1  5384 136 REDIFFERENTIATION OF RADIOIODINE-REFRACTORY THYROID CANCERS. THE MANAGEMENT OF RADIOIODINE REFRACTORY THYROID CANCERS (RAIR TC) IS CHALLENGING FOR THE CLINICIAN. TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS CLASSICALLY PRESCRIBED IN THIS SETTING CAN FAIL DUE TO PRIMARY OR ACQUIRED RESISTANCE OR THE NECESSITY OF DRUG WITHDRAWAL BECAUSE OF SERIOUS OR MODERATE BUT CHRONIC AND DELETERIOUS ADVERSE EFFECTS. THUS, THE CONCEPT OF REDIFFERENTIATION STRATEGY, WHICH INVOLVES TREATING PATIENTS WITH ONE OR MORE DRUGS CAPABLE OF RESTORING RADIOIODINE SENSITIVITY FOR RAIR TC, HAS EMERGED. THE AREA OF REDIFFERENTIATION STRATEGY LEADS TO THE CREATION OF NEW DEFINITIONS OF RAIR TC INCLUDING PERSISTENT NON RADIOIODINE-AVID PATIENTS AND 'TRUE' RAIR TC PATIENTS. THE LATTER GROUP PRESENTS A RESTORED OR INCREASED RADIOIODINE UPTAKE IN METASTATIC LESIONS BUT WITH NO RADIOLOGICAL RESPONSE ON CONVENTIONAL IMAGING, THAT IS, PROGRESSION OF A METASTATIC DISEASE, THUS PROVING THAT THEY ARE 'TRULY' RESISTANT TO THE RADIATION DELIVERED BY RADIOIODINE. UNLIKE THESE PATIENTS, METASTATIC TC PATIENTS WITH RESTORED RADIOIODINE UPTAKE OFFER THE HOPE OF PROLONGED REMISSION OR EVEN CURE OF THE DISEASE AS FOR RADIOIODINE-AVID METASTATIC TC. HERE, WE REVIEW THE DIFFERENT REDIFFERENTIATION STRATEGIES BASED ON THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISM LEADING TO THE SODIUM IODIDE SYMPORTER (NIS) AND RADIOIODINE UPTAKE REINDUCTION, THAT IS, BY MODULATING SIGNALING PATHWAYS, NIS TRANSCRIPTION, NIS TRAFFICKING TO THE PLASMA MEMBRANE, NIS POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION, BY GENE THERAPY AND OTHER POTENTIAL STRATEGIES. WE DISCUSS CLINICAL TRIALS AND PROMISING PRECLINICAL DATA OF POTENTIAL FUTURE TARGETS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
2  6901  23 [THE EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF AUTOIMMUNE PROCESS: THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC VARIATION IN THE POPULATION OF MICE HYBRIDS]. BACKGROUND: AT THE DEVELOPMENT OF GRAFT VERSUS HOST DISEASE IN GENETICALLY HOMOGENEOUS POPULATION OF (C57BI/6 X DBA/2) FL MICE TWO CLINICAL PHENOTYPES OF SLE-LIKE DISEASE WERE REVEALED: LUPUS+ (IMMUNE COMPLEX GLOMERULONEPHRITIS AND HEMNOLYTIC ANEMIA) AND LUPUS - (HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA). THE GVHD PHENOTYPIC HETEROGENEITY IS DETERMINED BY THE TH2-POLARIZATION: TH2 LYMPHOCYTE PREDOMINANT ACTIVITY, LEADS TO THE LUPUS+DEVELOPMENT, OR PREVALENCE ACTIVITY OF TH1 CELLS, LEADS TO THE LUPUS- DEVELOPMENT. OBJECTIVE: OUR AIM WAS TO EVALUATE THE POSSIBILITY OF USING AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF AUTOIMMNUNE DISEASE FOR STUDYING AND TESTING OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, SHIFTING TH1/TH2 BALANCE IN VIVO. METHODS: CHRONIC GVHD WAS INDUCED IN B6D2F1 MICE BY THE TRANSPLANTATION OF 130X10(6) PARENTAL DBA/2 SPLENOCYTES. ANTI-DS-DNA, TOTAL IGG AND IGGI, IGG2A ABS WERE MEASURED BY ELISA. RESULTS: SIX- TO 8-WEEK-OLD FEMALE DBA/2 AND B6D2F1 MICE WERE OBTAINED FROM BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH LABORATORY (NOVOSIBIRSK). IT WAS ESTABLISHED THAT REGULAR MODERATE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY (UNLADED SWIMMING) SHIFTED TH1/TH2 BALANCE TOWARDS TH1. THIS LEADS TO A DECREASE IN A POPULATION OF RECIPIENTS THE LUPUS+ MICE FROM 57 TO 26% (P <0,001) WITH SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA (IGG FROM 2,8 TO 2,0 MG/ML; P <0,047) AND DNA ANTIBODIES TITER FROM 0,18 TO 0,12 OD (P =0,05). ADMINISTRATION OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATOR BISPHENOL A AT LOW DOSES, WHICH MIMICKING ESTROGEN EFFECTS, ENHANCES THE PROPORTION OF LUPUS+ MICE IN EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS FROM 33 TO 64% (P <0,001) AND IMPAIRS THEIR CLINICAL STATUS BY THE INCREASING THE URINE PROTEIN LEVEL FROM 2.8 TO 4,2 MG/ML (P <0,001) IN ANIMALS. CONCLUSION: TH1/TH2 - BALANCE PRESUMABLY IS DETERMINED BY THE IMMUNE SYSTEM EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN EXPERIMENTAL MICE, FORMED ON THE PREVIOUS STAGES OF ONTOGENY AND DEFINES THE DIRECTION OF IMMUNE PROCESSES DEVELOPMENT IN INDIVIDUAL ANIMAL.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
3  3160  33 GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE PROPHYLAXIS: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY-BASED REVIEW ON CURRENT APPROACHES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS. GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE (GVHD) WAS FIRST DESCRIBED IN 1959, SINCE THEN MAJOR EFFORTS HAVE BEEN MADE IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND ITS PHYSIOPATHOLOGY AND ANIMAL MODELS HAVE PLAYED A KEY ROLE. THREE STEPS, INVOLVING DIFFERENT PATHWAYS, HAVE BEEN RECOGNISED IN EITHER ACUTE AND CHRONIC GVHD, IDENTIFYING THEM AS TWO DISTINCT ENTITIES. IN ORDER TO REDUCE GVHD INCIDENCE AND SEVERITY, PROPHYLACTIC MEASURES WERE ADDED TO TRANSPLANT PROTOCOLS. THE COMBINATION OF A CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR (CNI) PLUS AN ANTIMETABOLITE REMAINS THE STANDARD OF CARE. BETTER KNOWLEDGE OF GVHD PATHOPHYSIOLOGY HAS MOVED THIS FIELD FORWARD AND NOWADAYS DIFFERENT DRUGS ARE BEING USED ON A DAILY BASIS. IMPROVING GVHD PROPHYLAXIS IS A MAJOR GOAL AS IT WOULD TRANSLATE INTO LESS NON-RELAPSE MORTALITY AND BETTER OVERALL SURVIVAL. AS COMPARED TO CNI PLUS METHOTREXATE THE COMBINATION OF CNI PLUS MYCOPHENOLATE MOPHETIL (MMF) ALLOWS US TO OBTAIN SIMILAR RESULTS IN TERMS OF GVHD INCIDENCE BUT A LOWER TOXICITY RATE IN TERMS OF NEUTROPENIA OR MUCOSITIS. THE USE OF ATG HAS BEEN RELATED TO A LOWER RISK OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC GVHD IN PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED TRIALS AS WELL AS THE USE OF POSTTRANSPLANT CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE, WITH NO OR MARGINAL IMPACT ON OVERALL SURVIVAL BUT WITH AN IMPROVEMENT IN GVHD-RELAPSE FREE SURVIVAL (GRFS). THE USE OF SIROLIMUS HAS BEEN RELATED TO A LOWER RISK OF ACUTE GVHD AND SIGNIFICANTLY INFLUENCED OVERALL SURVIVAL IN ONE PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED TRIAL. OTHER PROSPECTIVE TRIALS HAVE EVALUATED THE USE OF RECEPTORS SUCH AS CCR5 OR ALPHA4BETA7 TO AVOID T-CELLS TRAFFICKING INTO GVHD TARGET ORGANS, CYTOKINE BLOCKERS OR IMMUNE CHECK POINT AGONISTS. ALSO, EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS HAVE SHOWN PROMISING RESULTS IN PHASE II TRIALS. ATTENTION SHOULD BE PAID TO GRAFT-VERSUS-LEUKEMIA, INFECTIONS AND IMMUNE RECOVERY BEFORE BRINGING NEW PROPHYLACTIC STRATEGIES TO CLINICAL PRACTICE. ALTHOUGH THE LIST OF NOVEL AGENTS FOR GVHD PROPHYLAXIS IS GROWING, RANDOMIZED TRIALS ARE STILL LACKING FOR MANY OF THEM.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
4    12  38 2017 CLINICAL TRIALS UPDATE IN NEW TREATMENTS OF BETA-THALASSEMIA. THE UNDERLYING BASIS OF BETA-THALASSEMIA PATHOLOGY IS THE DIMINISHED BETA-GLOBIN SYNTHESIS LEADING TO ALPHA-GLOBIN ACCUMULATION AND PREMATURE APOPTOTIC DESTRUCTION OF ERYTHROBLASTS, CAUSING OXIDATIVE STRESS-INDUCED INEFFECTIVE ERYTHROPOIESIS, BONE MARROW HYPERPLASIA, SPLENOMEGALY, AND INCREASED INTESTINAL IRON ABSORPTION WITH PROGRESSIVE IRON OVERLOAD. BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THIS DISEASE LED TO THE RECOGNITION OF NEW TARGETS WITH POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC UTILITY. AGENTS SUCH AS JAK2 INHIBITORS AND TGF-BETA LIGAND TRAPS THAT REDUCE THE INEFFECTIVE ERYTHROPOIESIS PROCESS ARE ALREADY BEING TESTED IN CLINICAL TRIALS WITH PROMISING RESULTS. OTHER AGENTS THAT AIM TO REDUCE OXIDATIVE STRESS (ACTIVATORS OF FOXO3, HRI-EIF2AP, PRX2, HSP70, AND PK ANTI-OXIDANT SYSTEMS AND INHIBITORS OF HO-1) AND TO DECREASE IRON OVERLOAD (HEPCIDIN AGONISTS, ERYTHROFERRONE INHIBITORS AND EXOGENOUS TRANSFERRIN) ARE ALSO UNDER EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION. SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS HAS ALSO BEEN MADE IN THE AREA OF ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION WITH SEVERAL ONGOING CLINICAL TRIALS EXAMINING NEW CONDITION REGIMENS AS WELL AS DIFFERENT DONOR SELECTION AND STEM CELL SOURCE OPTIONS. GENE THERAPY HAS REACHED A CRITICAL POINT AND PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIALS HAVE RECENTLY BEEN LAUNCHED TO EXAMINE THE EFFECTIVENESS AND ESPECIALLY LONG TERM SAFETY. EPIGENETIC MANIPULATION AND GENOMIC EDITING OF THE GAMMA- OR BETA-GLOBIN GENE ARE NOVEL AND PROMISING EXPERIMENTAL GENE THERAPY APPROACHES FOR BETA-THALASSEMIA GIVING HOPE FOR CURE FOR THIS CHRONIC DISEASE. THIS REVIEW OUTLINES THE KEY POINTS OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING BETA-THALASSEMIA IN RELATION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW THERAPIES AND AN UPDATE IS GIVEN BOTH AT THE PRE-CLINICAL AND CLINICAL LEVEL. AM. J. HEMATOL. 91:1135-1145, 2016. (C) 2016 WILEY PERIODICALS, INC.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
5  4686  37 NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS IN TRANSFUSION-DEPENDENT AND -INDEPENDENT THALASSEMIA. BETA-THALASSEMIAS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY REDUCED PRODUCTION OF BETA-GLOBIN CHAIN, RESULTING IN ALPHA/BETA-CHAIN UNBALANCE AND PRECIPITATION OF ALPHA-GLOBIN-HEME COMPLEXES AND DETERMINING INEFFECTIVE ERYTHROPOIESIS. INEFFECTIVE ERYTHROPOIESIS, CHRONIC HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA, AND COMPENSATORY HEMATOPOIETIC EXPANSION ARE THE DISEASE HALLMARKS, AND THEY ARE RELATED TO THE SEVERITY OF THE CHAIN UNBALANCE. SEVERAL CLINICAL FORMS OF BETA-THALASSEMIA, INCLUDING THE COINHERITANCE OF BETA-THALASSEMIA WITH HEMOGLOBIN E RESULTING IN HEMOGLOBIN E/BETA-THALASSEMIA, HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED. CLINICALLY, BETA-THALASSEMIAS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS TRANSFUSION-DEPENDENT THALASSEMIA (TDT) AND NON-TRANSFUSION-DEPENDENT THALASSEMIA (NTDT) ACCORDING TO THE SEVERITY OF THE PHENOTYPE, WHICH IS CAUSED BY A WIDE SPECTRUM OF MUTATIONS IN A HOMOZYGOUS OR COMPOUND HETEROZYGOUS STATE. CURRENT TREATMENT OF TDT CONSISTS OF REGULAR TRANSFUSIONS THAT LEAD TO IRON OVERLOAD, REQUIRING IRON CHELATION TO PREVENT IRON-RELATED ORGAN TOXICITY. NTDT PATIENTS DO NOT REQUIRE TRANSFUSIONS OR ONLY OCCASIONALLY REQUIRE THEM; HOWEVER, THEY DEVELOP IRON OVERLOAD AS WELL BECAUSE OF INCREASED INTESTINAL IRON ABSORPTION CAUSED BY CHRONIC ANEMIA. HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL ALLOGENIC TRANSPLANT IS THE ONLY APPROVED CURE FOR BETA-THALASSEMIA; HOWEVER, IT IS STILL LIMITED BY CLINICAL CONDITIONS AND THE AVAILABILITY OF MATCHED DONORS AS WELL AS BY POTENTIAL GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE (GVHD). GENE THERAPY COULD AVOID THE GVHD RISK, ALTHOUGH HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS MUST BE GENETICALLY MODIFIED EX VIVO. EPIGENETIC MANIPULATION AND GENOMIC EDITING ARE NOVEL EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES. AN INCREASED UNDERSTANDING OF THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY THAT CONTROLS THE DISEASE PROCESS PROMPTED US TO EXPLORE ALTERNATIVE THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES THAT ADDRESS THE UNDERLYING CHAIN UNBALANCE, INEFFECTIVE ERYTHROPOIESIS, AND IRON DYSREGULATION. MOLECULES, SUCH AS JAK2 INHIBITORS AND THE ACTIVIN-RECEPTOR LIGAND TRAP THAT TARGET INEFFECTIVE ERYTHROPOIESIS, ARE ALREADY IN CLINICAL TRIALS WITH PROMISING RESULTS. OTHER AGENTS AIMED TO GENERATE IRON-RESTRICTED ERYTHROPOIESIS ARE ALSO UNDER EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
6  3606  32 IMPROVING TREATMENT OF NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS: RECOMMENDATIONS BASED ON PRECLINICAL STUDIES. INTRODUCTION: NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS (NDDS) ARE COMMON AND SEVERELY DEBILITATING. THEIR CHRONIC NATURE AND RELIANCE ON BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS MAKES STUDYING NDDS AND THEIR TREATMENT A CHALLENGING TASK. AREAS COVERED: HEREIN, THE AUTHORS DISCUSS THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF NDDS, AND PRESENT RECOMMENDATIONS ON THEIR TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH AND THERAPY, OUTLINED BY THE INTERNATIONAL STRESS AND BEHAVIOR SOCIETY. VARIOUS DRUGS CURRENTLY PRESCRIBED TO TREAT NDDS ALSO REPRESENT A HIGHLY DIVERSE GROUP. ACTING ON VARIOUS NEUROTRANSMITTER AND PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS, THESE DRUGS OFTEN LACK SPECIFICITY OF ACTION, AND ARE COMMONLY USED TO TREAT MULTIPLE OTHER PSYCHIATRIC CONDITIONS. THERE HAS ALSO BEEN RELATIVELY LITTLE PROGRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL MEDICATIONS TO TREAT NDDS. BASED ON CLINICAL, PRECLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL MODELS OF NDDS, OUR RECOMMENDATIONS COVER A WIDE RANGE OF METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES AND CONCEPTUAL STRATEGIES. EXPERT OPINION: TO IMPROVE PHARMACOTHERAPY AND DRUG DISCOVERY FOR NDDS, WE NEED A STRONGER EMPHASIS ON TARGETING MULTIPLE ENDOPHENOTYPES, A BETTER DISSECTION OF GENETIC/EPIGENETIC FACTORS OR "HIDDEN HERITABILITY," AND A CAREFUL CONSIDERATION OF POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENTAL/TROPHIC ROLES OF BRAIN NEUROTRANSMITTERS. THE VALIDITY OF ANIMAL NDD MODELS CAN BE IMPROVED THROUGH DISCOVERY OF NOVEL (BEHAVIORAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND NEUROIMAGING) BIOMARKERS, APPLYING PROPER ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT, WIDENING THE SPECTRUM OF MODEL ORGANISMS, TARGETING DEVELOPMENTAL TRAJECTORIES OF NDD-RELATED BEHAVIORS AND COMORBID CONDITIONS BEYOND TRADITIONAL NDDS. WHILE THESE RECOMMENDATIONS CANNOT BE ADDRESSED ALL IN ONCE, OUR INCREASED UNDERSTANDING OF NDD PATHOBIOLOGY MAY TRIGGER INNOVATIVE CROSS-DISCIPLINARY RESEARCH EXPANDING BEYOND TRADITIONAL METHODS AND CONCEPTS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
7  1460  30 DISORDERS OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND PHARMACEUTICALS THAT ACT ON OXYGEN BASED AMINO ACID AND MONOAMINE NEUROTRANSMITTER PATHWAYS OF THE BRAIN. OXYGEN BASED NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN THE SYNAPSES OF THE BRAIN ARE PROPOSED TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE GENERATION OF CONSCIOUSNESS. THEY INCLUDE THE AMINO ACIDS GLUTAMATE AND GABA WHICH USE KREBS CYCLE PRECURSORS FOR THEIR SYNTHESIS, AND THE MONOAMINES DOPAMINE, NORADRENALIN, ADRENALIN AND SEROTONIN, WHICH ARE DERIVED FROM TYROSINE AND TRYPTOPHAN. DURING ISCHEMIA AFTER AN ACUTE BRAIN INJURY, A GABA SURGE OFTEN INITIATES BRAIN SUPPRESSION. IT HAS BEEN PROPOSED THAT WITH CHRONIC ISCHEMIA, A SECONDARY, POSSIBLY EPIGENETIC RESPONSE OCCURS WHEN NEUROTRANSMITTERS DEPLETE, A GLUCOSE AND OXYGEN SAVING MECHANISM TERMED NEURODORMANCY THAT MAY INVOKE ALTERNATIVE LONG TERM LOW ENERGY METABOLIC PATHWAYS IN THE BRAIN, ENCOUNTERED IN DISORDERS OF CONSCIOUSNESS. SOME MEDICATIONS CAN REVERSE DISORDERS OF CONSCIOUSNESS IN SOME PATIENTS. VIRTUALLY ALL OF THEM ACT ON NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS THAT USE OXYGEN AS A BUILDING BLOCK OR AS AN ENERGY SOURCE WITHIN THE BRAIN. PHARMACEUTICALS THAT ACT IN THE OXYGEN BASED AMINO ACID SYSTEMS OF THE BRAIN INCLUDE THE GABAERGIC MEDICATIONS ZOLPIDEM AND BACLOFEN, WHILE THOSE THAT ACT IN THE MONOAMINE AXES INCLUDE THE DOPAMINERGIC MEDICATIONS L DOPA, AMANTADINE, BROMOCRIPTINE, APOMORPHINE AND METHYLPHENIDATE, AND THE NORADRENERGIC AND SEROTONERGIC MEDICATIONS DESIPRAMINE, AMITRIPTYLINE, PROTRIPTYLINE AND FLUOXETINE. ANOTHER GROUP ARE THE CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS, RESPONSIBLE FOR INCREASING ACETYLCHOLINE, WHICH IS SYNTHESIZED FROM THE KREBS CYCLE INITIATOR, ACETYL COA. IT APPEARS THAT PHARMACEUTICALS THAT ARE ACTIVE IN THE OXYGEN BASED NEUROTRANSMITTER PATHWAYS OF THE BRAIN ARE SUCCESSFUL TO AROUSE TO CONSCIOUSNESS PATIENTS THAT SUFFER FROM ITS DISORDERS. RESEARCH NEEDS TO BE SUPPORTED AS FOUNDATION TO UNDERSTAND THE BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS THAT ARE INVOLVED IN CONSCIOUSNESS DISORDERS AND TO EXPLORE FURTHER THE PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT POSSIBILITIES FOR THESE DEVASTATING NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
8  6576  38 TREATMENT OF PRIMARY SJOGREN SYNDROME. PRIMARY SJOGREN SYNDROME (PSS) IS A PROGRESSIVE AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY SICCA AND SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATIONS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE AVAILABLE DATA ON TOPICAL AND SYSTEMIC MEDICATIONS, ACCORDING TO CLINICAL SIGNS AND DISEASE ACTIVITY, AND WE DESCRIBE THE ONGOING STUDIES USING BIOLOGIC DRUGS IN THE TREATMENT OF PSS. EXPANDING KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE EPIDEMIOLOGY, CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA, SYSTEMIC ACTIVITY SCORING (ESSDAI) AND PATIENT-REPORTED OUTCOMES (ESSPRI) IS DRIVING ACTIVE RESEARCH. TREATMENT DECISIONS ARE BASED ON THE EVALUATION OF SYMPTOMS AND EXTRAGLANDULAR MANIFESTATIONS. SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT IS USUALLY APPROPRIATE, WHEREAS SYSTEMIC TREATMENT IS RESERVED FOR SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATIONS. SICCA IS MANAGED BY EDUCATION, ENVIRONMENT MODIFICATION, ELIMINATION OF CONTINGENT OFFENDING DRUGS, ARTIFICIAL TEARS, SECRETAGOGUES AND TREATMENTS FOR COMPLICATIONS. MILD SYSTEMIC SIGNS SUCH AS FATIGUE ARE TREATED BY EXERCISE. PAIN CAN REQUIRE SHORT-TERM MODERATE-DOSE GLUCOCORTICOID THERAPY AND, IN SOME CASES, DISEASE-MODIFYING DRUGS. SEVERE AND ACUTE SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATIONS INDICATE TREATMENT WITH GLUCOCORTICOIDS AND/OR IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT DRUGS. THE ROLE FOR BIOLOGIC AGENTS IS PROMISING, BUT NO DOUBLE-BLIND RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS (RCTS) PROVING THE EFFICACY OF THESE DRUGS ARE AVAILABLE. TARGETS FOR NEW TREATMENTS DIRECTED AGAINST THE IMMUNOPATHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF PSS INCLUDE EPITHELIAL CELLS, T CELLS, B-CELL OVERACTIVITY, THE INTERFERON SIGNATURE, PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, ECTOPIC GERMINAL CENTRE FORMATION, CHEMOKINES INVOLVED IN LYMPHOID CELL HOMING, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
9  6617  38 UNDERPINNING THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL INTRICACIES ASSOCIATED WITH OPIOID TOLERANCE. THE OPIOID CRISIS IS A MAJOR THREAT OF THE 21ST CENTURY, WITH A REMARKABLE JUXTAPOSITION OF USE AND ABUSE. OPIOIDS ARE THE MOST POTENT AND EFFICACIOUS CLASS OF ANALGESICS, BUT DESPITE THEIR PROVEN THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY, THEY HAVE RECENTLY BEEN DEGRADED TO THIRD-LINE THERAPY FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN IN CLINICS. THE REASON BEHIND THIS IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF POTENTIAL SIDE EFFECTS AND TOLERANCE AFTER REPEATED DOSING. OPIOID TOLERANCE IS THE MAJOR LIMITING FACTOR LEADING TO THE WITHDRAWAL OF TREATMENT, SEVERE SIDE EFFECTS DUE TO DOSE ESCALATION, AND SOMETIMES EVEN DEATH OF THE PATIENTS. EVERY DAY MORE THAN 90 PEOPLE DIE DUE TO OPIOIDS OVERDOSE IN AMERICA, AND A SIMILAR TREND HAS BEEN SEEN ACROSS THE GLOBE. OVER THE PAST TWO DECADES, RESEARCHERS HAVE BEEN TRYING TO DISSECT THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISM OF OPIOID TOLERANCE. RESEARCH ON OPIOID TOLERANCE SHIFTED TOWARD CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATIONS BECAUSE TOLERANCE IS MUCH MORE THAN JUST A CELLULAR PHENOMENON. THUS, NEUROBIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH OPIOID TOLERANCE ARE IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND IN ORDER TO FIND NEWER PAIN THERAPEUTICS. THESE ADAPTATIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERATIONS IN ASCENDING AND DESCENDING PAIN PATHWAYS, REWARD CIRCUITRY MODULATIONS, RECEPTOR DESENSITIZATION AND DOWN-REGULATION, RECEPTOR INTERNALIZATION, HETERODIMERIZATION, AND ALTERED EPIGENETIC REGULATION. THE PRESENT REVIEW IS FOCUSED ON NOVEL CIRCUITRIES ASSOCIATED WITH OPIOID TOLERANCE IN DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE BRAIN, SUCH AS PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY, ROSTRAL VENTROMEDIAL MEDULLA, DORSAL RAPHE NUCLEUS, VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA, AND NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. UNDERSTANDING THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL MODULATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC OPIOID EXPOSURE AND TOLERANCE WILL PAVE THE WAY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL PHARMACOLOGICAL TOOLS FOR SAFER AND BETTER MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN IN PATIENTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
10  5830  38 STRESS, THYROID DYSREGULATION, AND THYROID CANCER IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: PROPOSED IMPENDING MECHANISMS. STRESS IS A POTENTIAL CATALYST FOR THYROID DYSREGULATION THROUGH CROSS-COMMUNICATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-THYROID (HPT) AXES. STRESS AND STRESSORS EXPOSURE MOTIVATES MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AFFECTING COMPOUND FEEDBACK LOOPS OF THE HPT AXIS. WHILE THERE IS EVIDENCE OF CONNECTION BETWEEN STRESS AND THYROID DYSREGULATION, THE QUESTION WHETHER THIS CONNECTION IS IMPLICATED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THYROID CANCER (TC) REMAINS UNANSWERED. IN VIEW OF THE RISING INCIDENCE OF TC IN BOTH ADULTS AND CHILDREN ALONGSIDE THE INCREASING STRESS IN OUR MODERN SOCIETY, THERE IS A NEED TO UNDERSTAND POSSIBLE INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN STRESS, THYROID DYSREGULATION, AND TC. PROLONGED GLUCOCORTICOID SECRETION DUE TO STRESS INTERFERES WITH IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSE BY ALTERING THE CYTOKINES, INDUCING LOW-GRADE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, AND SUPPRESSING FUNCTION OF IMMUNE-PROTECTIVE CELLS. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IS A RISK FACTOR LINKED TO TC. THE ROLE OF AUTOIMMUNITY HAS BEEN A MATTER OF CONTROVERSY. HOWEVER, THERE IS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CONNECTION BETWEEN AUTOIMMUNE THYROID DISEASE (AITD) AND TC; PATIENTS WITH AITD SHOW INCREASED INCIDENCE IN PAPILLARY THYROID CARCINOMA (PTC), AND THOSE WITH TC SHOW A HIGH PREVALENCE OF INTRATHYROIDAL LYMPHOCYTE INFILTRATION AND THYROID AUTOANTIBODIES. TIMING AND DURATION-DEPENDENT EXPOSURE TO SPECIFIC ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS (EDCS) HAS AN IMPACT ON THYROID DEVELOPMENT, FUNCTION, AND PROLIFERATION, LEADING TO THYROID DISEASE AND POTENTIALLY CANCER. THYROID HORMONE IMBALANCE, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, AND EDCS ARE POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS FOR OXIDATIVE STRESS. OXYGEN FREE RADICALS ARE CAPABLE OF CAUSING DNA DAMAGE VIA STIMULATION OF THE MITOGEN-ACTIVATING PROTEIN KINASE OR PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-3-KINASE AND/OR NUCLEAR FACTOR KB PATHWAYS, RESULTING IN TC-ASSOCIATED GENE MUTATIONS SUCH AS RET/PTC, AKAP9-BRAF, NTRK1, RAASF, PIK3CA, AND PTEN. STRESSFUL EVENTS DURING THE CRITICAL PERIODS OF PRENATAL AND EARLY LIFE CAN INFLUENCE NEUROENDOCRINE REGULATION AND INDUCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES. ABERRANT METHYLATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES SUCH AS P16INK4A, RASSF, AND PTEN IS ASSOCIATED WITH PTC; HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION IS SHOWN TO BE HIGHER IN TC, AND THYROID-SPECIFIC NONCODING RNAS ARE DOWNREGULATED IN PTC. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE ABOVE PROPOSED MECHANISMS THAT POTENTIALLY LEAD TO THYROID TUMORIGENESIS WITH THE AIM TO HELP IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL PROGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR TC.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
11   191  30 ACETYL-L-CARNITINE: FROM A BIOLOGICAL CURIOSITY TO A DRUG FOR THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND BEYOND. ACETYL-L-CARNITINE (ALC) IS A MOLECULE DERIVED FROM ACETYLATION OF CARNITINE IN THE MITOCHONDRIA. CARNITINE ACETYLATION ENABLES THE FUNCTION OF COA AND FACILITATES ELIMINATION OF OXIDATIVE PRODUCTS. BEYOND THIS METABOLIC ACTIVITY, ALC PROVIDES ACETYL GROUPS FOR ACETYLCHOLINE SYNTHESIS, EXERTS A CHOLINERGIC EFFECT AND OPTIMIZES THE BALANCE OF ENERGY PROCESSES. ACETYLCARNITINE SUPPLEMENTATION INDUCES NEUROPROTECTIVE, NEUROTROPHIC AND ANALGESIC EFFECTS IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. IN THE RECENT STUDIES, ALC, BY ACTING AS A DONOR OF ACETYL GROUPS TO NF-KB P65/RELA, ENHANCED THE TRANSCRIPTION OF THE GRM2 GENE ENCODING THE MGLU2 RECEPTORS, INDUCING LONG-TERM UPREGULATION OF THE MGLUR2, EVIDENCING THEREFORE THAT ITS LONG-TERM ANALGESIC EFFECTS ARE DEPENDENT ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. SEVERAL STUDIES, INCLUDING DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED, PARALLEL GROUP STUDIES AND FEW OPEN STUDIES SHOWED THE EFFECT OF ALC IN DISEASES CHARACTERIZED BY NEUROPATHIES AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN: THE STUDIES INCLUDED DIABETIC NEUROPATHY, HIV AND ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY-INDUCED NEUROPATHIES, NEUROPATHIES DUE TO COMPRESSION AND CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS. DOUBLE-BLINDED STUDIES INVOLVED 1773 PATIENTS. STATISTICAL EVALUATIONS EVIDENCED REDUCTION OF PAIN, IMPROVEMENTS OF NERVE FUNCTION AND TROPHISM. IN CONCLUSION, ALC REPRESENTS A CONSISTENT THERAPEUTIC OPTION FOR PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHIES, AND ITS COMPLEX EFFECTS, NEUROTROPHIC AND ANALGESIC, BASED ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISM, OPEN NEW PATHWAYS IN THE STUDY OF PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASE MANAGEMENT.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
12  1637  27 DOES DYSREGULATION OF KEY EPIGENETIC AND BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS OCCUR IN POSTULATED VASOACTIVE NEUROPEPTIDE AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS? AUTOIMMUNE DYSFUNCTION OF CERTAIN VASOACTIVE NEUROPEPTIDES (VNS) HAS BEEN POSTULATED AS A CONTRIBUTING CAUSE OF SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (SIDS), CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (CFS), GULF WAR SYNDROME (GWS) AND OTHER FATIGUE-RELATED DISORDERS. THIS FAMILY OF VNS INCLUDES PITUITARY ADENYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVATING POLYPEPTIDE (PACAP), VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE (VIP) AND CALCITONIN GENE RELATED PEPTIDE (CGRP). THE POSTULATED MECHANISM IS COMPROMISE OF ADENYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVATION, A VITAL AND UNIQUE STEP IN CYCLIC AMP PRODUCTION FROM ATP, THROUGH AUTOIMMUNE DYSFUNCTION OF VNS, THEIR RECEPTORS OR THEIR GENES POSSIBLY INVOLVING CYTOSINE-PHOSPHATE-GUANINE (CPG) FRAGMENTS. CPG FRAGMENTS ARE IMMUNOMODULATORY DINUCLEOTIDES SERVING AS 'FRIEND OR FOE' RECOGNITION SYSTEMS TO DIFFERENTIATE BACTERIAL AND VIRAL (HYPOMETHYLATED CPG) FROM MAMMALIAN (METHYLATED CPG) DNA. HOWEVER HYPOMETHYLATION DISORDERS AFFECTING THESE FRAGMENTS IN MAMMALS MAY CONVERT THEM TO DYSFUNCTIONAL STATES BY PROMOTING AUTOIMMUNE INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ACTING ON GENE PROMOTER REGIONS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF VN AUTOIMMUNE FATIGUE-RELATED DISORDERS THROUGH CPG FRAGMENTS LOCATED IN VITAL SEGMENTS OF VN/RECEPTOR GENES BY CAUSING SIGNALLING DEFECTS WITH PROFOUND IMPLICATIONS FOR VN FUNCTION. NEUROTRANSMITTER DYSFUNCTION PARTICULARLY GLUTAMATERGIC TRANSMISSION COULD ALSO RESULT WITH DISRUPTION OF NEURONAL CELLULAR BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS SUCH AS AMMONIA REGULATION. ENDOSOMAL ACIDITY AND MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL MODIFIERS SUCH AS CHLOROQUINE, TOGETHER WITH IMMUNOREGULATORY THERAPIES, MAY HAVE THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS IN PROTECTING AGAINST THESE APPARENT AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS. THIS PAPER EXAMINES SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC AND BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS POSSIBLY MEDIATED BY VN OR RECEPTOR GENES RESULTING IN POSTULATED VN AUTOIMMUNE FATIGUE-RELATED DISORDERS. THESE MECHANISMS MAY HAVE IMPLICATIONS FOR TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OPTIONS FOR VN AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS. VN AUTOIMMUNE PROCESSES HAVE IMPLICATIONS FOR MILITARY MEDICINE WHERE RADIOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL AGENTS MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN PATHOGENESIS.	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
13  6438  22 THERAPEUTIC AND PREVENTIVE INTERVENTIONS FOR POSTULATED VASOACTIVE NEUROPEPTIDE AUTOIMMUNE FATIGUE-RELATED DISORDERS. MAJOR ADVANCES HAVE BEEN MADE IN UNDERSTANDING THE RELATIVELY NOVEL GROUP OF VASOACTIVE (VASODILATORY) NEUROPEPTIDES (VNS) IN HUMANS. VNS COMPRISE A NOVEL BUT EXPANDING GROUP OF SUBSTANCES HAVING IMMUNOREGULATION, INFLAMMATION MODULATION, NEUROTRANSMITTER, NEUROTROPHIC, HORMONAL AND METABOLIC FUNCTIONS. THESE SUBSTANCES MAY CONTROL GENE EXPRESSION FOR MRNA FOR THEMSELVES AND THEIR RECEPTORS. THEY HAVE COMPLEX RELATIONSHIPS WITH GASEOUS AND OTHER NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND XENOBIOTIC SUBSTANCES. THEORETICAL ARGUMENTS HAVE IMPLICATED THESE SUBSTANCES IN AUTOIMMUNE PHENOMENA RESULTING IN FATIGUE-RELATED CONDITIONS SUCH AS CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (CFS), SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (SIDS), FIBROMYALGIA (FM) AND GULF WAR SYNDROME (GWS) BUT REMAIN UNPROVEN. AS WELL AS POSSIBLY SPONTANEOUS ONSET, THE PRECIPITATING CAUSES OF VN AUTOIMMUNE DYSFUNCTION ARE LIKELY TO BE A COMBINATION OF GENETIC PREDISPOSITION, INFECTION AND XENOBIOTIC SUBSTANCES. THERAPEUTIC AND PREVENTIVE POSSIBILITIES FOR POSTULATED VN AUTOIMMUNE CONDITIONS WILL BE INFLUENCED BY THE COMPLEX PATHOLOPHYSIOLOGY UNDERPINNING THEM. SOME SPECULATIVE POSSIBILITIES ARE VN SUBSTITUTION/REPLACEMENT, PRESERVATION OF BIOLOGICAL EFFECT, EPIGENETIC DNA MODIFICATIONS, PLASMA EXCHANGE, ANTI-CHOLINESTERASES, E.G., PYRIDOSTIGMINE, CORTICOSTEROIDS AND OTHER DRUG TREATMENTS, THYMECTOMY, INTRAVENOUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN AND ANTI-IDIOTYPE ANTIBODIES, AND CPG/DNA VACCINES. PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF POSSIBLE VN AUTOIMMUNE FATIGUE-RELATED DISORDERS MAY PROVE TO BE IMPORTANT AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
14  2772  32 EXTRACELLULAR ATP AND NEURODEGENERATION. ATP IS A POTENT SIGNALING MOLECULE ABUNDANTLY PRESENT IN THE CNS. IT ELICITS A WIDE ARRAY OF PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND IS REGARDED AS THE PHYLOGENETICALLY MOST ANCIENT EPIGENETIC FACTOR PLAYING CRUCIAL BIOLOGICAL ROLES IN SEVERAL DIFFERENT TISSUES. THESE CAN RANGE FROM NEUROTRANSMISSION, SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION, CHEMOSENSORY SIGNALING, SECRETION AND VASODILATATION, TO MORE COMPLEX PHENOMENA SUCH AS IMMUNE RESPONSES, PAIN, MALE REPRODUCTION, FERTILIZATION AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. ATP IS RELEASED INTO THE EXTRACELLULAR SPACE EITHER EXOCYTOTICALLY OR FROM DAMAGED AND DYING CELLS. IT IS OFTEN CO-RELEASED WITH OTHER NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND IT CAN INTERACT WITH GROWTH FACTORS AT BOTH RECEPTOR- AND/OR SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION-LEVEL. ONCE IN THE EXTRACELLULAR ENVIRONMENT, ATP BINDS TO SPECIFIC RECEPTORS TERMED P2. BASED ON PHARMACOLOGICAL PROFILES, ON SELECTIVITY OF COUPLING TO SECOND-MESSENGER PATHWAYS AND ON MOLECULAR CLONING, TWO MAIN SUBCLASSES WITH MULTIPLE SUBTYPES HAVE BEEN DISTINGUISHED. THEY ARE P2X, I.E. FAST CATION-SELECTIVE RECEPTOR CHANNELS (NA+, K+, CA2+), POSSESSING LOW AFFINITY FOR ATP AND RESPONSIBLE FOR FAST EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMISSION, AND P2Y, I.E. SLOW G PROTEIN-COUPLED METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS, POSSESSING HIGHER AFFINITY FOR THE LIGAND. IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, THEY ARE BROADLY EXPRESSED IN BOTH NEURONS AND GLIAL CELLS AND CAN MEDIATE DUAL EFFECTS: SHORT-TERM SUCH AS NEUROTRANSMISSION, AND LONG-TERM SUCH AS TROPHIC ACTIONS. SINCE MASSIVE EXTRACELLULAR RELEASE OF ATP OFTEN OCCURS AFTER METABOLIC STRESS, BRAIN ISCHEMIA AND TRAUMA, PURINERGIC MECHANISMS ARE ALSO CORRELATED TO AND INVOLVED IN THE ETIOPATHOLOGY OF MANY NEURODEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS. FURTHERMORE, EXTRACELLULAR ATP PER SE IS TOXIC FOR PRIMARY NEURONAL DISSOCIATED AND ORGANOTYPIC CNS CULTURES FROM CORTEX, STRIATUM AND CEREBELLUM AND P2 RECEPTORS CAN MEDIATE AND AGGRAVATE HYPOXIC SIGNALING IN MANY CNS NEURONS. CONVERSELY, SEVERAL P2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS ABOLISH THE CELL DEATH FATE OF PRIMARY NEURONAL CULTURES EXPOSED TO EXCESSIVE GLUTAMATE, SERUM/POTASSIUM DEPRIVATION, HYPOGLYCEMIA AND CHEMICAL HYPOXIA. IN PARALLEL WITH THESE DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS, ALSO TROPHIC FUNCTIONS HAVE BEEN EXTENSIVELY DESCRIBED FOR EXTRACELLULAR PURINES (BOTH FOR NEURONAL AND NON-NEURONAL CELLS), BUT THESE MIGHT EITHER AGGRAVATE OR AMELIORATE THE NORMAL CELLULAR CONDITIONS. IN SUMMARY, EXTRACELLULAR ATP PLAYS A VERY COMPLEX ROLE NOT ONLY IN THE REPAIR, REMODELING AND SURVIVAL OCCURRING IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, BUT EVEN IN CELL DEATH AND THIS CAN OCCUR EITHER AFTER NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL CONDITIONS, AFTER INJURY, OR ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISEASES.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
15  5912  30 TARGETED THERAPIES IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) IS A CHRONIC, MULTISYSTEM DISORDER CHARACTERISED BY LOSS OF TOLERANCE TO ENDOGENOUS NUCLEAR ANTIGENS AND AUTOANTIBODY FORMATION. RECENT INSIGHT INTO THE IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF LUPUS HAS PROVIDED THE FOUNDATION FOR A NOVEL CLASS OF AGENTS WHICH TARGET SPECIFIC, DYSREGULATED COMPONENTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. EFFORTS HAVE FOCUSED PREDOMINANTLY ON B-CELL DEPLETING THERAPIES, OF WHICH BELIMUMAB WAS THE FIRST TO DEMONSTRATE SUCCESS IN PHASE III STUDIES AND THUS RECEIVE MARKETING AUTHORISATION. OFF-LABEL PRESCRIBING OF RITUXIMAB IN REFRACTORY CASES IS COMMON AND SUPPORTED BY UNCONTROLLED STUDIES, WHICH SUGGEST A FAVOURABLE RISK:BENEFIT PROFILE. HOWEVER, TWO PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIALS FAILED TO SHOW BENEFIT, POSSIBLY BECAUSE OF INAPPROPRIATE PATIENT SELECTION AND OTHER ASPECTS OF TRIAL METHODOLOGY. INHIBITION OF DYSREGULATED CO-STIMULATORY SIGNALS AND CYTOKINES ARE OTHER THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES CURRENTLY UNDER INVESTIGATION. SOME CANDIDATE DRUGS FAILED TO MEET PRIMARY ENDPOINTS IN EARLY-PHASE CLINICAL TRIALS, YET DEMONSTRATED CLINICAL BENEFIT WHEN ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT CRITERIA WERE APPLIED OR SPECIFIC PATIENT SUB-GROUPS ANALYSED. WELL-DESIGNED STUDIES OF GREATER SIZE AND DURATION ARE NEEDED TO CLARIFY THE THERAPEUTIC UTILITY OF THESE AGENTS. FUTURE IMMUNOMODULATORY STRATEGIES TARGETING INTERFERON-ALPHA, T CELLS, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES MAY REDUCE MULTISYSTEM DISEASE ACTIVITY AND PROLONG SURVIVAL IN THIS COMPLEX AND HETEROGENEIC DISEASE.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
16  5612  39 SAFETY AND ACTIVITY OF RRX-001 IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED CANCER: A FIRST-IN-HUMAN, OPEN-LABEL, DOSE-ESCALATION PHASE 1 STUDY. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS HAVE BEEN STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH TUMOUR FORMATION AND RESISTANCE TO CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE AN ATTRACTIVE TARGET IN CANCER RESEARCH. RRX-001 IS ACTIVATED BY HYPOXIA AND INDUCES THE GENERATION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN AND NITROGEN SPECIES THAT CAN EPIGENETICALLY MODULATE DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE DEACETYLATION, AND LYSINE DEMETHYLATION. THE AIM OF THIS PHASE 1 STUDY WAS TO ASSESS THE SAFETY, TOLERABILITY, AND PHARMACOKINETICS OF RRX-001. METHODS: IN THIS OPEN-LABEL, DOSE-ESCALATION, PHASE 1 STUDY, WE RECRUITED ADULT PATIENTS (AGED >18 YEARS) WITH HISTOLOGICALLY OR CYTOLOGICALLY CONFIRMED DIAGNOSIS OF ADVANCED, MALIGNANT, INCURABLE SOLID TUMOURS FROM UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT SAN DIEGO, CA, USA, AND SARAH CANNON RESEARCH INSTITUTE, NASHVILLE, TN, USA. KEY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA INCLUDED EVALUABLE DISEASE, EASTERN COOPERATIVE GROUP PERFORMANCE STATUS OF 2 OR LESS, AN ESTIMATED LIFE EXPECTANCY OF AT LEAST 12 WEEKS, ADEQUATE LABORATORY PARAMETERS, DISCONTINUATION OF ALL PREVIOUS ANTINEOPLASTIC THERAPIES AT LEAST 6 WEEKS BEFORE INTERVENTION, AND NO RESIDUAL SIDE-EFFECTS FROM PREVIOUS THERAPIES. PATIENTS WERE ASSIGNED TO RECEIVE INTRAVENOUS INFUSIONS OF RRX-001 AT INCREASING DOSES (10 MG/M(2), 16.7 MG/M(2), 24.6 MG/M(2), 33 MG/M(2), 55 MG/M(2), AND 83 MG/M(2)) EITHER ONCE OR TWICE-WEEKLY FOR AT LEAST 4 WEEKS, WITH AT LEAST THREE PATIENTS PER DOSE COHORT AND ALLOWING A 2-WEEK OBSERVATION PERIOD BEFORE DOSE ESCALATION. SAMPLES FOR SAFETY AND PHARMACOKINETICS ANALYSIS, INCLUDING STANDARD CHEMISTRY AND HAEMATOLOGICAL PANELS, WERE TAKEN ON EACH TREATMENT DAY. THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE WAS TO ASSESS SAFETY, TOLERABILITY, AND DOSE-LIMITING TOXIC EFFECTS OF RRX-001, TO DETERMINE SINGLE-DOSE PHARMACOKINETICS, AND TO IDENTIFY A RECOMMENDED DOSE FOR PHASE 2 TRIALS. ALL ANALYSES WERE DONE PER PROTOCOL. ACCRUAL IS COMPLETE AND FOLLOW-UP IS STILL ON-GOING. THIS TRIAL IS REGISTERED WITH CLINICALTRIALS.GOV, NUMBER NCT01359982. FINDINGS: BETWEEN OCT 10, 2011, AND MARCH 18, 2013, WE ENROLLED 25 PATIENTS AND TREATED SIX PATIENTS IN THE 10 MG/M(2) COHORT, THREE PATIENTS IN THE 16.7 MG/M(2) COHORT, THREE PATIENTS IN THE 24.6 MG/M(2) COHORT, FOUR PATIENTS IN THE 33 MG/M(2) COHORT, THREE PATIENTS IN THE 55 MG/M(2), AND SIX PATIENTS IN THE 83 MG/M(2) COHORT. PAIN AT THE INJECTION SITE, MOSTLY GRADE 1 AND GRADE 2, WAS THE MOST COMMON ADVERSE EVENT RELATED TO TREATMENT, EXPERIENCED BY 21 (84%) PATIENTS. OTHER COMMON DRUG-RELATED ADVERSE EVENTS INCLUDED ARM SWELLING OR OEDEMA (EIGHT [32%] PATIENTS), AND VEIN HARDENING (SEVEN [28%] PATIENTS). NO DOSE-LIMITING TOXICITIES WERE OBSERVED. TIME CONSTRAINTS RELATED TO MANAGEMENT OF INFUSION PAIN FROM RRX-001 RESULTED IN A MAXIMALLY FEASIBLE DOSE OF 83 MG/M(2). OF THE 21 EVALUABLE PATIENTS, ONE (5%) PATIENT HAD A PARTIAL RESPONSE, 14 (67%) PATIENTS HAD STABLE DISEASE, AND SIX (29%) PATIENTS HAD PROGRESSIVE DISEASE; ALL RESPONSES WERE ACROSS A VARIETY OF TUMOUR TYPES. FOUR PATIENTS WHO HAD RECEIVED RRX-001 WERE SUBSEQUENTLY RECHALLENGED WITH A TREATMENT THAT THEY HAD BECOME REFRACTORY TO; ALL FOUR RESPONDED TO THE RECHALLENGE. INTERPRETATION: RRX-001 IS A WELL-TOLERATED NOVEL COMPOUND WITHOUT CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT TOXIC EFFECTS AT THE TESTED DOSES. PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE OF ACTIVITY IS PROMISING AND, ON THE BASIS OF ALL FINDINGS, A DOSE OF 16.7 MG/M(2) WAS RECOMMENDED AS THE TARGETED DOSE FOR PHASE 2 TRIALS. FUNDING: EPICENTRX (FORMERLY RADIORX).	2015	

17  1257  27 CURRENT TRENDS IN EPIGENETIC, CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PATHWAYS IN MANAGEMENT OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS IS A SYSTEMIC CHRONIC POLYARTICULAR AUTOIMMUNE DISORDER OF JOINTS AND JOINT MEMBRANE MAINLY AFFECTING FEET AND HANDS. THE PATHOLOGICAL MANIFESTATION OF THE DISEASE INCLUDES INFILTRATION OF IMMUNE CELLS, HYPERPLASIA OF THE LINING OF SYNOVIUM, FORMATION OF PANNUS AND BONE AND CARTILAGE DESTRUCTION. IF LEFT UNTREATED, THE APPEARANCE OF SMALL FOCAL NECROSIS, ADHESION OF GRANULATION, AND FORMATION OF FIBROUS TISSUE ON THE SURFACE OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE IS NOTED. THE DISEASE PRIMARILY AFFECTS NEARLY 1% OF THE POPULATION GLOBALLY, WOMEN BEING MORE AFFECTED THAN MEN WITH A RATIO 2:1 AND CAN INITIATE REGARDLESS OF ANY AGE. THE SYNOVIAL FIBROBLAST IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS INDIVIDUALS EXHIBITS AN AGGRESSIVE PHENOTYPE WHICH UPREGULATES THE MANIFESTATION OF PROTOONCOGENES, ADHESIVE COMPOUNDS, INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND MATRIX-DETERIORATING ENZYMES. APART FROM THE INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF CYTOKINES, CHEMOKINES ARE ALSO NOTED TO INDUCE SWELLING AND PAIN IN ARTHRITIC INDIVIDUALS BY RESIDING IN SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE AND FORMING PANNUS. THE CURRENT TREATMENT OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS INCLUDES TREATMENT WITH NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS, DISEASE-MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUGS, TREATMENT WITH BIOLOGICS SUCH AS INHIBITORS OF TNF-ALPHA, INTERLEUKINS, PLATELET ACTIVATING FACTOR, ETC. WHICH PROVIDES SIGNIFICANT RELIEF FROM SYMPTOMS AND AIDS IN MANAGEMENT OF THE DISEASE. THE CURRENT REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS THE PATHOGENESIS INVOLVED IN THE ONSET OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND ALSO COVERS EPIGENETIC, CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PARAMETERS ASSOCIATED WITH IT TO AID BETTER AND ADVANCED THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES FOR MANAGEMENT OF THE DEBILITATING DISEASE.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
18  5165  23 PRECLINICAL RESERPINE MODELS RECAPITULATING MOTOR AND NON-MOTOR FEATURES OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE: ROLES OF EPIGENETIC UPREGULATION OF ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN AND AUTOPHAGY IMPAIRMENT. RESERPINE IS AN EFFECTIVE DRUG FOR THE CLINICAL TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION. IT ALSO INDUCES PARKINSON'S DISEASE (PD)-LIKE SYMPTOMS IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS POSSIBLE THROUGH THE INHIBITION OF MONOAMINE VESICULAR TRANSPORTERS, THUS DECREASING THE LEVELS OF MONOAMINE NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN THE BRAIN. HOWEVER, THE PRECISE MECHANISMS REMAIN UNCLEAR. HEREIN, WE AIMED TO DEVELOP A PRECLINICAL RESERPINE MODEL RECAPITULATING THE NON-MOTOR AND MOTOR SYMPTOMS OF PD AND INVESTIGATE THE UNDERLYING POTENTIAL CELLULAR MECHANISMS. INCUBATION OF RESERPINE INDUCED APOPTOSIS, LED TO THE ACCUMULATION OF INTRACELLULAR REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS), LOWERED DNA METHYLATION OF ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN GENE, RESULTED IN ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN PROTEIN DEPOSITION, AND ELEVATED THE RATIO OF LC3-II/LC3-I AND P62 IN CULTURED SH-SY5Y CELLS. FEEDING RESERPINE DOSE-DEPENDENTLY SHORTENED THE LIFESPAN AND CAUSED IMPAIRMENT OF MOTOR FUNCTIONS IN MALE AND FEMALE DROSOPHILA. MOREOVER, LONG-TERM ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF RESERPINE LED TO MULTIPLE MOTOR AND NON-MOTOR SYMPTOMS, INCLUDING CONSTIPATION, PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY, OLFACTORY IMPAIRMENT, AND DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN MICE. THE MECHANISTIC STUDIES SHOWED THAT CHRONIC RESERPINE EXPOSURE CAUSED HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN GENE AND UP-REGULATED ITS EXPRESSION AND ELEVATED THE RATIO OF LC3-II/LC3-I AND EXPRESSION OF P62 IN THE SUBSTANTIA NIGRA OF MICE. THUS, WE ESTABLISHED PRECLINICAL ANIMAL MODELS USING RESERPINE TO RECAPITULATE THE MOTOR AND NON-MOTOR SYMPTOMS OF PD. CHRONIC RESERPINE EXPOSURE EPIGENETICALLY ELEVATED THE LEVELS OF ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN EXPRESSION POSSIBLE BY LOWERING THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS AND INDUCING AUTOPHAGIC IMPAIRMENT IN VITRO AND IN VIVO.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
19  1033  24 CITRULLINATION OF AUTOANTIGENS IMPLICATES NETOSIS IN THE INDUCTION OF AUTOIMMUNITY. TOLERANCE BLOCKS THE EXPRESSION OF AUTOANTIBODIES, WHEREAS AUTOIMMUNITY PROMOTES IT. HOW TOLERANCE BREAKS AND AUTOANTIBODY PRODUCTION BEGINS THUS ARE CRUCIAL QUESTIONS FOR UNDERSTANDING AND TREATMENT OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES. EVIDENCE IMPLICATES CELL DEATH AND AUTOANTIGEN MODIFICATIONS IN THE INITIATION OF AUTOIMMUNE REACTIONS. ONE FORM OF NEUTROPHIL CELL DEATH CALLED NETOSIS DESERVES ATTENTION BECAUSE IT REQUIRES THE POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION OF HISTONES AND RESULTS IN THE EXTRACELLULAR RELEASE OF CHROMATIN. NETOSIS RECEIVED ITS NAME FROM NET, THE ACRONYM GIVEN TO NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAP. THE EXTRACELLULAR CHROMATIN INCORPORATES HISTONES IN WHICH ARGININES HAVE BEEN CONVERTED TO CITRULLINES BY PEPTIDYLARGININE DEIMINASE IV (PAD4). THE DEIMINATED CHROMATIN MAY FUNCTION TO CAPTURE OR 'TRAP' BACTERIAL PATHOGENS, THUS GENERATING AN EXTRACELLULAR COMPLEX OF DEIMINATED HISTONES AND BACTERIAL CELL ADJUVANTS. THE COMPLEX OF BACTERIAL ANTIGENS AND DEIMINATED CHROMATIN MAY BE INTERNALISED BY HOST PHAGOCYTES DURING ACUTE INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS, AS ARISE DURING BACTERIAL INFECTIONS OR CHRONIC AUTOINFLAMMATORY DISORDERS. THE UPTAKE AND PROCESSING OF DEIMINATED CHROMATIN TOGETHER WITH BACTERIAL ADJUVANTS BY PHAGOCYTES MAY INDUCE THE PRESENTATION OF MODIFIED HISTONE EPITOPES AND CO-STIMULATION, THUS YIELDING A POWERFUL STIMULUS TO BREAK TOLERANCE. AUTOANTIBODIES TO DEIMINATED HISTONES ARE PREVALENT IN FELTY'S SYNDROME PATIENTS AND ARE PRESENT IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) AND PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA). THESE OBSERVATIONS CLEARLY IMPLICATE HISTONE DEIMINATION AS AN EPIGENETIC MARK THAT CAN ACT AS AN AUTOANTIBODY STIMULANT.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
20  4753  36 NOVEL THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN BETA-THALASSEMIA. THE MAIN CHARACTERISTIC OF THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF BETA-THALASSEMIA IS REDUCED BETA-GLOBIN CHAIN PRODUCTION. THE INEVITABLE IMBALANCE IN THE ALPHA/BETA-GLOBIN RATIO AND ALPHA-GLOBIN ACCUMULATION LEAD TO OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE ERYTHROID LINEAGE, APOPTOSIS, AND INEFFECTIVE ERYTHROPOIESIS. THE RESULT IS COMPENSATORY HEMATOPOIETIC EXPANSION AND IMPAIRED HEPCIDIN PRODUCTION THAT CAUSES INCREASED INTESTINAL IRON ABSORPTION AND PROGRESSIVE IRON OVERLOAD. CHRONIC HEMOLYSIS AND RED BLOOD CELL TRANSFUSIONS ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO IRON TISSUE DEPOSITION. A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LED TO THE DETECTION OF NEW CURATIVE OR "DISEASE-MODIFYING" THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS. SUBSTANTIAL EVOLVEMENT HAS BEEN MADE IN ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION WITH CURRENT CLINICAL TRIALS INVESTIGATING NEW CONDITION REGIMENS AS WELL AS DIFFERENT DONORS AND STEM CELL SOURCE OPTIONS. GENE THERAPY HAS ALSO MOVED FORWARD, AND PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIALS WITH THE USE OF BETA-GLOBIN INSERTION TECHNIQUES HAVE RECENTLY BEEN SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED LEADING TO APPROVAL FOR USE IN TRANSFUSION-DEPENDENT PATIENTS. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MANIPULATION OF THE GAMMA- OR BETA-GLOBIN GENE HAVE ENTERED THE CLINICAL TRIAL SETTING. AGENTS SUCH AS TGF-BETA LIGAND TRAPS AND PYRUVATE KINASE ACTIVATORS, WHICH REDUCE THE INEFFECTIVE ERYTHROPOIESIS, HAVE BEEN TESTED IN CLINICAL TRIALS WITH FAVORABLE RESULTS. ONE TGF-BETA LIGAND TRAP, LUSPATERCEPT, HAS BEEN APPROVED FOR USE IN ADULTS WITH TRANSFUSION-DEPENDENT BETA-THALASSEMIA. THE INDUCTION OF HBF WITH THE PHOSPHODIESTERASE 9 INHIBITOR IMR-687, WHICH INCREASE CYCLIC GUANOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE, IS CURRENTLY BEING TESTED. ANOTHER THERAPEUTIC APPROACH IS TO TARGET THE DYSREGULATION OF IRON HOMEOSTASIS, USING, FOR EXAMPLE, HEPCIDIN AGONISTS (INHIBITORS OF TMPRSS6 AND MINIHEPCIDINS) OR FERROPORTIN INHIBITORS (VIT-2763). THIS REVIEW PROVIDES AN UPDATE ON THE NOVEL THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS THAT ARE PRESENTLY IN DEVELOPMENT AT THE CLINICAL LEVEL IN BETA-THALASSEMIA.	2021