1  5107 127 POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME: A BRAIN DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY EATING PROBLEMS ORIGINATING DURING PUBERTY AND ADOLESCENCE. POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS) IS AN ENDOCRINE CONDITION ASSOCIATED WITH REPRODUCTIVE AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, AND WITH OBESITY. EATING DISORDERS, SUCH AS BULIMIA AND RECURRENT DIETING, ARE ALSO LINKED TO PCOS. THEY CAN LEAD TO THE EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-GONADAL (HPG) AXIS, THEREBY IMPACTING ON OVARIAN FOLLICULOGENESIS. WE POSTULATE THAT PCOS IS INDUCED BY PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS AND EPISODES OF OVEREATING AND/OR DIETING DURING PUBERTY AND ADOLESCENCE, WHEN BODY DISSATISFACTION AND EMOTIONAL DISTRESS ARE OFTEN PRESENT. WE PROPOSE THAT UPREGULATED ACTIVATION OF THE CENTRAL HPG AXIS DURING THIS PERIOD CAN BE EPIGENETICALLY ALTERED BY PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESSORS AND BY BULIMIA/RECURRENT DIETING, WHICH ARE COMMON DURING ADOLESCENCE AND WHICH CAN LEAD TO PCOS. THIS HYPOTHESIS IS BASED ON EVENTS THAT OCCUR DURING A LARGELY NEGLECTED STAGE OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT. TO DATE, MOST RESEARCH INTO THE ORIGINS OF PCOS HAS FOCUSED ON THE PRENATAL INDUCTION OF THIS DISORDER, PARTICULARLY IN UTERO ANDROGENIZATION AND THE ROLE OF ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE. ESTABLISHING CAUSALITY IN OUR PERIPUBERTAL MODEL REQUIRES PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDIES FROM INFANCY. MECHANISTIC STUDIES SHOULD CONSIDER THE ROLE OF THE GUT MICROBIOTA IN ADDITION TO THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF (NEURO) HORMONES. FINALLY, CLINICIANS SHOULD CONSIDER THE IMPORTANCE OF UNDERLYING CHRONIC PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS AND EATING DISORDERS IN PCOS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
2  1152  27 CONSEQUENCES OF EARLY LIFE PROGRAMING BY GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES: A SYNTHESIS REGARDING PUBERTAL TIMING. SEXUAL MATURATION IS CLOSELY TIED TO GROWTH AND BODY WEIGHT GAIN, SUGGESTING THAT REGULATIVE METABOLIC PATHWAYS ARE SHARED BETWEEN SOMATIC AND PUBERTAL DEVELOPMENT. THE PRE- AND POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENT AFFECTS BOTH GROWTH AND PUBERTAL DEVELOPMENT, INDICATING THAT COMMON PATHWAYS ARE AFFECTED BY THE ENVIRONMENT. INTRAUTERINE AND EARLY INFANTILE DEVELOPMENTAL PHASES ARE CHARACTERIZED BY HIGH PLASTICITY AND THEREBY SUSCEPTIBILITY TO FACTORS THAT AFFECT METABOLIC FUNCTION AS WELL AS RELATED REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION THROUGHOUT LIFE. IN CHILDREN BORN SMALL FOR GESTATIONAL AGE, POOR NUTRITIONAL CONDITIONS DURING GESTATION CAN MODIFY METABOLIC SYSTEMS TO ADAPT TO EXPECTATIONS OF CHRONIC UNDERNUTRITION. THESE CHILDREN ARE POTENTIALLY POORLY EQUIPPED TO COPE WITH ENERGY-DENSE DIETS AND ARE POSSIBLY PROGRAMMED TO STORE AS MUCH ENERGY AS POSSIBLE, CAUSING RAPID WEIGHT GAIN WITH THE RISK FOR ADULT DISEASE AND PREMATURE ONSET OF PUBERTY. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CAN CAUSE MODIFICATIONS TO THE GENOME, SO-CALLED EPIGENETIC CHANGES, TO AFFECT GENE EXPRESSION AND SUBSEQUENTLY MODIFY PHENOTYPIC EXPRESSION OF GENOMIC INFORMATION. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, WHICH OCCUR IN CHILDREN BORN SMALL FOR GESTATIONAL AGE, ARE THOUGHT TO UNDERLIE PART OF THE METABOLIC PROGRAMMING THAT SUBSEQUENTLY EFFECTS BOTH SOMATIC AND PUBERTAL DEVELOPMENT.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
3  4107  40 MECHANISMS AFFECTING NEUROENDOCRINE AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BODY WEIGHT AND ONSET OF PUBERTY: POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE CHILD BORN SMALL FOR GESTATIONAL AGE (SGA). SIGNALING PEPTIDES PRODUCED IN PERIPHERAL TISSUES SUCH AS GUT, ADIPOSE TISSUE, AND PANCREAS COMMUNICATE WITH BRAIN CENTERS, SUCH AS HYPOTHALAMUS AND HINDBRAIN TO MANAGE ENERGY HOMEOSTASIS. THESE REGULATORY MECHANISMS OF ENERGY INTAKE AND STORAGE HAVE EVOLVED DURING LONG PERIODS OF HUNGER IN THE EVOLUTION OF MAN TO PROTECT THE SPECIES FROM EXTINCTION. IT IS NOW CLEAR THAT THESE CIRCUITRIES ARE INFLUENCED BY PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INCLUDING ENDOCRINE DISRUPTIVE CHEMICALS. HYPOTHALAMIC APPETITE REGULATORY SYSTEMS DEVELOP AND MATURE IN UTERO AND EARLY INFANCY, AND INVOLVE SIGNALING PATHWAYS THAT ARE IMPORTANT ALSO FOR THE REGULATION OF PUBERTY ONSET. RECENT STUDIES IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS HAVE SHOWN THAT METABOLIC PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN REGULATION OF GROWTH, BODY WEIGHT GAIN AND SEXUAL MATURATION ARE LARGELY AFFECTED BY EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING THAT CAN IMPACT BOTH CURRENT AND FUTURE GENERATIONS. IN PARTICULAR, INTRAUTERINE AND EARLY INFANTILE DEVELOPMENTAL PHASES OF HIGH PLASTICITY ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO FACTORS THAT AFFECT METABOLIC PROGRAMMING THAT THEREFORE, AFFECT METABOLIC FUNCTION THROUGHOUT LIFE. IN CHILDREN BORN SMALL FOR GESTATIONAL AGE, POOR NUTRITIONAL CONDITIONS DURING GESTATION CAN MODIFY METABOLIC SYSTEMS TO ADAPT TO EXPECTATIONS OF CHRONIC UNDERNUTRITION. THESE CHILDREN ARE POTENTIALLY POORLY EQUIPPED TO COPE WITH ENERGY-DENSE DIETS AND ARE POSSIBLY PROGRAMMED TO STORE AS MUCH ENERGY AS POSSIBLE, LEADING TO LATER OBESITY, METABOLIC SYNDROME, DISTURBED REGULATION OF NORMAL PUBERTY AND EARLY ONSET OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. MOST CASES OF DISTURBED ENERGY BALANCE ARE LIKELY A RESULT OF A COMBINATION OF GENETICS, EPIGENETICS AND ENVIRONMENT. THIS REVIEW WILL DISCUSS POTENTIAL MECHANISMS LINKING INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION WITH CHANGES IN GROWTH, ENERGY HOMEOSTASIS AND SEXUAL MATURATION.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
4  3463  42 HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-GONADAL AXES: SEX DIFFERENCES IN REGULATION OF STRESS RESPONSIVITY. GONADAL HORMONES PLAY A KEY ROLE IN THE ESTABLISHMENT, ACTIVATION, AND REGULATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS. BY INFLUENCING THE RESPONSE AND SENSITIVITY TO RELEASING FACTORS, NEUROTRANSMITTERS, AND HORMONES, GONADAL STEROIDS HELP ORCHESTRATE THE GAIN OF THE HPA AXIS TO FINE-TUNE THE LEVELS OF STRESS HORMONES IN THE GENERAL CIRCULATION. FROM EARLY LIFE TO ADULTHOOD, GONADAL STEROIDS CAN DIFFERENTIALLY AFFECT THE HPA AXIS, RESULTING IN SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE RESPONSIVITY OF THIS AXIS. THE HPA AXIS INFLUENCES MANY PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS MAKING AN ORGANISM'S RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT APPROPRIATE FOR ITS REPRODUCTIVE STATUS. ALTHOUGH THE ACUTE HPA RESPONSE TO STRESSORS IS A BENEFICIAL RESPONSE, CONSTANT ACTIVATION OF THIS CIRCUITRY BY CHRONIC OR TRAUMATIC STRESSFUL EPISODES MAY LEAD TO A DYSREGULATION OF THE HPA AXIS AND CAUSE PATHOLOGY. COMPARED TO MALES, FEMALE MICE AND RATS SHOW A MORE ROBUST HPA AXIS RESPONSE, AS A RESULT OF CIRCULATING ESTRADIOL LEVELS WHICH ELEVATE STRESS HORMONE LEVELS DURING NON-THREATENING SITUATIONS, AND DURING AND AFTER STRESSORS. FLUCTUATING LEVELS OF GONADAL STEROIDS IN FEMALES ACROSS THE ESTROUS CYCLE ARE A MAJOR FACTOR CONTRIBUTING TO SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE ROBUSTNESS OF HPA ACTIVITY IN FEMALES COMPARED TO MALES. MOREOVER, GONADAL STEROIDS MAY ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO EPIGENETIC AND ORGANIZATIONAL INFLUENCES ON THE HPA AXIS EVEN BEFORE PUBERTY. CORRESPONDINGLY, CROSSTALK BETWEEN THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-GONADAL (HPG) AND HPA AXES COULD LEAD TO ABNORMALITIES OF STRESS RESPONSES. IN HUMANS, A DYSREGULATED STRESS RESPONSE IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON SYMPTOMS SEEN ACROSS MANY NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, AND AS A RESULT, SUCH INTERACTIONS MAY EXACERBATE PERIPHERAL PATHOLOGIES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS THE HPA AND HPG AXES AND REVIEW HOW GONADAL STEROIDS INTERACT WITH THE HPA AXIS TO REGULATE THE STRESS CIRCUITRY DURING ALL STAGES IN LIFE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
5  5197  24 PRENATAL GLUCOCORTICOIDS EXPOSURE AND FETAL ADRENAL DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING. CLINICALLY, WE APPLY SYNTHETIC GLUCOCORTICOIDS TO TREAT FETAL AND MATERNAL DISEASES, SUCH AS PREMATURE LABOR AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES. ALTHOUGH ITS CLINICAL EFFICACY IS POSITIVE, THE FETUS WILL BE EXPOSED TO EXOGENOUS SYNTHETIC GLUCOCORTICOIDS. PRENATAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTS (SUCH AS XENOBIOTICS EXPOSURE, MALNUTRITION, INFECTION, HYPOXIA AND STRESS) CAN CAUSE FETUSES OVEREXPOSURE TO EXCESSIVE ENDOGENOUS MATERNAL GLUCOCORTICOIDS. THE LEVEL OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS IS THE KEY TO FETAL TISSUE MATURATION AND POSTNATAL FATE. A LARGE NUMBER OF STUDIES HAVE FOUND THAT PRENATAL GLUCOCORTICOIDS EXPOSURE CAN LEAD TO FETAL ADRENAL DYSPLASIA AND DYSFUNCTION, CONTINUING AFTER BIRTH AND EVEN INTO ADULTHOOD. AS THE CORE ORGAN OF FETAL-ORIGINATED ADULT DISEASES, FETAL ADRENAL DYSPLASIA IS CLOSELY RELATED TO THE SUSCEPTIBILITY AND OCCURRENCE OF MULTIPLE CHRONIC DISEASES, AND THERE ARE ALSO OBVIOUS GENDER DIFFERENCES. HOWEVER, ITS INTRAUTERINE PROGRAMMING MECHANISMS HAVE NOT BEEN FULLY ELUCIDATED. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES RECENT ADVANCES IN PRENATAL GLUCOCORTICOIDS EXPOSURE AND FETAL ADRENAL DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING ALTERATIONS, WHICH IS OF GREAT SIGNIFICANCE FOR EXPLAINING ADRENAL DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY AND THE INTRAUTERINE ORIGIN OF FETAL-ORIGINATED ADULT DISEASES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
6  1755  31 EARLY NUTRITION AND LATER OUTCOMES IN PRETERM INFANTS. THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE IS AN EMERGING AREA OF INTEREST THAT AMALGAMATES MANY AREAS OF SCIENTIFIC STUDIES AND ENCOMPASSES A WIDE RANGE OF DIVERSE DISCIPLINES FROM EPIDEMIOLOGY TO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY. EVIDENCE HAS ACCUMULATED TO SHOW THAT EARLY LIFE EXPERIENCES, BOTH IN UTERO AND IN INFANCY HAVE LONG-TERM EFFECTS ON MANY BODY SYSTEMS. THERE ARE NOW GOOD DATA TO SHOW THAT SUBOPTIMAL IN UTERO GROWTH, ESPECIALLY WHEN COMBINED WITH RAPID GROWTH ACCELERATION IN EARLY POSTNATAL LIFE MAY INCREASE THE RISK OF LATER LIFE METABOLIC DISEASE. THE MECHANISMS ARE COMPLEX BUT LIKELY TO INVOLVE EPIGENETIC MARKS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION. PRETERM INFANTS FREQUENTLY EXPERIENCE SUBOPTIMAL NUTRIENT INTAKES IN EARLY POSTNATAL LIFE AND EXHIBIT GROWTH FAILURE WITHIN THE NICU. THEY ALSO RECEIVE PRODUCTS THAT MAY NOT PROVIDE EITHER AN OPTIMAL QUANTITY OR QUALITY OF NUTRIENTS. FOLLOW-UP STUDIES HAVE NOW SHOWN MUCH HIGHER RISKS FOR LONG-TERM CHRONIC DISEASE IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS WHO WERE BORN PRETERM. THERE ARE HIGHER LEVELS OF INSULIN RESISTANCE AND ABNORMAL PARTITIONING OF FAT DEPOSITION. THE ONSET OF PUBERTY SEEMS EARLIER, AVERAGE HEIGHT IS LESS AND BLOOD PRESSURE, MEASURES OF VASCULAR HEALTH AND LIPID PROFILES SUGGEST CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH IS LIKELY TO DIFFER FROM HEALTHY TERM BORN CONTROLS. DESPITE THIS, THERE ARE NO DATA TO SUGGEST AN OVERALL BENEFIT OF LIMITING NUTRIENT INTAKE, OR RESTRICTING GROWTH IN PRETERM INFANTS. THERE ARE STRONG DATA TO SHOW THAT THE PRETERM BRAIN IS EXQUISITELY VULNERABLE TO UNDERNUTRITION, AND THAT SUBOPTIMAL NUTRIENT INTAKES MAY PERMANENTLY AFFECT LATER COGNITIVE ATTAINMENT. A CLINICAL FOCUS ON EARLY NUTRIENT INTAKES AND BREAST MILK PROVISION IS KEY TO OPTIMISING LONG-TERM HEALTH OUTCOMES.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
7  5662  29 SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN GLUCOCORTICOID STRESS RESPONSE. CHRONIC STRESS IS ENCOUNTERED IN OUR EVERYDAY LIFE AND IS THOUGHT TO CONTRIBUTE TO A NUMBER OF DISEASES. MANY OF THESE STRESS-RELATED DISORDERS DISPLAY A SEX BIAS. BECAUSE GLUCOCORTICOID HORMONES ARE THE MAIN BIOLOGICAL MEDIATOR OF CHRONIC STRESS, RESEARCHERS HAVE BEEN INTERESTED IN UNDERSTANDING THE SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN GLUCOCORTICOID STRESS RESPONSE TO BETTER EXPLAIN THE SEX BIAS IN STRESS-RELATED DISEASES. ALTHOUGH NOT YET DEMONSTRATED FOR GLUCOCORTICOID REGULATION, SEX CHROMOSOMES DO INFLUENCE SEX-SPECIFIC BIOLOGY AS SOON AS CONCEPTION. THEN A TRANSIENT RISE IN TESTOSTERONE START TO SHAPE THE MALE BRAIN DURING THE PRENATAL PERIOD DIFFERENTLY TO THE FEMALE BRAIN. THESE ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTS ARE COMPLETED JUST BEFORE PUBERTY. THE CEREBRAL REGIONS IMPLICATED IN GLUCOCORTICOID REGULATION AT REST AND AFTER STRESS ARE THEREBY IMPACTED IN A SEX-SPECIFIC MANNER. AFTER PUBERTY, THE HIGH LEVELS OF ALL GONADAL HORMONES WILL INTERACT WITH GLUCOCORTICOID HORMONES IN SPECIFIC CROSSTALK THROUGH THEIR RESPECTIVE NUCLEAR RECEPTORS. IN ADDITION, STRESS OCCURRING EARLY IN LIFE, IN PARTICULAR DURING THE PRENATAL PERIOD AND IN ADOLESCENCE WILL PRIME IN THE LONG-TERM GLUCOCORTICOID STRESS RESPONSE THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, AGAIN IN A SEX-SPECIFIC MANNER. ALTOGETHER, VARIOUS MOLECULAR MECHANISMS EXPLAIN SEX-SPECIFIC GLUCOCORTICOID STRESS RESPONSES THAT DO NOT EXCLUDE IMPORTANT GENDER EFFECTS IN HUMANS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
8  3595  21 IMPLICATIONS OF MATERNAL CONDITIONS AND PREGNANCY COURSE ON OFFSPRING'S MEDICAL PROBLEMS IN ADULT LIFE. IN THE LAST DECADE, NUMEROUS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA SHOW THAT PERICONCEPTIONAL, PERINATAL AND POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENT DETERMINES THE OFFSPRING'S RISK FOR LATER-LIFE CHRONIC DISEASE. FOR THIS PHENOMENON, THE TERM "FETAL" OR "PERINATAL PROGRAMMING" IS USED. IN EXPOSED OFFSPRING ALREADY IN CHILDHOOD AND EARLY ADULTHOOD, METABOLIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES CAN BE OBSERVED, LEADING TO OBESITY, DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION. NOWADAYS, THE MODE OF CONCEPTION (E.G., IN VITRO FERTILIZATION), MATERNAL METABOLIC CONDITIONS (E.G., UNDERNUTRITION, OVERNUTRITION, DIABETES) AND COMPLICATIONS DURING PREGNANCY (E.G., PREECLAMPSIA, INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION) ARE SUSPECTED TO BE NEGATIVE PREDICTORS FOR OFFSPRING'S LONG-TERM HEALTH. MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR THESE EFFECTS STILL REMAIN MAINLY UNCLEAR, BUT INCLUDE EPIGENETIC, TRANSCRIPTIONAL, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS, AND REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES. THIS REVIEW PRESENTS A PIECE OF THE PUZZLE WITH REGARDS TO PERICONCEPTIONAL AND EARLY PERINATAL CONDITIONS DETERMINING LATER-LIFE RISK FOR CHRONIC ADULT DISEASE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
9  3578  26 IMPACT OF PARENTAL OVER- AND UNDERWEIGHT ON THE HEALTH OF OFFSPRING. PARENTAL EXCESS WEIGHT AND ESPECIALLY PREGESTATIONAL MATERNAL OBESITY AND EXCESSIVE WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY HAVE BEEN RELATED TO AN INCREASED RISK OF METABOLIC (OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, METABOLIC SYNDROME) AND NONMETABOLIC (CANCER, OSTEOPOROSIS, ASTHMA, NEUROLOGIC ALTERATIONS) DISEASES IN THE OFFSPRING, PROBABLY MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF FETAL PROGRAMMING. MATERNAL UNDERWEIGHT IS LESS COMMON IN DEVELOPED SOCIETIES, BUT THE DISCREPANCY BETWEEN A POOR NUTRITIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN UTERO AND A NORMAL OR EXCESSIVE POSTNATAL FOOD SUPPLY WITH RAPID GROWTH CATCH-UP APPEARS TO BE THE MAIN CANDIDATE MECHANISM OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES DURING THE OFFSPRING'S ADULTHOOD. THE ROLE OF THE POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENT IN BOTH SCENARIOS (PARENTAL OVERWEIGHT OR UNDERWEIGHT) ALSO SEEMS TO INFLUENCE THE OFFSPRING'S HEALTH. LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS BEFORE AND DURING PREGNANCY IN BOTH PARENTS, BUT ESPECIALLY IN THE MOTHER, AS WELL AS IN CHILDREN AFTER BIRTH, ARE ADVISABLE TO COUNTERACT THE MANY UNDESIRABLE CHRONIC CONDITIONS DESCRIBED.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
10  3786  35 INTERGENERATIONAL INFLUENCES ON CHILD GROWTH AND UNDERNUTRITION. INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS ON LINEAR GROWTH ARE WELL DOCUMENTED. SEVERAL GENERATIONS ARE NECESSARY IN ANIMAL MODELS TO 'WASH OUT' EFFECTS OF UNDERNUTRITION, CONSISTENT WITH THE UNFOLDING OF THE SECULAR TREND IN HEIGHT IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA. BIRTHWEIGHT IS CORRELATED ACROSS GENERATIONS AND SHORT MATERNAL STATURE, WHICH REFLECTS INTRAUTERINE AND INFANT GROWTH FAILURE, IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW BIRTHWEIGHT, CHILD STUNTING, DELIVERY COMPLICATIONS AND INCREASED CHILD MORTALITY, EVEN AFTER ADJUSTING FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS. A NUTRITION INTERVENTION IN GUATEMALA REDUCED CHILDHOOD STUNTING; IT ALSO IMPROVED GROWTH OF THE NEXT GENERATION, BUT ONLY IN THE OFFSPRING OF GIRLS. POSSIBLE MECHANISMS EXPLAINING INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS ON LINEAR GROWTH ARE NOT MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE AND INCLUDE, AMONG OTHERS, SHARED GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS, EPIGENETIC EFFECTS, PROGRAMMING OF METABOLIC CHANGES, AND THE MECHANICS OF A REDUCED SPACE FOR THE FETUS TO GROW. THERE ARE ALSO SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS AT PLAY THAT ARE IMPORTANT SUCH AS THE INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF POVERTY AND THE FEAR OF BIRTHING A LARGE BABY, WHICH LEADS TO 'EATING DOWN' DURING PREGNANCY. IT IS NOT CLEAR WHETHER THERE IS AN UPPER LIMIT FOR IMPACT ON INTRAUTERINE AND INFANT LINEAR GROWTH THAT PROGRAMMES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES COULD ACHIEVE THAT IS SET BY EARLY CHILDHOOD MALNUTRITION IN THE MOTHER. SUBSTANTIAL IMPROVEMENTS IN LINEAR GROWTH CAN BE ACHIEVED THROUGH ADOPTION AND MIGRATION, AND IN A FEW SELECTED COUNTRIES, FOLLOWING RAPID ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT. IT WOULD SEEM, DESPITE CLEAR DOCUMENTATION OF INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS, THAT NEARLY NORMAL LENGTHS CAN BE ACHIEVED IN CHILDREN BORN TO MOTHERS WHO WERE MALNOURISHED IN CHILDHOOD WHEN PROFOUND IMPROVEMENTS IN HEALTH, NUTRITION AND THE ENVIRONMENT TAKE PLACE BEFORE CONCEPTION. TO ACHIEVE SIMILAR LEVELS OF IMPACT THROUGH PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAMMES ALONE IN POOR COUNTRIES IS HIGHLY UNLIKELY. THE REALITY IN POOR COUNTRIES LIMITS THE SCOPE, QUALITY AND COVERAGE OF PROGRAMMES THAT CAN BE IMPLEMENTED AND MODEST IMPACT SHOULD BE EXPECTED INSTEAD. THE LANCET SERIES ON MATERNAL AND CHILD UNDERNUTRITION ESTIMATED THAT IMPLEMENTATION TO SCALE OF PROVEN INTERVENTIONS IN HIGH BURDEN COUNTRIES WOULD REDUCE STUNTING BY ONE-THIRD; THIS IS PERHAPS A REALISTIC UPPER BOUND FOR IMPACT FOR HIGH QUALITY PROGRAMMES, UNLESS ACCOMPANIED BY SWEEPING IMPROVEMENTS IN SOCIAL SERVICES AND MARKED REDUCTIONS IN POVERTY. FINALLY, BECAUSE SO MUCH CAN BE ACHIEVED IN A SINGLE GENERATION, INTERGENERATIONAL INFLUENCES ARE UNLIKELY TO BE AN IMPORTANT EXPLANATION FOR LACK OF PROGRAMME IMPACT AIMED AT THE WINDOW OF THE FIRST 1000 DAYS. FAILURE TO PREVENT LINEAR GROWTH FAILURE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES HAS SERIOUS CONSEQUENCES FOR SHORT- AND LONG-TERM HEALTH AS WELL AS FOR THE FORMATION OF HUMAN CAPITAL. THE NUTRITION TRANSITION HAS CREATED A DOUBLE BURDEN BY ADDING OBESITY AND RELATED CHRONIC DISEASES TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH AGENDA OF COUNTRIES STILL STRUGGLING WITH THE 'OLD' PROBLEMS OF MATERNAL AND CHILD UNDERNUTRITION. THE CHALLENGE AHEAD IS TO INCREASE EFFORTS TO PREVENT LINEAR GROWTH FAILURE WHILE KEEPING CHILD OVERWEIGHT AT BAY.	2012	

11  5644  17 SEX AND THE MIGRAINE BRAIN. THE BRAIN RESPONDS DIFFERENTLY TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND INTERNAL SIGNALS THAT RELATE TO THE STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT OF NEURAL SYSTEMS. WHILE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO A PREMORBID STATE, HORMONAL FLUCTUATIONS IN WOMEN MAY ALTER THE SET POINT OF MIGRAINE. THE CYCLIC SURGES OF GONADAL HORMONES MAY DIRECTLY ALTER NEURONAL, GLIAL AND ASTROCYTE FUNCTION THROUGHOUT THE BRAIN. ESTROGEN IS MAINLY EXCITATORY AND PROGESTERONE INHIBITORY ON BRAIN NEURONAL SYSTEMS. THESE CHANGES CONTRIBUTE TO THE ALLOSTATIC LOAD OF THE MIGRAINE CONDITION THAT MOST NOTABLY STARTS AT PUBERTY IN GIRLS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
12  3812  33 INTRAUTERINE ENDOGENOUS HIGH GLUCOCORTICOIDS PROGRAM OVARIAN DYSFUNCTION IN FEMALE OFFSPRING SECONDARY TO PRENATAL CAFFEINE EXPOSURE. OVARIAN DYSFUNCTION HAS AN INTRAUTERINE ORIGIN, AND PRENATAL CAFFEINE EXPOSURE (PCE) COULD LEAD TO ABNORMAL FOLLICLE COUNTS IN OFFSPRING AFTER BIRTH. HOWEVER, THE EFFECT OF PCE ON OFFSPRING OVARIAN FUNCTION AND ITS MECHANISM OF INTRAUTERINE PROGRAMMING HAVE NOT BEEN REPORTED THUS FAR. IN THIS STUDY, PREGNANT WISTAR RATS WERE INTRAGASTRICALLY ADMINISTERED CAFFEINE (30 AND 120 MG/KG.D) AT GESTATIONAL DAYS 9-20 (GD9-20). CERTAIN TESTS WERE PERFORMED ON THE BLOOD, OVARIES AND HYPOTHALAMUS OF FEMALE OFFSPRING AT DIFFERENT TIME POINTS. PCE FEMALE OFFSPRING HAD OVARIAN DYSFUNCTION IN ADULTHOOD COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL. FURTHER RESULTS SHOWED THAT IN UTERO OVARIAN MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND ESTRADIOL SYNTHESIS WERE INHIBITED BUT RAPIDLY INCREASED DURING PUBERTY IN THE PCE GROUP. THE HISTONE 3 LYSINE 27 ACETYLATION (H3K27AC) LEVEL OF THE INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR 1 (IGF1) PROMOTER REGION AND ITS EXPRESSION WERE DECREASED IN THE OVARY, WHICH WAS DUE TO EXPOSURE TO HIGH LEVELS OF FETAL BLOOD CORTICOSTERONE, AND THE H3K27AC LEVEL OF IGF1 AND ITS EXPRESSION SHIFTED TO INCREASE AFTER BIRTH WITH A DECREASE IN SERUM CORTICOSTERONE LEVELS. CHRONIC STRESS LED TO INCREASED SERUM CORTICOSTERONE LEVELS IN ADULT OFFSPRING, WHEREAS OVARIAN MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT, THE H3K27AC LEVEL OF IGF1 AND ITS EXPRESSION, AND ESTRADIOL SYNTHESIS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED. MOREOVER, THE ACTIVITY OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-OVARIAN (HPO) AXIS WAS INCREASED IN THE EARLY POSTNATAL PERIOD OF PCE OFFSPRING, AND CHRONIC STRESS REVERSED THESE CHANGES. IN THE KGN CELL LINE, IT WAS FOUND THAT CORTISOL COULD PROMOTE THE TRANSLOCATION OF THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) INTO THE NUCLEUS AND UPREGULATE HISTONE DEACETYLASE 10 (HDAC10) TO INHIBIT THE H3K27AC LEVEL OF IGF1 AND ITS EXPRESSION AND ESTRADIOL SYNTHESIS. IN SUMMARY, PCE IS ASSOCIATED WITH OVARIAN DYSFUNCTION IN FEMALE ADULT OFFSPRING, AND THE POTENTIAL MECHANISM IS RELATED TO INTRAUTERINE HIGH GLUCOCORTICOID EXPOSURE BY ACTIVATING THE GR AND RECRUITING HDAC10 TO AFFECT OVARIAN GLUCOCORTICOID-IGF1 AXIS PROGRAMMING AND TO INHIBIT ESTRADIOL SYNTHESIS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
13  4948  32 PATERNAL STRESS EXPOSURE ALTERS SPERM MICRORNA CONTENT AND REPROGRAMS OFFSPRING HPA STRESS AXIS REGULATION. NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISEASE FREQUENTLY PRESENTS WITH AN UNDERLYING HYPOREACTIVITY OR HYPERREACTIVITY OF THE HPA STRESS AXIS, SUGGESTING AN EXCEPTIONAL VULNERABILITY OF THIS CIRCUITRY TO EXTERNAL PERTURBATIONS. PARENTAL LIFETIME EXPOSURES TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED OFFSPRING NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISEASE RISK, AND LIKELY CONTRIBUTE TO STRESS DYSREGULATION. WHILE MATERNAL INFLUENCES HAVE BEEN EXTENSIVELY EXAMINED, MUCH LESS IS KNOWN REGARDING THE SPECIFIC ROLE OF PATERNAL FACTORS. TO INVESTIGATE THE POTENTIAL MECHANISMS BY WHICH PATERNAL STRESS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO OFFSPRING HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS DYSREGULATION, WE EXPOSED MICE TO 6 WEEKS OF CHRONIC STRESS BEFORE BREEDING. AS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES SUPPORT VARIATION IN PATERNAL GERM CELL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO REPROGRAMMING ACROSS THE LIFESPAN, MALE STRESS EXPOSURE OCCURRED EITHER THROUGHOUT PUBERTY OR IN ADULTHOOD. REMARKABLY, OFFSPRING OF SIRES FROM BOTH PATERNAL STRESS GROUPS DISPLAYED SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED HPA STRESS AXIS RESPONSIVITY. GENE SET ENRICHMENT ANALYSES IN OFFSPRING STRESS REGULATING BRAIN REGIONS, THE PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS (PVN) AND THE BED NUCLEUS OF STRIA TERMINALIS, REVEALED GLOBAL PATTERN CHANGES IN TRANSCRIPTION SUGGESTIVE OF EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING AND CONSISTENT WITH ALTERED OFFSPRING STRESS RESPONSIVITY, INCLUDING INCREASED EXPRESSION OF GLUCOCORTICOID-RESPONSIVE GENES IN THE PVN. IN EXAMINING POTENTIAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF GERM CELL TRANSMISSION, WE FOUND ROBUST CHANGES IN SPERM MICRORNA (MIR) CONTENT, WHERE NINE SPECIFIC MIRS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN BOTH PATERNAL STRESS GROUPS. OVERALL, THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT PATERNAL EXPERIENCE ACROSS THE LIFESPAN CAN INDUCE GERM CELL EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING AND IMPACT OFFSPRING HPA STRESS AXIS REGULATION, AND MAY THEREFORE OFFER NOVEL INSIGHT INTO FACTORS INFLUENCING NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISEASE RISK.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
14  5179  28 PREGNANCY: AN UNDERUTILIZED WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY TO IMPROVE LONG-TERM MATERNAL AND INFANT HEALTH-AN APPEAL FOR CONTINUOUS FAMILY CARE AND INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION. PHYSIOLOGIC ADAPTATIONS DURING PREGNANCY UNMASK A WOMAN'S PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASES. COMPLICATIONS ARE INCREASINGLY PREDICTED BY FIRST-TRIMESTER ALGORITHMS, AMPLIFY A PRE-EXISTING MATERNAL PHENOTYPE AND ACCELERATE RISKS FOR CHRONIC DISEASES IN THE OFFSPRING UP TO ADULTHOOD (BARKER HYPOTHESIS). RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT VICE VERSA, PREGNANCY DISEASES ALSO INDICATE MATERNAL AND EVEN GRANDPARENT'S RISKS FOR CHRONIC DISEASES (REVERSE BARKER HYPOTHESIS). PUB-MED AND EMBASE WERE REVIEWED FOR MESH TERMS "FETAL PROGRAMMING" AND "PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS COMBINED WITH MATERNAL DISEASE" UNTIL JANUARY 2017. STUDIES LINKING PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS TO FUTURE CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, AND THROMBOTIC RISKS FOR MOTHER AND OFFSPRING WERE REVIEWED. WOMEN WITH A HISTORY OF MISCARRIAGE, FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION, PREECLAMPSIA, PRETERM DELIVERY, OBESITY, EXCESSIVE GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN, GESTATIONAL DIABETES, SUBFERTILITY, AND THROMBOPHILIA MORE FREQUENTLY DEMONSTRATE WITH ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ABNORMALITIES, HIGHER FASTING INSULIN, DEVIATING LIPIDS OR CLOTTING FACTORS AND SHOW DEFECTIVE ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION. THROMBOPHILIA HINTS TO THROMBOTIC RISKS IN LATER LIFE. PREGNANCY ABNORMALITIES CORRELATE WITH FUTURE CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC COMPLICATIONS AND EARLIER MORTALITY. CONVERSELY, WOMEN WITH A NORMAL PREGNANCY HAVE LOWER RATES OF SUBSEQUENT DISEASES THAN THE GENERAL FEMALE POPULATION CREATING THE TERM: "PREGNANCY AS A WINDOW FOR FUTURE HEALTH." ALTHOUGH THE PLACENTA WORKS AS A GATEKEEPER, MANY PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS MAY LEAD TO SICKNESS AND EARLIER DEATH IN LATER LIFE WHEN THE CHILD BECOMES AN ADULT. THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND THE MISMATCH BETWEEN PRE- AND POSTNATAL LIFE HAVE CREATED THE TERM "FETAL ORIGIN OF ADULT DISEASE." UP TO NOW, THE IMPACT OF CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, OR THROMBOTIC RISK PROFILES HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED SEPARATELY FOR MOTHER AND CHILD. IN THIS MANUSCRIPT, WE STRIVE TO ILLUSTRATE THE CONSEQUENCES FOR BOTH, FETUS AND MOTHER WITHIN A COHESIVE PERSPECTIVE AND THUS TRY TO DEMONSTRATE THE COMPLEX INTERRELATIONSHIP OF GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS FOR LONG-TERM HEALTH OF SOCIETIES AND FUTURE GENERATIONS. MATERNAL-FETAL MEDICINE SPECIALISTS SHOULD HAVE A KEY ROLE IN THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES BY IMPLEMENTING A FRAMEWORK FOR PATIENT CONSULTATION AND INTERDISCIPLINARY NETWORKS. HEALTH-CARE PROVIDERS AND POLICY MAKERS SHOULD INCREASINGLY INVEST IN A STRATIFIED PRIMARY PREVENTION AND FOLLOW-UP TO REDUCE THE INCREASING NUMBER OF MANIFEST CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASES AND TO PREVENT WASTE OF HEALTH-CARE RESOURCES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
15  5131  25 POSTWEANING DIETARY FOLATE DEFICIENCY PROVIDED THROUGH CHILDHOOD TO PUBERTY PERMANENTLY INCREASES GENOMIC DNA METHYLATION IN ADULT RAT LIVER. FOLATE PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF SEVERAL CHRONIC DISEASES BY ITS POTENTIAL ABILITY TO MODULATE DNA METHYLATION. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT THE POSTWEANING PERIOD MIGHT BE A HIGHLY SUSCEPTIBLE PERIOD TO DIETARY FOLATE INTERVENTION FOR DNA METHYLATION PATTERNING. WE DETERMINED THE EFFECTS OF TIMING AND DURATION OF DIETARY FOLATE INTERVENTION PROVIDED DURING THE POSTWEANING PERIOD ON GENOMIC DNA METHYLATION IN ADULT RAT LIVER. IN STUDY 1, WEANLING RATS WERE RANDOMIZED TO RECEIVE AN AMINO ACID-DEFINED DIET CONTAINING 0 (DEFICIENT), 2 (CONTROL), OR 8 (SUPPLEMENTED) MG FOLIC ACID/KG UNTIL 8 WK OF AGE, AFTER WHICH ALL THE RATS WERE FED THE CONTROL DIET UNTIL 30 WK OF AGE. IN STUDY 2, WEANLING RATS WERE FED THE CONTROL DIET UNTIL 8 WK OF AGE AND THEN RANDOMIZED TO RECEIVE THE DIET CONTAINING 0, 2, OR 8 MG FOLIC ACID/KG UNTIL 30 WK OF AGE. IN STUDY 3, WEANLING RATS WERE RANDOMIZED TO RECEIVE THESE DIETS UNTIL 30 WK OF AGE. DIETARY FOLATE DEFICIENCY, BUT NOT SUPPLEMENTATION, PROVIDED DURING THE POSTWEANING PERIOD THROUGH CHILDHOOD TO PUBERTY SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED GENOMIC DNA METHYLATION BY 34-48% (P < 0.04) IN RAT LIVER THAT PERSISTED INTO ADULTHOOD FOLLOWING A RETURN TO THE CONTROL DIET AT PUBERTY. IN CONTRAST, DIETARY FOLATE DEFICIENCY OR SUPPLEMENTATION CONTINUALLY IMPOSED AT WEANING OR AT PUBERTY DID NOT SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT GENOMIC DNA METHYLATION IN ADULT RAT LIVER. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT EARLY FOLATE NUTRITION DURING POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING THAT CAN HAVE A PERMANENT EFFECT IN ADULTHOOD.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
16  3569  38 IMPACT OF INTRA-UTERINE LIFE ON FUTURE HEALTH. SINCE THE EMERGENCE OF THE CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE (DOHAD), SUGGESTED BY BARKER IN THE 1980S, NUMEROUS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN HUMANS HAVE CONFIRMED THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MATERNAL OBESITY DURING PREGNANCY AND THE RISK OF OFFSPRING DEVELOPING VARIOUS CHRONIC ADULT ILLNESSES. THESE EFFECTS OF INTRAUTERINE LIFE ARE INDEPENDENT OF INHERITANCE OF DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES AND/OR SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS. REGARDING POTENTIAL MECHANISMS, RECENT DATA FROM ANIMAL MODELS SUGGESTS A ROLE OF INSULIN RESISTANCE EARLY IN DEVELOPMENT. ANOTHER POTENTIAL MECHANISM, IN THE CASE OF MATERNAL OBESITY, IS INCREASED PLACENTAL NUTRIENT TRANSFER. THE DOHAD CONCEPT ALSO INCLUDES FETAL EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS (EEDS). A DANISH GROUP FOR THE FIRST TIME RECENTLY ANALYZED EED PASSAGE ACROSS THE PLACENTA IN HUMANS THROUGHOUT PREGNANCY. THIS STUDY SHOWED DIFFERENT LEVELS OF BIOACCUMULATION DEPENDING ON THE FETAL ORGAN, WITH GREATER VULNERABILITY IN MALE THAN FEMALE FETUSES. RECENT CLINICAL STUDIES SUGGESTED AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN FETAL EXPOSURE TO PARTICULAR EEDS AND PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY, INCREASED INCIDENCE OF CRYPTORCHIDISM AND IMPAIRED SPERM QUALITY IN ADULTHOOD. THESE MODIFICATIONS OF THE IN-UTERO ENVIRONMENT ALSO APPEAR TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT ARE TRANSMITTABLE OVER SEVERAL GENERATIONS. A RECENT EXAMPLE OF THIS IS THE DEMONSTRATION OF THE TRANSMISSION OF POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS) IN MICE. IN SUMMARY, AN INCREASING NUMBER OF EXAMPLES OF THE IMPACT OF INTRAUTERINE LIFE ON THE HEALTH OF OFFSPRING HAVE APPEARED IN RECENT YEARS, ILLUSTRATING THE IMPORTANT ROLE THAT ENDOCRINOLOGISTS CAN PLAY IN PREVENTING PARTICULAR PATHOLOGIES IN FUTURE GENERATIONS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
17  4065  32 MATERNAL AND GESTATIONAL INFLUENCES ON CHILDHOOD BLOOD PRESSURE. EXPOSURES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO A SUB-OPTIMAL INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT CAN HAVE AN EFFECT ON THE DEVELOPING FETUS. IMPAIRED FETAL GROWTH THAT RESULTS IN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT IS AN ESTABLISHED RISK FACTOR FOR CARDIO-METABOLIC DISORDERS LATER IN LIFE. RECENT EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDIES THAT INCLUDE THE MATERNAL AND GESTATIONAL PERIOD HAVE IDENTIFIED MATERNAL AND GESTATIONAL CONDITIONS THAT CONFER INCREASED RISK FOR SUBSEQUENT CARDIO-METABOLIC DISORDERS IN THE ABSENCE OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT. MATERNAL PRE-CONCEPTION HEALTH STATUS, INCLUDING CHRONIC OBESITY AND TYPE 2 DIABETES, INCREASE RISK FOR CHILDHOOD OBESITY AND OBESITY-RELATED HIGHER BLOOD PRESSURE (BP) IN CHILD OFFSPRING. MATERNAL GESTATIONAL EXPOSURES, INCLUDING GESTATIONAL DIABETES, GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION, AND PREECLAMPSIA, ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER BP IN OFFSPRING. OTHER MATERNAL EXPOSURES SUCH AS CIGARETTE SMOKE AND AIR POLLUTION ALSO INCREASE RISK FOR HIGHER BP IN CHILD OFFSPRING. RECENT, BUT LIMITED, DATA INDICATE THAT ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES CAN BE ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERTENSION IN CHILDHOOD, DESPITE OTHERWISE NORMAL GESTATION AND HEALTHY NEWBORN. GESTATIONAL EXPOSURES ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER BP IN CHILDHOOD CAN BE RELATED TO FAMILIAL LIFESTYLE FACTORS, GENETICS, OR EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF FETAL DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA). THESE FACTORS, OR COMBINATION OF FACTORS, AS WELL AS OTHER ADVERSE INTRAUTERINE CONDITIONS, COULD INDUCE FETAL PROGRAMING LEADING TO HEALTH CONSEQUENCES IN LATER LIFE. CURRENT AND DEVELOPING RESEARCH WILL PROVIDE ADDITIONAL INSIGHTS ON GESTATIONAL EXPOSURES AND FETAL ADJUSTMENTS THAT INCREASE RISK FOR HIGHER BP LEVELS IN CHILDHOOD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
18  5200  24 PRENATAL MATERNAL STRESS PREDICTS METHYLATION OF GENES REGULATING THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENOCORTICAL SYSTEM IN MOTHERS AND NEWBORNS IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO. EXPOSURE TO STRESS EARLY IN LIFE PERMANENTLY SHAPES ACTIVITY OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENOCORTICAL (HPA) AXIS AND THE BRAIN. PRENATALLY, GLUCOCORTICOIDS PASS THROUGH THE PLACENTA TO THE FETUS WITH POSTNATAL IMPACTS ON BRAIN DEVELOPMENT, BIRTH WEIGHT (BW), AND HPA AXIS FUNCTIONING. LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS BY WHICH PRENATAL STRESS AFFECTS POSTNATAL FUNCTIONING. THIS STUDY ADDRESSES THIS GAP BY EXAMINING THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC STRESS AND TRAUMATIC WAR-RELATED STRESS ON EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN FOUR KEY GENES REGULATING THE HPA AXIS IN NEONATAL CORD BLOOD, PLACENTA, AND MATERNAL BLOOD: CRH, CRHBP, NR3C1, AND FKBP5. PARTICIPANTS WERE 24 MOTHER-NEWBORN DYADS IN THE CONFLICT-RIDDEN REGION OF THE EASTERN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO. BW DATA WERE COLLECTED AT DELIVERY AND MATERNAL INTERVIEWS WERE CONDUCTED TO ASSESS CULTURALLY RELEVANT CHRONIC AND WAR-RELATED STRESSORS. CHRONIC STRESS AND WAR TRAUMA HAD WIDESPREAD EFFECTS ON HPA AXIS GENE METHYLATION, WITH SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS OBSERVED AT TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING (TFB) SITES IN ALL TARGET GENES TESTED. SOME CHANGES IN METHYLATION WERE UNIQUE TO CHRONIC OR WAR STRESS, WHEREAS OTHERS WERE OBSERVED ACROSS BOTH STRESSOR TYPES. MOREOVER, STRESS EXPOSURES IMPACTED MATERNAL AND FETAL TISSUES DIFFERENTLY, SUPPORTING THEORETICAL MODELS THAT STRESS IMPACTS VARY ACCORDING TO LIFE PHASE. METHYLATION IN SEVERAL NR3C1 AND CRH CPG SITES, ALL LOCATED AT TFB SITES, WAS ASSOCIATED WITH BW. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT PRENATAL STRESS EXPOSURE IMPACTS DEVELOPMENT VIA EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HPA AXIS GENES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
19  2806  30 FETAL PROGRAMMING AND THE RISK OF NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASE. THE "DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE" (DOHAD) HYPOTHESIS PROPOSES THAT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS DURING FETAL AND EARLY POST-NATAL DEVELOPMENT INFLUENCE LIFELONG HEALTH AND CAPACITY THROUGH PERMANENT EFFECTS ON GROWTH, STRUCTURE AND METABOLISM. THIS HAS BEEN CALLED 'PROGRAMMING'. THE HYPOTHESIS IS SUPPORTED BY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE IN HUMANS LINKING NEWBORN SIZE, AND INFANT GROWTH AND NUTRITION, TO ADULT HEALTH OUTCOMES, AND BY EXPERIMENTS IN ANIMALS SHOWING THAT MATERNAL UNDER- AND OVER-NUTRITION AND OTHER INTERVENTIONS (E.G., GLUCOCORTICOID EXPOSURE) DURING PREGNANCY LEAD TO ABNORMAL METABOLISM AND BODY COMPOSITION IN THE ADULT OFFSPRING. EARLY LIFE PROGRAMMING IS NOW THOUGHT TO BE IMPORTANT IN THE ETIOLOGY OF OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, OPENING UP THE POSSIBILITY THAT THESE COMMON DISEASES COULD BE PREVENTED BY ACHIEVING OPTIMAL FETAL AND INFANT DEVELOPMENT. THIS IS LIKELY TO HAVE ADDITIONAL BENEFITS FOR INFANT SURVIVAL AND HUMAN CAPITAL (E.G., IMPROVED COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE AND PHYSICAL WORK CAPACITY). FETAL NUTRITION IS INFLUENCED BY THE MOTHER'S DIET AND BODY SIZE AND COMPOSITION, BUT HARD EVIDENCE THAT THE NUTRITION OF THE HUMAN MOTHER PROGRAMMES CHRONIC DISEASE RISK IN HER OFFSPRING IS CURRENTLY LIMITED. RECENT FINDINGS FROM FOLLOW-UP OF CHILDREN BORN AFTER RANDOMISED NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS IN PREGNANCY ARE MIXED, BUT SHOW SOME EVIDENCE OF BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON VASCULAR FUNCTION, LIPID CONCENTRATIONS, GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND INSULIN RESISTANCE. WORK IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA, WHEREBY GENE EXPRESSION IS MODIFIED BY DNA METHYLATION, AND WHICH ARE SENSITIVE TO THE NUTRITIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN EARLY LIFE, MAY BE ONE MECHANISM UNDERLYING PROGRAMMING.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
20  5178  30 PREGNANCY AS A FUNDAMENTAL DETERMINANT OF CHILD HEALTH: A REVIEW. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: MATERNAL CONDITIONS AND EXPOSURES DURING PREGNANCY INCLUDING OVER- AND UNDERNUTRITION ARE ASSOCIATED WITH POOR CHILDBIRTH OUTCOMES, GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND CHRONIC CHILDHOOD DISEASES. WE EXAMINED CONTEMPORARY PREGNANCY-RELATED DETERMINANTS OF CHILD HEALTH. RECENT FINDINGS: WHILE MATERNAL UNDERNUTRITION REMAINS A MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR TO LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, MATERNAL OBESITY AFFECTS FOETAL GROWTH, BIRTH WEIGHT, SURVIVAL AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHILDHOOD OBESITY, ASTHMA AND AUTISTIC SPECTRUM DISORDERS. EMERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES, THE PRENATAL MICROBIOME AND MATERNAL IMMUNE ACTIVATION (MIA), A NEUROINFLAMMATORY PROCESS INDUCED BY DIET AND OTHER EXPOSURES CAUSE FOETAL PROGRAMMING RESULTING IN THESE CHRONIC CHILDHOOD DISEASES. MATERNAL DIET IS POTENTIALLY A MODIFIABLE RISK FACTOR FOR CONTROLLING LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, OBESITY AND CHRONIC DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD. FURTHER STUDIES ARE WARRANTED TO REFINE GUIDANCE ON DIETARY RESTRICTION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DURING PREGNANCY AND DETERMINE HOW MIA AND PRENATAL MICROBIOTA CAN BE APPLIED TO CONTROL CHILDHOOD DISEASES ARISING FROM PROGRAMMING.	2022