1  6368 142 THE ROLE OF MICRORNAS IN CHRONIC PSEUDOMONAS LUNG INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS. BACKGROUND: CYSTIC FIBROSIS (CF) IS THE MOST COMMON LIFE LIMITING GENETIC DISORDER, CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC RESPIRATORY FAILURE SECONDARY TO INFLAMMATION AND CHRONIC BACTERIAL LUNG INFECTION. PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA LUNG INFECTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH MORE SEVERE LUNG DISEASE AND RAPID PROGRESSION OF RESPIRATORY FAILURE WHEN COMPARED TO STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS INFECTION. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT A SPECIFIC SIGNATURE OF EPIGENETIC FACTORS TARGETING SPECIFIC GENE TRANSCRIPTS CONTRIBUTES TO THE INCREASED MORBIDITY SEEN IN CF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PSEUDOMONAS INFECTION. METHODS: WE COLLECTED EXHALED BREATH CONDENSATE (EBC) FROM 27 SUBJECTS AND EVALUATED MIRNA SIGNATURES IN THESE SAMPLES USING COMMERCIAL PCR ARRAY. WE IDENTIFIED PREDICTED MRNA TARGETS AND ASSOCIATED SIGNALING PATHWAYS USING INGENUITY PATHWAY ANALYSIS. RESULTS: WE FOUND 11 DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED MIRNAS IN EBC OF PATIENTS INFECTED WITH PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA COMPARED TO EBC FROM CF PATIENTS WHO WERE NOT CHRONICALLY INFECTED WITH PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA (P < 0.05). SIX OF THESE MIRNAS (HSA-MIRNA-1247, HSA-MIRNA-1276, HSA-MIRNA-449C, HSA-MIRNA-3170, HSA-MIRNA-432-5P AND HSA-MIR-548) WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT IN THE CF PSEUDOMONAS POSITIVE GROUP WHEN COMPARED TO BOTH THE CF PSEUDOMONAS NEGATIVE GROUP AND HEALTHY CONTROL GROUP. INGENUITY PATHWAY ANALYSIS (IPA) REVEALED ORGANISMAL INJURY AND ABNORMALITIES, REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DISEASE AND CANCER AS THE TOP DISEASES AND BIO FUNCTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THESE MIRNAS. IPA ALSO DETECTED RELA, JUN, TNF, IL-10, CTNNB1, IL-13, SERPINB8, CALM1, STARD3NL, SFI1, CD55, RPS6KA4, TTC36 AND HIST1H3D AS THE TOP TARGET GENES FOR THESE MIRNAS. CONCLUSION: OUR STUDY IDENTIFIED 6 MIRNAS AS EPIGENETIC FACTORS SPECIFICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PSEUDOMONAS INFECTION IN PATIENTS WITH CF.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
2  5016  40 PERSISTENT BACTERIAL COINFECTION OF A COVID-19 PATIENT CAUSED BY A GENETICALLY ADAPTED PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA CHRONIC COLONIZER. PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA IS A BIOFILM-FORMING OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGEN WHICH CAUSES CHRONIC INFECTIONS IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENTS AND LEADS TO HIGH MORTALITY RATE. IT IS IDENTIFIED AS A COMMON COINFECTING PATHOGEN IN COVID-19 PATIENTS CAUSING EXACERBATION OF ILLNESS. IN OUR HOSPITAL, P. AERUGINOSA IS ONE OF THE TOP COINFECTING BACTERIA IDENTIFIED AMONG COVID-19 PATIENTS. WE COLLECTED A STRONG BIOFILM-FORMING P. AERUGINOSA STRAIN DISPLAYING SMALL COLONY VARIANT MORPHOLOGY FROM A SEVERE COVID-19 PATIENT. GENOMIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC SEQUENCING ANALYSES WERE PERFORMED WITH PHENOTYPIC VALIDATION TO INVESTIGATE ITS ADAPTATION IN SARS-COV-2 INFECTED ENVIRONMENT. GENOMIC CHARACTERIZATION PREDICTED SPECIFIC GENOMIC ISLANDS HIGHLY ASSOCIATED WITH VIRULENCE, TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION, AND DNA RESTRICTION-MODIFICATION SYSTEMS. EPIGENETIC ANALYSIS REVEALED A SPECIFIC N(6)-METHYL ADENINE (M(6)A) METHYLATING PATTERN INCLUDING METHYLATION OF ALGINATE, FLAGELLAR AND QUORUM SENSING ASSOCIATED GENES. DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS INDICATED THAT THIS ISOLATE FORMED EXCESSIVE BIOFILM BY REDUCING FLAGELLAR FORMATION (7.4 TO 1,624.1 FOLDS) AND OVERPRODUCING EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX COMPONENTS INCLUDING CDRA (4.4 FOLDS), ALGINATE (5.2 TO 29.1 FOLDS) AND PEL (4.8-5.5 FOLDS). IN SUMMARY, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT P. AEUGINOSA CLINICAL ISOLATES WITH NOVEL EPIGENETIC MARKERS COULD FORM EXCESSIVE BIOFILM, WHICH MIGHT ENHANCE ITS ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND IN VIVO COLONIZATION IN COVID-19 PATIENTS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
3  5084  31 PIGMENTED EPENDYMOMA, A TUMOR WITH PREDILECTION FOR THE MIDDLE-AGED ADULT: CASE REPORT WITH METHYLATION CLASSIFICATION AND REVIEW OF 16 LITERATURE CASES. EPENDYMOMAS HAVE RARELY BEEN DESCRIBED TO CONTAIN PIGMENT OTHER THAN MELANIN, NEUROMELANIN, LIPOFUSCIN OR A COMBINATION. IN THIS CASE REPORT, WE PRESENT A PIGMENTED EPENDYMOMA IN THE FOURTH VENTRICLE OF AN ADULT PATIENT AND REVIEW 16 ADDITIONAL CASES OF PIGMENTED EPENDYMOMA FROM THE LITERATURE. A 46-YEAR-OLD FEMALE SHOWED UP WITH HEARING LOSS, HEADACHES, AND NAUSEA. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING REVEALED A 2.5 CM CONTRAST-ENHANCING CYSTIC MASS IN THE FOURTH VENTRICLE, WHICH WAS RESECTED. INTRAOPERATIVELY, THE TUMOR APPEARED GREY-BROWN, CYSTIC, AND WAS ADHERENT TO THE BRAINSTEM. ROUTINE HISTOLOGY REVEALED A TUMOR WITH TRUE ROSETTES, PERIVASCULAR PSEUDOROSETTES AND EPENDYMAL CANALS CONSISTENT WITH EPENDYMOMA, BUT ALSO SHOWED CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND ABUNDANT DISTENDED PIGMENTED TUMOR CELLS THAT MIMICKED MACROPHAGES IN FROZEN AND PERMANENT SECTIONS. THE PIGMENTED CELLS WERE POSITIVE FOR GFAP AND NEGATIVE FOR CD163 CONSONANT WITH GLIAL TUMOR CELLS. THE PIGMENT WAS NEGATIVE FOR FONTANA-MASSON, POSITIVE FOR PERIODIC-ACID SCHIFF AND AUTOFLUORESCENT, WHICH COINCIDE WITH CHARACTERISTICS OF LIPOFUSCIN. PROLIFERATION INDICES WERE LOW AND H3K27ME3 SHOWED PARTIAL LOSS. H3K27ME 3 IS AN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION TO THE DNA PACKAGING PROTEIN HISTONE H3 THAT INDICATES THE TRI-METHYLATION OF LYSINE 27 ON HISTONE H3 PROTEIN. THIS METHYLATION CLASSIFICATION WAS COMPATIBLE WITH A POSTERIOR FOSSA GROUP B EPENDYMOMA (EPN_PFB). THE PATIENT WAS CLINICALLY WELL WITHOUT RECURRENCE AT THREE-MONTH POST-OPERATIVE FOLLOW-UP APPOINTMENT. OUR ANALYSIS OF ALL 17 CASES, INCLUDING THE ONE PRESENTED, SHOWS THAT PIGMENTED EPENDYMOMAS ARE MOST COMMON IN THE MIDDLE-AGED WITH A MEDIAN AGE OF 42 YEARS AND MOST HAVE A FAVORABLE OUTCOME. HOWEVER, ONE PATIENT THAT ALSO DEVELOPED SECONDARY LEPTOMENINGEAL MELANIN ACCUMULATIONS DIED. MOST (58.8%) ARISE IN THE 4TH VENTRICLE, WHILE SPINAL CORD (17.6%) AND SUPRATENTORIAL LOCATIONS (17.6%) WERE LESS COMMON. THE AGE OF PRESENTATION AND GENERALLY GOOD PROGNOSIS RAISE THE QUESTION OF WHETHER MOST OTHER POSTERIOR FOSSA PIGMENTED EPENDYMOMAS MAY ALSO FALL INTO THE EPN_PFB GROUP, BUT ADDITIONAL STUDY IS REQUIRED TO ADDRESS THAT QUESTION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
4  1948  41 EPIGENETIC ACQUISITION OF INDUCIBILITY OF TYPE III CYTOTOXICITY IN P. AERUGINOSA. BACKGROUND: PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA, AN OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGEN, IS OFTEN ENCOUNTERED IN CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES SUCH AS CYSTIC FIBROSIS OR CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PNEUMONIA, AS WELL AS ACUTE SETTINGS LIKE MECHANICAL VENTILATION ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA OR NEUTROPENIC PATIENTS. IT IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY IN THESE DISEASES. IN LUNGS, P. AERUGINOSA SETTLES IN A BIOFILM MODE OF GROWTH WITH THE SECRETION OF EXOPOLYSACCHARIDES IN WHICH IT IS ENCAPSULATED, ENHANCING ITS ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND CONTRIBUTING TO THE RESPIRATORY DEFICIENCY OF PATIENTS. HOWEVER, BACTERIA MUST FIRST MULTIPLY TO A HIGH DENSITY AND DISPLAY A CYTOTOXIC PHENOTYPE TO AVOID THE HOST'S DEFENCES. A VIRULENCE DETERMINANT IMPLICATED IN THIS STEP OF INFECTION IS THE TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM (TTSS), ALLOWING TOXIN INJECTION DIRECTLY INTO HOST CELLS. AT THE BEGINNING OF THE INFECTION, MOST STRAINS ISOLATED FROM PATIENTS' LUNGS POSSESS AN INDUCIBLE TTSS ALLOWING TOXINS INJECTION OR SECRETION UPON IN VIVO OR IN VITRO ACTIVATION SIGNALS. AS THE INFECTION PERSISTS MOST OF THE BACTERIA PERMANENTLY LOOSE THIS CAPACITY, ALTHOUGH NO MUTATIONS HAVE BEEN EVIDENCED. WE NAME "NON INDUCIBLE" THIS PHENOTYPE. AS SUGGESTED BY THE PRESENCE OF A POSITIVE FEEDBACK CIRCUIT IN THE REGULATORY NETWORK CONTROLLING TTSS EXPRESSION, IT MAY BE DUE TO AN EPIGENETIC SWITCH ALLOWING HERITABLE PHENOTYPIC MODIFICATIONS WITHOUT GENOTYPE'S MUTATIONS. RESULTS: USING THE GENERALISED LOGICAL METHOD, WE DESIGNED A MINIMAL MODEL OF THE TTSS REGULATORY NETWORK THAT COULD SUPPORT THE EPIGENETIC HYPOTHESIS, AND STUDIED ITS DYNAMICS WHICH HELPED TO DEFINE A DISCRIMINATING EXPERIMENTAL SCENARIO SUFFICIENT TO VALIDATE THE EPIGENETIC HYPOTHESIS. A MATHEMATICAL FRAMEWORK BASED ON FORMAL METHODS FROM COMPUTER SCIENCE ALLOWED A RIGOROUS VALIDATION AND CERTIFICATION OF PARAMETERS OF THIS MODEL LEADING TO EPIGENETIC BEHAVIOUR. THEN, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT A NON INDUCIBLE STRAIN OF P. AERUGINOSA CAN STABLY ACQUIRE THE CAPACITY TO BE INDUCED BY CALCIUM DEPLETION FOR THE TTSS AFTER A SHORT PULSE OF A REGULATORY PROTEIN. FINALLY, THE INCREASED CYTOTOXICITY OF A STRAIN AFTER THIS EPIGENETIC SWITCH WAS DEMONSTRATED IN VIVO IN AN ACUTE PULMONARY INFECTION MODEL. CONCLUSION: THESE RESULTS MAY OFFER NEW PERSPECTIVES FOR THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO PREVENT LETHAL INFECTIONS BY P. AERUGINOSA BY REVERTING THE EPIGENETIC INDUCIBILITY OF TYPE III CYTOTOXICITY.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
5  1564  32 DNA METHYLATION OF PROXIMAL PLAT PROMOTER IN CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYPS. BACKGROUND NASAL POLYPS (NP) ARE CHARACTERIZED BY PSEUDOCYSTS DERIVED FROM STROMAL TISSUE EDEMA AND CAUSE PERSISTENT INFECTIONS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS (CRS). A LOW LEVEL OF TISSUE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR (GENE NAME PLAT) IS CONSIDERED A CAUSE OF STROMAL TISSUE EDEMA BECAUSE OF INSUFFICIENT PLASMIN ACTIVATION IN NP; HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM REGULATING PLAT GENE EXPRESSION LEVELS IS STILL UNCLEAR. THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM REGULATING THE PLAT GENE EXPRESSION HAS BEEN STUDIED IN OTHER TISSUES. OBJECTIVE WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE METHYLATION LEVELS IN THE PROXIMAL PLAT PROMOTER AND THEIR EFFECTS ON GENE EXPRESSION IN NP TISSUE. METHODS WE INVESTIGATED THE METHYLATION LEVELS AT 3 CPG SITES IN THE PROXIMAL PLAT PROMOTER REGIONS (-618, -121, AND -105 WITH RESPECT TO THE TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION SITE) BY BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE GENE EXPRESSION BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QPCR) IN 20 PAIRED SAMPLES OF NP AND INFERIOR TURBINATE TISSUE (IT) FROM PATIENTS WITH CRS. RESULTS THE DNA METHYLATION LEVELS AT ALL CPG SITES WERE HIGHER ( P < .01), AND THE PLAT EXPRESSION WAS LOWER ( P < .001) IN NP COMPARED WITH IT. THE METHYLATION CHANGES AT THE -618 SITE SHOWED A NEGATIVE CORRELATION WITH THE GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES BETWEEN NP AND IT ( R = -.65, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS HYPERMETHYLATION OF PLAT PROMOTER MAY DOWNREGULATE THE GENE EXPRESSION IN NP, LEADING TO EXCESSIVE FIBRIN DEPOSITION BY ABERRANT COAGULATION CASCADE. DNA METHYLATION OF PROXIMAL PLAT PROMOTER MAY CONTRIBUTE TO NP GROWTH AND HAVE A POTENTIAL AS A NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGET.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
6  5760  35 SOLUBLE URIC ACID PRIMES TLR-INDUCED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION BY HUMAN PRIMARY CELLS VIA INHIBITION OF IL-1RA. OBJECTIVES: THE STUDY OF THE PROINFLAMMATORY ROLE OF URIC ACID HAS FOCUSED ON THE EFFECTS OF ITS CRYSTALS OF MONOSODIUM URATE (MSU). HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN WHETHER URIC ACID ITSELF CAN DIRECTLY HAVE PROINFLAMMATORY EFFECTS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATE THE PRIMING EFFECTS OF URIC ACID EXPOSURE ON THE CYTOKINE PRODUCTION OF PRIMARY HUMAN CELLS UPON STIMULATION WITH GOUT-RELATED STIMULI. METHODS: PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) WERE HARVESTED FROM PATIENTS WITH GOUT AND HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS. CELLS WERE PRETREATED WITH OR WITHOUT URIC ACID IN SOLUBLE FORM FOR 24 H AND THEN STIMULATED FOR 24 H WITH TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR (TLR)2 OR TLR4 LIGANDS IN THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF MSU CRYSTALS. CYTOKINE PRODUCTION WAS MEASURED BY ELISA; MRNA LEVELS WERE ASSESSED USING QPCR. RESULTS: THE PRODUCTION OF INTERLEUKIN (IL)-1BETA AND IL-6 WAS HIGHER IN PATIENTS COMPARED WITH CONTROLS AND THIS CORRELATED WITH SERUM URATE LEVELS. PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY POTENTIATED WHEN CELLS FROM HEALTHY SUBJECTS WERE PRETREATED WITH URIC ACID. SURPRISINGLY, THIS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A SIGNIFICANT DOWNREGULATION OF THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE IL-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST (IL-1RA). THIS EFFECT WAS SPECIFIC TO STIMULATION BY URIC ACID AND WAS EXERTED AT THE LEVEL OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION. EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING AT THE LEVEL OF HISTONE METHYLATION BY URIC ACID WAS INVOLVED IN THIS EFFECT. CONCLUSIONS: IN THIS STUDY WE DEMONSTRATE A MECHANISM THROUGH WHICH HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF URIC ACID (UP TO 50 MG/DL) INFLUENCE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES BY FACILITATING IL-1BETA PRODUCTION IN PBMCS. WE SHOW THAT A MECHANISM FOR THE AMPLIFICATION OF IL-1BETA CONSISTS IN THE DOWNREGULATION OF IL-1RA AND THAT THIS EFFECT COULD BE EXERTED VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SUCH AS HISTONE METHYLATION. HYPERURICAEMIA CAUSES A SHIFT IN THE IL-1BETA/IL-1RA BALANCE PRODUCED BY PBMCS AFTER EXPOSURE TO MSU CRYSTALS AND TLR-MEDIATED STIMULI, AND THIS PHENOMENON IS LIKELY TO REINFORCE THE ENHANCED STATE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
7   414  32 ANALYSIS OF PROMOTER METHYLATION IN STOOL: A NOVEL METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF COLORECTAL CANCER. BACKGROUND & AIMS: DETECTION OF TUMOR-DERIVED DNA ALTERATIONS IN STOOL IS AN INTRIGUING NEW APPROACH WITH HIGH POTENTIAL FOR THE NONINVASIVE DETECTION OF COLORECTAL CANCER (CRC). BECAUSE OF HETEROGENEITY OF TUMORS, USUALLY MULTIPLE MARKERS DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT THE HUMAN GENOME NEED TO BE ANALYZED. THIS IS LABOR INTENSIVE AND DOES NOT ALLOW FOR HIGH THROUGH-PUT SCREENING. THEREFORE, MARKERS WITH HIGH SENSITIVITY AND GOOD SPECIFICITY ARE NEEDED. WE EXPLORED THE POTENTIAL OF A SINGLE EPIGENETIC MARKER IN COMPARISON WITH FECAL OCCULT BLOOD TESTING (FOBT) FOR THE DISCRIMINATION OF PATIENTS WITH CRCS AND ADENOMAS FROM THOSE WITHOUT. METHODS: METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) WAS PERFORMED TO ANALYZE HYPERMETHYLATED IN CANCER 1 (HIC1) PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS IN A BLINDED FASHION IN STOOL SAMPLES FROM 26 PATIENTS WITH CRC, 13 WITH ADENOMA > OR =1 CM, 9 WITH HYPERPLASTIC POLYPS, 9 WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE, AND 32 WITH ENDOSCOPICALLY NORMAL COLON. RESULTS: NINETY-SEVEN PERCENT OF THE STOOL SAMPLES CONTAINED AMPLIFIABLE DNA. FORTY-TWO PERCENT OF THE SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS WITH CRC AND 31% OF THE SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL ADENOMA > OR =1 CM WERE POSITIVE FOR HIC1 PROMOTER METHYLATION. NO METHYLATED HIC1 PROMOTER DNA WAS DETECTED IN THE FECAL DNA FROM PATIENTS WITH ENDOSCOPICALLY NORMAL COLON OR HYPERPLASTIC POLYPS. CONCLUSIONS: THE EPIGENETIC MARKER HIC1 PROMOTER METHYLATION CARRIES HIGH POTENTIAL FOR THE REMOTE DETECTION OF CRCS. WE POSTULATE THAT A PANEL OF MERELY A FEW GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MARKERS WILL BE REQUIRED FOR THE HIGHLY SENSITIVE AND SPECIFIC DETECTION OF CRCS AND ADENOMAS IN FECAL SAMPLES FROM AFFECTED PATIENTS.	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
8  6539  30 TRANSCRIPTIONAL VARIATIONS IN THE WIDER PERITUMORAL TISSUE ENVIRONMENT OF PANCREATIC CANCER. TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILING WAS PERFORMED ON 452 RNA PREPARATIONS ISOLATED FROM VARIOUS TYPES OF PANCREATIC TISSUE FROM TUMOUR PATIENTS AND HEALTHY DONORS, WITH A PARTICULAR FOCUS ON PERITUMORAL SAMPLES. PANCREATIC DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMAS (PDAC) AND CYSTIC TUMOURS WERE MOST DIFFERENT IN THESE NON-TUMOROUS TISSUES SURROUNDING THEM, WHEREAS THE ACTUAL TUMOURS EXHIBITED RATHER SIMILAR TRANSCRIPT PATTERNS. THE ENVIRONMENT OF CYSTIC TUMOURS WAS TRANSCRIPTIONALLY NEARLY IDENTICAL TO NORMAL PANCREAS TISSUE. IN CONTRAST, THE TISSUE AROUND PDAC BEHAVED A LOT LIKE THE TUMOUR, INDICATING SOME KIND OF FIELD DEFECT, WHILE SHOWING FAR LESS MOLECULAR RESEMBLANCE TO BOTH CHRONIC PANCREATITIS AND HEALTHY TISSUE. THIS SUGGESTS THAT THE MAJOR PATHOGENIC DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CYSTIC AND DUCTAL TUMOURS MAY BE DUE TO THEIR CELLULAR ENVIRONMENT RATHER THAN THE FEW VARIATIONS BETWEEN THE TUMOURS. LACK OF CORRELATION BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION AND TRANSCRIPT LEVELS MAKES IT UNLIKELY THAT THE OBSERVED FIELD DEFECT IN THE PERITUMORAL TISSUE OF PDAC IS CONTROLLED TO A LARGE EXTENT BY SUCH EPIGENETIC REGULATION. FUNCTIONALLY, A STRIKINGLY LARGE NUMBER OF AUTOPHAGY-RELATED TRANSCRIPTS WAS CHANGED IN BOTH PDAC AND ITS PERITUMORAL TISSUE, BUT NOT IN OTHER PANCREATIC TUMOURS. A TRANSCRIPTION SIGNATURE OF 15 AUTOPHAGY-RELATED GENES WAS ESTABLISHED THAT PERMITS A PROGNOSIS OF SURVIVAL WITH HIGH ACCURACY AND INDICATES THE ROLE OF AUTOPHAGY IN TUMOUR BIOLOGY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
9  3452  32 HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY SHARE COMMON CFDNA METHYLATION PROFILES. HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY (HDP) CONTRIBUTE SUBSTANTIALLY TO PERINATAL MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. EPIGENETIC CHANGES POINT TOWARDS CARDIO-METABOLIC DYSREGULATION FOR THESE VASCULAR DISORDERS. IN EARLY PREGNANCY, EPIGENETIC CHANGES USING CELL FREE DNA (CFDNA) ARE LARGELY UNEXPLORED. WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THESE IN HDP BETWEEN 11 AND 14 WEEKS OF GESTATION BY ANALYSIS OF CFDNA METHYLATION PROFILES IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS. WE IDENTIFIED PATIENTS WITHOUT CHRONIC HYPERTENSION BUT WITH SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF PREECLAMPSIA (PE) (N = 11), WITH CHRONIC HYPERTENSION (HT) BUT WITHOUT PE DEVELOPMENT (N = 14), AND LACKING BOTH PE AND HT (N = 422). WE MATCHED PATIENTS ACCORDING TO PE RISK FACTORS INTO THREE GROUPS (N = 5 EACH GROUP): (1) PE: NO HT BUT PE DEVELOPMENT, (2) HT: CHRONIC HYPERTENSION BUT NO PE AND (3) CONTROL: NO PE OR HT. WE SUCCESSFULLY OPTIMIZED OUR CFDNA ISOLATION PROCESS PRIOR TO WHOLE GENOME BISULFITE SEQUENCING. ANALYSIS OF CFDNA METHYLATION CHANGES INDICATE A COMMON PREDISPOSITION IN PE AND HT GROUPS, CHIEFLY OF MATERNAL ORIGIN. ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS AND ANNOTATED GENES POINT TOWARDS A COMMON CARDIOVASCULAR PREDISPOSITION IN PREECLAMPSIA AND HYPERTENSION GROUPS IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER. WE POSTULATE THE PIVOTAL ROLE OF THE MATERNAL CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IN HDP, WHICH IS ALREADY EVIDENT IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
10  5329  30 PURINERGIC SIGNALING IN THE LUMEN OF A NORMAL NEPHRON AND IN REMODELED PKD ENCAPSULATED CYSTS. THE NEPHRON IS THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE KIDNEY. BLOOD AND PLASMA ARE CONTINUALLY FILTERED WITHIN THE GLOMERULI THAT BEGIN EACH NEPHRON. ADENOSINE 5' TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP) AND ITS METABOLITES ARE FREELY FILTERED BY EACH GLOMERULUS AND ENTER THE LUMEN OF EACH NEPHRON BEGINNING AT THE PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (PCT). FLOW RATE, OSMOLALITY, AND OTHER MECHANICAL OR CHEMICAL STIMULI FOR ATP SECRETION ARE PRESENT IN EACH NEPHRON SEGMENT. THESE ATP-RELEASE STIMULI ARE ALSO DIFFERENT IN EACH NEPHRON SEGMENT DUE TO WATER OR SALT PERMEABILITY OR IMPERMEABILITY ALONG DIFFERENT LUMINAL MEMBRANES OF THE CELLS THAT LINE EACH NEPHRON SEGMENT. EACH OF THE ABOVE STIMULI CAN TRIGGER ADDITIONAL ATP RELEASE INTO THE LUMEN OF A NEPHRON SEGMENT. EACH NEPHRON-LINING EPITHELIAL CELL IS A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF SECRETED ATP. TOGETHER WITH FILTERED ATP AND ITS METABOLITES DERIVED FROM THE GLOMERULUS, SECRETED ATP AND ADENOSINE DERIVED FROM CELLS ALONG THE NEPHRON ARE LIKELY THE PRINCIPAL TWO OF SEVERAL NUCLEOTIDE AND NUCLEOSIDE CANDIDATES FOR RENAL AUTOCRINE AND PARACRINE LIGANDS WITHIN THE TUBULAR FLUID OF THE NEPHRON. THIS MINIREVIEW DISCUSSES THE FIRST PRINCIPLES OF PURINERGIC SIGNALING AS THEY RELATE TO THE NEPHRON AND THE URINARY BLADDER. THE REVIEW DISCUSSES HOW THE LUMEN OF A RENAL TUBULE PRESENTS AN IDEAL PURINERGIC SIGNALING MICROENVIRONMENT. THE REVIEW ALSO ILLUSTRATES HOW REMODELED AND ENCAPSULATED CYSTS IN AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE (ADPKD) AND REMODELED PSEUDOCYSTS IN AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE PKD (ARPKD) OF THE RENAL COLLECTING DUCT LIKELY CREATE AN EVEN MORE IDEAL MICROENVIRONMENT FOR PURINERGIC SIGNALING. ONCE TRAPPED IN THESE CLOSED MICROENVIRONMENTS, PURINERGIC SIGNALING BECOMES CHRONIC AND LIKELY PLAYS A SIGNIFICANT EPIGENETIC AND DETRIMENTAL ROLE IN THE SECONDARY PROGRESSION OF PKD, ONCE THE REMODELING OF THE RENAL TISSUE HAS BEGUN. IN PKD CYSTIC MICROENVIRONMENTS, WE ARGUE THAT NORMAL PURINERGIC SIGNALING WITHIN THE LUMEN OF THE NEPHRON PROVIDES DETRIMENTAL ACCELERATION OF ADPKD ONCE REMODELING IS COMPLETE.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
11  1619  47 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE REGULATES NITRIC OXIDE HOMEOSTASIS AND VIRULENCE IN A CHRONICALLY ADAPTED PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA STRAIN. OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS SUCH AS PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA ADAPT THEIR GENOMES RAPIDLY DURING CHRONIC INFECTIONS. UNDERSTANDING THEIR EPIGENETIC REGULATION MAY PROVIDE BIOMARKERS FOR DIAGNOSIS AND REVEAL NOVEL REGULATORY MECHANISMS. WE PERFORMED SINGLE-MOLECULE REAL-TIME SEQUENCING (SMRT-SEQ) TO CHARACTERIZE THE METHYLOME OF A CHRONICALLY ADAPTED P. AERUGINOSA CLINICAL STRAIN, TBCF10839. TWO N(6)-METHYLADENINE (6MA) METHYLATION RECOGNITION MOTIFS (RCCANNNNNNNTGAR AND TRGANNNNNNTGC [MODIFICATION SITES ARE IN BOLD]) WERE IDENTIFIED AND PREDICTED AS NEW TYPE I METHYLATION SITES USING REBASE ANALYSIS. WE CONFIRMED THAT THE MOTIF TRGANNNNNNTGC WAS METHYLATED BY THE METHYLTRANSFERASE (MTASE) M.PAETBCFII, ACCORDING TO METHYLATION SENSITIVITY ASSAYS IN VIVO AND VITRO. TRANSCRIPTOMIC ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT A DELTAPAETBCFIIM KNOCKOUT MUTANT SIGNIFICANTLY DOWNREGULATED NITRIC OXIDE REDUCTASE (NOR) REGULATION AND EXPRESSION OF CODING GENES SUCH AS NOSR AND NORB, WHICH CONTAIN METHYLATED MOTIFS IN THEIR PROMOTERS OR CODING REGIONS. THE DELTAPAETBCFIIM STRAIN EXHIBITED REDUCED INTERCELLULAR SURVIVAL CAPACITY IN NO-PRODUCING RAW264.7 MACROPHAGES AND ATTENUATED VIRULENCE IN A GALLERIA MELLONELLA INFECTION MODEL; THE COMPLEMENTED STRAIN RECOVERED THESE DEFECTIVE PHENOTYPES. FURTHER PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS DEMONSTRATED THAT HOMOLOGS OF M.PAETBCFII OCCUR FREQUENTLY IN P. AERUGINOSA AS WELL AS OTHER BACTERIAL SPECIES. OUR WORK THEREFORE PROVIDED NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION, NO DETOXIFICATION, AND BACTERIAL VIRULENCE, LAYING A FOUNDATION FOR FURTHER EXPLORING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE IN REGULATING THE PATHOGENICITY OF P. AERUGINOSA. IMPORTANCE PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA IS AN OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGEN WHICH CAUSES ACUTE AND CHRONIC INFECTIONS THAT ARE DIFFICULT TO TREAT. COMPARATIVE GENOMIC ANALYSIS HAS SHOWED BROAD GENOME DIVERSITY AMONG P. AERUGINOSA CLINICAL STRAINS AND REVEALED THEIR DIFFERENT REGULATORY TRAITS COMPARED TO THE LABORATORY STRAINS. WHILE CURRENT INVESTIGATION OF THE EPIGENETICS OF P. AERUGINOSA IS STILL LACKING, UNDERSTANDING EPIGENETIC REGULATION MAY PROVIDE BIOMARKERS FOR DIAGNOSIS AND FACILITATE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPIES. DENITRIFICATION CAPABILITY IS CRITICAL FOR MICROBIAL VERSATILITY IN RESPONSE TO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS CONDITIONS, INCLUDING THE BACTERIAL INFECTION PROCESS, WHERE NITRIC OXIDE (NO) CAN BE GENERATED BY PHAGOCYTIC CELLS. THE DENITRIFICATION REGULATION MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN STUDIED INTENSIVELY AT GENETIC AND BIOCHEMICAL LEVELS. HOWEVER, THERE IS VERY LITTLE EVIDENCE ABOUT THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BACTERIAL DENITRIFICATION MECHANISM. P. AERUGINOSA TBCF10839 IS A CHRONICALLY HOST-ADAPTED STRAIN ISOLATED FROM A CYSTIC FIBROSIS (CF) PATIENT WITH SPECIAL ANTIPHAGOCYTOSIS CHARACTERISTICS. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE REGULATORY EFFECT OF AN ORPHAN DNA MTASE, M.PAETBCFII, IN P. AERUGINOSA TBCF10839. WE DEMONSTRATED THAT THE DNA MTASE REGULATES THE TRANSCRIPTION OF DENITRIFICATION GENES REPRESENTED BY NOR AND AFFECTS ANTIPHAGOCYTIC ABILITY IN BACTERIA. IN SILICO ANALYSIS SUGGESTED THAT DNA METHYLATION MODIFICATION MAY ENHANCE GENE EXPRESSION BY AFFECTING THE BINDING OF TRANSACTING FACTORS SUCH AS DNR AND RPON. OUR FINDINGS NOT ONLY DEEPEN THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROLE OF DNA MTASE IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION IN P. AERUGINOSA BUT ALSO PROVIDE A THEORETICAL FOUNDATION FOR THE IN-DEPTH STUDY OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION ON DENITRIFICATION, VIRULENCE, AND HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12  3037  35 GENOME AND METHYLOME VARIATION IN HELICOBACTER PYLORI WITH A CAG PATHOGENICITY ISLAND DURING EARLY STAGES OF HUMAN INFECTION. BACKGROUND & AIMS: HELICOBACTER PYLORI IS REMARKABLE FOR ITS GENETIC VARIATION; YET, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT ITS GENETIC CHANGES DURING EARLY STAGES OF HUMAN INFECTION, AS THE BACTERIA ADAPT TO THEIR NEW ENVIRONMENT. WE ANALYZED GENOME AND METHYLOME VARIATIONS IN A FULLY VIRULENT STRAIN OF H PYLORI DURING EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION. METHODS: WE PERFORMED A RANDOMIZED PHASE I/II, OBSERVER-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED STUDY OF 12 HEALTHY, H PYLORI-NEGATIVE ADULTS IN GERMANY FROM OCTOBER 2008 THROUGH MARCH 2010. THE VOLUNTEERS WERE GIVEN A PROPHYLACTIC VACCINE CANDIDATE (N = 7) OR PLACEBO (N = 5) AND THEN CHALLENGED WITH H PYLORI STRAIN BCM-300. BIOPSY SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED AND H PYLORI WERE ISOLATED. GENOMES OF THE CHALLENGE STRAIN AND 12 REISOLATES, OBTAINED 12 WEEKS AFTER (OR IN 1 CASE, 62 WEEKS AFTER) INFECTION WERE SEQUENCED BY SINGLE-MOLECULE, REAL-TIME TECHNOLOGY, WHICH, IN PARALLEL, PERMITTED DETERMINATION OF GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION PATTERNS FOR ALL STRAINS. FUNCTIONAL EFFECTS OF GENETIC CHANGES OBSERVED IN H PYLORI STRAINS DURING HUMAN INFECTION WERE ASSESSED BY MEASURING RELEASE OF INTERLEUKIN 8 FROM AGS CELLS (TO DETECT CAG PATHOGENICITY ISLAND FUNCTION), NEUTRAL RED UPTAKE (TO DETECT VACUOLATING CYTOTOXIN ACTIVITY), AND ADHESION ASSAYS. RESULTS: THE OBSERVED MUTATION RATE WAS IN AGREEMENT WITH RATES PREVIOUSLY DETERMINED FROM PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC H PYLORI INFECTIONS, WITHOUT EVIDENCE OF A MUTATION BURST. A LOSS OF CAG PATHOGENICITY ISLAND FUNCTION WAS OBSERVED IN 3 REISOLATES. IN ADDITION, 3 REISOLATES FROM THE VACCINE GROUP ACQUIRED MUTATIONS IN THE VACUOLATING CYTOTOXIN GENE VACA, RESULTING IN LOSS OF VACUOLIZATION ACTIVITY. WE OBSERVED INTERSTRAIN VARIATION IN METHYLOMES DUE TO PHASE VARIATION IN GENES ENCODING METHYLTRANSFERASES. CONCLUSIONS: WE ANALYZED ADAPTATION OF A FULLY VIRULENT STRAIN OF H PYLORI TO 12 DIFFERENT VOLUNTEERS TO OBTAIN A ROBUST ESTIMATE OF THE FREQUENCY OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE ABSENCE OF INTERSTRAIN RECOMBINATION. OUR FINDINGS INDICATE THAT THE LARGE AMOUNT OF GENETIC VARIATION IN H PYLORI POSES A CHALLENGE TO VACCINE DEVELOPMENT. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV NO: NCT00736476.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
13  6386  34 THE ROLE OF QUANTITATIVE NPTX2 HYPERMETHYLATION AS A NOVEL SERUM DIAGNOSTIC MARKER IN PANCREATIC CANCER. OBJECTIVES: THE MAJORITY OF PANCREATIC CANCERS ARE FOUND TO BE UNRESECTABLE, AND THE ONLY CHANCE FOR CURE LIES ON EARLY DETECTION AND COMPLETE RESECTION. SEVERAL GENES HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED TO BE ABERRANTLY METHYLATED IN PRIMARY PANCREATIC CANCER TISSUE, AND THIS CANCER DNA CAN BE DETECTED IN THE PLASMA. THE AIMS OF THIS STUDY WERE TO DEVELOP A NOVEL DIAGNOSTIC MARKER BASED ON EPIGENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PANCREATIC CANCER. METHODS: WE ENROLLED 104 PATIENTS WITH PANCREATIC CANCER, 60 WITH CHRONIC PANCREATITIS, AND 5 WITH BENIGN BILIARY STONE DISEASES. THE BLOOD SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED BEFORE SURGERY OR ANY KINDS OF TREATMENT MODALITIES. DNA WAS EXTRACTED FROM THE PLASMA OF EACH PATIENT, AND NPTX2 (NEURONAL PENTRAXIN II) CPG ISLAND HYPERMETHYLATION WAS EXAMINED QUANTITATIVELY BY REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. RESULTS: NPTX2 HYPERMETHYLATION LEVELS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER COMPARED WITH CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (P = 0.016). THE SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY WERE 80% AND 76%, RESPECTIVELY (CUTOFF = 0.015). NPTX2 GENE HYPERMETHYLATION LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ELEVATED IN CORRELATION WITH HIGHER AMERICAN JOINT COMMITTEE ON CANCER STAGES. CONCLUSIONS: THE ABERRANTLY METHYLATED NPTX2 GENE MAY HELP TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN CHRONIC PANCREATITIS AND PANCREATIC CANCER WITH CONVENTIONAL DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS AND COULD BECOME A VALUABLE DIAGNOSTIC MARKER.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
14  4015  40 LOW-DOSE EXPOSURE TO BISPHENOLS A, F AND S OF HUMAN PRIMARY ADIPOCYTE IMPACTS CODING AND NON-CODING RNA PROFILES. BISPHENOL A (BPA) EXPOSURE HAS BEEN SUSPECTED TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH DELETERIOUS EFFECTS ON HEALTH INCLUDING OBESITY AND METABOLICALLY-LINKED DISEASES. ALTHOUGH BISPHENOLS F (BPF) AND S (BPS) ARE BPA STRUCTURAL ANALOGS COMMONLY USED IN MANY MARKETED PRODUCTS AS A REPLACEMENT FOR BPA, ONLY SPARSE TOXICOLOGICAL DATA ARE AVAILABLE YET. OUR OBJECTIVE WAS TO COMPREHENSIVELY CHARACTERIZE BISPHENOLS GENE TARGETS IN A HUMAN PRIMARY ADIPOCYTE MODEL, IN ORDER TO DETERMINE WHETHER THEY MAY INDUCE CELLULAR DYSFUNCTION, USING CHRONIC EXPOSURE AT TWO CONCENTRATIONS: A "LOW-DOSE" SIMILAR TO THE DOSE USUALLY ENCOUNTERED IN HUMAN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS AND A HIGHER DOSE. THEREFORE, BPA, BPF AND BPS HAVE BEEN ADDED AT 10 NM OR 10 MUM DURING THE DIFFERENTIATION OF HUMAN PRIMARY ADIPOCYTES FROM SUBCUTANEOUS FAT OF THREE NON-DIABETIC CAUCASIAN FEMALE PATIENTS. GENE EXPRESSION (MRNA/LNCRNA) ARRAYS AND MICRORNA ARRAYS, HAVE BEEN USED TO ASSESS CODING AND NON-CODING RNA CHANGES. WE DETECTED SIGNIFICANTLY DEREGULATED MRNA/LNCRNA AND MIRNA AT LOW AND HIGH DOSES. ENRICHMENT IN "CANCER" AND "ORGANISMAL INJURY AND ABNORMALITIES" RELATED PATHWAYS WAS FOUND IN RESPONSE TO THE THREE PRODUCTS. SOME LONG INTERGENIC NON-CODING RNAS AND SMALL NUCLEOLAR RNAS WERE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED SUGGESTING THAT BISPHENOLS MAY ALSO ACTIVATE MULTIPLE CELLULAR PROCESSES AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. THE ANALYSIS OF UPSTREAM REGULATORS OF DEREGULATED GENES HIGHLIGHTED HORMONES OR HORMONE-LIKE CHEMICALS SUGGESTING THAT BPS AND BPF CAN BE SUSPECTED TO INTERFERE, JUST LIKE BPA, WITH HORMONAL REGULATION AND HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED AS ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS. ALL THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT AS BPA, ITS SUBSTITUTES BPS AND BPF SHOULD BE USED WITH THE SAME RESTRICTIONS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
15  1194  42 CORRELATION OF EPIGENETIC CHANGE AND IDENTIFICATION OF RISK FACTORS FOR ORAL SUBMUCOUS FIBROSIS. BACKGROUND: DNA METHYLATION OF CERTAIN GENES IS AN EPIGENETIC CHANGE THAT IS ESSENTIAL FOR TUMORIGENESIS. ORAL SUBMUCOUS FIBROSIS (OSF) IS A PRECANCEROUS CONDITION OF ORAL MUCOSA WITH INFLAMMATION AND PROGRESSIVE FIBROSIS OF THE LAMINA PROPRIA AND DEEPER CONNECTIVE TISSUE. THE HYPERMETHYLATION OF E-CADHERIN AND CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 (COX-2) IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION MAY DEMONSTRATE A MILD LESION/MUTATION AT EPIGENETIC LEVELS. THIS STUDY COMPARES THE HYPERMETHYLATION STATUS OF E-CADHERIN AND COX-2 GENES IN PATIENTS WITH ORAL CANCER AND PATIENTS WITH OSF AND ALSO AIMS TO IDENTIFY RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF OSF. METHODS: DNA WAS EXTRACTED FROM BLOOD SAMPLES OF 50 HEALTHY SUBJECTS, 50 PATIENTS WITH OSF AND 60 PATIENTS WITH ORAL CANCER. METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION FOR E-CADHERIN AND COX-2 WAS PERFORMED ON THESE SAMPLES AND THE PRODUCTS WERE ANALYZED ON 2% AGAROSE GEL. SURVEYS ABOUT ORAL HEALTH HABITS AND CLINICAL PERIODONTAL EXAMINATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH OSF AND HEALTHY SUBJECTS WERE ALSO CONDUCTED BY WELL-TRAINED DENTISTS, AND LOGISTIC REGRESSION WAS PERFORMED TO IDENTIFY RISK FACTORS FOR OSF. RESULTS: HYPERMETHYLATION OF E-CADHERIN AND COX-2 WAS OBSERVED IN 36% AND 22% OF ORAL CANCER SAMPLES, RESPECTIVELY. IN PATIENTS WITH OSF, THE RATES WERE 52% AND 30%, AND IN HEALTHY CONTROLS THE RATES WERE 4% AND 6%. HYPERMETHYLATION WAS SHOWN TO BE CORRELATED BETWEEN THE 3 GROUPS WITH STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE (P<0.01). METHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS IN E-CADHERIN AND COX-2 OCCURRED MORE FREQUENTLY IN PATIENTS WITH OSF THAN IN THE CONTROL GROUP, BUT LESS FREQUENTLY THAN IN PATIENTS WITH ORAL CANCER. IN THE LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS, SMOKING, BRUSHING MORE THAN TWICE DAILY, PERIODONTAL PROBING DEPTH AND PLAQUE INDEX WERE IDENTIFIED AS 4 MAJOR RISK FACTORS FOR OSF. CONCLUSIONS: THESE DATA CONFIRM THAT E-CADHERIN AND COX-2 EXPRESSIONS ARE RELATED TO OSF. THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES PRESENTED IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION MIGHT DEMONSTRATE AN IRREVERSIBLE DESTRUCTION IN THE TISSUES OR ORGANS SIMILAR TO THE EFFECTS OF CANCER. CHRONIC OSF WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERMETHYLATION, A CANCER RISK FACTOR.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
16   846  40 CHILDHOOD EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IS LINKED TO EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND IMPAIRED SYSTEMIC IMMUNITY IN T CELLS. BACKGROUND: EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EXPOSURE TO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS) INCREASES ATOPY; IT IS UNCLEAR HOW PAH EXPOSURE IS LINKED TO INCREASED SEVERITY OF ATOPIC DISEASES. OBJECTIVE: WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT AMBIENT PAH EXPOSURE IS LINKED TO IMPAIRMENT OF IMMUNITY IN ATOPIC CHILDREN (DEFINED AS CHILDREN WITH ASTHMA AND/OR ALLERGIC RHINITIS) FROM FRESNO, CALIFORNIA, AN AREA WITH ELEVATED AMBIENT PAHS. METHODS: WE RECRUITED 256 SUBJECTS FROM FRESNO, CA. AMBIENT PAH CONCENTRATIONS (NG/M(3) ) WERE MEASURED USING A SPATIAL-TEMPORAL REGRESSION MODEL OVER MULTIPLE TIME PERIODS. ASTHMA DIAGNOSIS WAS DETERMINED BY CURRENT NHLBI CRITERIA. PHENOTYPING AND FUNCTIONAL IMMUNE MEASUREMENTS WERE PERFORMED FROM ISOLATED CELLS. FOR EPIGENETIC MEASUREMENTS, DNA WAS ISOLATED AND PYROSEQUENCED. RESULTS: WE SHOW THAT HIGHER AVERAGE PAH EXPOSURE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH IMPAIRED TREG FUNCTION AND INCREASED METHYLATION IN THE FORKHEAD BOX PROTEIN 3 (FOXP3) LOCUS (P < 0.05), CONDITIONAL ON ATOPIC STATUS. THESE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LINKED TO DIFFERENTIAL PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF FOXP3 (P < 0.001). METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH CELLULAR FUNCTIONAL CHANGES, SPECIFICALLY TREG DYSFUNCTION, AND AN INCREASE IN TOTAL PLASMA IGE LEVELS. PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF IL-10 DECREASED AND IFN-GAMMA INCREASED AS THE EXTENT OF PAH EXPOSURE INCREASED. THE STRENGTH OF THE ASSOCIATIONS GENERALLY INCREASED AS THE TIME WINDOW FOR AVERAGE PAH EXPOSURE INCREASED FROM 24 HR TO 1 YEAR, SUGGESTING MORE OF A CHRONIC RESPONSE. SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATIONS WITH CHRONIC PAH EXPOSURE AND IMMUNE OUTCOMES WERE ALSO OBSERVED IN SUBJECTS WITH ALLERGIC RHINITIS. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: COLLECTIVELY, THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT INCREASED AMBIENT PAH EXPOSURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPAIRED SYSTEMIC IMMUNITY AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN A KEY LOCUS INVOLVED IN ATOPY: FOXP3, WITH A HIGHER IMPACT ON ATOPIC CHILDREN. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT INCREASED ATOPIC CLINICAL SYMPTOMS IN CHILDREN COULD BE LINKED TO INCREASED PAH EXPOSURE IN AIR POLLUTION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
17  3934  31 LIVER TUMOR INDUCTION. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF NODULAR LIVER LESIONS IN RODENTS FOLLOWING THE ADMINISTRATION OF TEST AGENTS RAISES SEVERAL QUESTIONS WHICH COULD BE PLACED IN ONE OF TWO GENERAL CATEGORIES: DIAGNOSTIC AND INTERPRETATIONAL. FROM A DIAGNOSTIC POINT OF VIEW, THE PROPER CLASSIFICATION OF LIVER TUMORS INTO A BENIGN AND MALIGNANT CATEGORY HAS TO BE BASED ON THE DIRECT CORRELATION BETWEEN THE MORPHOLOGY AND THE BIOLOGIC BEHAVIOR OF THE LESIONS. THEREFORE, EXTREME CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN TO SEPARATE THE MALIGNANT TUMORS FROM THE BENIGN AND THE BENIGN NEOPLASIA FROM THE HYPERPLASIA. THE SUBSTITUTION OF THE TERM "NEOPLASTIC NODULE" FOR HYPERPLASTIC NODULE IN RATS IS MISLEADING. MOST OF THESE NODULES, WHEN INDUCED UNDER SPECIAL EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS, MAY REGRESS OR REMODEL AND THUS THEY ARE NOT NEOPLASTIC IN NATURE. CHRONIC CARCINOGENICITY BIOASSAYS SHOULD INCLUDE "STOP" TYPE OF TREATMENT LEAVING ENOUGH OF THE OBSERVATIONAL TIME TO ESTABLISH THE FATE OF INDUCED NODULAR LESIONS. THE INDUCTION OF HISTOCHEMICALLY CHANGED FOCI CAN SERVE ONLY AS AN INDICATION OF POTENTIAL HEPATOCARCINOGENICITY AND SHOULD NOT BE EQUATED WITH THE INDUCTION OF BONA FIDE CANCER. THE BIOLOGIC INTERPRETATION OF NODULAR LIVER LESIONS, ESPECIALLY IN MICE, NEEDS FURTHER SCRUTINY BECAUSE THESE LESIONS HAVE A TENDENCY TO DEVELOP SPONTANEOUSLY WITH HIGH INCIDENCE IN SOME STRAINS. THIS CHARACTERISTIC THEN RAISES THE QUESTION AS TO THE MECHANISM BY WHICH VARIOUS AGENTS AUGMENT AND/OR ACCELERATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUCH TUMORS. IS THIS ACTION PRIMARILY PROMOTING OR INITIATING IN NATURE OR DOES IT REPRESENT THE INDUCTION OF TUMORS DE NOVO? THE ANSWER TO THIS DILEMMA MAY HAVE A DECISIVE BEARING ON CARCINOGENIC RISK ASSESSMENT AND THE TYPE OF REGULATORY ACTION, SINCE THE PROMOTING AGENTS POSSESS A THRESHOLD EFFECT AND THE PROMOTED CHANGES MAY REGRESS FOLLOWING WITHDRAWAL OF TREATMENT. THE INTERPRETATION OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IS FURTHER COMPLICATED BY THE FACT THAT SEVERAL FACTORS, SUCH AS SEX HORMONAL ENVIRONMENT, INCREASED MITOTIC ACTIVITY FOLLOWING AN EXCESSIVE LOSS OF PARENCHYMAL CELLS, DEGREE OF CALORIC INTAKE, ENZYMATIC COMPLEMENT, AND ANIMALS' AGE AT THE TIME OF THE EXPOSURE TO A TEST AGENT, MAY INFLUENCE THE OUTCOME OF LIVER TUMOR DEVELOPMENT BY MODULATING "INITIATION" AND/OR "PROMOTION" OF CARCINOGENESIS. BROAD FLUCTUATION IN THE HISTORIC INCIDENCE OF LIVER TUMORS FURTHER COMPOUNDS THE COMPLEXITY OF THE PROPER BIOASSAY INTERPRETATION. THE SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED EXPERIMENTS MAY HAVE THE OBJECTIVE TO EXPLORE PREDOMINANTLY THE INITIATING OR PROMOTING EFFECTS OF THE AGENT. SUCH PROTOCOLS SHOULD BE USED WHENEVER NECESSARY TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THESE TWO MECHANISMS OF ACTION. IN THE CAUCASIANS, THE "SPONTANEOUS" DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRIMARY HEPATOCELLULAR TUMORS IS RARE. THE MAJORITY OF THESE TUMORS ARE MALIGNANT AND RAPIDLY FATAL. ACCORDING TO SOME HUMAN PATHOLOGISTS, THE BENIGN VARIETY OF LIVER TUMORS IS RARE AND IT DOES NOT REPRESENT NECESSARILY A PREMALIGNANT STAGE IN TUMOR DEVELOPMENT. CARCINOMA OF THE LIVER MAY OCCUR IN INFANCY, ESPECIALLY IN MALES BEFORE THE AGE OF 2 YEARS. THIS SUGGESTS A GENETIC CAUSATION OR CARCINOGENIC EXPOSURE IN UTERO. ONE OF THE GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS WHICH SIGNIFICANTLY ENHANCES THE INCIDENCE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN HUMANS IS EXPOSURE TO AFLATOXIN B(1) WHICH IS APPARENTLY POTENTIATED BY CONCURRENT LIVER CIRRHOSIS. BECAUSE MANY MORE AGENTS HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE HEPATOCARCINOGENIC IN MICE AND RATS THAN IN MEN, A QUESTION ARISES AS TO THE DIRECT RELEVANCE OF RODENT STUDIES TO HUMANS. A BALANCED ASSESSMENT OF THE CARCINOGENICITY OF THE AGENT COULD ONLY BE REACHED IN CONSIDERING BOTH THE PHARMACOKINETICS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF MALIGNANT NEOPLASIA IN OTHER ORGANS. IN THE CASE OF POSITIVE CARCINOGENICITY ASSESSMENT, THE OUTCOME OF THE MUTAGENICITY BIOASSAYS CAN SUGGEST GENIC (GENOTOXIC) OR PARAGENIC (EPIGENETIC) MODE OF ACTION IN MAMMALIAN SYSTEMS.	1982	

18  5743  31 SMOKING SUPPRESSES THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF ADIPOSE STEM CELLS IN CROHN'S DISEASE PATIENTS THROUGH EPIGENETIC CHANGES. PATIENTS WITH CROHN'S DISEASE (CD) WHO SMOKE ARE KNOWN TO HAVE A WORSE PROGNOSIS THAN NEVER-SMOKERS AND A HIGHER RISK FOR POST-SURGICAL RECURRENCE, WHEREAS PATIENTS WHO QUIT SMOKING AFTER SURGERY HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER POST-OPERATIVE RECURRENCE. THE HYPOTHESIS WAS THAT SMOKING INDUCES EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT IMPAIR THE CAPACITY OF ADIPOSE STEM CELLS (ASCS) TO SUPPRESS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. IT WAS ALSO QUESTIONED WHETHER THIS IMPAIRMENT REMAINS IN EX-SMOKERS WITH CD. ASCS WERE ISOLATED FROM NON-SMOKERS, SMOKERS AND EX-SMOKERS WITH CD AND THEIR INTERACTIONS WITH IMMUNE CELLS WERE STUDIED. THE ASCS FROM BOTH SMOKERS AND EX-SMOKERS PROMOTED MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION TO AN M1 PRO-INFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPE, WERE NOT ABLE TO INHIBIT T- AND B-CELL PROLIFERATION IN VITRO AND ENHANCED THE GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY MARKERS INCLUDING INTERLEUKIN-1B. GENOME-WIDE EPIGENETIC ANALYSIS USING TWO DIFFERENT BIOINFORMATIC APPROACHES REVEALED SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE METHYLATION PATTERNS OF GENES THAT ARE CRITICAL FOR WOUND HEALING, IMMUNE AND METABOLIC RESPONSE AND P53-MEDIATED DNA DAMAGE RESPONSE IN ASCS FROM SMOKERS AND EX-SMOKERS WITH CD. IN CONCLUSION, CIGARETTE SMOKING INDUCES A PRO-INFLAMMATORY EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE IN ASCS THAT LIKELY COMPROMISES THEIR THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
19  5744  29 SMOKING-INDUCED EXPRESSION OF THE GPR15 GENE INDICATES ITS POTENTIAL ROLE IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PATHOLOGIES. DESPITE THE DESCRIBED CLEAR EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF SMOKING, THE EFFECT OF SMOKING ON GENOME-WIDE GENE EXPRESSION IN THE BLOOD IS OBSCURE. WE THEREFORE STUDIED THE SMOKING-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE GENE-EXPRESSION PROFILE OF THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD. RNA WAS EXTRACTED FROM THE WHOLE BLOOD OF 48 INDIVIDUALS WITH A DETAILED SMOKING HISTORY (24 NEVER-SMOKERS, 16 SMOKERS, AND 8 EX-SMOKERS). GENE-EXPRESSION PROFILES WERE EVALUATED WITH RNA SEQUENCING, AND RESULTS WERE ANALYZED SEPARATELY IN 24 MEN AND 24 WOMEN. IN THE MALE SMOKERS, 13 GENES WERE STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANTLY (FALSE-DISCOVERY RATE <0.1) DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED; IN FEMALE SMOKERS, 5 GENES. ALTHOUGH MOST OF THE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES WERE DIFFERENT BETWEEN THE MALE AND FEMALE SMOKERS, THE G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR 15 GENE (GPR15) WAS DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN BOTH MALE AND FEMALE SMOKERS COMPARED WITH NEVER-SMOKERS. ANALYSIS OF GPR15 METHYLATION IDENTIFIED SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER HYPOMETHYLATION IN SMOKERS COMPARED WITH THAT IN NEVER-SMOKERS. GPR15 IS THE CHEMOATTRACTANT RECEPTOR THAT REGULATES T-CELL MIGRATION AND IMMUNITY. UP-REGULATION OF GPR15 COULD EXPLAIN TO SOME EXTENT THE HEALTH HAZARDS OF SMOKING WITH REGARD TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
20  2405  45 EPIGENETIC RESPONSE IN MICE MASTITIS: ROLE OF HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION AND MICRORNA(S) IN THE REGULATION OF HOST INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION DURING STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS INFECTION. BACKGROUND: THERE IS RENEWED INTEREST TOWARDS UNDERSTANDING THE HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTION IN THE LIGHT OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. ALTHOUGH EPITHELIAL TISSUE IS THE MAJOR SITE FOR HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS, THERE IS HANDFUL OF STUDIES TO SHOW HOW EPITHELIAL CELLS RESPOND TO PATHOGENS. BACTERIAL INFECTION IN THE MAMMARY GLAND PARENCHYMA INDUCES LOCAL AND SUBSEQUENTLY SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION THAT RESULTS IN A COMPLEX DISEASE CALLED MASTITIS. GLOBALLY STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IS THE SINGLE LARGEST MASTITIS PATHOGEN AND THE INFECTION CAN ULTIMATELY RESULT IN EITHER SUBCLINICAL OR CHRONIC AND SOMETIMES LIFELONG INFECTION. RESULTS: IN THE PRESENT REPORT WE HAVE ADDRESSED THE DIFFERENTIAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN MICE MAMMARY TISSUE DURING INTRAMAMMARY INFECTION AND THE ALTERED EPIGENETIC CONTEXT INDUCED BY TWO CLOSELY RELATED STRAINS OF S. AUREUS, ISOLATED FROM FIELD SAMPLES. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL AND IMMUNOBLOTTING ANALYSIS SHOWED STRAIN SPECIFIC HYPERACETYLATION AT HISTONE H3K9 AND H3K14 RESIDUES. GLOBAL GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS IN S. AUREUS INFECTED MICE MAMMARY TISSUE REVEALED A SELECTIVE SET OF UPREGULATED GENES THAT SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH THE PROMOTER SPECIFIC, HISTONE H3K14 ACETYLATION. FURTHERMORE, WE HAVE IDENTIFIED SEVERAL DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED KNOWN MIRNAS AND 3 NOVEL MIRNAS IN S. AUREUS INFECTED MICE MAMMARY TISSUE BY SMALL RNA SEQUENCING. BY EMPLOYING THESE GENE EXPRESSION DATA, AN ATTEMPT HAS BEEN MADE TO DELINEATE THE GENE REGULATORY NETWORKS IN THE STRAIN SPECIFIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE. APPARENTLY, ONE OF THE ISOLATES OF S. AUREUS ACTIVATED THE NF-KAPPAB SIGNALING LEADING TO DRASTIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE AND INDUCTION OF IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE, WHICH COULD POSSIBLY LEAD TO RAPID CLEARANCE OF THE PATHOGEN. THE OTHER STRAIN REPRESSED MOST OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, WHICH MIGHT HELP IN ITS SUSTENANCE IN THE HOST TISSUE. CONCLUSION: TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR STUDIES SHED SUBSTANTIAL LIGHTS TO UNDERSTAND THE MECHANISMS OF STRAIN SPECIFIC DIFFERENTIAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO S. AUREUS INFECTION DURING MASTITIS. IN A BROADER PERSPECTIVE THIS STUDY ALSO PAVES THE WAY TO UNDERSTAND HOW CERTAIN BACTERIA CAN EVADE THE IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE AND CAUSE SUSTAINED INFECTION WHILE OTHERS ARE RAPIDLY CLEARED FROM THE HOST BODY.	2014