AGENTS, INCLUDING THOSE THAT INHIBIT THE FUNCTION OF SPLEEN TYROSINE KINASE (SYK), BRUTON'S TYROSINE KINASE (BTK), PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3-KINASES (PI3K), AND B-CELL LYMPHOMA 2 (BCL-2), ALONG WITH THE CURRENT STANDARD THERAPY COMPRISING CHEMO-IMMUNOTHERAPIES WITH OR WITHOUT B-CELL DEPLETING BIOLOGIC AGENT RITUXIMAB (ANTI-CD20 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY), SHOULD EXPAND THE ARMAMENTARIUM FOR CLL THERAPY. WE REVIEW THE THERAPEUTIC AGENTS CURRENTLY IN CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT WHICH TARGET DIFFERENT EFFECTORS OF THE MALIGNANT BCR SIGNALING, AND DISCUSS THEIR OVERLAPPING AND DISCRIMINATING TRANSLATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF CLL TREATMENT.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
7  2189  25 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF HDAC INHIBITORS IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS A HEMATOLOGICAL DISORDER CAUSED BY THE ONCOGENIC BCR-ABL FUSION PROTEIN IN MORE THAN 90% OF PATIENTS. DESPITE THE STRIKING IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CML PATIENTS SINCE THE INTRODUCTION OF TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS), THE APPEARANCE OF TKI RESISTANCE AND SIDE EFFECTS LEAD TO TREATMENT FAILURE, JUSTIFYING THE NEED OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES. HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACIS), ABLE TO MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS AND IMPORTANT CELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS THROUGH THE REGULATION OF THE ACETYLATION STATUS OF BOTH HISTONE AND NON-HISTONE PROTEIN TARGETS, HAVE BEEN REPORTED TO DISPLAY PROMISING ANTI-LEUKEMIC PROPERTIES ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH TKIS. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES PRE-CLINICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES THAT INVESTIGATED THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE ANTICANCER POTENTIAL OF HDACIS AND DISCUSSES THE RATIONALE FOR A COMBINATION OF HDACIS WITH TKIS AS A THERAPEUTIC OPTION IN CML.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
8  4533  32 MULTIPLE GENE KNOCKDOWN STRATEGIES FOR INVESTIGATING THE PROPERTIES OF HUMAN LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS AND EXPLORING NEW THERAPIES. THE PAST TWO DECADES HAVE WITNESSED SIGNIFICANT STRIDES IN LEUKEMIA THERAPIES THROUGH APPROVAL OF THERAPEUTIC INHIBITORS TARGETING ONCOGENE-DRIVING DYSREGULATED TYROSINE KINASE ACTIVITIES AND KEY EPIGENETIC AND APOPTOSIS REGULATORS. ALTHOUGH THESE DRUGS HAVE BROUGHT ABOUT COMPLETE REMISSION IN THE MAJORITY OF PATIENTS, MANY PATIENTS FACE RELAPSE OR HAVE REFRACTORY DISEASE. THE MAIN FACTOR CONTRIBUTING TO RELAPSE IS THE PRESENCE OF A SMALL SUBPOPULATION OF DORMANT DRUG-RESISTANT LEUKEMIA CELLS THAT POSSESS STEM CELL FEATURES (TERMED AS LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS OR LSCS). THUS, OVERCOMING DRUG RESISTANCE AND TARGETING LSCS REMAIN MAJOR CHALLENGES FOR CURATIVE TREATMENT OF HUMAN LEUKEMIA. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS A GOOD EXAMPLE, WITH RARE, PROPAGATING LSCS AND DRUG-RESISTANT CELLS THAT CANNOT BE ERADICATED BY BCR-ABL-DIRECTED TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR (TKI) MONOTHERAPY AND THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR DISEASE RELAPSE/PROGRESSION. THEREFORE, IT IS IMPERATIVE TO IDENTIFY KEY PLAYERS IN REGULATING BCR-ABL1-DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT DRUG-RESISTANCE MECHANISMS, AND THEIR KEY PATHWAYS, SO THAT CML LSCS CAN BE SELECTIVELY TARGETED OR SENSITIZED TO TKIS. HERE, WE DESCRIBE SEVERAL EASILY ADAPTABLE GENE KNOCKDOWN APPROACHES IN CD34(+) CML STEM/PROGENITOR CELLS THAT CAN BE USED TO INVESTIGATE THE BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF LSCS AND MOLECULAR EFFECTS OF GENES OF INTEREST (GOI), WHICH CAN BE FURTHER EXPLORED AS THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES AGAINST LSCS IN THE CONTEXT OF HUMAN LEUKEMIA.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
9  5912  21 TARGETED THERAPIES IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) IS A CHRONIC, MULTISYSTEM DISORDER CHARACTERISED BY LOSS OF TOLERANCE TO ENDOGENOUS NUCLEAR ANTIGENS AND AUTOANTIBODY FORMATION. RECENT INSIGHT INTO THE IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF LUPUS HAS PROVIDED THE FOUNDATION FOR A NOVEL CLASS OF AGENTS WHICH TARGET SPECIFIC, DYSREGULATED COMPONENTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. EFFORTS HAVE FOCUSED PREDOMINANTLY ON B-CELL DEPLETING THERAPIES, OF WHICH BELIMUMAB WAS THE FIRST TO DEMONSTRATE SUCCESS IN PHASE III STUDIES AND THUS RECEIVE MARKETING AUTHORISATION. OFF-LABEL PRESCRIBING OF RITUXIMAB IN REFRACTORY CASES IS COMMON AND SUPPORTED BY UNCONTROLLED STUDIES, WHICH SUGGEST A FAVOURABLE RISK:BENEFIT PROFILE. HOWEVER, TWO PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIALS FAILED TO SHOW BENEFIT, POSSIBLY BECAUSE OF INAPPROPRIATE PATIENT SELECTION AND OTHER ASPECTS OF TRIAL METHODOLOGY. INHIBITION OF DYSREGULATED CO-STIMULATORY SIGNALS AND CYTOKINES ARE OTHER THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES CURRENTLY UNDER INVESTIGATION. SOME CANDIDATE DRUGS FAILED TO MEET PRIMARY ENDPOINTS IN EARLY-PHASE CLINICAL TRIALS, YET DEMONSTRATED CLINICAL BENEFIT WHEN ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT CRITERIA WERE APPLIED OR SPECIFIC PATIENT SUB-GROUPS ANALYSED. WELL-DESIGNED STUDIES OF GREATER SIZE AND DURATION ARE NEEDED TO CLARIFY THE THERAPEUTIC UTILITY OF THESE AGENTS. FUTURE IMMUNOMODULATORY STRATEGIES TARGETING INTERFERON-ALPHA, T CELLS, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES MAY REDUCE MULTISYSTEM DISEASE ACTIVITY AND PROLONG SURVIVAL IN THIS COMPLEX AND HETEROGENEIC DISEASE.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
10  5284  25 PROPOSALS FOR CLINICAL TRIALS IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) IS A CLONAL HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCY OF MOSTLY OLDER INDIVIDUALS THAT EXHIBITS BOTH MYELODYSPLASTIC AND MYELOPROLIFERATIVE FEATURES. CMML PRESENTATION AND OUTCOME ARE VARIABLE, REFLECTING GENETIC AND CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY. HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS ARE THE MAINSTAY OF THERAPY BUT INDUCE COMPLETE REMISSIONS IN LESS THAN 20% OF PATIENTS AND DO NOT PROLONG SURVIVAL COMPARED TO HYDROXYUREA. ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT (ASCT) IS POTENTIALLY CURATIVE, BUT FEW PATIENTS QUALIFY DUE TO ADVANCED AGE AND/OR COMORBIDITIES. WORK OF THE PAST SEVERAL YEARS HAS IDENTIFIED KEY MOLECULAR PATHWAYS THAT DRIVE DISEASE PROLIFERATION AND TRANSFORMATION TO ACUTE LEUKEMIA, INCLUDING JAK/STAT AND MAPK SIGNALING AND EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION. THERE IS INCREASINGLY COMPELLING EVIDENCE THAT INFLAMMATION IS A MAJOR DRIVER OF CMML PROGRESSION. THUS FAR HOWEVER, THIS MECHANISTIC KNOWLEDGE HAS NOT YET BEEN TRANSLATED INTO IMPROVED OUTCOMES, SUGGESTING THAT FUNDAMENTALLY NEW APPROACHES ARE REQUIRED. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS THE DISEASE COURSE, NEW CLASSIFICATIONS, AND CURRENT TREATMENT LANDSCAPE OF CMML. WE REVIEW ONGOING CLINICAL STUDIES AND DISCUSS OPTIONS FOR RATIONALLY BASED FUTURE CLINICAL TRIALS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
11  6573  28 TREATMENT OF ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA IN THE ERA OF GENOMICS-ACHIEVEMENTS AND PERSISTING CHALLENGES. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) REPRESENTS A MALIGNANT DISORDER OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM THAT IS MAINLY CHARACTERIZED BY RAPID PROLIFERATION, DYSREGULATED APOPTOSIS, AND IMPAIRED DIFFERENTIATION OF LEUKEMIC BLASTS. FOR SEVERAL DECADES, THE DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH IN AML WAS LARGELY BASED ON HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS WITH LITTLE IMPACT ON THE TREATMENT DECISION-MAKING PROCESS. THIS PERSPECTIVE HAS DRASTICALLY CHANGED WITHIN THE PAST YEARS DUE TO THE ADVENT OF NOVEL MOLECULAR TECHNOLOGIES, SUCH AS WHOLE GENOME NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS), AND THE RESULTING KNOWLEDGE GAIN IN AML BIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS. AFTER MORE THAN FOUR DECADES OF INTENSIVE CHEMOTHERAPY AS A "ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL" CONCEPT, SEVERAL TARGETED AGENTS HAVE RECENTLY BEEN APPROVED FOR THE TREATMENT OF AML, EITHER AS SINGLE AGENTS OR AS PART OF COMBINED TREATMENT REGIMENS. SEVERAL OTHER COMPOUNDS, DIRECTED AGAINST REGULATORS OF APOPTOTIC, EPIGENETIC, OR MICROENVIRONMENTAL PATHWAYS, AS WELL AS MODULATORS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, ARE CURRENTLY IN DEVELOPMENT AND BEING INVESTIGATED IN CLINICAL TRIALS. THE CONSTANT PROGRESS IN AML RESEARCH HAS STARTED TO PRODUCE IMPROVED SURVIVAL RATES AND FUELED HOPES THAT A ONCE RAPIDLY FATAL DISEASE CAN BE TRANSFORMED INTO A CHRONIC CONDITION. IN THIS REVIEW, THE AUTHORS PROVIDE A SUMMARY OF RECENT ADVANCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TARGETED AML THERAPIES AND DISCUSS PERSISTENT CHALLENGES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
12  1616  27 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS IN THE TREATMENT OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES. THE RECENTLY APPROVED DRUGS 5-AZACITIDINE (5AC) AND 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYAZACYTIDINE (DAC) ARE IN WIDE CLINICAL USE FOR THE TREATMENT OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS) OF ALL TYPES AND CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML). THESE AGENTS WERE DEVELOPED BASED UPON AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN MALIGNANCY, AND THEY HAVE BEEN EVALUATED IN RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS, WHICH DEMONSTRATE RESPONSE RATES BETWEEN 20% AND 40% IN PATIENTS FOR WHOM NO PREVIOUS STANDARD OF CARE WAS AVAILABLE. AS UNDERSTANDING OF THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES CHARACTERISTIC OF THE MALIGNANT PHENOTYPE IMPROVES, WE ARE ABLE TO TARGET OTHER REGULATORS OF CHROMATIN CONFORMATION THAT CONTRIBUTE TO ABERRANT GENE TRANSCRIPTION AND DYSREGULATED CELL GROWTH. THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS BELONG TO ONE CLASS OF THERAPEUTICS DEVELOPED USING THIS PARADIGM. ALTHOUGH RESPONSES USING HDAC INHIBITORS ALONE IN MDS HAVE BEEN MODEST, ROBUST PRECLINICAL DATA DRIVE CLINICAL TRIALS IN WHICH THEY ARE UTILIZED IN COMBINATION WITH DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) INHIBITORS. COMBINATION THERAPY OFFERS THE POSSIBILITY OF HEMATOLOGIC IMPROVEMENT AND REMISSION TO MYELODYSPLASTIC PATIENTS WITH PREVIOUSLY UNTREATABLE DISEASE.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
13  4693  20 NEXT GENERATION OF TARGETED MOLECULES FOR NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMAS: SMALL-MOLECULE INHIBITORS OF INTRACELLULAR TARGETS AND SIGNALING PATHWAYS. ADVANCES IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF B-CELL LYMPHOMA HAVE GUIDED THE DEVELOPMENT OF TARGETED THERAPIES THAT DISRUPT ABERRANT SIGNALING PATHWAYS IMPORTANT FOR COMMUNICATION WITHIN LYMPHOMA CELLS AND FOR THEIR INTERACTIONS WITH THE TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT. THIS HAS LED TO UNPRECEDENTED THERAPEUTIC PROGRESS, WITH BIOLOGIC AGENTS THAT HAVE BEGUN TO TRANSFORM THE CARE OF PATIENTS WITH LYMPHOMA AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. THIS REVIEW DISCUSSES THE MECHANISMS OF ACTION, CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT, AND EMERGING APPLICATIONS OF SMALL-MOLECULE INHIBITORS THAT TARGET B-CELL RECEPTOR SIGNALING PATHWAYS, B-CELL LYMPHOMA-2 INHIBITORS, SELECTIVE INHIBITORS OF NUCLEAR EXPORT, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
14  2237  26 EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES: THE ROLE OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS. MYELOID HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES ARE CLONAL BONE MARROW NEOPLASMS, COMPRISING OF ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), THE MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS), CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML), THE MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (MPN) AND SYSTEMIC MASTOCYTOSIS (SM). THE FIELD OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF NORMAL AND MALIGNANT HEMATOPOIESIS IS RAPIDLY GROWING. IN RECENT YEARS, HETEROZYGOUS SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN GENES ENCODING EPIGENETIC REGULATORS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN ALL SUBTYPES OF MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, SUPPORTING THE RATIONALE FOR TREATMENT WITH EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS. HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACI) ARE EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS THAT, IN VITRO, HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO INDUCE GROWTH ARREST, APOPTOTIC OR AUTOPHAGIC CELL DEATH, AND TERMINAL DIFFERENTIATION OF MYELOID TUMOR CELLS. THESE EFFECTS WERE OBSERVED BOTH AT THE BULK TUMOR LEVEL AND IN THE MOST IMMATURE CD34(+)38(-) CELL COMPARTMENTS CONTAINING THE LEUKEMIC STEM CELLS. THUS, THERE IS A STRONG RATIONALE SUPPORTING HDACI THERAPY IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. HOWEVER, DESPITE INITIAL PROMISING RESULTS IN PHASE I TRIALS, HDACI IN MONOTHERAPY AS WELL AS IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER DRUGS, HAVE FAILED TO IMPROVE RESPONSES OR SURVIVAL. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF THE RATIONALE FOR HDACI IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, CLINICAL RESULTS AND SPECULATIONS ON WHY CLINICAL TRIALS HAVE THUS FAR NOT MET THE EXPECTATIONS, AND HOW THIS MAY BE IMPROVED IN THE FUTURE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
15  5162  27 PRECISION MEDICINE DRIVEN BY CANCER SYSTEMS BIOLOGY. MOLECULAR INSIGHTS FROM GENOME AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY ARE INFLUENCING HOW CANCER IS DIAGNOSED AND TREATED. WE CRITICALLY EVALUATE BIG DATA CHALLENGES IN PRECISION MEDICINE. THE MELANOMA RESEARCH COMMUNITY HAS IDENTIFIED DISTINCT SUBTYPES INVOLVING CHRONIC SUN-INDUCED DAMAGE AND THE MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE DRIVER PATHWAY. IN ADDITION, DESPITE LOW MUTATION BURDEN, NON-GENOMIC MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE MELANOMA DRIVERS ARE FOUND IN MEMBRANE RECEPTORS, METABOLISM, OR EPIGENETIC SIGNALING WITH THE ABILITY TO BYPASS CENTRAL MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE MOLECULES AND ACTIVATING A SIMILAR PROGRAM OF MITOGENIC EFFECTORS. MUTATION HOTSPOTS, STRUCTURAL MODELING, UV SIGNATURE, AND GENOMIC AS WELL AS NON-GENOMIC MECHANISMS OF DISEASE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION ARE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION TO IDENTIFY RESISTANCE MUTATIONS AND NOVEL DRUG TARGETS. A COMPREHENSIVE PRECISION MEDICINE PROFILE OF A MALIGNANT MELANOMA PATIENT ILLUSTRATES FUTURE RATIONAL DRUG TARGETING STRATEGIES. NETWORK ANALYSIS EMPHASIZES AN IMPORTANT ROLE OF EPIGENETIC AND METABOLIC MASTER REGULATORS IN ONCOGENESIS. CO-OCCURRENCE OF DRIVER MUTATIONS IN SIGNALING, METABOLIC, AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS HIGHLIGHTS HOW CUMULATIVE ALTERATIONS OF OUR GENOMES AND EPIGENOMES PROGRESSIVELY LEAD TO UNCONTROLLED CELL PROLIFERATION. PRECISION INSIGHTS HAVE THE ABILITY TO IDENTIFY INDEPENDENT MOLECULAR PATHWAYS SUITABLE FOR DRUG TARGETING. SYNERGISTIC TREATMENT COMBINATIONS OF ORTHOGONAL MODALITIES INCLUDING IMMUNOTHERAPY, MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITORS, EPIGENETIC INHIBITORS, AND METABOLIC INHIBITORS HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO OVERCOME IMMUNE EVASION, SIDE EFFECTS, AND DRUG RESISTANCE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
16  1046  27 CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT OF DECITABINE AS A PROTOTYPE FOR AN EPIGENETIC DRUG PROGRAM. THIS REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS DECITABINE AS A PROTOTYPE EPIGENETIC MODIFYING DRUG TO SHOW HOW THE CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT OF EPIGENETIC AGENTS DIFFERS FROM THAT OF TRADITIONAL CYTOTOXIC CHEMOTHERAPIES. DECITABINE, A CYTOSINE ANALOGUE, IS CYTOTOXIC AT HIGH DOSES BUT HAS SELECTIVE DNA DEMETHYLATING ACTIVITY AT LOW DOSES. THE FOCUS OF CURRENT DECITABINE INVESTIGATIONS IS TWOFOLD: TO ELUCIDATE ALL OF THE MECHANISMS OF ACTION AND TO DETERMINE THE OPTIMAL DOSE, SCHEDULE, AND CONCOMITANT THERAPIES. NEW PHASE I TRIALS HAVE IDENTIFIED A "BIOLOGICALLY EFFECTIVE DOSE," WHICH IS 1 TO 2 LOGS LOWER THAN THE CYTOTOXIC DOSE. A CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM WITH LOW-DOSE DECITABINE IN MALIGNANT DISEASES IS FOCUSED ON MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS), ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (AML), AND CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML). A PHASE III TRIAL IN MDS SHOWED OBJECTIVE RESPONSES (COMPLETE [CR] PLUS PARTIAL [PR] REMISSION) AND LONGER MEDIAN TIME TO PROGRESSION TO AML OR DEATH WITH DECITABINE THAN WITH SUPPORTIVE CARE ALONE. THE OPTIMAL USE OF DECITABINE MAY BE IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER AGENTS THAT PROMOTE GENE EXPRESSION, NAMELY, HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS. OPTIMIZED DECITABINE DOSES AND COMBINATIONS WITH OTHER EPIGENETIC THERAPIES THAT CAN BE USED AT MINIMALLY TOXIC DOSES PROVIDE POTENTIALLY SAFER THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS AND INTRODUCE NOVEL COMBINATION THERAPIES.	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
17  1242  29 CURRENT AND NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES IN MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES. MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS) ARE A HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS WITH AN ANNUAL INCIDENCE OF 4.1 CASES PER 100,000 AMERICANS. PATIENTS WITH MDS SUFFER FROM CHRONIC CYTOPENIAS THAT MAY LEAD TO RECURRENT TRANSFUSIONS, INFECTIONS, AND INCREASED RISK FOR BLEEDING. THEY ARE ALSO AT RISK FOR PROGRESSION TO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION IS THE ONLY POTENTIALLY CURATIVE TREATMENT FOR MDS, ALTHOUGH 3 DRUGS HAVE BEEN APPROVED BY THE US FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION FOR ITS TREATMENT: LENALIDOMIDE, 5-AZACITIDINE, AND DECITABINE. THESE THERAPIES CAN BE EFFECTIVE IN THE RELIEF OF CYTOPENIAS, ACHIEVEMENT OF CYTOGENETIC REMISSIONS, AND REDUCTION IN BONE MARROW BLASTS. 5-AZACITIDINE HAS ALSO BEEN SHOWN TO IMPROVE OVERALL SURVIVAL. HOWEVER, THERE REMAIN MANY UNMET NEEDS IN THE TREATMENT OF MDS. BREAKTHROUGHS IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMPLEX PATHOGENESIS OF MDS THROUGH EPIGENETIC, GENETIC, IMMUNOLOGIC, AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS HAVE ALLOWED US TO DEVELOP NEW THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES THAT CAN LEAD TO IMPROVEMENTS IN OUTCOMES IN MDS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE AIM TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE EVOLUTION IN CLASSIFCATION AND RISK STRATIFCATION IN MDS AND TO ILLUSTRATE HOW WE CAN USE THIS TO GUIDE US IN TAILORING THERAPEUTIC CHOICES IN THIS DISEASE. RESPONSES AND OUTCOMES RELATED TO COM MONLY USED MDS THERAPIES WILL BE DISCUSSED TOGETHER WITH NOVEL THERAPIES THAT HAVE EVOLVED WITH THE IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF MDS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
18  4487  31 MOLECULARLY TARGETED DRUG COMBINATIONS DEMONSTRATE SELECTIVE EFFECTIVENESS FOR MYELOID- AND LYMPHOID-DERIVED HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES. TRANSLATING THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC HETEROGENEITY UNDERLYING HUMAN CANCERS INTO THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES IS AN ONGOING CHALLENGE. LARGE-SCALE SEQUENCING EFFORTS HAVE UNCOVERED A SPECTRUM OF MUTATIONS IN MANY HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), SUGGESTING THAT COMBINATIONS OF AGENTS WILL BE REQUIRED TO TREAT THESE DISEASES EFFECTIVELY. COMBINATORIAL APPROACHES WILL ALSO BE CRITICAL FOR COMBATING THE EMERGENCE OF GENETICALLY HETEROGENEOUS SUBCLONES, RESCUE SIGNALS IN THE MICROENVIRONMENT, AND TUMOR-INTRINSIC FEEDBACK PATHWAYS THAT ALL CONTRIBUTE TO DISEASE RELAPSE. TO IDENTIFY NOVEL AND EFFECTIVE DRUG COMBINATIONS, WE PERFORMED EX VIVO SENSITIVITY PROFILING OF 122 PRIMARY PATIENT SAMPLES FROM A VARIETY OF HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES AGAINST A PANEL OF 48 DRUG COMBINATIONS. THE COMBINATIONS WERE DESIGNED AS DRUG PAIRS THAT TARGET NONOVERLAPPING BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS AND COMPRISE DRUGS FROM DIFFERENT CLASSES, PREFERABLY WITH FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION APPROVAL. A COMBINATION RATIO (CR) WAS DERIVED FOR EACH DRUG PAIR, AND CRS WERE EVALUATED WITH RESPECT TO DIAGNOSTIC CATEGORIES AS WELL AS AGAINST GENETIC, CYTOGENETIC, AND CELLULAR PHENOTYPES OF SPECIMENS FROM THE TWO LARGEST DISEASE CATEGORIES: AML AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). NEARLY ALL TESTED COMBINATIONS INVOLVING A BCL2 INHIBITOR SHOWED ADDITIONAL BENEFIT IN PATIENTS WITH MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, WHEREAS SELECT COMBINATIONS INVOLVING PI3K, CSF1R, OR BROMODOMAIN INHIBITORS SHOWED PREFERENTIAL BENEFIT IN LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES. EXPANDED ANALYSES OF PATIENTS WITH AML AND CLL REVEALED SPECIFIC PATTERNS OF EX VIVO DRUG COMBINATION EFFICACY THAT WERE ASSOCIATED WITH SELECT GENETIC, CYTOGENETIC, AND PHENOTYPIC DISEASE SUBSETS, WARRANTING FURTHER EVALUATION. THESE FINDINGS HIGHLIGHT THE HEURISTIC VALUE OF AN INTEGRATED FUNCTIONAL GENOMIC APPROACH TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                
19   750  24 CARDIAC INVOLVEMENT IN PATIENTS WITH HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES. AUTHORS HAVE REVIEWED LITERATURE ABOUT THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH CARDIOLOGIC DISEASE OCCURRING SECONDARY TO HEMATOLOGIC PATHOLOGY ITSELF OR ITS THERAPY, WITH A FOCUS ON INFILTRATION OF MYOCARDIUM IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC LEUKEMIA, LYMPHOMA, MULTIPLE MYELOMA, AND HYPEREOSINOPHILIC SYNDROME. MOREOVER, THEY EVALUATED CHEMOTHERAPY-ASSOCIATED TOXICITY, PARTICULARLY FOR NEW DRUGS SUCH AS MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY THERAPY, TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS, ARSENIC TRIOXIDE, BORTEZOMIB, AND EPIGENETIC THERAPY. IN FACT, CARDIAC TOXICITY MAY RANGE FROM ASYMPTOMATIC SUBCLINICAL ABNORMALITIES, SUCH AS ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC CHANGES AND LEFT VENTRICULAR EJECTION DECLINE, TO LIFE-THREATENING EVENTS AND LEAD TO CHEMOTHERAPY DOSE REDUCTION AND DELAY AND, IN SOME CASES, FOR PATIENTS WITH SEVERE SIDE EFFECTS, DISCONTINUATION OF TREATMENT. FINALLY, THEY DISCUSSED ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF EARLY MARKERS OF CARDIAC INJURY AND ON CARDIAC STEM CELL THERAPY AS A PROMISING APPROACH TO FACILITATE MYOCARDIAL REGENERATION.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
20  5030  28 PERSPECTIVES ON PRECISION MEDICINE IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA: TARGETING RECURRENT MUTATIONS-NOTCH1, SF3B1, MYD88, BIRC3. CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) IS HIGHLY HETEROGENEOUS, WITH EXTREMELY VARIABLE CLINICAL COURSE. THE CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY OF CLL REFLECTS DIFFERENCES IN THE BIOLOGY OF THE DISEASE, INCLUDING CHROMOSOMAL ALTERATIONS, SPECIFIC IMMUNOPHENOTYPIC PATTERNS AND SERUM MARKERS. THE APPLICATION OF NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING TECHNIQUES HAS DEMONSTRATED THE HIGH GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC HETEROGENEITY IN CLL. THE NOVEL MUTATIONS COULD BE PHARMACOLOGICALLY TARGETED FOR INDIVIDUALIZED APPROACH IN SOME OF THE CLL PATIENTS. POTENTIAL NEUROGENIC LOCUS NOTCH HOMOLOG PROTEIN 1 (NOTCH1) SIGNALLING TARGETING MECHANISMS IN CLL INCLUDE SECRETASE INHIBITORS AND SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES TO BLOCK NOTCH LIGAND/RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS. IN VITRO STUDIES CHARACTERIZING THE EFFECT OF THE SPLICING INHIBITORS RESULTED IN INCREASED APOPTOSIS OF CLL CELLS REGARDLESS OF SPLICING FACTOR 3B SUBUNIT 1 (SF3B1) STATUS. SEVERAL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES HAVE BEEN ALSO PROPOSED TO DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY INHIBIT THE TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR/MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION PRIMARY RESPONSE GENE 88 (TLR/MYD88) PATHWAY. ANOTHER POTENTIAL APPROACH IS TARGETING NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA-LIGHT-CHAIN-ENHANCER OF ACTIVATED B CELLS (NF-KAPPAB) AND INHIBITION OF THIS PROSURVIVAL PATHWAY. NEWLY DISCOVERED MUTATIONS AND THEIR SIGNALLING PATHWAYS PLAY KEY ROLES IN THE COURSE OF THE DISEASE. THIS OPENS NEW OPPORTUNITIES IN THE MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT OF CLL.	2021