1  5459 127 RESEARCH ON THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION MECHANISM OF THE PTPN6 GENE IN ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. PTPN6, A TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE PROTEIN, PLAYS A NEGATIVE ROLE IN CELL SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND IS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH TUMOUR FORMATION AND GROWTH. HOWEVER, EPIGENETIC REGULATION MECHANISM OF THE PTPN6 GENE IN ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML) REMAINS UNCLEAR. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED BONE MARROW OR BLOOD SAMPLES FROM 44 CML PATIENTS AND 10 HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS. KCL22 AND K562 CELLS WERE CULTURED AND TREATED WITH DEMETHYLATION DRUGS AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS. REAL TIME QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QPCR), METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR, BISULFITE SEQUENCING PCR, WESTERN BLOTTING, CO-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) WAS PERFORMED. PTPN6 WAS DOWN-REGULATED IN CELL LINES AND PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED PHASE CML, WHEREAS DNMT1, DNMT3A, MECP2, MBD2 AND HDAC1 WERE UP-REGULATED. TREATMENT WITH 5-AZACYTIDINE, DECITABINE, SODIUM VALPROATE AND LBH589 INCREASED PTPN6 EXPRESSION, BUT DECREASED THAT OF DNMT1, DNMT3A, MECP2, MBD2 AND HDAC1. IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND MASS SPECTROMETRY SHOWED THAT HDAC1 COMBINED DIRECTLY WITH PTPN6. CHIP-SEQ SHOWED THAT HDAC1 DID NOT COMBINE WITH THE PROMOTER REGION OF PTPN6, WHILE MAPK, AKT, STAT5, JAK2 AND MYC PROMOTER REGIONS ALL COMBINED WITH HDAC1. PTPN6 IS ASSOCIATED WITH PROGRESSION OF CML. LOW EXPRESSION LEVEL OF PTPN6 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DNA METHYLATION AND REGULATED BY HISTONE ACETYLATION. HDAC1 PARTICIPATES IN THE REGULATION OF PTPN6.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
2  1620  35 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE-MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING IN MALIGNANT GLIOMA: A COMBINED WHOLE-GENOME MICROARRAY AND PROMOTER ARRAY ANALYSIS. EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IS A COMMON FEATURE IN HUMAN CANCER. PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AND HISTONE DEACETYLATION ARE REVERSIBLE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT1 AND DNMT3B) REGULATE AND MAINTAIN PROMOTER METHYLATION AND ARE OVEREXPRESSED IN HUMAN CANCER. WE PERFORMED WHOLE-GENOME MICROARRAY ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY GENES WITH ALTERED EXPRESSION AFTER RNAI-INDUCED SUPPRESSION OF DNMT IN A GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME (GBM) CELL LINE. WE THEN IDENTIFIED GENES WITH BOTH DECREASED EXPRESSION AND EVIDENCE OF PROMOTER CPG ISLAND HYPERMETHYLATION IN GBM TISSUE SAMPLES USING A COMBINED WHOLE-GENOME MICROARRAY TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS IN CONJUNCTION WITH A PROMOTER ARRAY ANALYSIS AFTER DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION WITH ANTI-5-METHYLCYTIDINE. DNMT1 AND 3B KNOCKDOWN RESULTED IN THE RESTORED EXPRESSION OF 308 GENES THAT ALSO CONTAINED PROMOTER REGION HYPERMETHYLATION. OF THESE, 43 WERE ALSO FOUND TO BE DOWNREGULATED IN GBM TISSUE SAMPLES. THREE DOWNREGULATED GENES WITH HYPERMETHYLATED PROMOTERS AND RESTORED EXPRESSION IN RESPONSE TO ACUTE DNMT SUPPRESSION WERE ASSAYED FOR METHYLATION CHANGES USING BISULFITE SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF THE PROMOTER REGION AFTER CHRONIC DNMT SUPPRESSION. RESTORATION OF GENE EXPRESSION WAS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN PROMOTER REGION METHYLATION, BUT RATHER WITH CHANGES IN HISTONE METHYLATION AND CHROMATIN CONFORMATION. TWO OF THE IDENTIFIED GENES EXHIBITED GROWTH SUPPRESSIVE ACTIVITY IN IN VITRO ASSAYS. COMBINING TARGETED GENETIC MANIPULATIONS WITH COMPREHENSIVE GENOMIC AND EXPRESSION ANALYSES PROVIDES A POTENTIALLY POWERFUL NEW APPROACH FOR IDENTIFYING EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED GENES IN GBM.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
3  2326  61 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HOTAIR IN ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. PURPOSE: CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) ACCOUNTS FOR ~10% OF LEUKEMIA CASES, AND ITS PROGRESSION INVOLVES EPIGENETIC GENE REGULATION. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HOTAIR AND ITS TARGET MICRORNA, MIR-143, IN ADVANCED CML. PATIENTS AND METHODS: WE FIRST ISOLATED BONE MARROW MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM 70 PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT PHASES OF CML AND FROM HEALTHY DONORS AS NORMAL CONTROL; WE ALSO CULTURED K562 AND KCL22 CELLS, TREATED WITH DEMETHYLATION DRUG; MTT ASSAY, FLOW CYTOMETRY, QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QPCR), METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP), WESTERN BLOT, LUCIFERASE ASSAY, RNA PULL-DOWN ASSAY AND RNA-BINDING PROTEIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (RIP) ASSAY WERE PERFORMED. RESULT: AS MEASURED BY QPCR, HOTAIR EXPRESSION IN K562 CELLS, KCL22 CELLS, AND SAMPLES FROM CASES OF ADVANCED-STAGE CML INCREASED WITH LEVELS OF SEVERAL DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEACETYLATES, INCLUDING DNMT1, DNMT3A, HDAC1, EZH2, AND LSD1, AND MIR-143 LEVELS WERE DECREASED AND HOTAIR LEVELS WERE INCREASED. TREATMENT WITH 5-AZACYTIDINE, A DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR, DECREASED DNMT1, DNMT3A, HDAC1, EZH2, LSD1 MRNA, PROTEIN LEVELS, AND HOTAIR MRNA LEVELS BUT INCREASED MIR-143 LEVELS. HOTAIR KNOCKDOWN AND MIR-143 OVEREXPRESSION BOTH INHIBITED PROLIFERATION AND PROMOTED APOPTOSIS IN KCL22 AND K562 CELLS THROUGH THE PI3K/AKT PATHWAY. RNA PULL-DOWN, MASS SPECTROMETRY, AND RIP ASSAYS SHOWED THAT HOTAIR INTERACTED WITH EZH2 AND LSD1. A DUAL-LUCIFERASE ASSAY DEMONSTRATED THAT HOTAIR INTERACTED WITH MIR-143. CONCLUSION: OUR FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THE KEY EPIGENETIC INTERACTIONS OF HOTAIR RELATED TO CML PROGRESSION AND SUGGEST HOTAIR AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR ADVANCED CML. FURTHERMORE, OUR RESULTS SUPPORT THE USE OF DEMETHYLATION DRUGS AS A CML TREATMENT STRATEGY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
4  5976  22 TET1-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION IN DORSAL HORN NEURONS MEDIATES NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN RATS. TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION METHYLCYTOSINE DIOXYGENASE 1 (TET1) MEDIATES THE CONVERSION OF 5-METHYLCYTOSINE (5 MC) TO 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5 HMC), HENCE PROMOTING DNA DEMETHYLATION. ALTHOUGH RECENT STUDIES HAVE LINKED THE DNA DEMETHYLATION OF SPECIFIC GENES TO PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY, THE ROLE OF SPINAL TET1-DEPENDENT DNA DEMETHYLATION IN NOCICEPTION HYPERSENSITIVITY DEVELOPMENT REMAINS ELUSIVE. HERE, WE REPORT CORRELATED WITH BEHAVIORAL ALLODYNIA, SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL) UPREGULATED TET1 EXPRESSION IN DORSAL HORN NEURONS THAT HYDROXYLATE 5 MC TO 5 HMC AT CPG DINUCLEOTIDES IN THE BDNF PROMOTER TO PROMOTE SPINAL BDNF EXPRESSION AT DAY 7 AFTER OPERATION. FOCAL KNOCKDOWN OF SPINAL TET1 EXPRESSION DECREASED TET1 BINDING AND 5 HMC ENRICHMENT, FURTHER INCREASED 5 MC ENRICHMENT AT CPG SITES IN THE BDNF PROMOTER AND DECREASED SPINAL BDNF EXPRESSION ACCOMPANIED BY THE ALLEVIATION OF THE DEVELOPED ALLODYNIA. MOREOVER, AT DAY 7 AFTER OPERATION, SNL-ENHANCED TET1 EXPRESSION ALSO INHIBITED THE BINDING OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS, I.E., DNMT1, DNMT3A, AND DNMT3B) TO THE BDNF PROMOTER, A REQUIREMENT FOR TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING BY CATALYSING 5-CYTOSINE (5C) TO 5 MC. TOGETHER, THESE DATA SUGGEST AT CPG SITES OF THE BDNF PROMOTER, SNL-ENHANCED TET1 EXPRESSION PROMOTES DNA DEMETHYLATION BOTH BY CONVERTING 5 MC TO 5 HMC AND INHIBITING DNMT BINDING TO REGULATE SPINAL BDNF EXPRESSION, HENCE CONTRIBUTING TO BEHAVIORAL ALLODYNIA DEVELOPMENT.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
5  3531  35 IMATINIB CAUSES EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF PTEN GENE VIA UPREGULATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES AND POLYCOMB GROUP PROTEINS. WE HAVE RECENTLY REPORTED THE POSSIBLE IMATINIB-RESISTANT MECHANISM; LONG-TERM EXPOSURE OF LEUKEMIA CELLS TO IMATINIB DOWNREGULATED LEVELS OF PHOSPHATASE AND TENSIN HOMOLOG DELETED ON CHROMOSOME 10 (PTEN) VIA HYPERMETHYLATION OF ITS PROMOTER REGION (LEUKEMIA 2010; 24: 1631). THE PRESENT STUDY EXPLORED THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH IMATINIB CAUSED METHYLATION ON THE PROMOTER REGION OF THIS TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE IN LEUKEMIA CELLS. REAL-TIME REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION PCR FOUND THAT LONG-TERM EXPOSURE OF CHRONIC EOSINOPHILIC LEUKEMIA EOL-1 CELLS EXPRESSING FIP1L1/PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR-ALPHA TO IMATINIB INDUCED EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3A (DNMT3A) AND HISTONE-METHYLTRANSFERASE ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2 (EZH2), A FAMILY OF POLYCOMB GROUP, THEREBY INCREASING METHYLATION OF THE GENE. IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY FOUND THE INCREASED COMPLEX FORMATION OF DNMT3A AND EZH2 PROTEINS IN THESE CELLS. MOREOVER, CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY SHOWED THAT AMOUNTS OF BOTH DNMT3A AND EZH2 PROTEINS BOUND AROUND THE PROMOTER REGION OF PTEN GENE WERE INCREASED IN EOL-1 CELLS AFTER EXPOSURE TO IMATINIB. FURTHERMORE, WE FOUND THAT LEVELS OF DNMT3A AND EZH2 WERE STRIKINGLY INCREASED IN LEUKEMIA CELLS ISOLATED FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (N=1) AND PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME-POSITIVE ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (N=2), WHO RELAPSED AFTER TREATMENT WITH IMATINIB COMPARED WITH THOSE ISOLATED AT THEIR INITIAL PRESENTATION. TAKEN TOGETHER, IMATINIB COULD CAUSE DRUG-RESISTANCE VIA RECRUITMENT OF POLYCOMB GENE COMPLEX TO THE PROMOTER REGION OF THE PTEN AND DOWNREGULATION OF THIS GENE'S TRANSCRIPTS IN LEUKEMIA PATIENTS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
6   479  46 ARSENIC TRIOXIDE INHIBITS DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE AND RESTORES TMS1 GENE EXPRESSION IN K562 CELLS. BACKGROUND: GENE SILENCING ASSOCIATED WITH ABERRANT METHYLATION OF PROMOTER REGION CPG ISLANDS IS AN ACQUIRED EPIGENETIC ALTERATION THAT SERVES AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO GENETIC DEFECTS IN THE INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IN HUMAN CANCERS. THE DEMETHYLATING, DOSE-DEPENDENT EFFECT OF ARSENIC TRIOXIDE (AS2O3) ON SEVERAL TUMOR-RELATED GENES HAS ALREADY BEEN POSTULATED. HOWEVER, WHETHER SUCH A DEMETHYLATING EFFECT ALSO APPLIES TO THE TMS1 GENE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA CELL LINE K562 CELLS HAS NOT BEEN STUDIED SO FAR. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO DETECT THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE TMS1 GENE IN K562 CELLS AND THE DEMETHYLATION EFFECT OF AS2O3 ON TMS1 AS WELL AS TMS1 APOPTOSIS-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN BCL-2/BAX AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) EXPRESSION. METHODS: TMS1 MRNA EXPRESSION IN K562 CELLS AND NORMAL BONE MARROW WAS DETERMINED BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION (RT) POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR), AND THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS OF THE TMS1 PROMOTER IN K562 CELLS TREATED WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF AS2O3 FOR 48 H WAS DETERMINED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR. RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOT WERE USED TO DETECT TMS1 AND DNMT EXPRESSION. WE ALSO ASSESSED TMS1-ASSOCIATED APOPTOSIS PROTEIN BCL-2/BAX EXPRESSION BY WESTERN BLOT AND APOPTOSIS RATES BY FLOW CYTOMETRY USING ANNEXIN V/PROPIDIUM IODIDE DOUBLE STAINING. RESULTS: IN K562 CELLS, TMS1 WAS COMPLETELY METHYLATED AND BOTH TMS1 MRNA AND PROTEIN SHOWED A LOW EXPRESSION, BUT 2 MUMOL/L AS2O3 COULD SIGNIFICANTLY RESTORE THE EXPRESSION OF THE TMS1 GENE BOTH AT MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVEL (P < 0.01) BY FULLY REVERSING DNA METHYLATION. AS2O3 DECREASED MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF DNMT1 (P < 0.05) IN A DOSE-DEPENDENT MANNER. FLOW CYTOMETRY SHOWED THAT IN THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP (2 MUMOL/L AS2O3), CELL APOPTOSIS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL GROUP (NO AS2O3; P < 0.05). IN THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP, WESTERN BLOT SHOWED THAT THE EXPRESSION OF THE ANTI-APOPTOTIC PROTEIN BCL-2 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED; HOWEVER, THE PROAPOPTOTIC PROTEIN BAX WAS MARKEDLY INCREASED AND THE BCL-2/BAX RATIO WAS MARKEDLY REDUCED (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: AS2O3 COULD RESTORE THE EXPRESSION OF TMS1 BY INHIBITING DNMT TO REVERSE THE HYPERMETHYLATION AND INDUCED APOPTOSIS OF K562 CELLS BY DOWNREGULATION OF BCL-2/BAX EXPRESSION.	2015	
      
7  3459  32 HYPOMETHYLATION OF NERVE GROWTH FACTOR (NGF) PROMOTES BINDING OF C/EBPALPHA AND CONTRIBUTES TO INFLAMMATORY HYPERALGESIA IN RATS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC PAIN USUALLY ACCOMPANIED BY TISSUE DAMAGE AND INFLAMMATION. HOWEVER, THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC PAIN REMAINS UNCLEAR. METHODS: WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF NERVE GROWTH FACTOR (NGF) IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PAIN INDUCED BY COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA), EXPLORED THE METHYLATION STATUS OF CPG ISLANDS IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF THE NGF GENE, AND CLARIFIED THE FUNCTION AND MECHANISM OF C/EBPALPHA-NGF SIGNALING PATHWAY FROM EPIGENETIC PERSPECTIVE IN THE CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PAIN MODEL. RESULTS: CFA INDUCED SIGNIFICANT HYPERALGESIA AND CONTINUOUS UPREGULATION OF NGF MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS IN THE L4-6 DORSAL ROOT GANGLIONS (DRGS) IN RATS. HYPOMETHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS OCCURRED IN THE NGF GENE PROMOTER REGION AFTER CFA TREATMENT. AT THE SAME TIME, THE MIR-29B EXPRESSION LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED, WHILE THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3B (DNMT3B) LEVEL REDUCED SIGNIFICANTLY. MOREOVER, CFA TREATMENT PROMOTED BINDING OF C/EBPALPHA TO THE NGF GENE PROMOTER REGION AND C/EBPALPHA SIRNA TREATMENT OBVIOUSLY DECREASED EXPRESSION OF NGF LEVELS AND ALSO ALLEVIATE INFLAMMATORY HYPERALGESIA SIGNIFICANTLY IN RATS. CONCLUSION: COLLECTIVELY, THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT CFA LEADS TO THE UPREGULATION OF MIR-29B LEVEL, WHICH REPRESSES THE EXPRESSION OF DNMT3B, ENHANCES THE DEMETHYLATION OF THE NGF GENE PROMOTER REGION, AND PROMOTES THE BINDING OF C/EBPALPHA WITH THE NGF GENE PROMOTER, THUS RESULTS IN THE UPREGULATION OF NGF GENE EXPRESSION AND MAINTENANCE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PAIN.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
8  1613  41 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 MEDIATED ABERRANT METHYLATION AND SILENCING OF SHP-1 GENE IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA CELLS. INTRODUCTION: EXTENSIVE STUDIES ON SHP-1 PROTEIN AND SHP-1 MRNA REVEALED THAT THE DIMINISHMENT OR ABOLISHMENT OF THE EXPRESSION OF SHP-1 IN LEUKEMIAS/LYMPHOMAS WAS DUE TO ABERRANT PROMOTER METHYLATION. THUS FAR, THE MECHANISM OF EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF THE SHP-1 TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE GENE THAT OCCURS IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA CELLS REMAINS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. METHODS: THE EXPRESSIONS OF THE TARGET MOLECULES WERE DETERMINED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL TIME PCR AND WESTERN BLOT, RESPECTIVELY. BISULFITE SEQUENCING PCR WAS USED TO DETECT METHYLATION STATUS OF DNA CPG. THE LENTIVIRAL VECTORS WERE APPLIED TO MODIFY GENE EXPRESSION. RESULTS: IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE FOUND THAT THE PROMOTER 2 OF SHP-1 GENE IS LOCATED BETWEEN POSITIONS FROM -577BP TO +300BP, AND 22 CPG SITES CONTAINED IN POSITIONS -353BP APPROXIMATELY +182BP ARE ABERRANTLY METHYLATED IN K562 CELLS. IN VITRO, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT DNMT1 SILENCING INDUCED DEMETHYLATION OF THE 22 CPG SITES LOCATED IN THE SHP-1 PROMOTER AND RE-EXPRESSION OF SHP-1 GENE IN K562 CELLS. MOREOVER, WE PROVED THAT THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF DNMT1 AND SHP-1 MRNA AND PROTEIN WERE NEGATIVELY CORRELATED IN K562 CELLS AND BM ASPIRATES MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM CML PATIENTS. CONCLUSION: COLLECTIVELY, THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT DNMT1 MEDIATES ABERRANT METHYLATION AND SILENCING OF SHP-1 GENE IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA CELLS, AND PROVIDE A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR CML.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
9  6660  36 UPREGULATION OF CXCR4 THROUGH PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION CONTRIBUTES TO INFLAMMATORY HYPERALGESIA IN RATS. AIM AND METHODS: CHRONIC PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATION IS A COMMON CLINICAL PROBLEM, AND THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS YET ARE INCOMPLETELY DEFINED. DNA METHYLATION HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC PAIN. HOWEVER, THE SPECIFIC GENES REGULATED BY DNA METHYLATION UNDER INFLAMMATORY PAIN CONDITION REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED HOW CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR4 EXPRESSION IS REGULATED BY DNA METHYLATION AND HOW IT CONTRIBUTES TO INFLAMMATORY PAIN INDUCED BY COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA) IN RATS. RESULTS: INTRAPLANTAR INJECTION OF CFA COULD NOT ONLY INDUCE SIGNIFICANT HYPERALGESIA IN RATS, BUT ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASE THE EXPRESSION OF CXCR4 MRNA AND PROTEIN IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG). INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF CXCR4 ANTAGONIST AMD3100 SIGNIFICANTLY RELIEVED HYPERALGESIA IN INFLAMMATORY RATS IN A TIME- AND DOSE-DEPENDENT MANNER. BISULFITE SEQUENCING AND METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR DEMONSTRATE THAT CFA INJECTION LED TO A SIGNIFICANT DEMETHYLATION OF CPG ISLAND AT CXCR4 GENE PROMOTER. CONSISTENTLY, THE EXPRESSION OF DNMT3B WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DOWNREGULATED AFTER CFA INJECTION. ONLINE SOFTWARE PREDICTION REVEALS THREE BINDING SITES OF P65 IN THE CPG ISLAND OF CXCR4 GENE PROMOTER, WHICH HAS CONFIRMED BY THE CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY, CFA TREATMENT SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASES THE RECRUITMENT OF P65 TO CXCR4 GENE PROMOTER. INHIBITION OF NF-KB SIGNALING USING P65 INHIBITOR PYRROLIDINE DITHIOCARBAMATE SIGNIFICANTLY PREVENTED THE INCREASES OF THE CXCR4 EXPRESSION. CONCLUSION: UPREGULATION OF CXCR4 EXPRESSION DUE TO PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION FOLLOWED BY INCREASED RECRUITMENT OF P65 TO PROMOTER OF CXCR4 GENE CONTRIBUTES TO INFLAMMATORY HYPERALGESIA. THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE A THEORETICAL BASIS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN FROM AN EPIGENETIC PERSPECTIVE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
10  5458  59 RESEARCH ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF SFRP2 IN ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEIN 2 (SFRP2) HAS BEEN REPORTED TO ACT AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSORS. THIS STUDY AIMS TO DETECT THE BIOLOGICAL ROLE OF SFRP2 IN ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). IN THIS STUDY WE EXAMINED BONE MARROW SAMPLES FROM 45 CML PATIENTS AND 10 HEALTHY DONORS. K562 AND KCL22 CELLS WERE CULTURED AND TREATED WITH DEMETHYLATION DRUG AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR (HDACI). KCL22 AND K562 CELLS WERE TRANSFECTED WITH LENTIVIRAL VECTOR (LV)-SFRP2, LV-CONTROL. THE CELLS WERE THEN SUBJECTED TO PROLIFERATION AND APOPTOSIS ASSAYS, REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR), METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR (MSP), WESTERN BLOTTING, CO-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (COIP) AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP), WE FOUND THAT SFRP2 WAS DOWN-REGULATED IN THE ACCELERATED AND BLAST PHASE OF CML, WHEREAS, THE LEVELS OF WNT1, WNT3 AND WNT5A WERE UP-REGULATED IN THE ACCELERATED AND BLAST PHASE OF CML. OVEREXPRESSION SFRP2 INHIBITED PROLIFERATION, PROMOTED APOPTOSIS AND ACTIVATED THE WNT PATHWAY. COIP-MS RESULTS SHOWED THAT SFRP2 INTERACTED WITH WNT1 AND WNT5A. CHIP-SEQ RESULT INDICATED THAT THE PROMOTER OF H3K4ME3 AND H3K27ME3 WERE ABLE TO INTERACT WITH SFRP2. IN CONCLUSION, OUR FINDINGS DEMONSTRATED THE SFRP2 ACT AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR ADVANCED CML. FURTHERMORE, OUR RESULTS SUPPORT THE USE OF DEMETHYLATION DRUGS AND HDACI AS A POTENTIAL CML TREATMENT STRATEGY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
11  6069  39 THE DIOXIN RECEPTOR IS SILENCED BY PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION IN HUMAN ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA THROUGH INHIBITION OF SP1 BINDING. THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ARYL HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR (AHR) HAS RELEVANT FUNCTIONS IN CELL PROLIFERATION. INTERESTINGLY, THE AHR CAN EITHER PROMOTE OR INHIBIT PROLIFERATION DEPENDING ON THE CELL PHENOTYPE. ALTHOUGH RECENT DATA REVEAL POTENTIAL PATHWAYS FOR AHR SIGNALING IN CELL PROLIFERATION, THE MECHANISMS THAT REGULATE ITS ACTIVITY IN TUMOR CELLS REMAIN UNKNOWN. HERE, WE HAVE ANALYZED PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AS A POTENTIAL MECHANISM CONTROLLING AHR EXPRESSION IN HUMAN TUMOR CELLS. AHR PROMOTER CPG METHYLATION WAS SPORADIC IN A PANEL OF 19 TUMOR CELL LINES EXCEPT FOR THE CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) K562 AND THE ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL) REH. WHEN COMPARED WITH NORMAL LYMPHOCYTES, REH HAD VERY LOW CONSTITUTIVE AHR EXPRESSION THAT COULD BE ATTRIBUTED TO PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION SINCE TREATMENT WITH THE DNA DEMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCITIDINE (AZA) SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED AHR MRNA AND PROTEIN. THESE RESULTS IN LEUKEMIA-DERIVED CELL LINES WERE FURTHER CONFIRMED IN PRIMARY ALL, WHERE 33% OF THE PATIENTS (7/21) HAD AHR PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) SHOWED THAT METHYLATION IMPAIRED BINDING OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SP1 TO THE AHR PROMOTER, THUS PROVIDING A MECHANISM FOR AHR DOWNREGULATION IN REH CELLS. THEREFORE, PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION REPRESENTS A NOVEL EPIGENETIC MECHANISM DOWNREGULATING AHR ACTIVITY IN HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES SUCH AS ALL.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12  1733  39 E-CADHERIN GENE RE-EXPRESSION IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CELLS BY HDAC INHIBITORS. BACKGROUND: THE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE E-CADHERIN GENE IS FREQUENTLY SILENCED IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) CELLS AND RESULTS IN WNT-PATHWAY ACTIVATION. WE ANALYZED THE ROLE OF HISTONE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN E-CADHERIN GENE SILENCING. METHODS: CLL SPECIMENS WERE TREATED WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR (HDACI) MS-275 AND ANALYZED FOR E-CADHERIN EXPRESSION WITH WESTERN BLOT AND RT-PCR ANALYSIS. THE DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS OF HDACI TREATED LEUKEMIC CELLS WERE STUDIED BY ANALYZING THE EFFECT ON WNT-PATHWAY SIGNALING. HDACI INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN E-CADHERIN SPLICING WERE INVESTIGATED BY TRANSCRIPT SPECIFIC REAL TIME PCR ANALYSIS. RESULTS: TREATMENT OF CLL SPECIMENS WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACI) TREATMENT RESULTED IN AN INCREASE OF THE E-CADHERIN RNA TRANSCRIPT (5 TO 119 FOLD INCREASE, N=10) IN EIGHT OUT OF TEN CLL SPECIMENS INDICATING THAT THIS GENE IS DOWN REGULATED BY HISTONE HYPOACETYLATION IN A MAJORITY OF CLL SPECIMENS. THE E-CADHERIN RE-EXPRESSION IN CLL SPECIMENS WAS NOTED BY WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS AS WELL. BESIDES EPIGENETIC SILENCING ANOTHER MECHANISM OF E-CADHERIN INACTIVATION IS ABERRANT EXON 11 SPLICING RESULTING IN AN ALTERNATIVELY SPLICED TRANSCRIPT THAT LACKS EXON 11 AND IS DEGRADED BY THE NON-SENSE MEDIATED DECAY (NMD) PATHWAY. OUR CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION EXPERIMENTS SHOW THAT HDACI INCREASED THE ACETYLATION OF HISTONES H3 AND H4 IN THE E-CADHERIN PROMOTER REGION. THIS ALSO AFFECTED THE E-CADHERIN EXON 11 SPLICING PATTERN AS HDACI TREATED CLL SPECIMENS PREFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED THE CORRECTLY SPLICED TRANSCRIPT AND NOT THE EXON 11 SKIPPED ABERRANT TRANSCRIPT. THE RE-EXPRESSED E- CADHERIN BINDS TO BETA-CATENIN WITH INHIBITION OF THE ACTIVE WNT-BETA-CATENIN PATHWAY IN THESE CELLS. THIS RESULTED IN A DOWN REGULATION OF TWO WNT TARGET GENES, LEF AND CYCLIND1 AND THE WNT PATHWAY REPORTER. CONCLUSION: THE E-CADHERIN GENE IS EPIGENETICALLY MODIFIED AND HYPOACETYLATED IN CLL LEUKEMIC CELLS. TREATMENT OF CLL SPECIMENS WITH HDACI MS-275 ACTIVATES TRANSCRIPTION FROM THIS SILENT GENE WITH EXPRESSION OF MORE CORRECTLY SPLICED E-CADHERIN TRANSCRIPTS AS COMPARED TO THE ABERRANT EXON11 SKIPPED TRANSCRIPTS THAT IN TURN INHIBITS THE WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY. THE DATA HIGHLIGHTS THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN ALTERING GENE SPLICING PATTERNS.	2013	

13  1631  38 DNMT3A METHYLATION IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BACKGROUND: MU OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR) PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN MEDIATING ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF OPIOIDS AND IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE PATHOLOGIES OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE REPORTED THAT PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY DOWNREGULATES MOR EXPRESSION, BUT THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REMAIN UNKNOWN. OBJECTIVE: THEREFORE, WE INVESTIGATED DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE3A (DNMT3A) EXPRESSION OR METHYLATION CHANGES WITHIN MOR PROMOTER IN THE SPINAL CORD IN A NEUROPATHIC PAIN INDUCED BY A CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) MOUSE MODEL AND FURTHER DETERMINED WHETHER THESE INJURY-ASSOCIATED CHANGES ARE REVERSIBLE BY PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS. METHODS: A CCI MOUSE MODEL WAS ESTABLISHED AND TISSUE SPECIMENS OF LUMBAR SPINAL CORDS WERE COLLECTED. THE NOCICEPTION THRESHOLD WAS EVALUATED BY A MODEL HEATED 400 BASE. DNMT3A AND MOR MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVEL WERE DETECTED BY REAL-TIME-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND WESTERN BLOT, RESPECTIVELY. METHYLATION OF DNMT3A GENE WAS MEASURED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR. RESULTS: OUR DATA SHOWED THAT CHRONIC NERVE INJURY LED TO A SIGNIFICANT UPREGULATION OF DNMT3A EXPRESSION THAT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED METHYLATION OF MOR GENE PROMOTER AND DECREASED MOR PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN THE SPINAL CORD. INHIBITION OF DNMT3A CATALYTIC ACTIVITY WITH DNMT INHIBITOR RG108 SIGNIFICANTLY BLOCKED THE INCREASE IN METHYLATION OF THE MOR PROMOTER, AND THEN UPREGULATED MOR EXPRESSION AND ATTENUATED THERMAL HYPERALGESIA IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN MICE. CONCLUSION: THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES THAT AN INCREASE OF DNMT3A EXPRESSION AND MOR METHYLATION EPIGENETICALLY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. TARGETING DNMT3A TO THE PROMOTER OF MOR GENE BY DNMT INHIBITOR MAY BE A PROMISING APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW NEUROPATHIC PAIN THERAPY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
14  2300  27 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION IN THE PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY: IMPLICATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) IS KNOWN TO BE UP-REGULATED IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY, AND TO CONTRIBUTE TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN. HERE, WE FOUND THAT THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AT DAY 7 POST-INJURY WERE INHIBITED ONLY WHEN ANTI-BDNF ANTIBODY WAS INTRATHECALLY ADMINISTRATED AT DAY 2 POST-INJURY. CONSISTENT WITH BEHAVIORAL RESULTS, WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF BDNF PROTEIN IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN WERE MARKEDLY INDUCED DURING EARLY STAGE POST-INJURY. MOREOVER, THE MAXIMAL INCREASE IN BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION IN THE DRG WAS OBSERVED AT DAY 1 POST-INJURY, AND SIGNIFICANTLY ELEVATED LEVELS WERE SUSTAINED FOR AT LEAST 14 DAYS. FOUR OF FIVE BDNF MRNA TRANSCRIPTS WERE UP-REGULATED AFTER NERVE INJURY, AND THE MOST INDUCIBLE TRANSCRIPT WAS EXON I. USING A CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAY, WE FOUND THAT NERVE INJURY PROMOTES HISTONE H3 AND H4 ACETYLATION, TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE MODIFICATIONS, AT BDNF PROMOTER I AT DAY 1 POST-INJURY, AND THE LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION REMAIN ELEVATED FOR AT LEAST 7 DAYS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT AN INITIAL INCREASE IN BDNF EXON I EXPRESSION CONTROLLED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MIGHT HAVE A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
15  1831  34 EFFECTS OF MATERNAL SEPARATION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG ON EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR EXON I PROMOTER IN THE ADULT RAT HIPPOCAMPUS. AIM: EARLY LIFE STRESS CAN INDUCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THROUGH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS AND IS A RISK FACTOR FOR DEPRESSION. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG ACTION. WE INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE BDNF EXON I PROMOTER IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF ADULT RATS SUBJECTED TO MATERNAL SEPARATION (MS) DURING EARLY LIFE AND TREATED WITH AN ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG AS ADULTS. METHODS: RAT PUPS WERE SUBJECTED TO MS FROM POSTNATAL DAY 1 TO 21 AND RECEIVED CHRONIC ESCITALOPRAM (ESC) AS ADULTS. WE ASSESSED THE EFFECTS OF MS AND ESC ON BDNF EXON I AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT) MRNA LEVELS (QUANTITATIVE REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION), ACETYLATED HISTONE H3, AND MECP2 BINDING TO THE BDNF PROMOTER I (CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION FOLLOWED BY REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION), AND BDNF PROTEIN LEVELS (ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY). RESULTS: THE LEVELS OF BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION, AND DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA WERE ALTERED IN THE MS GROUP COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL GROUP. SIGNIFICANT DECREASES WERE OBSERVED IN THE BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, AND HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS AND THERE WERE SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA LEVELS. THE COMPARISON BETWEEN THE MS + ESC AND MS GROUPS REVEALED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, AND HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS AND SIGNIFICANT DECREASES IN MECP2 AND DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA LEVELS. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT MS INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE BDNF EXON I PROMOTER AND THESE CHANGES WERE PREVENTED BY ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG TREATMENT DURING ADULTHOOD.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
16  1320  30 DEMETHYLATION REGULATION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION NEURONS IS IMPLICATED IN OPIOID-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN RATS. REPEATED ADMINISTRATION OF MORPHINE MAY RESULT IN OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERSENSITIVITY (OIH), WHICH INVOLVES ALTERED EXPRESSION OF NUMEROUS GENES, INCLUDING BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) NEURONS. YET, IT REMAINS UNCLEAR HOW BDNF EXPRESSION IS INCREASED IN DRG NEURONS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE TREATMENT. DNA METHYLATION IS AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM OF EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT THE DEMETHYLATION REGULATION OF CERTAIN BDNF GENE PROMOTERS IN DRG NEURONS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF OIH. REAL-TIME RT-PCR WAS USED TO ASSESS CHANGES IN THE MRNA TRANSCRIPTION LEVELS OF MAJOR BDNF EXONS INCLUDING EXON I, II, IV, VI, AS WELL AS TOTAL BDNF MRNA IN DRGS FROM RATS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION. THE LEVELS OF EXON IV AND TOTAL BDNF MRNA WERE SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED BY REPEATED MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION, AS COMPARED TO THAT IN SALINE CONTROL GROUP. FURTHER, ELISA ARRAY AND IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY STUDY REVEALED A ROBUST UPREGULATION OF BDNF PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE EXPOSURE. CORRESPONDINGLY, THE METHYLATION LEVELS OF BDNF EXON IV PROMOTER SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT DOWNREGULATION BY MORPHINE TREATMENT. IMPORTANTLY, INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF A BDNF ANTIBODY, BUT NOT CONTROL IGG, SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY THAT DEVELOPED IN RATS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE TREATMENT. CONVERSELY, INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF AN INHIBITOR OF DNA METHYLATION, 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZA-DC) MARKEDLY UPREGULATED THE BDNF PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS AND ENHANCED THE MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE EXPOSURE. TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT DEMETHYLATION REGULATION OF BDNF GENE PROMOTER MAY BE IMPLICATED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OIH THROUGH EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF BDNF EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
17  1632  32 DNMTS ARE INVOLVED IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITIONS IN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS. CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS (CRS) PATHOGENESIS IS CLOSELY RELATED TO TISSUE REMODELING, INCLUDING EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT). EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY KEY ROLES IN EMT. DNA METHYLATION, MEDIATED BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS), IS AN EPIGENETIC MARKER THAT IS CRITICAL TO EMT. THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER DNMTS WERE INVOLVED IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EMT AND ELUCIDATE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS IN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT ACTIVITY WERE QUANTIFIED. DNMT EXPRESSION WAS MEASURED USING REAL-TIME PCR (QRT-PCR) IN HUMAN CRS TISSUES. MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS OF DNMTS, E-CADHERIN, VIMENTIN, ALPHA-SMA, AND FIBRONECTIN WERE DETERMINED USING RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOTTING, RESPECTIVELY. DNMT1, DNMT3A, AND DNMT3B GENE EXPRESSION WERE KNOCKED DOWN USING SIRNA TRANSFECTION. MAPK PHOSPHORYLATION AND EMT-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR LEVELS WERE DETERMINED USING WESTERN BLOTTING. SIGNALING PATHWAYS WERE ANALYZED USING SPECIFIC INHIBITORS OF MAPK. WE DEMONSTRATED THESE DATA IN PRIMARY NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION, DNMT ACTIVITY, AND DNMT EXPRESSION INCREASED IN CRS TISSUES. DNMT EXPRESSION WAS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH LUND-MCKAY CT SCORES. TGF-BETA1 DOSE-DEPENDENTLY INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION. FURTHER, 5-AZA INHIBITED TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT, SNAIL, AND SLUG EXPRESSION RELATED TO EMT, AS WELL AS P38 AND JNK PHOSPHORYLATION IN A549 CELLS AND TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION AND EMT IN PRIMARY NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION LEADS TO DNA METHYLATION AND EMT VIA P38, JNK, SNAIL, AND SLUG SIGNALING PATHWAYS. INHIBITION OF DNMT SUPPRESSED THE EMT PROCESS AND THEREFORE IS POTENTIALLY A CRS THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
18  6402  28 THE ROLES OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF PROAPOPTOTIC BID AND BIM GENES IN IMATINIB-RESISTANT CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA CELLS. IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML), EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS SUCH AS PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AND INACTIVE HISTONE MODIFICATION ARE KNOWN MECHANISMS OF DRUG RESISTANCE. IN OUR STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLES OF PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION OF BIM AND BID GENES AND H3K27ME3 HISTONE MODIFICATION ON IMATINIB RESISTANCE. WE DETECTED HIGHER EXPRESSION LEVELS OF BIM AND BID GENES AND LOWER EXPRESSION LEVELS OF EZH2, EED2, SIRT1, AND SUZ12 GENES IN IMATINIB-RESISTANT K562/IMA-3 CELLS COMPARED TO IMATINIB-NON-RESISTANT K562 CELLS. WHILE WE DETERMINED THE EZH2 AND DNMT ENZYMES AS BOUNDED TO THE PROMOTER OF THE BIM GENE, WE DID NOT DETECT HYPERMETHYLATION OF THIS PROMOTER. WE ALSO FOUND THE H3K27ME3 HISTONE MODIFICATION PROMOTER OF BIM AND BID GENES IN BOTH CELL LINES. IN CONCLUSION, OUR RESULTS SUPPORT THE NOTION THAT DNA PROMOTER METHYLATION MAY BE FORMED INDEPENDENTLY FROM EZH2-H3K27ME3 AND PRO-APOPTOTIC BIM AND BID GENES ARE NOT METHYLLATED IN THE IMATINIB RESISTANCE OF CML CELLS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
19  3448  34 HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE N-MYC DOWNSTREAM-REGULATED GENE 2 PROMOTER IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS IS ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER FIBROSIS IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. DNA METHYLATION IS A FUNDAMENTAL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION TO REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION. N-MYC DOWNSTREAM-REGULATED GENE (NDRG) 2 IS A CYTOPLASMIC PROTEIN AND PARTICIPATES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF LIVER FIBROSIS. IN THIS STUDY, THE MRNA EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION STATUS OF NDRG2 WAS EVALUATED IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB). THE STUDY INCLUDED 143 CHB PATIENTS AND 65 NORMAL CONTROLS (NC). THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF NDRG2 IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) WAS DETECTED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE NDRG2 PROMOTER IN PBMCS WAS DETECTED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. THE NDRG2 MRNA LEVEL WAS LOWER IN THE CHB GROUP THAN IN THE NC GROUP (P < 0.001). METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF THE NDRG2 PROMOTER WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN CHB PATIENTS THAN IN THE NC GROUP (52.44% VS. 26.15%, P < 0.001). IMPORTANTLY, THE RELATIVE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF NDRG2 MRNA WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER IN THE METHYLATED GROUP THAN IN THE UNMETHYLATED GROUP IN BOTH CHB PATIENTS AND NC (P < 0.001). FURTHERMORE, A LOWER MRNA LEVEL AND HYPERMETHYLATION OF NDRG2 WERE ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER FIBROSIS AND INFLAMMATION GRADE IN CHB. THE ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE-TO-PLATELET RATIO INDEX (APRI) SCORE IS WIDELY USED TO PREDICT LIVER FIBROSIS. THE MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS AND METHYLATION STATUS OF NDRG2 SHOWED A BETTER SCORE COMPARED TO APRI FOR DISCRIMINATING THE SEVERITY OF LIVER FIBROSIS. IN CONCLUSION, HYPERMETHYLATION OF NDRG2 IN PBMCS WAS CORRELATED WITH DECREASED MRNA EXPRESSION AND WITH LIVER FIBROSIS. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE NDRG2 PROMOTER IN PBMCS IS A POTENTIAL NONINVASIVE BIOMARKER TO PREDICT THE SEVERITY OF LIVER FIBROSIS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
20  5116  24 POSITIVE REGULATION OF HUMAN TELOMERASE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE GENE EXPRESSION AND TELOMERASE ACTIVITY BY DNA METHYLATION IN PANCREATIC CANCER. AIM: WE SOUGHT TO DETERMINE THE ROLE OF TELOMERASE AND ITS CATALYTIC SUBUNIT HTERT IN PANCREATIC CANCER AND EVALUATE THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HTERT BY PROMOTER METHYLATION. METHODS: THIRTY PAIRED SAMPLES OF PANCREATIC DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMAS AND ADJACENT NORMAL TISSUE AND 12 CHRONIC PANCREATITIS SAMPLES WERE STUDIED. REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, TELOMERIC REPEAT AMPLIFICATION PROTOCOL ASSAY, AND METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION WERE PERFORMED TO ANALYZE HTERT EXPRESSION, TELOMERASE ACTIVITY, AND METHYLATION STATUS OF GENE PROMOTERS, RESPECTIVELY. RESULT: HTERT AND TELOMERASE ACTIVITY WERE UPREGULATED IN PANCREATIC CANCER COMPARED WITH PAIRED NORMAL TISSUES AND SAMPLES OF PANCREATITIS. HTERT EXPRESSION CORRELATED WITH TELOMERASE ACTIVITY (P \ .05) AND IN TURN CORRELATED POSITIVELY WITH HTERT PROMOTER METHYLATION (P \ .001) AND P16 PROMOTER METHYLATION. HTERT TRANSCRIPT EXPRESSION AND TELOMERASE ACTIVITY BOTH CONFERRED A WORSE OUTCOME BY UNIVARIATE AND MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS (P \ .05). CONCLUSION: HTERT EXPRESSION AND TELOMERASE ACTIVITY ARE PREDICTORS OF POOR OUTCOME IN PANCREATIC CANCER. HTERT GENE EXPRESSION IS POSITIVELY REGULATED BY PROMOTER METHYLATION.	2009