1  3393 177 HOST DETERMINANTS OF PRION STRAIN DIVERSITY INDEPENDENT OF PRION PROTEIN GENOTYPE. PHENOTYPIC DIVERSITY IN PRION DISEASES CAN BE SPECIFIED BY PRION STRAINS IN WHICH BIOLOGICAL TRAITS ARE PROPAGATED THROUGH AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM MEDIATED BY DISTINCT PRP(SC) CONFORMATIONS. WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF HOST-DEPENDENT FACTORS ON PHENOTYPIC DIVERSITY OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE (CWD) IN DIFFERENT HOST SPECIES THAT EXPRESS THE SAME PRION PROTEIN GENE (PRNP). TWO CWD STRAINS THAT HAVE DISTINCT BIOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL, AND PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES WERE IDENTIFIED IN TRANSGENIC MICE THAT EXPRESS THE SYRIAN GOLDEN HAMSTER (SGH) PRNP. THE CKY STRAIN OF CWD HAD A SHORTER INCUBATION PERIOD THAN THE WST STRAIN OF CWD, BUT AFTER TRANSMISSION TO SGH, THE INCUBATION PERIOD OF CKY CWD WAS APPROXIMATELY 150 DAYS LONGER THAN WST CWD. LIMITED PROTEINASE K DIGESTION REVEALED STRAIN-SPECIFIC PRP(SC) POLYPEPTIDE PATTERNS THAT WERE MAINTAINED IN BOTH HOSTS, BUT THE SOLUBILITY AND CONFORMATIONAL STABILITY OF PRP(SC) DIFFERED FOR THE CWD STRAINS IN A HOST-DEPENDENT MANNER. WST CWD PRODUCED PRP(SC) AMYLOID PLAQUES IN THE BRAIN OF THE SGH THAT WERE PARTIALLY INSOLUBLE AND STABLE AT A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF PROTEIN DENATURANT. HOWEVER, IN TRANSGENIC MICE, PRP(SC) FROM WST CWD DID NOT ASSEMBLE INTO PLAQUES, WAS HIGHLY SOLUBLE, AND HAD LOW CONFORMATIONAL STABILITY. SIMILAR STUDIES USING THE HY AND DY STRAINS OF TRANSMISSIBLE MINK ENCEPHALOPATHY RESULTED IN MINOR DIFFERENCES IN PRION BIOLOGICAL AND PRP(SC) PROPERTIES BETWEEN TRANSGENIC MICE AND SGH. THESE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT HOST-SPECIFIC PATHWAYS THAT ARE INDEPENDENT OF PRNP CAN ALTER THE PRP(SC) CONFORMATION OF CERTAIN PRION STRAINS, LEADING TO CHANGES IN THE BIOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PRP(SC), NEUROPATHOLOGY, AND CLINICAL PRION DISEASE. IMPORTANCE: PRIONS ARE MISFOLDED PATHOGENIC PROTEINS THAT CAUSE NEURODEGENERATION IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS. TRANSMISSIBLE PRION DISEASES EXHIBIT A SPECTRUM OF DISEASE PHENOTYPES AND THE BASIS OF THIS DIVERSITY IS ENCODED IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE PATHOGENIC PRION PROTEIN AND PROPAGATED BY AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED PRION DIVERSITY IN TWO HOSTS SPECIES THAT EXPRESS THE SAME PRION PROTEIN GENE. WHILE PRIOR REPORTS HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT PRION STRAIN PROPERTIES ARE STABLE UPON INFECTION OF THE SAME HOST SPECIES AND PRION PROTEIN GENOTYPE, OUR FINDINGS INDICATE THAT CERTAIN PRION STRAINS CAN UNDERGO DRAMATIC CHANGES IN BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES THAT ARE NOT DEPENDENT ON THE PRION PROTEIN. THEREFORE, HOST FACTORS INDEPENDENT OF THE PRION PROTEIN CAN AFFECT PRION DIVERSITY. UNDERSTANDING HOW HOST PATHWAYS CAN MODIFY PRION DISEASE PHENOTYPES MAY PROVIDE CLUES ON HOW TO ALTER PRION FORMATION AND LEAD TO TREATMENTS FOR PRION, AND OTHER, HUMAN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES OF PROTEIN MISFOLDING.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
2  3736  46 INNATE IMMUNE TOLERANCE IN MICROGLIA DOES NOT IMPACT ON CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PRION DISEASE. PRION DISEASES SUCH AS CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE IN HUMANS, BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY IN CATTLE, AND SCRAPIE IN SHEEP, ARE INFECTIOUS AND CHRONIC NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES TO WHICH THERE ARE NO CURES. INFECTION WITH PRIONS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) ULTIMATELY CAUSES EXTENSIVE NEURODEGENERATION, AND THIS IS ACCOMPANIED BY PROMINENT MICROGLIAL AND ASTROCYTIC ACTIVATION IN AFFECTED REGIONS. THE MICROGLIA ARE THE CNS MACROPHAGES AND HELP MAINTAIN NEURONAL HOMEOSTASIS, CLEAR DEAD OR DYING CELLS AND PROVIDE DEFENSE AGAINST PATHOGENS. THE MICROGLIA ALSO PROVIDE NEUROPROTECTION DURING CNS PRION DISEASE, BUT THEIR PRO-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVATION MAY EXACERBATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEUROPATHOLOGY. INNATE IMMUNE TOLERANCE INDUCED BY CONSECUTIVE SYSTEMIC BACTERIAL LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS) TREATMENT CAN INDUCE LONG-TERM EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE MICROGLIA IN THE BRAIN THAT SEVERAL MONTHS LATER CAN DAMPEN THEIR RESPONSIVENESS TO SUBSEQUENT LPS TREATMENT AND IMPEDE THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEURITIC DAMAGE IN A TRANSGENIC MOUSE MODEL OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE-LIKE PATHOLOGY. WE THEREFORE REASONED THAT INNATE IMMUNE TOLERANCE IN MICROGLIA MIGHT SIMILARLY IMPEDE THE SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF CNS PRION DISEASE. TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS GROUPS OF MICE WERE FIRST INFECTED WITH PRIONS BY INTRACEREBRAL INJECTION, AND 35 DAYS LATER GIVEN FOUR CONSECUTIVE SYSTEMIC INJECTIONS WITH LPS TO INDUCE INNATE IMMUNE TOLERANCE. OUR DATA SHOW THAT CONSECUTIVE SYSTEMIC LPS TREATMENT DID NOT AFFECT THE SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF CNS PRION DISEASE. OUR DATA SUGGESTS INNATE IMMUNE TOLERANCE IN MICROGLIA DOES NOT INFLUENCE THE SUBSEQUENT ONSET OF PRION DISEASE-INDUCED NEUROPATHOLOGY IN MICE, DESPITE PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED EVIDENCE OF THIS EFFECT IN AN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE MOUSE MODEL.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
3  1156  50 CONSIDERING THE USE OF THE TERMS STRAIN AND ADAPTATION IN PRION RESEARCH. EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGISTS AND DISEASE BIOLOGISTS USE THE TERMS STRAIN AND ADAPTATION IN CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE (CWD) RESEARCH IN DIFFERENT WAYS. IN EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, A STRAIN IS A NASCENT GENETIC LINEAGE THAT CAN BE DESCRIBED BY A GENEALOGY, AND A PHYLOGENETIC NOMENCLATURE CONSTRUCTED TO REFLECT THAT GENEALOGY. PRION STRAINS ARE DESCRIBED AS SHOWING DISTINCT HOST RANGE, CLINICAL PRESENTATION, DISEASE PROGRESSION, AND NEUROPATHOLOGICAL AND PRP BIOCHEMICAL PROFILES, AND LACK INFORMATION THAT WOULD PERMIT PHYLOGENETIC RECONSTRUCTION OF THEIR HISTORY. PRION STRAINS ARE ALTERNATIVE PROTEIN CONFORMATIONS, SOMETIMES DERIVED FROM THE SAME GENOTYPE. I SUGGEST REFERRING TO PRION STRAINS AS ECOTYPES, BECAUSE THE VARIANT PHENOTYPIC CONFORMATIONS ("STRAINS") ARE A FUNCTION OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PRNP AMINO ACID GENOTYPE AND THE HOST ENVIRONMENT. IN THE CASE OF CWD, A PRION ECOTYPE IN WHITE-TAILED DEER WOULD BE DESCRIBED BY ITS GENOTYPE AND THE HOST IN WHICH IT OCCURS, SUCH AS THE H95 + ECOTYPE. HOWEVER, AN EVOLUTIONARY NOMENCLATURE IS DIFFICULT BECAUSE NOT ALL INDIVIDUALS WITH THE SAME PRNP GENOTYPE SHOW SIGNS OF CWD, THEREFORE CREATING A NOMENCLATURE REFLECTING AND ONE-TO-ONE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRNP GENEALOGY AND CWD PRESENCE IS DIFFICULT. FURTHERMORE, VERY LITTLE INFORMATION EXISTS ON THE PHYLOGENETIC DISTRIBUTION OF CWD ECOTYPES IN WILD DEER POPULATIONS. ADAPTATION HAS A CLEAR MEANING IN EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, THE DIFFERENTIAL SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL GENOTYPES. IF A NEW PRION ECOTYPE ARISES IN A PARTICULAR HOST AND KILLS MORE HOSTS OR KILLS AT AN EARLIER AGE, IT IS THE ANTITHESIS OF THE EVOLUTIONARY DEFINITION OF ADAPTATION. HOWEVER, PRION STRAINS MIGHT BE TRANSMITTED ACROSS GENERATIONS EPIGENETICALLY, BUT WHETHER THIS REPRESENTS ADAPTATION DEPENDS ON THE FITNESS CONSEQUENCES OF THE STRAIN. PROTEIN PHENOTYPES OF PRNP THAT CAUSE TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES (TSES), AND CWD, ARE MALADAPTIVE AND WOULD NOT BE PROPAGATED GENETICALLY OR EPIGENETICALLY VIA A PROCESS CONSISTENT WITH AN EVOLUTIONARY VIEW OF ADAPTATION. I SUGGEST TERMING THE PROCESS OF PRION STRAIN ORIGINATION "PHENOTYPIC TRANSFORMATION", AND ONLY ADAPTATION IF EVIDENCE SHOWS THEY ARE NOT MALADAPTIVE AND PERSIST OVER EVOLUTIONARY TIME PERIODS (E.G., THOUSANDS OF GENERATIONS) AND ACROSS DISTINCT SPECIES BOUNDARIES (VIA INHERITANCE). THUS, PRION BIOLOGISTS USE STRAIN AND ADAPTATION, HISTORICALLY EVOLUTIONARY TERMS, IN QUITE DIFFERENT WAYS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
4  4275  33 MICROGLIA ACTIVATION IN THE MIDBRAIN OF THE HUMAN NEONATE: THE EFFECT OF PERINATAL HYPOXIC-ISCHEMIC INJURY. PERINATAL HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA (PHI) IS A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DEFICITS LATER IN LIFE. WE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED THAT AFTER PROLONGED PHI, THE DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS OF THE HUMAN NEONATE SHOWED A DRAMATIC REDUCTION OF TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE (TH) IN THE SUBSTANTIA NIGRA, WITHOUT IMPORTANT SIGNS OF NEURONAL DEGENERATION DESPITE THE SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN THEIR CELL SIZE. SINCE MICROGLIA ACTIVATION COULD PRECEDE NEURONAL DEATH, WE NOW INVESTIGATED 2 MICROGLIA ACTIVATION MARKERS, IONIZED CALCIUM-BINDING ADAPTER MOLECULE 1 (IBA1), AND THE PHAGOCYTOSIS MARKER CD68. THE HIGHEST IBA1 IMMUNOREACTIVITY WAS FOUND IN NEONATES WITH NEUROPATHOLOGICAL LESIONS OF SEVERE/ABRUPT PHI, WHILE THE LOWEST IN SUBJECTS WITH MODERATE/PROLONGED OR OLDER PHI. SUBJECTS WITH VERY SEVERE/PROLONGED OR CHRONIC PHI SHOWED AN INCREASED IBA1 EXPRESSION AND VERY ACTIVATED MICROGLIAL MORPHOLOGY. HEAVY ATTACHMENT OF MICROGLIA ON TH NEURONS AND REMARKABLE EXPRESSION OF CD68 WERE ALSO OBSERVED INDICATING PHAGOCYTOSIS IN THIS GROUP. FEMALES APPEAR TO EXPRESS MORE IBA1 THAN MALES, SUGGESTING A GENDER DIFFERENCE IN MICROGLIA MATURATION AND IMMUNE REACTIVITY AFTER PHI INSULT. PHI-INDUCED MICROGLIAL "PRIMING" DURING THE SENSITIVE FOR BRAIN DEVELOPMENT PERINATAL/NEONATAL PERIOD, IN COMBINATION WITH GENETIC OR OTHER EPIGENETIC FACTORS, COULD PREDISPOSE THE SURVIVORS TO NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS LATER IN LIFE, POSSIBLY THROUGH A SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC WAY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
5  3553  33 IMMUNOTOLERANCE OF DAIRY HEIFERS IN RESPONSE TO REPEATED EXPOSURE TO BACTERIAL LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE ENDOTOXIN. DAIRY CATTLE FACE A VARIETY OF STRESSFUL EVENTS ON A DAILY BASIS. MORE SPECIFICALLY, CLIMATE CHANGE HAS RESULTED IN MORE FREQUENT HEAT STRESS EVENTS THAT INCREASE THE INCIDENCE OF CHRONIC BACTERIAL INFECTIONS BY INDUCING CONDITIONS LIKE LEAKY GUT SYNDROME, WHEREBY THE INTEGRITY OF THE INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM IS COMPROMISED ALLOWING FOR LUMINAL BACTERIAL LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS) ENDOTOXIN TO INFILTRATE THE HOST'S BLOODSTREAM RESULTING IN ACUTE OR CHRONIC SYSTEMIC STIMULATION OF THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM. REPEATED EXPOSURE TO LPS OVER A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME IS REPORTED TO INDUCE IMMUNOTOLERANCE WITHIN THE HOST. THIS LPS TOLERANCE IS AN ESSENTIAL IMMUNOHOMEOSTATIC RESPONSE THAT CAN PROTECT AGAINST OVER ACTIVATION OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE DURING SUBSEQUENT EXPOSURE TO LPS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, HOLSTEIN CALVES (N = 20) WERE INITIALLY STRESS CHALLENGED WITH EITHER SALINE, OR 100, 200 OR 400 NG/KG OF LPS ADMINISTERED INTRAMUSCULAR, AND AGAIN RE-CHALLENGED WITH 200 NG/KG OF LPS 2-WEEKS LATER. SERUM WAS COLLECTED EVERY 2 HR FOR 6 HR TO PROFILE CHANGES IN CIRCULATORY STRESS BIOMARKERS AFTER THE REPEATED LPS EXPOSURES. HEIFERS THAT WERE INITIALLY CHALLENGED WITH 100, 200 AND 400 NG/KG OF LPS DEMONSTRATED SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED CORTISOL RESPONSES IN THE SECOND CHALLENGE (P < 0.01, 0.01 AND 0.05, RESPECTIVELY), WHEREAS CONTROL ANIMALS WHO PREVIOUSLY RECEIVED SALINE DEMONSTRATED A STRONG CORTISOL RESPONSE AT 2 HR AFTER RECEIVING 200 NG/KG OF LPS (P < 0.05). THE CYTOKINE/CHEMOKINE (IL-6, CCL2, CCL3 AND CCL4) RESPONSES WERE ALSO ATTENUATED DURING THE LPS RECHALLENGE (P < 0.05). FINALLY, MICRORNA EXPRESSION PROFILES WERE DETERMINED TO ASSESS THE EPIGENETIC RESPONSE TO REPEATED LPS EXPOSURE. INTERESTINGLY, MIR-31 AND MIR-223 WERE DOWNREGULATED IN RESPONSE TO THE SECOND LPS CHALLENGE. THE PRESENT STUDY DEMONSTRATES THE DYNAMIC NATURE OF THE STRESS RESPONSE IN DAIRY CATTLE AS IT RELATES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF LPS TOLERANCE. UNDERSTANDING THE ROLES OF VARIOUS STRESS BIOMARKERS IN THE CONTEXT OF INNATE IMMUNE CELL TOLERANCE IS ESSENTIAL FOR EVALUATING THEIR IMPACT ON IMMUNE SYSTEM HOMEOSTASIS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
6   676  37 BRAIN AGING: A IANUS-FACED PLAYER BETWEEN HEALTH AND NEURODEGENERATION. NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES ARE INCURABLE DEBILITATING DISORDERS CHARACTERIZED BY STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL NEURONAL LOSS. APPROXIMATELY 30 MILLION PEOPLE ARE AFFECTED WORLDWIDE, AND THIS NUMBER IS PREDICTED TO REACH MORE THAN 150 MILLION BY 2050. NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS INCLUDE ALZHEIMER'S, PARKINSON'S, AND PRION DISEASES AMONG OTHERS. THESE DISORDERS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY THE ACCUMULATION OF AGGREGATING PROTEINS FORMING AMYLOID, RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DISEASE-ASSOCIATED PATHOLOGICAL LESIONS. THE AGGREGATION OF AMYLOIDOGENIC PROTEINS CAN RESULT EITHER IN GAINING OF TOXIC FUNCTIONS, DERIVED FROM THE DAMAGE PROVOKED BY THESE DEPOSITS IN AFFECTED TISSUE, OR IN A LOSS OF FUNCTIONS, DUE TO THE SEQUESTRATION AND THE CONSEQUENT INABILITY OF THE AGGREGATING PROTEIN TO ENSURE ITS PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE. WHILE IT IS WIDELY ACCEPTED THAT AGING REPRESENTS THE MAIN RISK FACTOR FOR NEURODEGENERATION, THERE IS STILL NO CLEAR CUT-OFF LINE BETWEEN THE TWO CONDITIONS. INDEED, MANY OF THE PATHWAYS THAT ARE COMMONLY ALTERED IN NEURODEGENERATION-MISFOLDED PROTEIN ACCUMULATION, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, IMPAIRED IRON HOMEOSTASIS, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS-HAVE BEEN OFTEN CORRELATED ALSO WITH HEALTHY AGING. THIS OVERLAP COULD BE EXPLAINED BY THE FACT THAT THE CONTINUOUS ACCUMULATION OF CELLULAR DAMAGES, TOGETHER WITH A PROGRESSIVE DECLINE IN METABOLIC EFFICIENCY DURING AGING, MAKES THE NEURONS MORE VULNERABLE TO TOXIC INJURIES. WHEN A GIVEN THRESHOLD IS EXCEEDED, ALL THESE ALTERATIONS MIGHT GIVE RISE TO PATHOLOGICAL PHENOTYPES THAT ULTIMATELY LEAD TO NEURODEGENERATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
7  5496  45 REVIEW SHOWS THAT EARLY FOETAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE MAY CAUSE ADVERSE EFFECTS EVEN WHEN THE MOTHER CONSUMES LOW LEVELS. AIM: STUDIES ARE INCREASINGLY FOCUSING ON THE EFFECTS OF PRENATAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE (PAE) ON CHILD HEALTH. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW WAS TO PROVIDE PAEDIATRICIANS WITH NEW INSIGHTS TO HELP THEM COMMUNICATE KEY MESSAGES ABOUT AVOIDING ALCOHOL DURING PREGNANCY. METHODS: INSPIRED BY THE 7TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTRUM DISORDER, WHICH FOCUSED ON INTEGRATING RESEARCH, POLICY AND PRACTICE, WE STUDIED ENGLISH LANGUAGE PAPERS PUBLISHED SINCE 2010 ON HOW EARLY PAE TRIGGERED EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT HAD AN IMPACT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOME CHRONIC DISEASES. WE ALSO REPORT THE FINDINGS OF A HUMAN STUDY USING THREE-DIMENSIONAL PHOTOGRAPHY OF THE FACE TO EXPLORE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PAE AND CRANIOFACIAL PHENOTYPING. RESULTS: ANIMAL MODELS WITH DIFFERENT ALCOHOL EXPOSURE PATTERNS SHOW THAT EARLY PAE MAY LEAD TO LONG-TERM CHRONIC EFFECTS, DUE TO DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING FOR SOME ADULT DISEASES IN CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC AND RENAL SYSTEMS. THE STUDY WITH THREE-DIMENSIONAL PHOTOGRAPHING IS VERY PROMISING IN HELPING PAEDIATRICIANS TO UNDERSTAND HOW EVEN SMALL AMOUNTS OF PAE CAN AFFECT CRANIOFACIAL PHENOTYPING. CONCLUSION: EVEN LOW LEVELS OF PAE CAN CAUSE ADVERSE FOETAL EFFECTS AND NOT JUST IN THE BRAIN. IT IS NOT CURRENTLY POSSIBLE TO DETERMINE A SAFE PERIOD AND LEVEL WHEN ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION WOULD NOT AFFECT THE FOETUS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
8    80  34 A NEW ROLE FOR THE P2Y-LIKE GPR17 RECEPTOR IN THE MODULATION OF MULTIPOTENCY OF OLIGODENDROCYTE PRECURSOR CELLS IN VITRO. OLIGODENDROCYTE PRECURSOR CELLS (OPCS, ALSO CALLED NG2 CELLS) ARE SCATTERED THROUGHOUT BRAIN PARENCHYMA, WHERE THEY FUNCTION AS A RESERVOIR TO REPLACE LOST OR DAMAGED OLIGODENDROCYTES, THE MYELIN-FORMING CELLS. THE HYPOTHESIS THAT, UNDER SOME CIRCUMSTANCES, OPCS CAN ACTUALLY BEHAVE AS MULTIPOTENT CELLS, THUS GENERATING ASTROCYTES AND NEURONS AS WELL, HAS ARISEN FROM SOME IN VITRO AND IN VIVO EVIDENCE, BUT THE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS CONTROLLING THIS ALTERNATIVE FATE OF OPCS ARE NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. THEIR IDENTIFICATION WOULD OPEN NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR NEURONAL REPLACE STRATEGIES, BY FOSTERING THE INTRINSIC ABILITY OF THE BRAIN TO REGENERATE. HERE, WE SHOW THAT THE ANTI-EPILEPTIC EPIGENETIC MODULATOR VALPROIC ACID (VPA) CAN PROMOTE THE GENERATION OF NEW NEURONS FROM NG2(+) OPCS UNDER NEUROGENIC PROTOCOLS IN VITRO, THROUGH THEIR INITIAL DE-DIFFERENTIATION TO A STEM CELL-LIKE PHENOTYPE THAT THEN EVOLVES TO "HYBRID" CELL POPULATION, SHOWING OPC MORPHOLOGY BUT EXPRESSING THE NEURONAL MARKER BETAIII-TUBULIN AND THE GPR17 RECEPTOR, A KEY DETERMINANT IN DRIVING OPC TRANSITION TOWARDS MYELINATING OLIGODENDROCYTES. UNDER THESE CONDITIONS, THE PHARMACOLOGICAL BLOCKADE OF THE P2Y-LIKE RECEPTOR GPR17 BY CANGRELOR, A DRUG RECENTLY APPROVED FOR HUMAN USE, PARTIALLY MIMICS THE EFFECTS MEDIATED BY VPA THUS ACCELERATING CELLS' NEUROGENIC CONVERSION. THESE DATA SHOW A CO-LOCALIZATION BETWEEN NEURONAL MARKERS AND GPR17 IN VITRO, AND SUGGEST THAT, BESIDES ITS INVOLVEMENT IN OLIGODENDROGENESIS, GPR17 CAN DRIVE THE FATE OF NEURAL PRECURSOR CELLS BY INSTRUCTING PRECURSORS TOWARDS THE NEURONAL LINEAGE. BEING A MEMBRANE RECEPTOR, GPR17 REPRESENTS AN IDEAL "DRUGGABLE" TARGET TO BE EXPLOITED FOR INNOVATIVE REGENERATIVE APPROACHES TO ACUTE AND CHRONIC BRAIN DISEASES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
9  1200  33 CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE AND IMAGING, RETHINKING THE STRESS AXIS. THE STRESS SYSTEM PROVIDES INTEGRATION OF BOTH NEUROCHEMICAL AND SOMATIC PHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTIONS WITHIN ORGANISMS AS AN ADAPTIVE MECHANISM TO CHANGING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS THROUGHOUT EVOLUTION. IN MAMMALS AND PRIMATES THE COMPLEXITY AND SOPHISTICATION OF THESE SYSTEMS HAVE SURPASSED OTHER SPECIES IN TRIAGING NEUROCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGIC SIGNALING TO MAXIMIZE CHANCES OF SURVIVAL. CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (CRH) AND ITS RELATED PEPTIDES AND RECEPTORS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED OVER THE LAST THREE DECADES AND ARE FUNDAMENTAL MOLECULAR INITIATORS OF THE STRESS RESPONSE. THEY ARE CRUCIAL IN THE TOP DOWN REGULATORY CASCADE OVER A MYRIAD OF NEUROCHEMICAL, NEUROENDOCRINE AND SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM EVENTS. FROM NEUROSCIENCE, WE'VE SEEN THAT STRESS ACTIVATION IMPACTS BEHAVIOR, ENDOCRINE AND SOMATIC PHYSIOLOGY AND INFLUENCES NEUROCHEMICAL EVENTS THAT ONE CAN CAPTURE IN REAL TIME WITH CURRENT IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES. TO DELINEATE THESE EFFECTS ONE CAN DEMONSTRATE HOW THE CRH NEURONAL NETWORKS INFILTRATE CRITICAL COGNITIVE, EMOTIVE AND AUTONOMIC REGIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) WITH SOMATIC EFFECTS. ABUNDANT PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES SHOW INTER-REGULATORY ACTIONS OF CRH WITH MULTIPLE NEUROTRANSMITTERS/PEPTIDES. STRESS, BOTH ACUTE AND CHRONIC HAS EPIGENETIC EFFECTS WHICH MAGNIFY GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITIES TO ALTER NEUROCHEMISTRY; STRESS SYSTEM ACTIVATION CAN ADD CRITICAL VARIABLES IN DESIGN AND INTERPRETATION OF BASIC AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE AND RELATED RESEARCH. THIS REVIEW WILL ATTEMPT TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE SPECTRUM OF KNOWN FUNCTIONS AND SPECULATIVE ACTIONS OF CRH AND STRESS RESPONSES IN LIGHT OF IMAGING TECHNOLOGY AND ITS INTERPRETATION. METABOLIC AND NEURORECEPTOR POSITRON EMISSION/SINGLE PHOTON TOMOGRAPHY (PET/SPECT), FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (FMRI), ANATOMIC MRI, DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING (DTI), AND PROTON MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY (PMRS) ARE TECHNOLOGIES THAT CAN DELINEATE BASIC MECHANISMS OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY. STRESS MODULATES THE MYRIAD OF NEUROCHEMICAL AND NETWORKS WITHIN AND CONTROLLED THROUGH THE CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE EFFECTS OF STRESS ACTIVATION ON IMAGING WILL BE HIGHLIGHTED.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
10  6367  42 THE ROLE OF MICROGLIA IN THE ETIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF CHRONIC TRAUMATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY. CHRONIC TRAUMATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY (CTE) IS A PROGRESSIVE NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE THAT PRESENTS AS A LATE SEQUELA FROM TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI). TBI IS A GROWING AND UNDER-RECOGNIZED PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN WITH A HIGH DEGREE OF MORBIDITY AND LARGE ASSOCIATED GLOBAL COSTS. WHILE THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO TBI IS COMPLEX, ITS CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CTE REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE LINK BETWEEN CTE AND THE RESIDENT INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM OF THE BRAIN-MICROGLIA. WE DISCUSS THE NEUROPATHOLOGY UNDERLYING CTE INCLUDING THE CREATION AND AGGREGATION OF PHOSPHORYLATED TAU PROTEIN INTO NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES AND THE FORMATION OF AMYLOID BETA DEPOSITS. WE ALSO PRESENT HOW MICROGLIA, THE RESIDENT INNATE IMMUNE CELLS OF THE BRAIN, DRIVE THE CONTINUOUS LOW-LEVEL INFLAMMATION ASSOCIATED WITH THE INSIDIOUS ONSET OF CTE. IN THIS REVIEW, WE CONCLUDE THAT THE LATENCY PERIOD BETWEEN THE INDEX BRAIN INJURY AND THE LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT OF CTE PRESENTS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION. ENCOURAGING ADVANCES WITH MICROTUBULE STABILIZERS, CIS P-TAU ANTIBODIES, AND THE ABILITY TO THERAPEUTICALLY ALTER THE INFLAMMATORY STATE OF MICROGLIA HAVE SHOWN POSITIVE RESULTS IN BOTH ANIMAL AND HUMAN TRIALS. LOOKING FORWARD, RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGY FOR THE STUDY OF GENOMIC, TRANSCRIPTOMIC, AND EPIGENETIC INFORMATION WILL PROVIDE AN OPPORTUNITY FOR SIGNIFICANT ADVANCEMENT IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF PROREPAIR AND PRO-INJURY GENE SIGNATURES ALLOWING FOR TARGETED INTERVENTION IN THIS HIGHLY MORBID INJURY PROCESS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
11  3463  34 HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-GONADAL AXES: SEX DIFFERENCES IN REGULATION OF STRESS RESPONSIVITY. GONADAL HORMONES PLAY A KEY ROLE IN THE ESTABLISHMENT, ACTIVATION, AND REGULATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS. BY INFLUENCING THE RESPONSE AND SENSITIVITY TO RELEASING FACTORS, NEUROTRANSMITTERS, AND HORMONES, GONADAL STEROIDS HELP ORCHESTRATE THE GAIN OF THE HPA AXIS TO FINE-TUNE THE LEVELS OF STRESS HORMONES IN THE GENERAL CIRCULATION. FROM EARLY LIFE TO ADULTHOOD, GONADAL STEROIDS CAN DIFFERENTIALLY AFFECT THE HPA AXIS, RESULTING IN SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE RESPONSIVITY OF THIS AXIS. THE HPA AXIS INFLUENCES MANY PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS MAKING AN ORGANISM'S RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT APPROPRIATE FOR ITS REPRODUCTIVE STATUS. ALTHOUGH THE ACUTE HPA RESPONSE TO STRESSORS IS A BENEFICIAL RESPONSE, CONSTANT ACTIVATION OF THIS CIRCUITRY BY CHRONIC OR TRAUMATIC STRESSFUL EPISODES MAY LEAD TO A DYSREGULATION OF THE HPA AXIS AND CAUSE PATHOLOGY. COMPARED TO MALES, FEMALE MICE AND RATS SHOW A MORE ROBUST HPA AXIS RESPONSE, AS A RESULT OF CIRCULATING ESTRADIOL LEVELS WHICH ELEVATE STRESS HORMONE LEVELS DURING NON-THREATENING SITUATIONS, AND DURING AND AFTER STRESSORS. FLUCTUATING LEVELS OF GONADAL STEROIDS IN FEMALES ACROSS THE ESTROUS CYCLE ARE A MAJOR FACTOR CONTRIBUTING TO SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE ROBUSTNESS OF HPA ACTIVITY IN FEMALES COMPARED TO MALES. MOREOVER, GONADAL STEROIDS MAY ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO EPIGENETIC AND ORGANIZATIONAL INFLUENCES ON THE HPA AXIS EVEN BEFORE PUBERTY. CORRESPONDINGLY, CROSSTALK BETWEEN THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-GONADAL (HPG) AND HPA AXES COULD LEAD TO ABNORMALITIES OF STRESS RESPONSES. IN HUMANS, A DYSREGULATED STRESS RESPONSE IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON SYMPTOMS SEEN ACROSS MANY NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, AND AS A RESULT, SUCH INTERACTIONS MAY EXACERBATE PERIPHERAL PATHOLOGIES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS THE HPA AND HPG AXES AND REVIEW HOW GONADAL STEROIDS INTERACT WITH THE HPA AXIS TO REGULATE THE STRESS CIRCUITRY DURING ALL STAGES IN LIFE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
12  5179  33 PREGNANCY: AN UNDERUTILIZED WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY TO IMPROVE LONG-TERM MATERNAL AND INFANT HEALTH-AN APPEAL FOR CONTINUOUS FAMILY CARE AND INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION. PHYSIOLOGIC ADAPTATIONS DURING PREGNANCY UNMASK A WOMAN'S PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASES. COMPLICATIONS ARE INCREASINGLY PREDICTED BY FIRST-TRIMESTER ALGORITHMS, AMPLIFY A PRE-EXISTING MATERNAL PHENOTYPE AND ACCELERATE RISKS FOR CHRONIC DISEASES IN THE OFFSPRING UP TO ADULTHOOD (BARKER HYPOTHESIS). RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT VICE VERSA, PREGNANCY DISEASES ALSO INDICATE MATERNAL AND EVEN GRANDPARENT'S RISKS FOR CHRONIC DISEASES (REVERSE BARKER HYPOTHESIS). PUB-MED AND EMBASE WERE REVIEWED FOR MESH TERMS "FETAL PROGRAMMING" AND "PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS COMBINED WITH MATERNAL DISEASE" UNTIL JANUARY 2017. STUDIES LINKING PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS TO FUTURE CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, AND THROMBOTIC RISKS FOR MOTHER AND OFFSPRING WERE REVIEWED. WOMEN WITH A HISTORY OF MISCARRIAGE, FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION, PREECLAMPSIA, PRETERM DELIVERY, OBESITY, EXCESSIVE GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN, GESTATIONAL DIABETES, SUBFERTILITY, AND THROMBOPHILIA MORE FREQUENTLY DEMONSTRATE WITH ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ABNORMALITIES, HIGHER FASTING INSULIN, DEVIATING LIPIDS OR CLOTTING FACTORS AND SHOW DEFECTIVE ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION. THROMBOPHILIA HINTS TO THROMBOTIC RISKS IN LATER LIFE. PREGNANCY ABNORMALITIES CORRELATE WITH FUTURE CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC COMPLICATIONS AND EARLIER MORTALITY. CONVERSELY, WOMEN WITH A NORMAL PREGNANCY HAVE LOWER RATES OF SUBSEQUENT DISEASES THAN THE GENERAL FEMALE POPULATION CREATING THE TERM: "PREGNANCY AS A WINDOW FOR FUTURE HEALTH." ALTHOUGH THE PLACENTA WORKS AS A GATEKEEPER, MANY PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS MAY LEAD TO SICKNESS AND EARLIER DEATH IN LATER LIFE WHEN THE CHILD BECOMES AN ADULT. THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND THE MISMATCH BETWEEN PRE- AND POSTNATAL LIFE HAVE CREATED THE TERM "FETAL ORIGIN OF ADULT DISEASE." UP TO NOW, THE IMPACT OF CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, OR THROMBOTIC RISK PROFILES HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED SEPARATELY FOR MOTHER AND CHILD. IN THIS MANUSCRIPT, WE STRIVE TO ILLUSTRATE THE CONSEQUENCES FOR BOTH, FETUS AND MOTHER WITHIN A COHESIVE PERSPECTIVE AND THUS TRY TO DEMONSTRATE THE COMPLEX INTERRELATIONSHIP OF GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS FOR LONG-TERM HEALTH OF SOCIETIES AND FUTURE GENERATIONS. MATERNAL-FETAL MEDICINE SPECIALISTS SHOULD HAVE A KEY ROLE IN THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES BY IMPLEMENTING A FRAMEWORK FOR PATIENT CONSULTATION AND INTERDISCIPLINARY NETWORKS. HEALTH-CARE PROVIDERS AND POLICY MAKERS SHOULD INCREASINGLY INVEST IN A STRATIFIED PRIMARY PREVENTION AND FOLLOW-UP TO REDUCE THE INCREASING NUMBER OF MANIFEST CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASES AND TO PREVENT WASTE OF HEALTH-CARE RESOURCES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
13  6736  37 WHAT IS A PSYCHOSIS AND WHERE IS IT LOCATED? KRAEPELIN'S DICHOTOMY, MANIC-DEPRESSIVE INSANITY AND DEMENTIA PRAECOX, ARE CONTRASTING AND TRUE ENDOGENOUS DISEASE ENTITIES WHICH AFFECT EXCITABILITY, THE FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTY OF THE CNS. KRAEPELIN WANTED TO ESTABLISH A VALID CLASSIFICATION AND HIT THE EXTREMES IN BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION AT A TIME WHEN WE HAD NO KNOWLEDGE OF BRAIN DYSFUNCTION IN "FUNCTIONAL" PSYCHOSES. THE AETIOLOGY IS NOW KNOWN: THE PSYCHOSES ARE PART OF HUMAN GROWTH AND MATURATION AND MIGHT BE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THEIR BRAIN DYSFUNCTION, WHICH IS EXACTLY WHAT KRAEPELIN WANTED. HOWEVER, PRESUMABLY TO REDUCE THE STIGMA ATTACHED TO THE WORD "PSYCHOSIS", THERE IS CURRENTLY A STRONG INITIATIVE TO ELIMINATE THE CONCEPT. BUT KNOWLEDGE OF WHAT IS HAPPENING IN THE BRAIN IN A PSYCHOSIS MIGHT BE MORE HELPFUL IN REDUCING STIGMA. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT PSYCHOSIS IS DUE TO AN AFFECTION OF THE SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR AREA (SMA), LOCATED AT THE CENTRE OF THE MEDIAL FRONTAL LOBE NETWORK. THE SMA IS ONE OF THE RARE UNIVERSALLY CONNECTED AREAS OF THE BRAIN, AS SHOULD BE THE CASE FOR SUCH A KEY STRUCTURE THAT MAKES DECISIONS AS TO THE RIGHT MOMENT FOR ACTION. THIS IMPORTANT NETWORK, WHICH PARTLY HAS CONTINUOUS NEUROGENESIS, HAS SUFFICIENTLY WIDESPREAD CONNECTIONS. THE SMA, A PREMOTOR AREA LOCATED ON THE MEDIAL SIDE OF THE FRONTAL LOBES, IS ONE OF THE LAST REGIONS TO REACH A CONCURRENCE OF SYNAPTOGENESIS. AN AFFECTION OF THE SMA, A DEFICIENT OR ABOLISHED DELAYED RESPONSE TASK, SERIOUSLY DISTURBS OUR RELATION AND ADAPTATION TO THE SURROUNDINGS. WE USUALLY MASTER THE DELAYED RESPONSE TASK AROUND THE AGE OF 7 MONTHS, A TIME AT WHICH THE SECOND CNS REGRESSIVE EVENT TAKES PLACE, WHICH PROCEEDS FROM THE POSTERIOR TO THE ANTERIOR OF THE BRAIN. IN VERY LATE MATURATION, A PERSISTENT AFFECTION OF THE SMA MIGHT OCCUR. WE EXPERIENCE A CHRONIC PSYCHOSIS: INFANTILE AUTISM (IA), A CHRONIC INABILITY TO ACT CONSCIOUSLY, WHICH CONTRASTS WITH THE EPISODIC SMA AFFECTION POST-PUBERTY, WHEN EXCITATION IS REDUCED DUE TO EXCESSIVE PRUNING OF EXCITATORY SYNAPSES. SILENT SPOTS ARE THE RESULT OF INSUFFICIENT FILL-IN MECHANISMS FOLLOWING A BREAKDOWN OF CIRCUITRY. THEY MAY AFFECT THE SMA IN THE CASE OF VERY LATE PUBERTY. AN ACUTE REDUCTION IN EXCITATION AND CONCOMITANTLY A MARKED INCREASE IN SILENT SPOTS MIGHT LEAD TO AN ACUTE PSYCHOSIS. A FRONTAL PREFERENCE IS LIKELY, GIVEN THAT A REDUCTION MIGHT OCCUR ANYWHERE IN THE CORTEX, BUT PARTICULARLY IN THE AREAS MATURING LATEST. THE VARYING LOCALISATIONS PROBABLY EXPLAIN THE DIFFICULTY IN ACCEPTING SCHIZOPHRENIA AS A DISEASE ENTITY. THE MULTIFACTORIAL INHERITANCE OF THE DICHOTOMY IMPLIES THAT THE GENETICS ARE NOT FATE, A PSYCHOTIC DEVELOPMENT MIGHT BE PREVENTED GIVEN ENOUGH EPIGENETIC FACTORS: BRAIN FOOD (OMEGA 3). MIGHT THE PRESENT DIETARY ADVERSITY, WITH ITS LACK OF BRAIN FOOD, BE RESPONSIBLE FOR A RISING INCIDENCE IN PSYCHOSIS? A PSYCHOSIS IS AN UNDERSTANDABLE AND PREVENTABLE DYSFUNCTION OF THE BRAIN, AND ITS MECHANISMS ARE KNOWN. PRIMARILY A DISORDER OF REDUCED EXCITATION IN AN ATTENUATED CNS, THIS EXPLAINS WHY ALL THE NEUROLEPTICS ARE CONVULSANTS, RAISING EXCITATION, IN CONTRAST TO ALL ANTIDEPRESSIVES, WHICH ARE ANTI-EPILEPTIC.	2008	

14  6743  48 WHITHER THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS (AND SCOLIOGENY) OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS? INCORPORATING PRESENTATIONS ON SCOLIOGENY AT THE 2012 IRSSD AND SRS MEETINGS. THIS PAPER AIMS TO INTEGRATE INTO CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF AIS CAUSATION, ETIOPATHOGENETIC INFORMATION PRESENTED AT TWO MEETINGS DURING 2012 NAMELY, THE INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH SOCIETY OF SPINAL DEFORMITIES (IRSSD) AND THE SCOLIOSIS RESEARCH SOCIETY (SRS). THE ULTIMATE HOPE IS TO PREVENT THE OCCURRENCE OR PROGRESSION OF THE SPINAL DEFORMITY OF AIS WITH NON-INVASIVE TREATMENT, POSSIBLY MEDICAL. THIS MIGHT BE ATTAINED BY PERSONALISED POLYMECHANISTIC PREVENTIVE THERAPY TARGETING THE APPROPRIATE ETIOLOGY AND/OR ETIOPATHOGENETIC PATHWAYS, TO AVOID FUSION AND MAINTAIN SPINAL MOBILITY. ALTHOUGH CONSIDERABLE PROGRESS HAD BEEN MADE IN THE PAST TWO DECADES IN UNDERSTANDING THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS (AIS), IT STILL LACKS AN AGREED THEORY OF ETIOPATHOGENESIS. ONE PROBLEM MAY BE THAT AIS RESULTS NOT FROM ONE CAUSE, BUT SEVERAL THAT INTERACT WITH VARIOUS GENETIC PREDISPOSING FACTORS. THERE IS A VIEW THERE ARE TWO OTHER PATHOGENIC PROCESSES FOR IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS NAMELY, INITIATING (OR INDUCING), AND THOSE THAT CAUSE CURVE PROGRESSION. TWIN STUDIES AND OBSERVATIONS OF FAMILY AGGREGATION HAVE REVEALED SIGNIFICANT GENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS, THAT PLACE AIS AMONG OTHER COMMON DISEASE OR COMPLEX TRAITS WITH A HIGH HERITABILITY INTERPRETED BY THE GENETIC VARIANT HYPOTHESIS OF DISEASE. WE SUMMARIZE ETIOPATHOGENETIC KNOWLEDGE OF AIS AS THEORIES OF PATHOGENESIS INCLUDING RECENT MULTIPLE CONCEPTS, AND BLOOD TESTS FOR AIS BASED ON PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS AND GENETIC VARIANTS THAT SIGNIFY DISEASE RISK. THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE FOR THE POSSIBILITY OF AN UNDERLYING NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER FOR AIS, RESEARCH WHICH HOLDS PROMISE. LIKE BRAIN RESEARCH, MOST AIS WORKERS FOCUS ON THEIR OWN CORNER AND THERE IS A NEED FOR GREATER INTEGRATION OF RESEARCH EFFORT. EPIGENETICS, A RELATIVELY RECENT FIELD, EVALUATES FACTORS CONCERNED WITH GENE EXPRESSION IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENT, DISEASE, NORMAL DEVELOPMENT AND AGING, WITH A COMPLEX REGULATION ACROSS THE GENOME DURING THE FIRST DECADE OF LIFE. RESEARCH ON THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, EPIGENETICS AND CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) INCLUDING ADIPOSITY, AFTER A SLOW START, HAS EXPLODED IN THE LAST DECADE. NOT SO FOR AIS RESEARCH AND THE ENVIRONMENT WHERE, EXCEPT FOR MONOZYGOTIC TWIN STUDIES, THERE ARE ONLY SPORADIC REPORTS TO SUGGEST THAT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE AT WORK IN ETIOLOGY. HERE, WE EXAMINE EPIGENETIC CONCEPTS AS THEY MAY RELATE TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, NORMAL LIFE HISTORY PHASES AND AIS PATHOGENESIS. ALTHOUGH AIS IS NOT REGARDED AS AN NCD, LIKE THEM, IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH WHOLE ORGANISM METABOLIC PHENOMENA, INCLUDING LOWER BODY MASS INDEX, LOWER CIRCULATING LEPTIN LEVELS AND OTHER SYSTEMIC DISORDERS. SOME EPIGENETIC RESEARCH APPLIED TO SILVER-RUSSELL SYNDROME AND ADIPOSITY IS EXAMINED, FROM WHICH SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE FOR CONSIDERATION OF AIS EPIGENETIC RESEARCH, CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL. THE WORD SCOLIOGENY IS SUGGESTED TO INCLUDE ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOMECHANISM.	2013	
                          
15  5519  40 RISK FACTORS FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: ROLE OF MULTIPLE ANTIOXIDANTS, NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND CHOLINERGIC AGENTS ALONE OR IN COMBINATION IN PREVENTION AND TREATMENT. THE ETIOLOGY OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD) IS NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD. ETIOLOGIC FACTORS, CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS, OXIDATIVE AND NITROSYLATIVE STRESSES AND HIGH CHOLESTEROL LEVELS ARE THOUGHT TO BE IMPORTANT FOR INITIATING AND PROMOTING NEURODEGENERATIVE CHANGES COMMONLY FOUND IN AD BRAINS. EVEN IN FAMILIAL AD, OXIDATIVE STRESS PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE EARLY ONSET OF THE DISEASE. MITOCHONDRIAL DAMAGE AND PROTEASOME INHIBITION REPRESENT EARLY EVENTS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF AD, WHEREAS INCREASED PROCESSING OF AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN (APP) TO BETA-AMYLOID (ABETA) FRAGMENTS (ABETA(40) AND ABETA(42)) AND FORMATION OF SENILE PLAQUES AND NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES (NFTS) REPRESENT LATE EVENTS. WE PROPOSE A HYPOTHESIS THAT IN IDIOPATHIC AD, EPIGENETIC COMPONENTS OF NEURONS SUCH AS MITOCHONDRIA, PROTEASOMES AND POST-TRANSLATION PROTEIN MODIFICATIONS (PROCESSING OF AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN TO BETA-AMYLOID AND HYPERPHOSPHORYLATION OF TAU), RATHER THAN NUCLEAR GENES, ARE THE PRIMARY TARGETS FOR THE ACTION OF DIVERSE GROUPS OF NEUROTOXINS. BASED ON EPIDEMIOLOGIC, LABORATORY AND LIMITED CLINICAL STUDIES, WE PROPOSE THAT A COMBINATION OF NON STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDS) AND APPROPRIATE LEVELS AND TYPES OF MULTIPLE MICRONUTRIENTS, INCLUDING ANTIOXIDANTS, MAY BE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN THE INDIVIDUAL AGENTS IN THE PREVENTION, AND THEY, IN COMBINATION WITH A CHOLINERGIC AGENT, MAY BE MORE EFFECTIVE IN THE TREATMENT OF AD THAN THE INDIVIDUAL AGENTS ALONE. IN ADDITION, AGENTS, WHICH CAN PREVENT FORMATION OF PLAQUES OR DISSOLVE THESE PLAQUES MAY FURTHER ENHANCE THE EFFICACY OF OUR PROPOSED TREATMENT STRATEGY.	2002	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
16  6478  25 TOPICAL REVIEW: THE EMERGING FIELD OF EPIGENETICS: INFORMING MODELS OF PEDIATRIC TRAUMA AND PHYSICAL HEALTH. OBJECTIVE: TRAUMA EXPERIENCED DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE HAS BEEN LINKED TO A NUMBER OF CHRONIC MEDICAL CONCERNS. WE HIGHLIGHT MAJOR FINDINGS FROM THE PEDIATRIC TRAUMA LITERATURE TO PROVIDE A MODEL FOR UNDERSTANDING THIS ASSOCIATION. METHODS: STUDIES EXAMINING THE EFFECTS OF TRAUMA WERE SYSTEMATICALLY REVIEWED AND SYNTHESIZED INTO A MODEL PROPOSING A CENTRAL ROLE FOR EPIGENETICS IN THE WAYS THAT CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES CAN AFFECT HEALTH. RESULTS: EARLY HYPOTHALAMIC PITUITARY ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS RESPONSE MAY IMPACT INITIAL TRAUMA EXPERIENCE, WITH DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS ON POSTTRAUMA ADJUSTMENT REFLECTED IN POSTTRAUMA NEUROBIOLOGY, PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH, AND PHYSICAL HEALTH. CONCLUSIONS: PROSPECTIVE RESEARCH WITH CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS EXPOSED TO TRAUMA IS NEEDED TO BETTER CHARACTERIZE THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES ON THE COURSE OF HPA AND IMMUNE PROCESSES AS RELATED TO POSTTRAUMA PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH OUTCOMES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
17  6214  36 THE INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS GOVERNING MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION AND FUNCTION IN HUMAN ATHEROSCLEROSIS. ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY LIPID ACCUMULATION AND PLAQUE FORMATION IN ARTERIAL VESSEL WALLS. ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES NARROW THE ARTERIAL LUMEN TO INCREASE THE RISK OF HEART ATTACKS, ISCHEMIC STROKE AND PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE, WHICH ARE MAJOR AND WORLDWIDE HEALTH AND ECONOMIC BURDENS. MACROPHAGE ACCUMULATION WITHIN PLAQUES IS CHARACTERISTIC OF ALL STAGES OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND THEIR PRESENCE IS A POTENTIAL MARKER OF DISEASE ACTIVITY AND PLAQUE STABILITY. MACROPHAGES ENGULF LIPIDS AND MODIFIED LIPOPROTEINS TO FORM FOAM CELLS THAT EXPRESS PRO-INFLAMMATORY AND CHEMOTACTIC EFFECTOR MOLECULES, STRESS INDUCING FACTORS AND REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES. THEY CONTROL PLAQUE STABILITY AND RUPTURE THROUGH SECRETION OF METALLOPROTEINASES AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX DEGRADATION. ALTHOUGH MACROPHAGES CAN WORSEN DISEASE BY PROPAGATING INFLAMMATION, THEY CAN STABILIZE ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES THROUGH TISSUE REMODELING, PROMOTING THE FORMATION OF A FIBROUS CAP, CLEARING APOPTOTIC CELLS TO PREVENT NECROTIC CORE FORMATION AND THROUGH VASCULAR REPAIR. IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS, MACROPHAGES RESPOND TO DYSLIPIDAEMIA, CYTOKINES, DYING CELLS, METABOLIC FACTORS, LIPIDS, PHYSICAL STIMULI AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS AND EXHIBIT HETEROGENEITY IN THEIR ACTIVATION DEPENDING ON THE STIMULI THEY RECEIVE. UNDERSTANDING THESE SIGNALS AND THE PATHWAYS DRIVING MACROPHAGE FUNCTION WITHIN DEVELOPING AND ESTABLISHED PLAQUES AND HOW THEY CAN BE PHARMACOLOGICALLY MODULATED, REPRESENTS A STRATEGY FOR THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS. THIS REVIEW FOCUSSES ON THE CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF FACTORS CONTROLLING MACROPHAGE HETEROGENEITY AND FUNCTION IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS. PARTICULAR ATTENTION IS GIVEN TO THE MACROPHAGE INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS ACTIVATED BY BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL STIMULI WITHIN PLAQUES, AND HOW THEY ARE INTEGRATED TO REGULATE PLAQUE FORMATION AND STABILITY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
18  5662  31 SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN GLUCOCORTICOID STRESS RESPONSE. CHRONIC STRESS IS ENCOUNTERED IN OUR EVERYDAY LIFE AND IS THOUGHT TO CONTRIBUTE TO A NUMBER OF DISEASES. MANY OF THESE STRESS-RELATED DISORDERS DISPLAY A SEX BIAS. BECAUSE GLUCOCORTICOID HORMONES ARE THE MAIN BIOLOGICAL MEDIATOR OF CHRONIC STRESS, RESEARCHERS HAVE BEEN INTERESTED IN UNDERSTANDING THE SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN GLUCOCORTICOID STRESS RESPONSE TO BETTER EXPLAIN THE SEX BIAS IN STRESS-RELATED DISEASES. ALTHOUGH NOT YET DEMONSTRATED FOR GLUCOCORTICOID REGULATION, SEX CHROMOSOMES DO INFLUENCE SEX-SPECIFIC BIOLOGY AS SOON AS CONCEPTION. THEN A TRANSIENT RISE IN TESTOSTERONE START TO SHAPE THE MALE BRAIN DURING THE PRENATAL PERIOD DIFFERENTLY TO THE FEMALE BRAIN. THESE ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTS ARE COMPLETED JUST BEFORE PUBERTY. THE CEREBRAL REGIONS IMPLICATED IN GLUCOCORTICOID REGULATION AT REST AND AFTER STRESS ARE THEREBY IMPACTED IN A SEX-SPECIFIC MANNER. AFTER PUBERTY, THE HIGH LEVELS OF ALL GONADAL HORMONES WILL INTERACT WITH GLUCOCORTICOID HORMONES IN SPECIFIC CROSSTALK THROUGH THEIR RESPECTIVE NUCLEAR RECEPTORS. IN ADDITION, STRESS OCCURRING EARLY IN LIFE, IN PARTICULAR DURING THE PRENATAL PERIOD AND IN ADOLESCENCE WILL PRIME IN THE LONG-TERM GLUCOCORTICOID STRESS RESPONSE THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, AGAIN IN A SEX-SPECIFIC MANNER. ALTOGETHER, VARIOUS MOLECULAR MECHANISMS EXPLAIN SEX-SPECIFIC GLUCOCORTICOID STRESS RESPONSES THAT DO NOT EXCLUDE IMPORTANT GENDER EFFECTS IN HUMANS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
19  6742  43 WHITHER THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS (AND SCOLIOGENY) OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS? ALTHOUGH CONSIDERABLE PROGRESS HAD BEEN MADE IN THE PAST TWO DECADES IN UNDERSTANDING THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS (AIS), IT STILL LACKS AN AGREED THEORY OF ETIOPATHOGENESIS. ONE PROBLEM MAY BE THAT AIS RESULTS NOT FROM ONE CAUSE, BUT SEVERAL THAT INTERACT WITH VARIOUS GENETIC PREDISPOSING FACTORS. THERE IS A VIEW THERE ARE TWO OTHER PATHOGENIC PROCESSES FOR IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS NAMELY, INITIATING (OR INDUCING), AND THOSE THAT CAUSE CURVE PROGRESSION. TWIN STUDIES AND OBSERVATIONS OF FAMILY AGGREGATION HAVE REVEALED SIGNIFICANT GENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS, THAT PLACE AIS AMONG OTHER COMMON DISEASE OR COMPLEX TRAITS WITH A HIGH HERITABILITY INTERPRETED BY THE GENETIC VARIANT HYPOTHESIS OF DISEASE. WE SUMMARIZE ETIOPATHOGENETIC KNOWLEDGE OF AIS AS THEORIES OF PATHOGENESIS INCLUDING RECENT MULTIPLE CONCEPTS, AND BLOOD TESTS FOR AIS BASED ON PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS AND GENETIC VARIANTS THAT SIGNIFY DISEASE RISK. THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE FOR THE POSSIBILITY OF AN UNDERLYING NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER FOR AIS, RESEARCH WHICH HOLDS PROMISE. LIKE BRAIN RESEARCH, MOST AIS WORKERS FOCUS ON THEIR OWN CORNER AND THERE IS A NEED FOR GREATER INTEGRATION OF RESEARCH EFFORT. EPIGENETICS, A RELATIVELY RECENT FIELD, EVALUATES FACTORS CONCERNED WITH GENE EXPRESSION IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENT, DISEASE, NORMAL DEVELOPMENT AND AGING, WITH A COMPLEX REGULATION ACROSS THE GENOME DURING THE FIRST DECADE OF LIFE. RESEARCH ON THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, EPIGENETICS AND CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) INCLUDING ADIPOSITY, AFTER A SLOW START, HAS EXPLODED IN THE LAST DECADE. NOT SO FOR AIS RESEARCH AND THE ENVIRONMENT WHERE, EXCEPT FOR MONOZYGOTIC TWIN STUDIES, THERE ARE ONLY SPORADIC REPORTS TO SUGGEST THAT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE AT WORK IN ETIOLOGY. HERE, WE EXAMINE EPIGENETIC CONCEPTS AS THEY MAY RELATE TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, NORMAL LIFE HISTORY PHASES AND AIS PATHOGENESIS. ALTHOUGH AIS IS NOT REGARDED AS AN NCD, LIKE THEM, IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH WHOLE ORGANISM METABOLIC PHENOMENA, INCLUDING LOWER BODY MASS INDEX, LOWER CIRCULATING LEPTIN LEVELS AND OTHER SYSTEMIC DISORDERS. SOME EPIGENETIC RESEARCH APPLIED TO SILVER-RUSSELL SYNDROME AND ADIPOSITY IS EXAMINED, FROM WHICH SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE FOR CONSIDERATION OF AIS EPIGENETIC RESEARCH, CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL. THE WORD SCOLIOGENY IS SUGGESTED TO INCLUDE ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOMECHANISM.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
20   892  43 CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE ALTERS DNA METHYLATION IN NEURAL STEM CELLS: ROLE OF MOUSE STRAIN AND SEX. PRENATAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE (PAE) IS CONSIDERED AS A RISK FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTRUM DISORDERS (FASD). EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT PAE AFFECTS EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS (SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION) AND ALTERS THE NORMAL DIFFERENTIATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEURAL STEM CELLS (NSC) IN THE FETAL BRAIN. HOWEVER, PAE EFFECTS DEPEND ON SEVERAL FACTORS SUCH AS SEX AND STRAIN OF THE STUDIED SUBJECTS. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER MURINE SEX AND STRAIN CONTRIBUTE TO THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE ON DNA METHYLATION MACHINERY OF DIFFERENTIATING NSC. FURTHER, THE EFFECTS OF PAE ON GLIAL LINEAGE (INCLUDING BOTH ASTROCYTES AND OLIGODENDROCYTES) IN A SEX- AND STRAIN-DEPENDENT MANNER HAVE NOT BEEN STUDIED YET. TO EXAMINE THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE ON GLIOGENESIS, WE EXPOSED DIFFERENTIATING NSC TO GLIO-INDUCTIVE CULTURE CONDITIONS. APPLYING A STANDARD IN VITRO MODEL SYSTEM, WE TREATED MALE AND FEMALE DIFFERENTIATING NSC (OBTAINED FROM THE FOREBRAIN OF CD1 AND C57BL/6 EMBRYOS AT EMBRYONIC DAY 14.5) WITH CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE (70 MM) FOR 8 DAYS. WE SHOW THAT ETHANOL INDUCES GLOBAL DNA HYPOMETHYLATION, WHILE ALTERING THE EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLATION-RELATED GENES IN A SEX- AND STRAIN-SPECIFIC MANNER. THE OBSERVED CHANGE IN CELLULAR DNA METHYLATION LEVELS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED EXPRESSION OF GLIAL MARKERS CNPASE, GFAP, AND OLIG2 IN CD1 (BUT NOT C57BL/6) CELLS. WE CONCLUDE THAT THE IMPACT OF ETHANOL EFFECT ON DNA METHYLATION IS DEPENDENT ON CELLULAR SEX AND STRAIN. ALSO, ETHANOL IMPACT ON NEURAL STEM CELL FATE COMMITMENT WAS ONLY DETECTED IN CELLS ISOLATED FROM CD1 MOUSE STRAIN, BUT NOT IN C57BL/6 CELLS. THE RESULTS OF THE CURRENT STUDY PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT SEX AND STRAIN OF RODENTS (C57BL/6 AND CD1) DURING GESTATION ARE IMPORTANT FACTORS, WHICH AFFECT ALCOHOL EFFECTS ON NSC DIFFERENTIATION AND DNA METHYLATION. RESULTS OF THIS STUDY MAY ALSO HELP IN INTERPRETING DATA ON THE DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY OF MANY COMPOUNDS DURING THE GESTATIONAL PERIOD.	2020