1  5655 148 SEX-BASED MEDICINE MEETS PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS: LESSONS LEARNED AND TO LEARN. HUMORALLY ASSOCIATED AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES GENERALLY SHOW A FEMALE PREDOMINANCE WHEREAS ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS, A DISEASE THAT OVERLAPS WITH PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS (PSA), SHOWS A MALE PREDOMINANCE. THE PRESENT REVIEW ASCERTAINS THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF SEX-SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES RELATED TO PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS (PSA), A CHRONIC, INFLAMMATORY CONDITION ASSOCIATED WITH PSORIASIS. SEX DIFFERENCES MAY HAVE IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL RESEARCH IN PSA AND IN TERMS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY (INCIDENCE, PREVALENCE, LIFETIME RISK, SURVIVAL, AND MORTALITY), CLINICAL, RADIOLOGICAL, AND LABORATORY FEATURES, AND RESPONSE TO TREATMENT. WHILE NATIONWIDE SURVEYS AND LARGE-SCALE DATABASES AND REGISTRIES SHOW NO SEX-SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES, VARYING MALE/FEMALE RATIOS HAVE BEEN REPORTED, RANGING FROM 0.42 TO 2.75 (COMPARABLE WITH THOSE REPORTED FOR PSORIASIS VULGARIS: RANGING FROM 0.28 TO 2.38). THIS MAY REFLECT SUBTLE, COMPLEX, NONLINEAR INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE BIOLOGICAL MAKE-UP OF THE INDIVIDUAL (GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC DIFFERENCES), HORMONAL COMPONENTS INCLUDING MENOPAUSAL STATUS, ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES INCLUDING SKELETAL PHYSICAL STRESSING, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES. THERE EXISTS METHODOLOGICAL HETEROGENEITY AND PAUCITY OF DATA CONCERNING SEX-SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES, IN TERMS OF THE SPECIFIC POPULATION STUDIED, STUDY DESIGN, AND THE DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA UTILIZED. HARMONIZING AND RECONCILING THESE DISCREPANCIES WOULD BE OF CRUCIAL IMPORTANCE IN ACHIEVING THE AMBITIOUS GOALS OF PERSONALIZED/INDIVIDUALIZED MEDICINE AND FURTHER STANDARDIZED META-DATA AND BIG DATA COULD HELP DISENTANGLE AND ELUCIDATE THE PRECISE MECHANISMS OF UNDERLYING POTENTIAL PSA SEX-SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
2   734  36 CANCER HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES. A NEED EXISTS TO EXAMINE RACIAL DISPARITIES IN THE HEALTHCARE ARENA AND THE IMPACT ON PATIENTS WITH CANCER. DESPITE ONGOING EFFORTS TO INCREASE EQUITY IN PRIMARY HEALTHCARE ACCESS, RACIAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC DISPARITIES PERSIST, THUS CONTRIBUTING TO DISPROPORTIONATE TREATMENT OUTCOMES AND SURVIVORSHIP AMONG MINORITY AND LOW-INCOME PATIENTS. SUCH DISPARITIES HAVE BEEN REVEALED IN TREATMENT COHORTS OF PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE FORMS OF CANCER, INCLUDING BREAST, CERVICAL, OVARIAN, ENDOMETRIAL, PROSTATE, LUNG, COLORECTAL, GASTROINTESTINAL, AND HEPATOCELLULAR, AND HAVE BEEN ATTRIBUTED TO A RANGE OF CO-OCCURRING BEHAVIORAL, SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, UNDERLYING GENETIC FACTORS, AS WELL AS ACCESS TO EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES THAT LIMIT THE QUALITY OF INFORMED HEALTHCARE. THESE VARIOUS INTERRELATED FACTORS WIDEN CANCER HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES SYNERGISTICALLY THROUGHOUT UNDERSERVED COMMUNITIES, AND THEIR INFLUENCE HAS BEEN AMPLIFIED BY THE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) PANDEMIC. FUNDAMENTALLY, A LACK OF BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH EXISTS THAT FAILS TO ADEQUATELY REFLECT DIVERSITY AND MINORITY INVOLVEMENT IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT. ALTHOUGH OVERCOMING THE OBSTACLES RESPONSIBLE FOR CHRONIC TREATMENT DISPARITIES IS A FORMIDABLE TASK, PROMISING MEANS OF ACHIEVING MORE UNIFORM QUALITY HEALTHCARE ARE BECOMING MORE CLEARLY ELUCIDATED. TO REDUCE DISEASE PROGRESSION, INCREASE OVERALL SURVIVAL, AND IMPROVE THE HEALTH OF VULNERABLE POPULATIONS, IT IS NECESSARY TO IDENTIFY AND FULLY DISCLOSE ENVIRONMENTAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND ANCESTRAL FACTORS THAT IMPACT THE RISK FOR CANCER; HEAL HISTORICAL FRACTURES WITHIN COMMUNITIES; AND INCREASE PARTICIPATION OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES IN SCREENING EFFORTS AND RESEARCH STUDIES. THIS REQUIRES DEVELOPING A SYSTEM OF JUSTICE AND TRUST BASED ON SPECIFIC, SOLUTION-ORIENTED GRASSROOTS COMMUNITY EFFORTS WORKING IN TANDEM WITH MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL LEADERS. BY FULLY EXPLORING AND PINPOINTING THE UNDERLYING CAUSES OF HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES, IT SHOULD BE POSSIBLE TO DEFINE STRATEGIES AND INTERVENTIONS MOST LIKELY TO TRANSFORM CANCER CARE. THE ULTIMATE GOAL IS UNDERSTANDING INDIVIDUAL, CULTURAL, AND BIOLOGICAL VULNERABILITIES, INCLUDING ENVIRONMENTAL AND EPIGENETIC LIABILITIES, TO OPTIMIZE CANCER PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT.	2022	

3  4344  24 MINIREVIEW: TRANSLATIONAL ANIMAL MODELS OF HUMAN MENOPAUSE: CHALLENGES AND EMERGING OPPORTUNITIES. INCREASING IMPORTANCE IS PLACED ON THE TRANSLATIONAL VALIDITY OF ANIMAL MODELS OF HUMAN MENOPAUSE TO DISCERN RISK VS. BENEFIT FOR PREDICTION OF OUTCOMES AFTER THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS AND TO DEVELOP NEW THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO PROMOTE HEALTH. BASIC DISCOVERY RESEARCH CONDUCTED OVER MANY DECADES HAS BUILT AN EXTENSIVE BODY OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING REPRODUCTIVE SENESCENCE ACROSS MAMMALIAN SPECIES UPON WHICH TO ADVANCE ANIMAL MODELS OF HUMAN MENOPAUSE. MODIFICATIONS TO EXISTING ANIMAL MODELS COULD RAPIDLY ADDRESS TRANSLATIONAL GAPS RELEVANT TO CLINICAL ISSUES IN HUMAN MENOPAUSAL HEALTH, WHICH INCLUDE THE IMPACT OF 1) CHRONIC OVARIAN HORMONE DEPRIVATION AND HORMONE THERAPY, 2) CLINICALLY RELEVANT HORMONE THERAPY REGIMENS (CYCLIC VS. CONTINUOUS COMBINED), 3) CLINICALLY RELEVANT HORMONE THERAPY FORMULATIONS, AND 4) WINDOWS OF OPPORTUNITY AND OPTIMAL DURATION OF INTERVENTIONS. MODIFICATIONS IN EXISTING ANIMAL MODELS TO MORE ACCURATELY REPRESENT HUMAN MENOPAUSE AND CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS COULD RAPIDLY PROVIDE PRECLINICAL TRANSLATIONAL DATA TO PREDICT OUTCOMES REGARDING UNRESOLVED CLINICAL ISSUES RELEVANT TO WOMEN'S MENOPAUSAL HEALTH. DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEXT GENERATION OF ANIMAL MODELS OF HUMAN MENOPAUSE COULD LEVERAGE ADVANCES IN IDENTIFYING GENOTYPIC VARIATIONS IN ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS TO DEVELOP PERSONALIZED MENOPAUSAL CARE AND TO PREDICT OUTCOMES OF INTERVENTIONS FOR PROTECTION AGAINST OR VULNERABILITY TO DISEASE. KEY TO THE SUCCESS OF THESE MODELS IS THE CLOSE COUPLING BETWEEN THE TRANSLATIONAL TARGET AND THE RANGE OF PREDICTIVE VALIDITY. PRECLINICAL TRANSLATIONAL ANIMAL MODELS OF HUMAN MENOPAUSE NEED TO KEEP PACE WITH CHANGES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE. WITH FOCUS ON PREDICTIVE VALIDITY AND STRATEGIC USE OF ADVANCES IN GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC SCIENCE, NEW ANIMAL MODELS OF HUMAN MENOPAUSE HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO SET NEW DIRECTIONS FOR MENOPAUSAL CLINICAL CARE FOR WOMEN WORLDWIDE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
4  3035  29 GENETICS/GENOMICS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE--TOWARDS PERSONALIZED MEDICINE? THE PROGRESSION RATE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) TO ITS TERMINAL STAGE, END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD), AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND SEVERITY OF VARIOUS COMPLICATIONS, ARE AT LEAST INDIRECTLY INFLUENCED BY GENETIC--AND EPIGENETIC--FACTORS. FOR YEARS, SCIENTISTS HAVE HELD OUT HOPE THAT THE RAPIDLY EVOLVING FIELD OF GENETICS COULD TRANSFORM MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT, MOVING BEYOND A TRIAL-AND-ERROR APPROACH TOWARDS "PERSONALIZED MEDICINE." INDEED, THERE ARE NOW SIGNS THAT THE ROLE OF GENETICS AND THE PURSUIT OF "PERSONALIZED MEDICINE" IN MEDICAL CARE WILL BE A PRIORITY FOR GOVERNMENTS DURING YEARS TO COME. BUT THE VISION OF INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT BASED ON A PATIENT'S GENETIC MAKEUP AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL MARKERS HAS YET TO MATERIALIZE IN THE FIELD OF CKD AND ESRD. AS THE TOXIC UREMIC ENVIRONMENT MAY RENDER CKD PATIENTS MORE SENSITIVE TO THE EFFECTS OF GENETIC VARIANTS, IT IS LIKELY THAT GENETIC FACTORS COULD BE OF SPECIAL IMPORTANCE IN THIS HIGH-RISK POPULATION. THEREFORE, OUTCOME IN THE CKD POPULATION MAY BE IMPROVED BY ESTABLISHING INDIVIDUAL GENETIC/EPIGENETIC PROFILES, THUS ENABLING PHYSICIANS TO DESIGN AN INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY. PERSONALIZED MEDICINE BASED ON A MORE INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPY COULD BE APPLIED IN, FOR EXAMPLE, PHARMACOTHERAPY (CYP GENES), DIALYSIS THERAPY, AND NUTRITIONAL AND LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
5   966  40 CHRONIC NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS: GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MARKERS FOR MONITORING OF PHARMACOTHERAPY. INTRODUCTION: CHRONIC NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES ARE A MAJOR CAUSE OF MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY IN THE WORLD. WITH INCREASING LIFE EXPECTANCY IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD, THE INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF THESE DISEASES ARE PREDICTED TO RISE EVEN FURTHER. THIS HAS ALSO CONTRIBUTED TO AN INCREASE IN DISABILITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS (DALYS) FOR NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES. TREATMENT FOR SUCH DISEASES ALSO POSES A CHALLENGE WITH MULTIPLE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS LEADING TO A VARIED OUTCOME. PERSONALIZATION OF TREATMENT IS ONE WAY THAT TREATMENT OUTCOME/PROGNOSIS OF DISEASE CAN BE IMPROVED, AND PHARMACOGENOMICS PLAYS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN THIS CONTEXT. METHODOLOGY: THIS ARTICLE REVIEWED THE EVIDENCE PERTAINING TO THE ASSOCIATION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MARKERS WITH MAJOR NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS LIKE MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS), ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD), AND PARKINSON'S DISEASE (PD), WHICH ARE A MAJOR SOURCE OF BURDEN AMONG NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS. TYPES OF STUDIES INCLUDED ARE PEER-REVIEWED ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLES FROM THE PUBMED DATABASE (1999-2018). RESULTS: THIS STUDY COMPILED DATA REGARDING SPECIFIC GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MARKERS WITH A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN THE CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF THE DISEASE AND PROGNOSIS OF THERAPY FROM 65 STUDIES. IN A SINGLE PLATFORM, THIS REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS THE CLUES TO SOME VITAL QUESTIONS, SUCH AS WHY INTERFERON BETA (IFN-BETA) THERAPY FAILS TO IMPROVE SYMPTOMS IN ALL MS PATIENTS? WHY CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS FAIL TO IMPROVE COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN A SUBSET OF PEOPLE SUFFERING FROM AD? OR WHY SOME INDIVIDUALS ON LEVODOPA (L-DOPA) FOR PD SUFFER FROM SIDE-EFFECTS RANGING FROM DYSKINESIA TO HALLUCINATION WHILE OTHERS DO NOT? CONCLUSION: THIS ARTICLE SUMMARIZES THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS THAT MAY EITHER REQUIRE MONITORING OR HELP IN DECIDING FUTURE PHARMACOTHERAPY IN A PATIENT SUFFERING FROM MS, AD, AND PD. AS THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM DEVELOPS AND REACHES NEWER HEIGHTS, WE EXPECT MORE AND MORE OF THESE BIOMARKERS TO BE USED AS PHARMACOTHERAPEUTIC OUTCOME INDICATORS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
6   852  33 CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS (PSC): A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW. CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA (CCA) IS THE MOST COMMON MALIGNANCY IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS (PSC) AND CARRIES A HIGH RATE OF MORTALITY. ALTHOUGH THE PATHOGENESIS OF CCA IN PSC IS LARGELY UNKNOWN, INFLAMMATION-DRIVEN CARCINOGENESIS CONCOMITANT WITH VARIOUS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES ARE UNDERLYING FACTORS. THE MAJORITY OF CCA CASES DEVELOP FROM A DOMINANT STRICTURE (DS), WHICH IS DEFINED AS A STRICTURE WITH A DIAMETER < 1.5 MM IN THE COMMON BILE DUCT OR < 1.0 MM IN THE HEPATIC DUCT. IN PSC PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH AN ABRUPT AGGRAVATION OF JAUNDICE, PAIN, FATIGUE, PRURITUS, WEIGHT LOSS, OR WORSENING LIVER BIOCHEMISTRIES, CCA SHOULD BE SUSPECTED AND EVALUATED UTILIZING A VARIETY OF DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES. HOWEVER, EARLY RECOGNITION OF CCA IN PSC REMAINS A MAJOR CHALLENGE. IMPORTANTLY, 30-50% OF CCA IN PSC PATIENTS ARE OBSERVED WITHIN THE FIRST YEAR FOLLOWING THE DIAGNOSIS OF PSC FOLLOWED BY AN ANNUAL INCIDENCE RANGING FROM 0.5 TO 1.5 PER 100 PERSONS, WHICH IS NEARLY 10 TO 1000 TIMES HIGHER THAN THAT IN THE GENERAL POPULATION. CUMULATIVE 5-YEAR, 10-YEAR, AND LIFETIME INCIDENCES ARE 7%, 8-11%, AND 9-20%, RESPECTIVELY. WHEN PSC-ASSOCIATED CCA IS DIAGNOSED, MOST TUMORS ARE UNRESECTABLE, AND NO EFFECTIVE MEDICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE. GIVEN THE POOR THERAPEUTIC OUTCOME, THE SURVEILLANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF PSC PATIENTS WHO ARE AT AN INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING CCA ARE OF IMPORTANCE. SUCH PATIENTS INCLUDE OLDER MALES WITH LARGE-DUCT PSC AND POSSIBLY CONCURRENT ULCERATIVE COLITIS. THUS, MORE ATTENTION SHOULD BE PAID TO PATIENTS WITH THESE CLINICAL FEATURES, IN PARTICULAR WITHIN THE FIRST YEAR AFTER PSC DIAGNOSIS. IN CONTRAST, CCA IS LESS FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN PEDIATRIC OR FEMALE PSC PATIENTS OR IN THOSE WITH SMALL-DUCT PSC OR CONCURRENT CROHN'S DISEASE. RECENTLY, NEW BIOMARKERS SUCH AS ANTIBODIES TO GLYCOPROTEIN 2 HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING CCA IN PSC. HEREIN, WE REVIEW THE LITERATURE ON THE PATHOGENESIS, INCIDENCE, CLINICAL FEATURES, AND RISK FACTORS, WITH A FOCUS ON VARIOUS DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES OF PSC-ASSOCIATED CCA.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                              
7  5025  31 PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS. PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS (CVD), ALSO REFERRED TO AS PERSONALIZED OR PRECISION CARDIOLOGY IN ACCORDANCE WITH GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, IS SELECTION OF THE BEST TREATMENT FOR AN INDIVIDUAL PATIENT. IT INVOLVES THE INTEGRATION OF VARIOUS "OMICS" TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS AS WELL AS OTHER NEW TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY. MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS AND BIOMARKERS ARE IMPORTANT FOR LINKING DIAGNOSIS WITH THERAPY AND MONITORING THERAPY. BECAUSE CVD INVOLVE PERTURBATIONS OF LARGE COMPLEX BIOLOGICAL NETWORKS, A SYSTEMS BIOLOGY APPROACH TO CVD RISK STRATIFICATION MAY BE USED FOR IMPROVING RISK-ESTIMATING ALGORITHMS, AND MODELING OF PERSONALIZED BENEFIT OF TREATMENT MAY BE HELPFUL FOR GUIDING THE CHOICE OF INTERVENTION. BIOINFORMATICS TOOLS ARE HELPFUL IN ANALYZING AND INTEGRATING LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES. PERSONALIZED THERAPY IS CONSIDERED DURING DRUG DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING METHODS OF TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY AND CLINICAL TRIALS. INDIVIDUALIZED RECOMMENDATIONS CONSIDER MULTIPLE FACTORS - GENETIC AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC - FOR PATIENTS' RISK OF HEART DISEASE. EXAMPLES OF PERSONALIZED TREATMENT ARE THOSE OF CHRONIC MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA, HEART FAILURE, AND HYPERTENSION. SIMILAR APPROACHES CAN BE USED FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA, AS WELL AS THE USE OF ANTICOAGULANTS. PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT INCLUDES PHARMACOTHERAPY, SURGERY, LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS, AND COMBINATIONS THEREOF. FURTHER PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOMECHANISM OF COMPLEX CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND IDENTIFICATION OF CAUSATIVE FACTORS AT THE INDIVIDUAL PATIENT LEVEL WILL PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALIZED CARDIOLOGY. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE WILL IMPROVE THE CARE OF THE PATIENTS WITH CVD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
8  4006  25 LOST AMONG THE TREES? THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND PAEDIATRICS. THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS) HAS BEEN STRIKINGLY NEGLECTED IN WESTERN MEDICINE. DESPITE ITS PROFOUND IMPORTANCE FOR REGULATION, ADJUSTMENT AND COORDINATION OF BODY SYSTEMS, IT LACKS PRIORITY IN TRAINING AND PRACTICE AND RECEIVES SCANT ATTENTION IN NUMEROUS MAJOR TEXTBOOKS. THE ANS IS INTEGRAL TO MANIFESTATIONS OF ILLNESS, UNDERLYING FAMILIAR PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS. WHEN ANS ACTIVITY IS ITSELF DYSFUNCTIONAL, USUAL INDICATORS OF ACUTE ILLNESS MAY PROVE DECEPTIVE. RECOGNISING THE RELEVANCE OF THE ANS CAN INVOLVE SEEING THE FAMILIAR THROUGH FRESH EYES, CHALLENGING ASSUMPTIONS IN CLINICAL ASSESSMENT AND IN APPROACHES TO PRACTICE. ITS IMPORTANCE EXTENDS FROM PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING TO PARENTING AND SAFEGUARDING, PUBLIC SERVICES AND THE FUNCTIONING OF SOCIETY. EXPLORATION OF ITS ROLE IN CONDITIONS RANGING FROM NEUROLOGICAL, GASTROINTESTINAL AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISORDERS, DIABETES AND CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME, TO AUTISM, BEHAVIOURAL AND MENTAL HEALTH DIFFICULTIES MAY OPEN THERAPEUTIC AVENUES. THE ANS OFFERS A MECHANISM FOR SO-CALLED FUNCTIONAL ILLNESSES AND ILLUSTRATES THE IMPORTANCE OF RECOGNISING THAT 'STRESS' TAKES MANY FORMS, PHYSICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL, DESIRABLE AND OTHERWISE. EVIDENCE OF INTRAUTERINE AND POST-NATAL PROGRAMMING OF ANS REACTIVITY SUGGESTS THAT NEONATAL CARE AND SAFEGUARDING PRACTICE MAY OFFER PREVENTIVE OPPORTUNITY, AS MAY GREATER UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENETIC CHANGE OF ANS ACTIVITY THROUGH, FOR EXAMPLE, ACCIDENTAL OR PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA OR INFECTION. THE AIM OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO ACCELERATE RECOGNITION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ANS THROUGHOUT PAEDIATRICS, AND OF THE POTENTIAL PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL COST OF NEGLECTING IT.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
9   103  33 A REHABILOMICS FRAMEWORK FOR PERSONALIZED AND TRANSLATIONAL REHABILITATION RESEARCH AND CARE FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES: PERSPECTIVES AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR SPINAL CORD INJURY. DESPITE MANY PEOPLE HAVING SIMILAR CLINICAL PRESENTATION, DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS, AND CLINICAL CARE, OUTCOME CAN DIFFER FOR THOSE SUSTAINING SIGNIFICANT INJURY SUCH AS SPINAL CORD INJURY (SCI) AND TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI). IN ADDITION TO TRADITIONAL DEMOGRAPHIC, SOCIAL, AND CLINICAL FACTORS, VARIABILITY ALSO MAY BE ATTRIBUTABLE TO INNATE (INCLUDING GENETIC, TRANSCRIPTOMIC PROTEOMIC, EPIGENETIC) BIOLOGICAL VARIATION THAT INDIVIDUALS BRING TO RECOVERY AND THEIR UNIQUE RESPONSE TO THEIR CARE AND ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES COLLECTIVELY CALLED "-OMICS" ENABLE SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF AN ENORMOUS NUMBER OF BIOMOLECULES THAT CAN CAPTURE MANY POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTORS TO HETEROGENEITY OF INJURY/DISEASE COURSE AND OUTCOME. DUE TO THE NATURE OF INJURY AND COMPLEX DISEASE, AND ITS ASSOCIATIONS WITH IMPAIRMENT, DISABILITY, AND RECOVERY, REHABILITATION DOES NOT LEND ITSELF TO A SINGULAR "PROTOCOLIZED" PLAN OF THERAPY. YET, BY NATURE AND BY NECESSITY, REHABILITATION MEDICINE OPERATES AS A FUNCTIONAL MODEL OF "PERSONALIZED CARE". THUS, THE CHALLENGE FOR SUCCESSFUL PROGRAMS OF TRANSLATIONAL REHABILITATION CARE AND RESEARCH IS TO IDENTIFY VIABLE APPROACHES TO EXAMINE BROAD POPULATIONS, WITH VARIED IMPAIRMENTS AND FUNCTIONAL LIMITATIONS, AND TO IDENTIFY EFFECTIVE TREATMENT RESPONSES THAT INCORPORATE PERSONALIZED PROTOCOLS TO OPTIMIZE FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY. THE REHABILOMICS FRAMEWORK IS A TRANSLATIONAL MODEL THAT PROVIDES AN "-OMICS" OVERLAY TO THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF REHABILITATION PROCESSES AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL OUTCOMES. REHABILOMICS RESEARCH PROVIDES NOVEL OPPORTUNITIES TO EVALUATE THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF COMPLEX INJURY OR CHRONIC DISEASE AND CAN BE USED TO EXAMINE METHODS AND TREATMENTS FOR PERSON-CENTERED CARE AMONG POPULATIONS WITH DISABILITIES. EXEMPLARS FOR APPLICATION IN SCI AND OTHER NEUROREHABILITATION POPULATIONS ARE DISCUSSED.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
10   264  24 ADVANCING ASTHMA CARE: THE GLASS IS ONLY HALF FULL! OVER THE PAST 20 YEARS, THERE HAS BEEN A CONCERTED EFFORT IN THE UNITED STATES TO REDUCE MORBIDITY RELATED TO CHRONIC DISEASE, INCLUDING ASTHMA. ATTENTION WAS INITIALLY DIRECTED TOWARD ASTHMA IN RESPONSE TO THE RECOGNITION THAT ASTHMA MORTALITY WAS INCREASING AND THAT THE BURDEN OF DISEASE WAS SIGNIFICANT. THESE EFFORTS TO ADDRESS ASTHMA MORTALITY LED TO MANY NEW INITIATIVES TO DEVELOP CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES, IMPLEMENT THE ASTHMA GUIDELINES INTO CLINICAL PRACTICE, CONDUCT RESEARCH TO FILL THE GAPS IN THE GUIDELINES, AND CONTINUOUSLY REVISE THE ASTHMA GUIDELINES AS MORE INFORMATION BECAME AVAILABLE. AN ASSESSMENT OF OUR PROGRESS SHOWS SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN RELATION TO REDUCING ASTHMA MORTALITY AND HOSPITALIZATIONS. CONSEQUENTLY, WE ARE NOW AT A CROSSROADS IN ASTHMA CARE. ALTHOUGH WE HAVE RECOGNIZED SOME REMARKABLE ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN REDUCING ASTHMA MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY, THE AVAILABILITY OF NEW TOOLS TO MONITOR DISEASE ACTIVITY, INCLUDING BIOMARKERS AND EPIGENETIC MARKERS, ALONG WITH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS TO MONITOR ASTHMA CONTROL HOLD SOME PROMISE IN IDENTIFYING GAPS IN DISEASE MANAGEMENT. THESE ADVANCES SHOULD PROMPT THE EVOLUTION OF NEW STRATEGIES AND NEW TREATMENTS TO FURTHER REDUCE DISEASE BURDEN. IT NOW BECOMES IMPERATIVE TO CONTINUE A FOCUS ON WAYS TO FURTHER REDUCE THE BURDEN OF ASTHMA AND PREVENT ITS ONSET.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
11   367  31 AMPLIFIED PAIN SYNDROMES IN CHILDREN: TREATMENT AND NEW INSIGHTS INTO DISEASE PATHOGENESIS. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: ALTHOUGH MANY DIAGNOSTIC TERMS ARE USED FOR PEDIATRIC CHRONIC PAIN, EVIDENCE SUGGESTS A COMMON THREAD OF SIGNAL AMPLIFICATION, LEADING TO THE UNIFYING TERM 'AMPLIFIED PAIN SYNDROMES'. ONGOING RESEARCH PROVIDES NEW INSIGHTS INTO BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL CONTRIBUTORS AND TREATMENTS FOR PEDIATRIC AMPLIFIED PAIN SYNDROMES. RECENT FINDINGS: BASIC SCIENCE INDICATES A COMPLEX INTERPLAY OF GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, NEUROCHEMICAL, ENDOCRINE, AND INFLAMMATORY CONTRIBUTORS, ALONG WITH ENVIRONMENTAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS. ALTHOUGH MEDICATIONS AND INTERVENTIONS REMAIN COMMON APPROACHES TO CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC PAIN, THEIR EVIDENCE IS LIMITED. PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE EXISTS FOR MINDFULNESS-BASED THERAPIES, YOGA, AND OTHER COMPLEMENTARY/ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE APPROACHES. THE STRONGEST EVIDENCE IS FOR EXERCISE-BASED AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL TREATMENTS, IN PARTICULAR, WHEN COMBINED IN A MULTIDISCIPLINARY FORMAT. INTENSIVE APPROACHES (PAIN REHABILITATION) HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO EFFECTIVELY AND EFFICIENTLY TREAT THOSE MOST DISABLED BY AMPLIFIED PAIN SYNDROMES, AND LEAD TO SUSTAINED IMPROVEMENT IN PAIN, FUNCTIONING, AND MEDICAL UTILIZATION. SUMMARY: ALTHOUGH UNDERSTANDING OF THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING PEDIATRIC AMPLIFIED PAIN SYNDROMES EVOLVES, STANDARD OF CARE IS MULTIDISCIPLINARY EMPHASIZING EXERCISE THERAPY, COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT, AND SELF-REGULATION. TREATMENT SHOULD TARGET FULL RETURN TO PHYSICAL FUNCTION, WHICH LEADS TO SUBSEQUENT IMPROVEMENT OR RESOLUTION OF PAIN. MULTIDISCIPLINARY CARE CAN BE COORDINATED BY A RHEUMATOLOGIST OR OTHER PHYSICIAN WITH APPROPRIATE REFERRALS, OR THROUGH A MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
12  1037  17 CLASSIFICATION AND DIAGNOSIS OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS AND TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDER PAIN. DESIGNING CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS AND DEVELOPING DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS IS DIFFICULT. AN APPRECIATION OF THE UTILITY AND APPLICABILITY OF THESE ENTITIES REQUIRES AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE IMPORTANCE OF EACH, THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO, AND HOW THEY MAY BE OPTIMALLY OPERATIONALIZED FOR BOTH CLINICAL AND RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN LIGHT OF THEIR INHERENT ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS. IN ADDITION, CONSIDERATION FOR ADOPTING NEWER APPROACHES, SUCH AS FOLLOWING ONTOLOGICAL AND PRECISION-BASED MEDICINE PRINCIPLES, ACCOUNTING FOR GENETICS/EPIGENETIC AND NEUROBIOLOGICAL FACTORS, AND THE INCLUSION OF BIOMARKERS WILL POTENTIALLY RESULT IN MORE THOROUGH AND COMPREHENSIVE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS AND DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
13  2900  30 GENDER BIAS IN THERAPEUTIC EFFORT: FROM RESEARCH TO HEALTH CARE. THERE ARE RELEVANT DIMENSIONS FROM A GENDER PERSPECTIVE RELATED TO THERAPEUTIC EFFORT. TO ILLUSTRATE AND DISCUSS POSSIBLE GENDER BIAS RELATED TO MEDICINES, THROUGH THE CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS IN WOMEN, THE PRESCRIPTION OF BIOLOGICAL DRUGS ACCORDING TO SEX, THE POTENTIAL GENDER INEQUALITY IN ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS, AND RESEARCH WITH CLINICAL TRIALS, AS WELL AS THE DECISIONS OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE MARKETING OF MEDICINAL PRODUCTS. THERE IS GREATER TENDENCY TO PRESCRIBE PAIN RELIEVERS, REGARDLESS OF PAIN, AND DRUGS FOR LOW INTENSITY DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN WOMEN THAN IN MEN. THE OPPOSITE OCCURS IN THE PRESCRIPTION OF STATINS AND ADEQUATE DOSES, AND WITH THE GREATER PROBABILITY OF PRESCRIBING ANTI-TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR IN MEN THAN IN WOMEN WITH ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS, DESPITE A SIMILAR DISEASE BURDEN. ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS ARE OBSERVED MORE FREQUENTLY IN WOMEN THAN IN MEN, WHERE DETERMINANTS SUCH AS BODY WEIGHT ARE HAVING LITTLE INFLUENCE ON THE DOSAGE. IT IS CURRENTLY SCARCELY CONSIDERED IN THE PRESCRIPTION THAT WOMEN HAVE DIFFERENCES IN THE ACTIVITY OF CYTOCHROME CYPP450 ENZYMES, WHICH CAN AFFECT THE LIVER'S METABOLISM RATE. THERE ARE EVEN IMMUNOLOGICAL, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC EFFECTS (DUE TO HEREDITY AND UNEVEN GENE DOSING LOCATED IN THE X AND Y CHROMOSOMES) THAT CAN INFLUENCE THESE DIFFERENCES BY SEX. FINALLY, THROUGH CASES OF HORMONAL THERAPY CLINICAL TRIALS, A DRUG FOR WOMEN'S INHIBITED SEXUAL DESIRE AND A CONTRACEPTIVE FOR MEN, GENDER BIAS AND STEREOTYPES ARE SHOWN TO INFLUENCE A POTENTIAL GENERATION OF INEQUALITIES, ESPECIALLY IN ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS TO THE DETRIMENT OF WOMEN. IN CONCLUSION, HEALTH PROFESSIONALS FREQUENTLY ATTRIBUTE PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS TO WOMEN'S EMOTIONALITY, INFLUENCING THEIR GREATER PRESCRIPTION OF SYMPTOMATIC DRUGS. WHETHER THE SAME REASON INFLUENCES THE LOWER PRESCRIPTION OF THERAPEUTIC DRUGS IN WOMEN THAN IN MEN SHOULD BE ANALYZED. THERE ARE BIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS TO CONSIDER DUE TO THEIR INFLUENCE ON A GREATER PHARMACOLOGICAL TOXICITY IN WOMEN. CLINICAL TRIALS SHOULD IMPROVE ACCORDING TO THE GENDER RECOMMENDATIONS BY THE FOOD AND DRUGS ADMINISTRATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                        
14  5161  31 PRECISION AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE: HOW GENOMIC APPROACH IMPROVES THE MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE. LIFE EXPECTANCY HAS GRADUALLY GROWN OVER THE LAST CENTURY. THIS HAS DEEPLY AFFECTED HEALTHCARE COSTS, SINCE THE GROWTH OF AN AGING POPULATION IS CORRELATED TO THE INCREASING BURDEN OF CHRONIC DISEASES. THIS REPRESENTS THE INTERESTING CHALLENGE OF HOW TO MANAGE PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC DISEASES IN ORDER TO IMPROVE HEALTH CARE BUDGETS. EFFECTIVE PRIMARY PREVENTION COULD REPRESENT A PROMISING ROUTE. TO THIS END, PRECISION, TOGETHER WITH PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, ARE USEFUL INSTRUMENTS IN ORDER TO INVESTIGATE PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES BEFORE THE APPEARANCE OF CLINICAL SYMPTOMS AND TO GUIDE PHYSICIANS TO CHOOSE A TARGETED THERAPY TO MANAGE THE PATIENT. CARDIOVASCULAR AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES REPRESENT SUITABLE MODELS FOR TAKING FULL ADVANTAGE OF PRECISION MEDICINE TECHNOLOGIES APPLIED TO ALL STAGES OF DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. THE AVAILABILITY OF HIGH TECHNOLOGY INCORPORATING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ADVANCEMENT PROGRESS MADE IN THE FIELD OF BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH HAVE BEEN SUBSTANTIAL TO UNDERSTAND HOW GENES, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AGING, NUTRITION, DRUGS, MICROBIOME AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CAN IMPACT HEALTH AND CHRONIC DISORDERS. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT REVIEW IS TO ADDRESS HOW PRECISION AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE CAN BRING GREATER CLARITY TO THE CLINICAL AND BIOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY OF THESE TYPES OF DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH MORTALITY, INVOLVING TREMENDOUS HEALTH CARE COSTS, BY DESCRIBING IN DETAIL THE METHODS THAT CAN BE APPLIED. THIS MIGHT OFFER PRECIOUS TOOLS FOR PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES AND POSSIBLE CLUES ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE DISEASE AND COULD HELP IN PREDICTING MORBIDITY, MORTALITY AND DETECTING CHRONIC DISEASE INDICATORS MUCH EARLIER IN THE DISEASE COURSE. THIS, OF COURSE, WILL HAVE A MAJOR EFFECT ON BOTH IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF CARE AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE PATIENTS AND REDUCING TIME EFFORTS AND HEALTHCARE COSTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
15  5028  28 PERSONALIZING PEDIATRIC PAIN MEDICINE: USING POPULATION-SPECIFIC PHARMACOGENETICS, GENOMICS, AND OTHER -OMICS APPROACHES TO PREDICT RESPONSE. PERSONALIZED MEDICINE IS THE SCIENCE OF INDIVIDUALIZED PREVENTION AND THERAPY. THE NOTION THAT "ONE SIZE FITS ALL" HAS BEEN REPLACED BY THE IDEA OF PATIENT-TAILORED HEALTH CARE. WITHIN THIS PARADIGM, THE RESEARCH COMMUNITY HAS TURNED TO EXAMINE GENETIC PREDICTORS OF DISEASE AND TREATMENT RESPONSES. PAIN RESEARCHERS HAVE PRODUCED GENETIC STUDIES OVER THE LAST DECADE THAT EVALUATE THE ASSOCIATION OF GENETIC VARIABILITY WITH PAIN SENSITIVITY AND ANALGESIC RESPONSE. WHILE MOST OF THESE STUDIES HAVE BEEN CONDUCTED AMONG COHORTS OF SUBJECTS OF EUROPEAN DESCENT, SOME HAVE INCLUDED OTHER RACIAL AND ETHNIC GROUPS, PROVIDING EVIDENCE OF VARIABLE RESPONSES TO ANALGESICS. SIMULTANEOUSLY, THERE IS AN INCREASED RECOGNITION REGARDING THE COMPLEXITY OF PAIN RESEARCH, ACKNOWLEDGING THE ADDITIONAL ROLE OF EPIGENETIC, TRANSCRIPTOMIC, PROTEOMIC, AND METABOLOMIC FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT, EXPERIENCE, AND TREATMENT OF PAIN. THIS ARTICLE PROVIDES AN INTRODUCTION TO POPULATION-SPECIFIC PHARMACOGENETICS, PROTEOMICS AND OTHER "-OMICS" TECHNOLOGIES TO PREDICT DRUG RESPONSE TO PAIN MEDICATIONS IN CHILDREN. IT AIMS TO PROVIDE ANESTHESIOLOGISTS WITH THE BASIC KNOWLEDGE TO UNDERSTAND THE POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONS OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS MANAGING THE PAIN OF PEDIATRIC PATIENTS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
16  3399  31 HOW CAN GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS HELP THE NEPHROLOGIST IMPROVE THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PATIENTS? DISCOVERY OF NOVEL IMPROVED TOOLS FOR DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION AND THERAPY OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) IS AN IMPORTANT TASK FOR THE NEPHROLOGY COMMUNITY AND IT IS LIKELY THAT SCIENTIFIC BREAKTHROUGHS, TO A LARGE EXTENT, WILL BE BASED ON GENOMICS. THE RAPID GROWTH OF THE NUMBER OF GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES, MAJOR ADVANCES IN DNA SEQUENCING AND OMICS PROFILING, AND ACCELERATING BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH EFFORTS IN THIS AREA HAVE GREATLY EXPANDED THE KNOWLEDGE BASE NEEDED FOR APPLIED GENOMICS. HOWEVER, TRANSLATING AND IMPLEMENTING GENOTYPE-PHENOTYPE DATA INTO GENE-BASED MEDICINE IN CKD POPULATIONS IS STILL IN AN EARLY PHASE AND WILL REQUIRE CONTINUOUS RESEARCH EFFORTS WITH INTEGRATED APPROACHES AND INTENSIFIED INVESTIGATIONS THAT FOCUS ON THE BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS, WHICH CAUSATIVELY LINK A GENETIC VARIANT WITH THE DISEASE PHENOTYPE. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE REVIEW SOME CURRENT STRATEGIES TO UNRAVEL THESE TRANSLATIONAL GAPS AS WELL AS PROSPECTS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC METHODS INTO NOVEL CLINICAL PRACTICE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
17  3513  31 IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS: PATHOGENESIS AND MANAGEMENT. BACKGROUND: IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS (IPF) IS A CHRONIC, PROGRESSIVE DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY THE ABERRANT ACCUMULATION OF FIBROTIC TISSUE IN THE LUNGS PARENCHYMA, ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANT MORBIDITY AND POOR PROGNOSIS. THIS REVIEW WILL PRESENT THE SUBSTANTIAL ADVANCES ACHIEVED IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF IPF PATHOGENESIS AND IN THE THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS THAT CAN BE OFFERED TO PATIENTS, AND WILL ADDRESS THE ISSUES REGARDING DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT THAT ARE STILL OPEN. MAIN BODY: OVER THE LAST TWO DECADES MUCH HAS BEEN CLARIFIED ABOUT THE PATHOGENIC PATHWAYS UNDERLYING THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF THE LUNG SCARRING IN IPF. SUSTAINED ALVEOLAR EPITHELIAL MICRO-INJURY AND ACTIVATION HAS BEEN RECOGNISED AS THE TRIGGER OF SEVERAL BIOLOGICAL EVENTS OF DISORDERED REPAIR OCCURRING IN GENETICALLY SUSCEPTIBLE AGEING INDIVIDUALS. DESPITE MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM DISCUSSION HAS DEMONSTRATED TO INCREASE DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY, PATIENTS CAN STILL REMAIN UNCLASSIFIED WHEN THE CURRENT DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA ARE STRICTLY APPLIED, REQUIRING THE IDENTIFICATION OF A USUAL INTERSTITIAL PATTERN EITHER ON HIGH-RESOLUTION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCAN OR LUNG BIOPSY. OUTSTANDING ACHIEVEMENTS HAVE BEEN MADE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THESE PATIENTS, AS NINTEDANIB AND PIRFENIDONE CONSISTENTLY PROVED TO REDUCE THE RATE OF PROGRESSION OF THE FIBROTIC PROCESS. HOWEVER, MANY UNCERTAINTIES STILL LIE IN THE CORRECT USE OF THESE DRUGS, RANGING FROM THE INITIAL CHOICE OF THE DRUG, THE APPROPRIATE TIMING FOR TREATMENT AND THE BENEFIT-RISK RATIO OF A COMBINED TREATMENT REGIMEN. SEVERAL NOVEL COMPOUNDS ARE BEING DEVELOPED IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF A MORE TARGETED THERAPEUTIC APPROACH; IN THE MEANTIME, THE SUPPORTIVE CARE OF THESE PATIENTS AND THEIR CARERS SHOULD BE APPROPRIATELY PRIORITIZED, AND GREATER EFFORTS SHOULD BE MADE TOWARD THE PROMPT IDENTIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF RELEVANT COMORBIDITIES. CONCLUSIONS: BUILDING ON THE ADVANCES IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF IPF PATHOBIOLOGY, THE FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF THE ROLE OF GENE VARIANTS, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND OTHER MOLECULAR BIOMARKERS REFLECTING DISEASE ACTIVITY AND BEHAVIOUR WILL HOPEFULLY ENABLE EARLIER AND MORE CONFIDENT DIAGNOSIS, IMPROVE DISEASE PHENOTYPING AND SUPPORT THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL AGENTS FOR PERSONALIZED TREATMENT OF IPF.	2018	
                     
18  6822  38 [GENDER MEDICINE. SEX- AND GENDER-SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF CLINICAL MEDICINE]. GENDER MEDICINE STUDIES SEX- AND GENDER-BASED DIFFERENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PREVENTION OF DISEASES, THE AWARENESS AND PRESENTATION OF SYMPTOMS, AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THERAPY. GENDER MEDICINE IS PART OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, CONSIDERING DIFFERENCES IN BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS INDIVIDUALLY. THERE ARE DIFFERENCES IN GENES, CHROMOSOMES, HORMONES, AND METABOLISM AS WELL AS DIFFERENCES IN CULTURE, ENVIRONMENT, AND SOCIETY. LIFELONG INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS WILL INFLUENCE THE HEALTH AND ILL-HEALTH OF MEN AND WOMEN IN DIFFERENT WAYS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENT AND LIFESTYLE DURING VULNERABLE PHASES ON BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, EFFECTING FUTURE GENERATIONS. MATERNAL LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS DURING PREGNANCY CAN IMPACT THE HEALTH OF OFFSPRING IN LATER LIFE ALREADY IN UTERO IN A SEX-SPECIFIC WAY. PAIN, STRESS, AND COPING STYLES DIFFER BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN. WOMEN EXPERIENCE MORE DRAMATIC PHYSICAL CHANGES DURING THEIR LIFETIME, WHICH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIFIC BURDENS AND PSYCHOSOCIAL ALTERATIONS. WOMEN WITH MULTIPLE ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES SUFFERING FROM STRESS DEVELOP DEPRESSION MORE FREQUENTLY. HOWEVER, MEN ARE OFTEN NOT DIAGNOSED AND TREATED APPROPRIATELY IN CASES OF DEPRESSION OR OSTEOPOROSIS, DISEASES THAT ARE TYPICALLY CONSIDERED "FEMALE." THERE ARE PROMINENT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN IN MEDICINE REGARDING THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, INFLAMMATION, AND NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES SUCH AS OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES, HYPERTENSION, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. WOMEN EXPERIENCE MORE OFTEN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES AND SUFFER MORE FREQUENTLY FROM (CHRONIC) PAIN, NEURODEGENERATIVE CHANGES, AND FUNCTIONAL DISABILITIES. MEN HAVE SHORTER LIFE EXPECTANCY BUT RELATIVELY MORE HEALTHY YEARS OF LIFE, WHICH IS IN GREATER PART ASCRIBED TO PSYCHOSOCIAL DETERMINANTS. STATE-OF-THE-ART CLINICAL MEDICINE COMPRISES INDIVIDUAL RISK FACTORS BASED ON SEX- AND GENDER-SENSITIVE HEALTH PROGRAMS IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THE HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE FOR MEN AND WOMEN.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
19   675  26 BRAIN AGE AND OTHER BODILY 'AGES': IMPLICATIONS FOR NEUROPSYCHIATRY. AS OUR BRAINS AGE, WE TEND TO EXPERIENCE COGNITIVE DECLINE AND ARE AT GREATER RISK OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE AND DEMENTIA. SYMPTOMS OF CHRONIC NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISEASES ARE ALSO EXACERBATED DURING AGEING. HOWEVER, THE AGEING PROCESS DOES NOT AFFECT PEOPLE UNIFORMLY; NOR, IN FACT, DOES THE AGEING PROCESS APPEAR TO BE UNIFORM EVEN WITHIN AN INDIVIDUAL. HERE, WE OUTLINE RECENT NEUROIMAGING RESEARCH INTO BRAIN AGEING AND THE USE OF OTHER BODILY AGEING BIOMARKERS, INCLUDING TELOMERE LENGTH, THE EPIGENETIC CLOCK, AND GRIP STRENGTH. SOME OF THESE TECHNIQUES, USING STATISTICAL APPROACHES, HAVE THE ABILITY TO PREDICT CHRONOLOGICAL AGE IN HEALTHY PEOPLE. MOREOVER, THEY ARE NOW BEING APPLIED TO NEUROLOGICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC DISEASE GROUPS TO PROVIDE INSIGHTS INTO HOW THESE DISEASES INTERACT WITH THE AGEING PROCESS AND TO DELIVER INDIVIDUALISED PREDICTIONS ABOUT FUTURE BRAIN AND BODY HEALTH. WE DISCUSS THE IMPORTANCE OF INTEGRATING DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS, FROM BOTH THE BRAIN AND THE REST OF THE BODY, TO BUILD MORE COMPREHENSIVE MODELS OF THE BIOLOGICAL AGEING PROCESS. FINALLY, WE PROPOSE SEVEN STEPS FOR THE FIELD OF BRAIN-AGEING RESEARCH TO TAKE IN COMING YEARS. THIS WILL HELP US REACH THE LONG-TERM GOAL OF DEVELOPING CLINICALLY APPLICABLE STATISTICAL MODELS OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES TO MEASURE, TRACK AND PREDICT BRAIN AND BODY HEALTH IN AGEING AND DISEASE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
20  4515  33 MULTI-OMICS APPROACHES FOR PRECISION OBESITY MANAGEMENT : POTENTIALS AND LIMITATIONS OF OMICS IN PRECISION PREVENTION, TREATMENT AND RISK REDUCTION OF OBESITY. INTRODUCTION: OBESITY IS A MULTIFACTORIAL CHRONIC DISEASE THAT CANNOT BE ADDRESSED BY SIMPLY PROMOTING BETTER DIETS AND MORE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. TO DATE, NOT A SINGLE COUNTRY HAS SUCCESSFULLY BEEN ABLE TO CURB THE ACCUMULATING BURDEN OF OBESITY. ONE EXPLANATION FOR THE LACK OF PROGRESS IS THAT LIFESTYLE INTERVENTION PROGRAMS ARE TRADITIONALLY IMPLEMENTED WITHOUT A COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF AN INDIVIDUAL'S DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS. EVIDENCE FROM GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES HIGHLIGHT THE IMPORTANCE OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OBESITY AND HOW THEY IN TURN AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTOME, METABOLITES, MICROBIOMES, AND PROTEOMES. OBJECTIVE: THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF OMICS DATA: GENOMICS, EPIGENOMICS, TRANSCRIPTOMICS, PROTEOMICS, METABOLOMICS AND ILLUSTRATE HOW A MULTI-OMICS APPROACH CAN BE FUNDAMENTAL FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PRECISION OBESITY MANAGEMENT. RESULTS: THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF OMICS DESIGNS ARE GROUPED INTO TWO CATEGORIES, THE GENOTYPE APPROACH AND THE PHENOTYPE APPROACH. WHEN APPLIED TO OBESITY PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT, EACH OMICS TYPE COULD POTENTIALLY HELP TO DETECT SPECIFIC BIOMARKERS IN PEOPLE WITH RISK PROFILES AND GUIDE HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS AND DECISION MAKERS IN DEVELOPING INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT PLANS ACCORDING TO THE NEEDS OF THE INDIVIDUAL BEFORE THE ONSET OF OBESITY. CONCLUSION: INTEGRATING MULTI-OMICS APPROACHES WILL ENABLE A PARADIGM SHIFT FROM THE ONE SIZE FITS ALL APPROACH TOWARDS PRECISION OBESITY MANAGEMENT, I.E. (1) PRECISION PREVENTION OF THE ONSET OF OBESITY, (2) PRECISION MEDICINE AND TAILORED TREATMENT OF OBESITY, AND (3) PRECISION RISK REDUCTION AND PREVENTION OF SECONDARY DISEASES RELATED TO OBESITY.	2023