1  1715 148 DYSLIPIDEMIC DIET-INDUCED MONOCYTE "PRIMING" AND DYSFUNCTION IN NON-HUMAN PRIMATES IS TRIGGERED BY ELEVATED PLASMA CHOLESTEROL AND ACCOMPANIED BY ALTERED HISTONE ACETYLATION. MONOCYTES AND THE RECRUITMENT OF MONOCYTE-DERIVED MACROPHAGES INTO SITES OF INFLAMMATION PLAY A KEY ROLE IN ATHEROGENESIS AND OTHER CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES LINKED TO CARDIOMETABOLIC SYNDROME AND OBESITY. PREVIOUS STUDIES FROM OUR GROUP HAVE SHOWN THAT METABOLIC STRESS PROMOTES MONOCYTE PRIMING, I.E., ENHANCED ADHESION AND ACCELERATED CHEMOTAXIS OF MONOCYTES IN RESPONSE TO CHEMOKINES, BOTH IN VITRO AND IN DYSLIPIDEMIC LDLR(-/-) MICE. WE ALSO SHOWED THAT METABOLIC STRESS-INDUCED MONOCYTE DYSFUNCTION IS, AT LEAST TO A LARGE EXTENT CAUSED BY THE S-GLUTATHIONYLATION, INACTIVATION, AND SUBSEQUENT DEGRADATION OF MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE PHOSPHATASE 1. HERE, WE ANALYZED THE EFFECTS OF A WESTERN-STYLE, DYSLIPIDEMIC DIET (DD), WHICH WAS COMPOSED OF HIGH LEVELS OF SATURATED FAT, CHOLESTEROL, AND SIMPLE SUGARS, ON MONOCYTE (DYS)FUNCTION IN NON-HUMAN PRIMATES (NHPS). WE FOUND THAT SIMILAR TO MICE, A DD ENHANCES MONOCYTE CHEMOTAXIS IN NHP WITHIN 4 WEEKS, OCCURRING CONCORDANTLY WITH THE ONSET OF HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA BUT PRIOR TO CHANGES IN TRIGLYCERIDES, BLOOD GLUCOSE, MONOCYTOSIS, OR CHANGES IN MONOCYTE SUBSET COMPOSITION. IN ADDITION, WE IDENTIFIED TRANSITORY DECREASES IN THE ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT THE LYSINE RESIDUES 18 AND 23 IN METABOLICALLY PRIMED MONOCYTES, AND WE FOUND THAT MONOCYTE PRIMING WAS CORRELATED WITH THE ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE 27 AFTER AN 8-WEEK DD REGIMEN. OUR DATA SHOW THAT METABOLIC STRESS PROMOTES MONOCYTE PRIMING AND HYPER-CHEMOTACTIC RESPONSES IN NHP. THE HISTONE MODIFICATIONS ACCOMPANYING MONOCYTE PRIMING IN PRIMATES SUGGEST A REPROGRAMMING OF THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE, WHICH MAY LEAD TO DYSREGULATED RESPONSES AND FUNCTIONALITIES IN MACROPHAGES DERIVED FROM PRIMED MONOCYTES THAT ARE RECRUITED TO SITES OF INFLAMMATION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
2  5568  31 ROLE OF MARIJUANA COMPONENTS ON THE REGENERATIVE ABILITY OF STEM CELLS. STEM CELL THERAPY PROMOTES TISSUE REGENERATION AND WOUND HEALING. EFFORTS HAVE BEEN MADE TO PRIME STEM CELLS TO ENHANCE THEIR REGENERATIVE ABILITIES. CERTAIN MARIJUANA COMPONENTS, NAMELY THE NON-PSYCHOACTIVE CANNABIDIOL (CBD) AND PSYCHOACTIVE TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL (THC), ARE DEFINED AS IMMUNOMODULATORS.(9) WE TEST WHETHER TWO SOURCES OF STEM CELLS, PRIMED WITH CBD OR THC, WOULD DEMONSTRATE IMPROVED REGENERATIVE ABILITIES. HUMAN ADIPOSE-DERIVED STEM CELLS (ASCS) AND BONE MARROW-DERIVED STEM CELLS (BMDSCS), NOT OBTAINED FROM THE SAME INDIVIDUAL, WERE TREATED WITH LOW (300 NM) OR HIGH (3 MUM) CONCENTRATION CBD. PORCINE ASCS AND BMDSCS WERE ISOLATED FROM A SINGLE PIG, AND TREATED WITH EITHER LOW OR HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF CBD OR THC. TRANSWELL MIGRATION AND MTT PROLIFERATION ASSAYS WERE PERFORMED ON THE HUMAN ASCS AND BMDSCS. ALSO, TRANSWELL MIGRATION ASSAY WAS PERFORMED ON THE PORCINE ASCS AND BMDSCS. FINALLY, A WOUND HEALING SCRATCH ASSAY IN PORCINE PRIMARY FIBROBLASTS (PFS) WAS PERFORMED, CO-CULTURED WITH THE CANNABINOID-TREATED ASCS. CBD PRIMING AT LOW CONCENTRATION INDUCES MIGRATION BY 180% (P < .01) IN PORCINE ASCS, AND BY ONLY 93% (P < .02) IN PORCINE BMDSCS. IN PORCINE STEM CELLS, THC PRIMING AT LOW CONCENTRATION INDUCES MIGRATION BY 91.6% (P < .01) IN ASCS BUT BY ONLY 44.3% (P < .03) IN BMDSCS. COMPARED TO PFS CO-CULTURED WITH UNTREATED ASCS, PFS CO-CULTURED WITH LOW CBD-PRIMED ASCS HAD 75% FASTER WOUND CLOSURE AT 18 HOURS (P < .01). CBD AND THC PRIMING OF ASCS AND BMDSCS, PARTICULARLY AT LOWER DOSES, ENHANCES A NUMBER OF REGENERATIVE PARAMETERS, SUGGESTING THAT THESE MAJOR MARIJUANA COMPONENTS MAY IMPROVE STEM CELL-BASED THERAPIES. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: OUR STUDY DEMONSTRATES THAT CANNABINOIDS CAN ENHANCE THE REGENERATIVE CAPACITY OF TWO MAJOR SOURCES OF STEM CELLS, ADIPOSE- AND BONE MARROW-DERIVED, FROM HUMAN AND PORCINE DONORS. STEM CELL ISOLATION AND EXPANSION IS INVASIVE, COSTLY AND TIME CONSUMING. STEM CELLS WITH IMPROVED REGENERATIVE PROPERTIES MAY BE EFFECTIVE IN THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE OR CHRONIC WOUNDS. THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY TO COMPARE THE PRIMING POTENTIAL OF TWO SOURCES OF STEM CELLS FROM THE SAME ANIMAL, WITH THE SAME GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PROFILE, AS WELL AS THE FIRST TO PRIME WITH THC.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
3  1224  36 CRITICAL ROLE OF ALL-TRANS RETINOIC ACID IN STABILIZING HUMAN NATURAL REGULATORY T CELLS UNDER INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS. RECENT STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT THYMUS-DERIVED NATURALLY OCCURRING CD4(+)FOXP3(+) REGULATORY T CELLS (TREGS) IN HUMAN AND MOUSE MAY BE UNSTABLE AND DYSFUNCTIONAL IN THE PRESENCE OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. ALL-TRANS RA (ATRA), THE ACTIVE DERIVATIVE OF VITAMIN A, HAS BEEN SHOWN TO REGULATE TREG AND T EFFECTOR CELL DIFFERENTIATION. WE HYPOTHESIZE ATRA STABILIZES HUMAN NATURAL TREGS (NTREGS) UNDER INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS. ATRA PREVENTS HUMAN NTREGS FROM CONVERTING TO TH1 AND/OR TH17 CELLS AND SUSTAINS THEIR FOXP3 EXPRESSION AND SUPPRESSIVE FUNCTION IN VITRO OR IN VIVO FOLLOWING ENCOUNTERS WITH IL-1 AND IL-6. INTERESTINGLY, ADOPTIVE TRANSFER OF HUMAN NTREGS PRETREATED WITH ATRA SIGNIFICANTLY ENHANCED THEIR SUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS ON XENOGRAFT-VS.-HOST DISEASES (XGVHDS), AND ATRA- BUT NOT RAPAMYCIN-PRETREATED NTREGS SUSTAINED THE FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY AGAINST XGVHD AFTER STIMULATION WITH IL-1/IL-6. ATRA SUPPRESSES IL-1 RECEPTOR (IL-1R) UP-REGULATION, ACCELERATES IL-6R DOWN-REGULATION, AND DIMINISHES THEIR SIGNALING EVENTS AS WELL AS PREVENTS THE UP-REGULATION OF STIP1 HOMOLOGY AND U-BOX CONTAINING PROTEIN 1 ON FOXP3(+) CELLS FOLLOWING IL-1/IL-6 STIMULATION. ATRA ALSO INCREASES HISTONE ACETYLATION ON FOXP3 GENE PROMOTER AND CPG DEMETHYLATION IN THE REGION OF FOXP3 LOCUS (I.E., TREG-SPECIFIC DEMETHYLATED REGION). THESE RESULTS STRONGLY IMPLICATE THAT NTREGS PRIMED WITH ATRA MAY REPRESENT A NOVEL TREATMENT STRATEGY TO CONTROL ESTABLISHED CHRONIC IMMUNE-MEDIATED AUTOIMMUNE AND INFLAMMATORY DISEASES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
4   407  32 ANALYSIS OF FOXP3+ REGULATORY T CELLS THAT DISPLAY APPARENT VIRAL ANTIGEN SPECIFICITY DURING CHRONIC HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION. WE REPORTED PREVIOUSLY THAT A PROPORTION OF NATURAL CD25(+) CELLS ISOLATED FROM THE PBMC OF HCV PATIENTS CAN FURTHER UPREGULATE CD25 EXPRESSION IN RESPONSE TO HCV PEPTIDE STIMULATION IN VITRO, AND PROPOSED THAT VIRUS-SPECIFIC REGULATORY T CELLS (TREG) WERE PRIMED AND EXPANDED DURING THE DISEASE. HERE WE DESCRIBE EPIGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE FOXP3 LOCUS IN HCV-RESPONSIVE NATURAL CD25(+) CELLS AND SHOW THAT THESE CELLS ARE NOT ACTIVATED CONVENTIONAL T CELLS EXPRESSING FOXP3, BUT HARD-WIRED TREG WITH A STABLE FOXP3 PHENOTYPE AND FUNCTION. OF APPROXIMATELY 46,000 GENES ANALYZED IN GENOME WIDE TRANSCRIPTION PROFILING, ABOUT 1% WERE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED BETWEEN HCV-RESPONSIVE TREG, HCV-NON-RESPONSIVE NATURAL CD25(+) CELLS AND CONVENTIONAL T CELLS. EXPRESSION PROFILES, INCLUDING CELL DEATH, ACTIVATION, PROLIFERATION AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION, SUGGEST A SURVIVAL ADVANTAGE OF HCV-RESPONSIVE TREG OVER THE OTHER CELL POPULATIONS. SINCE NO TREG-SPECIFIC ACTIVATION MARKER IS KNOWN, WE TESTED 97 NS3-DERIVED PEPTIDES FOR THEIR ABILITY TO ELICIT CD25 RESPONSE (ASSUMING IT IS A SURROGATE MARKER), ACCOMPANIED BY HIGH RESOLUTION HLA TYPING OF THE PATIENTS. SOME REACTIVE PEPTIDES OVERLAPPED WITH PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED EFFECTOR T CELL EPITOPES. OUR DATA OFFERS NEW INSIGHTS INTO HCV IMMUNE EVASION AND TOLERANCE, AND HIGHLIGHTS THE NON-SELF SPECIFIC NATURE OF TREG DURING INFECTION.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
5  4510  40 MTOR-DEPENDENT OXIDATIVE STRESS REGULATES OXLDL-INDUCED TRAINED INNATE IMMUNITY IN HUMAN MONOCYTES. INTRODUCTION: CELLS OF THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM PARTICULARLY MONOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES HAVE BEEN RECOGNIZED AS PIVOTAL PLAYERS BOTH DURING THE INITIAL INSULT AS WELL AS THE CHRONIC PHASE OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS. IT HAS RECENTLY BEEN SHOWN THAT OXIDIZED LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (OXLDL) INDUCES A LONG-TERM PRO-INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN MONOCYTES DUE TO EPIGENETIC AND METABOLIC REPROGRAMMING, AN EMERGING NEW CONCEPT CALLED TRAINED INNATE IMMUNITY. CHANGES IN THE CELLULAR REDOX STATE ARE CRUCIAL EVENTS IN THE REGULATION OF MANY PHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTIONS IN MACROPHAGES INCLUDING TRANSCRIPTION, DIFFERENTIATION AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE. HERE WE HAVE ANALYZED THE ROLE OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) IN REGULATING THIS PROINFLAMMATORY MONOCYTE PRIMING IN RESPONSE TO OXLDL-TREATMENT. METHODS AND RESULTS: HUMAN MONOCYTES WERE ISOLATED AND INCUBATED WITH OXLDL FOR 24 H. AFTER 5 DAYS OF RESTING, OXLDL TREATED CELLS PRODUCED SIGNIFICANTLY MORE INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES UPON RESTIMULATION WITH THE TLR2-AGONIST PAM3CYS. FURTHERMORE, OXLDL INCUBATION INDUCED PERSISTENT MTOR ACTIVATION, ROS FORMATION, HIF1ALPHA ACCUMULATION AND HIF1ALPHA TARGET GENE EXPRESSION, WHILE PHARMACOLOGIC MTOR INHIBITION OR SIRNA MEDIATED INHIBITION OF THE MTORC1 SUBUNIT RAPTOR PREVENTED ROS FORMATION AND PROINFLAMMATORY PRIMING. MTOR DEPENDENT ROS FORMATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED EXPRESSION OF NAPDH OXIDASES AND NECESSARY FOR THE EMERGENCE OF THE PRIMED PHENOTYPE AS ANTIOXIDANT TREATMENT BLOCKED OXLDL PRIMING. INHIBITION OF CYTOSOLIC ROS FORMATION COULD ALSO BLOCK MTOR ACTIVATION AND HIF1ALPHA ACCUMULATION SUGGESTING A POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP BETWEEN MTOR AND CYTOSOLIC ROS. ALTHOUGH MITOCHONDRIAL ROS SCAVENGING DID NOT BLOCK HIF1ALPHA-ACCUMULATION AT AN EARLY TIME POINT (24 H), IT WAS PERSISTENTLY REDUCED ON DAY 6. THEREFORE, MITOCHONDRIAL ROS FORMATION APPEARS TO OCCUR INITIALLY DOWNSTREAM OF THE MTOR-CYTOROS-HIF1ALPHA FEEDBACK LOOP BUT SEEMS TO BE A CRUCIAL FACTOR THAT CONTROLS THE LONG-TERM ACTIVATION OF THE MTOR-HIF1ALPHA-AXIS. CONCLUSION: IN SUMMARY, OUR DATA DEMONSTRATE THAT MTOR DEPENDENT ROS PRODUCTION CONTROLS THE OXLDL-INDUCED TRAINED INNATE IMMUNITY PHENOTYPE IN HUMAN MONOCYTE DERIVED MACROPHAGES. PHARMACOLOGIC MODULATION OF THESE PATHWAYS MIGHT PROVIDE A POTENTIAL APPROACH TO MODULATE INFLAMMATION, ASSOCIATED WITH ABERRANT MONOCYTE ACTIVATION, DURING ATHEROSCLEROSIS DEVELOPMENT.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
6  5502  27 RGFP109, A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR ATTENUATES L-DOPA-INDUCED DYSKINESIA IN THE MPTP-LESIONED MARMOSET: A PROOF-OF-CONCEPT STUDY. BACKGROUND: L-3,4-DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE (L-DOPA)-INDUCED DYSKINESIA (LID) ARE A COMPLICATION OF CHRONIC DOPAMINE REPLACEMENT THERAPY IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE (PD). RECENT STUDIES HAVE SUGGESTED THAT THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING DEVELOPMENT AND EXPRESSION OF LID IN PD MAY INVOLVE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT INCLUDE DEACETYLATION OF STRIATAL HISTONE PROTEINS. WE HYPOTHESISED THAT INHIBITION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE, THE ENZYME RESPONSIBLE OF HISTONE DEACETYLATION, WOULD ALLEVIATE LID. METHODS: FOUR FEMALE COMMON MARMOSET (CALLITHRIX JACCHUS) WERE RENDERED PARKINSONIAN BY ADMINISTRATION OF 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE (MPTP). FOLLOWING STABILISATION OF THE PARKINSONIAN PHENOTYPE, MARMOSETS WERE PRIMED TO EXHIBIT DYSKINESIA WITH CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION OF L-DOPA. WE THEN INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF THE BRAIN-PENETRANT HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, RGFP109 (30 MG/KG P.O. ONCE DAILY FOR 6 DAYS), ON LID AND L-DOPA ANTI-PARKINSONIAN EFFICACY. RESULTS: RGFP109 HAD NO ACUTE EFFECTS ON DYSKINESIA AFTER SINGLE OR 6 DAYS ONCE-DAILY TREATMENT (BOTH P > 0.05). HOWEVER, ONE WEEK FOLLOWING CESSATION OF RGFP109, DYSKINESIA AND DURATION OF ON-TIME WITH DISABLING DYSKINESIA WERE REDUCED BY 37% AND 50%, RESPECTIVELY (BOTH P < 0.05), COMPARED TO THAT SEEN PREVIOUSLY WITH L-DOPA ALONE. THERE WAS NO CHANGE IN ANTI-PARKINSONIAN ACTIONS OF, OR ON-TIME DURATION AFFORDED BY, L-DOPA (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HISTONE DEACETYLATION INHIBITION MAY REPRESENT A NOVEL APPROACH TO REVERSE ESTABLISHED LID IN PD AND IMPROVE QUALITY OF THE ANTI-PARKINSONIAN BENEFIT PROVIDED BY L-DOPA.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
7  4546  33 MUTANT P53 REGULATES ENHANCER-ASSOCIATED H3K4 MONOMETHYLATION THROUGH INTERACTIONS WITH THE METHYLTRANSFERASE MLL4. MONOMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 4 (H3K4ME1) IS ENRICHED AT ENHANCERS THAT ARE PRIMED FOR ACTIVATION AND THE LEVELS OF THIS HISTONE MARK ARE FREQUENTLY ALTERED IN VARIOUS HUMAN CANCERS. YET, HOW ALTERATIONS IN H3K4ME1 ARE ESTABLISHED AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN TUMORIGENESIS ARE NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD. USING CHIP-SEQ IN HUMAN COLON CANCER CELLS, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT MUTANT P53 DEPLETION RESULTS IN DECREASED H3K4ME1 LEVELS AT ACTIVE ENHANCERS THAT REVEAL A STRIKING COLOCALIZATION OF MUTANT P53 AND THE H3K4 MONOMETHYLTRANSFERASE MLL4 FOLLOWING CHRONIC TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNFALPHA) SIGNALING. WE FURTHER REVEAL THAT MUTANT P53 FORMS PHYSIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS AND DIRECT INTERACTIONS WITH MLL4 AND PROMOTES THE ENHANCER BINDING OF MLL4, WHICH IS REQUIRED FOR TNFALPHA-INDUCIBLE H3K4ME1 AND HISTONE H3 LYSINE 27 ACETYLATION (H3K27AC) LEVELS, ENHANCER-DERIVED TRANSCRIPT (ERNA) SYNTHESIS, AND MUTANT P53-DEPENDENT TARGET GENE ACTIVATION. COMPLEMENTARY IN VITRO STUDIES WITH RECOMBINANT CHROMATIN AND PURIFIED PROTEINS DEMONSTRATE THAT BINDING OF THE MLL3/4 COMPLEX AND H3K4ME1 DEPOSITION IS ENHANCED BY MUTANT P53 AND P300-MEDIATED ACETYLATION, WHICH IN TURN REFLECTS A MLL3/4-DEPENDENT ENHANCEMENT OF MUTANT P53 AND P300-DEPENDENT TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION. COLLECTIVELY, OUR FINDINGS ESTABLISH A MECHANISM IN WHICH MUTANT P53 COOPERATES WITH MLL4 TO REGULATE ABERRANT ENHANCER ACTIVITY AND TUMOR-PROMOTING GENE EXPRESSION IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC IMMUNE SIGNALING.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
8  2312  33 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF DENDRITIC CELL-DERIVED INTERLEUKIN-12 FACILITATES IMMUNOSUPPRESSION AFTER A SEVERE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE. PATIENTS WHO SURVIVE SEPSIS HAVE SIGNIFICANT DEFICIENCIES IN THEIR IMMUNE RESPONSES CAUSED BY POORLY UNDERSTOOD MECHANISMS. WE HAVE EXPLORED THIS PHENOMENON BY STUDYING DENDRITIC CELLS (DCS) RECOVERED FROM ANIMALS SURVIVING SEVERE PERITONITIS-INDUCED SEPSIS, USING THE WELL-ESTABLISHED CECAL LIGATION AND PUNCTURE (CLP) MODEL. IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE INITIATION OF SEPSIS THERE IS A DEPLETION IN DCS FROM THE LUNG AND SPLEEN, WHICH IS FOLLOWED BY REPOPULATION OF THESE CELLS BACK TO THE RESPECTIVE ORGANS. DCS RECOVERED FROM SURVIVING ANIMALS EXHIBITED A SIGNIFICANT AND CHRONIC SUPPRESSION OF INTERLEUKIN-12 (IL-12), A KEY HOST DEFENSE CYTOKINE. THE SUPPRESSION OF DC-DERIVED IL-12 PERSISTED FOR AT LEAST 6 WEEKS AFTER CLP AND WAS NOT DUE TO IMMUNOREGULATORY CYTOKINES, SUCH AS IL-10. USING CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) TECHNIQUES, WE HAVE SHOWN THAT THE DEFICIENCY IN DC-DERIVED IL-12 WAS DUE TO EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. SPECIFICALLY, IL-12 EXPRESSION WAS REGULATED BY STABLE RECIPROCAL CHANGES IN HISTONE H3 LYSINE-4 TRIMETHYLATION (H3K4ME3) AND HISTONE H3 LYSINE-27 DIMETHYLATION (H3K27ME2), AS WELL AS CHANGES IN COGNATE HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE (HMT) COMPLEXES ON THE IL12P35 AND IL12P40 PROMOTERS. THESE DATA IMPLICATE HISTONE MODIFICATION ENZYMES IN SUPPRESSING DC-DERIVED IL-12, WHICH MAY PROVIDE ONE OF THE MECHANISMS OF LONG-TERM IMMUNOSUPPRESSION SUBSEQUENT TO THE SEPTIC RESPONSE.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
9   922  27 CHRONIC IL-1BETA-INDUCED INFLAMMATION REGULATES EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION MEMORY PHENOTYPES VIA EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION FACILITATES TUMOR PROGRESSION. WE DISCOVERED THAT A SUBSET OF NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER CELLS UNDERWENT A GRADUALLY PROGRESSING EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL (EMT) PHENOTYPE FOLLOWING A 21-DAY EXPOSURE TO IL-1BETA, AN ABUNDANT PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE IN THE AT-RISK FOR LUNG CANCER PULMONARY AND THE LUNG TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENTS. PATHWAY ANALYSIS OF THE GENE EXPRESSION PROFILE AND IN VITRO FUNCTIONAL STUDIES REVEALED THAT THE EMT AND EMT-ASSOCIATED PHENOTYPES, INCLUDING ENHANCED CELL INVASION, PD-L1 UPREGULATION, AND CHEMORESISTANCE, WERE SUSTAINED IN THE ABSENCE OF CONTINUOUS IL-1BETA EXPOSURE. WE REFERRED TO THIS PHENOMENON AS EMT MEMORY. UTILIZING A DOXYCYCLINE-CONTROLLED SLUG EXPRESSION SYSTEM, WE FOUND THAT HIGH EXPRESSION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SLUG WAS INDISPENSABLE FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF EMT MEMORY. HIGH SLUG EXPRESSION IN TUMORS OF LUNG CANCER PATIENTS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH POOR SURVIVAL. CHEMICAL OR GENETIC INHIBITION OF SLUG UPREGULATION PREVENTED EMT FOLLOWING THE ACUTE IL-1BETA EXPOSURE BUT DID NOT REVERSE EMT MEMORY. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR FURTHER REVEALED A SLUG-MEDIATED TEMPORAL REGULATION OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCLUDING ACCUMULATION OF H3K27, H3K9, AND DNA METHYLATION, IN THE CDH1 (E-CADHERIN) PROMOTER FOLLOWING THE CHRONIC IL-1BETA EXPOSURE. CHEMICAL INHIBITION OF DNA METHYLATION NOT ONLY RESTORED E-CADHERIN EXPRESSION IN EMT MEMORY, BUT ALSO PRIMED CELLS FOR CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED APOPTOSIS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
10  3732  25 INNATE IMMUNE MEMORY AND THE HOST RESPONSE TO INFECTION. UNLIKE THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM, THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM HAS CLASSICALLY BEEN CHARACTERIZED AS BEING DEVOID OF MEMORY FUNCTIONS. HOWEVER, RECENT RESEARCH SHOWS THAT INNATE MYELOID AND LYMPHOID CELLS HAVE THE ABILITY TO RETAIN MEMORY OF PRIOR PATHOGEN EXPOSURE AND BECOME PRIMED TO ELICIT A ROBUST, BROAD-SPECTRUM RESPONSE TO SUBSEQUENT INFECTION. THIS PHENOMENON HAS BEEN TERMED INNATE IMMUNE MEMORY OR TRAINED IMMUNITY. INNATE IMMUNE MEMORY IS INDUCED VIA ACTIVATION OF PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS AND THE ACTIONS OF CYTOKINES ON HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITORS AND STEM CELLS IN BONE MARROW AND INNATE LEUKOCYTES IN THE PERIPHERY. THE TRAINED PHENOTYPE IS INDUCED AND SUSTAINED VIA EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT REPROGRAM TRANSCRIPTIONAL PATTERNS AND METABOLISM. THESE MODIFICATIONS AUGMENT ANTIMICROBIAL FUNCTIONS, SUCH AS LEUKOCYTE EXPANSION, CHEMOTAXIS, PHAGOCYTOSIS, AND MICROBIAL KILLING, TO FACILITATE AN AUGMENTED HOST RESPONSE TO INFECTION. ALTERNATIVELY, INNATE IMMUNE MEMORY MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC DISEASES, SUCH AS ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
11   135  30 ABERRANT CPG METHYLATION MEDIATES ABNORMAL TRANSCRIPTION OF MAO-A INDUCED BY ACUTE AND CHRONIC L-3,4-DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE ADMINISTRATION IN SH-SY5Y NEURONAL CELLS. L-3,4-DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE (L-DOPA) REMAINS THE MOST EFFECTIVE DRUG FOR THERAPY OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE (PD); HOWEVER, LONG-TERM USE OF IT CAUSES SERIOUS SIDE EFFECTS. L-DOPA-INDUCED DYSKINESIA (LID) HAS CONSISTENTLY BEEN RELATED TO L-DOPA-DERIVED EXCESSIVE DOPAMINE RELEASE, BUT THE MECHANISMS HAVE NOT BEEN ADDRESSED VERY CLEAR. MONOAMINE OXIDASE A (MAO-A) IS ONE OF THE KEY ENZYMES IN DOPAMINE METABOLISM AND THEREFORE MAY BE INVOLVED IN L-DOPA-INDUCED SIDE EFFECTS. AND, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION CONTROLS MAO-A GENE TRANSCRIPTION. TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF L-DOPA ON MAO-A TRANSCRIPTION AND ITS UNDERLYING EPIGENETIC MECHANISM, NEURONAL SH-SY5Y CELLS WERE TREATED WITH L-DOPA FOR 24 H (ACUTE) AND FOR 7-21 DAYS (CHRONIC). RESULTS SHOWED THAT CHRONIC L-DOPA ADMINISTRATION RESULTED IN A DOSE-DEPENDENT AND TIME-DEPENDENT DOWNREGULATION OF MAO-A, WHEREAS ACUTE L-DOPA ADMINISTRATION INDUCED UPREGULATION OF MAO-A TRANSCRIPTION AND EXPRESSION. MEANWHILE, CHRONIC L-DOPA EXPOSURE INDUCED CPG HYPERMETHYLATION IN MAO-A PROMOTER, WHILE ACUTE L-DOPA ADMINISTRATION CAUSED CPG HYPOMETHYLATION. AND, CPG DEMETHYLATION RESULTED IN REACTIVATION OF MAO-A TRANSCRIPTION. THESE RESULTS INDICATED THAT ABERRANT CPG METHYLATION MIGHT PLAY A KEY ROLE IN MAO-A TRANSCRIPTIONAL MISREGULATION IN L-DOPA ADMINISTRATION. IN ADDITION, RESULTS SHOWED THAT ACUTE L-DOPA ADMINISTRATION INDUCED DOWNREGULATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3A (DNMT3A). TRANSCRIPTION OF TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION 1 (TET1) WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DOWNREGULATED IN CHRONIC L-DOPA ADMINISTRATION. THESE DATA INDICATED THAT IN CHRONIC L-DOPA ADMINISTRATION, TET1 DOWNREGULATION MIGHT MEDIATE CPG HYPERMETHYLATION, WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DOWNREGULATION OF MAO-A TRANSCRIPTION. IN CONTRAST, IN ACUTE L-DOPA ADMINISTRATION, DNMT3A DOWNREGULATION MIGHT MEDIATE HYPOMETHYLATION, CONTRIBUTING TO THE MAO-A UPREGULATION. IN CONCLUSION, OUR FINDINGS SUGGESTED THAT TET1 AND DNMTS MIGHT MEDIATE ABERRANT CPG METHYLATION, ASSOCIATED WITH THE MISREGULATION OF MAO-A IN L-DOPA ADMINISTRATION, WHICH MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO DOPAMINE RELEASE ABNORMALLY LEADING TO THE SIDE EFFECTS OF L-DOPA.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12  1618  31 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS INCREASE NOD-LIKE RECEPTOR ACTIVITY AND EXPRESSION IN A MONOCYTIC CELL LINE. BACKGROUND: THE INTRACELLULAR NOD-LIKE RECEPTOR (NLR) FAMILY OF PATHOGEN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS (PRRA) IS INVOLVED IN INITIATING THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF WHICH NOD1 AND NOD2 ARE THE BEST-CHARACTERIZED MEMBERS. ABERRANT EXPRESSION OF NOD1 AND NOD2 HAS BEEN UNCOVERED IN A NUMBER OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES, SUCH AS INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE AND RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING NOD1/NOD2 GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION IS STILL IN ITS INFANCY. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION REGULATE THE EXPRESSION OF GENES AND ALTERATIONS IN THEIR PATTERNS HAVE BEEN LINKED TO MANY INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED WHETHER EPIGENETIC MODIFYING DRUGS AFFECT THE REGULATION OF NOD1/NOD2 ACTIVITY AND EXPRESSION. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS HAVE RECENTLY BEEN USED IN THE TREATMENT OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME AND AS COMBINATION THERAPY IN CANCER BUT THE FULL EXTENT OF THEIR EFFECTS HAS NOT BEEN QUANTIFIED.METHODS: PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITION OF EPIGENETIC ENZYMES IN A HUMAN MONOCYTIC THP-1 CELL LINE WAS CARRIED OUT AND NOD1/NOD2 EXPRESSION AND PRO-INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES WERE QUANTIFIED.RESULTS: CELLS PRIMED WITH A DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR (BUT NOT A HISTONE DEACETYLASE [HDAC] INHIBITOR) WERE FOUND TO BE CONSISTENTLY MORE RESPONSIVE TO NOD1/NOD2 STIMULATION AND HAD INCREASED BASAL EXPRESSION.CONCLUSION: THE NOVEL EXPERIMENTATION CARRIED OUT HERE SUGGESTS FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT NOD1/NOD2 RECEPTOR ACTIVITY AND EXPRESSION IN MONOCYTES ARE POSSIBLY REGULATED DIRECTLY BY DNA METHYLATION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
13   373  23 AN EMERGING ROLE OF NEUTROPHILS AND NETOSIS IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) AND ANCA-ASSOCIATED VASCULITIDES (AAV): IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT. NEUTROPHILS DERIVE FROM HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS (HSCS) WITH SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION DRIVING THEIR ACTIVATION AND DIFFERENTIATION TO MYELOID PROGENITORS TO ENSURE ENHANCED MYELOPOIESIS. EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMING AND RE-EDUCATION OF THESE HSCS PRODUCES NEUTROPHILS PRIMED TOWARDS ELIMINATION OF PATHOGENS AND INCREASED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE. NEUTROPHILS -AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION- ARE NOT PRESENT IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY TISSUES LEADING TO THE FALSE ASSUMPTION THAT THEY MAY NOT BE AS IMPORTANT FOR THE LATTER. ACTIVATED NEUTROPHILS MAY RELEASE NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS (NETS) DURING A DISTINCT FORM OF CELL DEATH, NAMED NETOSIS; NETS ARE RICH IN BIOACTIVE MOLECULES THAT PROMOTE THROMBOSIS (INCLUDING ATHEROTHROMBOSIS), INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS. THUS, ALTHOUGH NEUTROPHILS MAY NOT BE PRESENT IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY LESIONS, THEIR REMNANTS MAY AMPLIFY THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE BEYOND THEIR SHORT LIFE-SPAN IN THE TISSUES. HEREIN, WE REVIEW CURRENT EVIDENCE SUPPORTING A ROLE OF NEUTROPHILS AND NETOSIS IN TISSUE INJURY AND DYSFUNCTION IN SYSTEMIC AUTOIMMUNITY USING AS DISEASE PARADIGMS SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) AND THE ANCA-ASSOCIATED VASCULITIDES (AAV). WE ALSO DISCUSS THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED AND THEIR POTENTIAL AS TARGETS FOR NOVEL THERAPY AND DRUG REPOSITIONING.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
14  6599  30 TWIST1 AND TWIST2 INDUCE HUMAN MACROPHAGE MEMORY UPON CHRONIC INNATE RECEPTOR TREATMENT BY HDAC-MEDIATED DEACETYLATION OF CYTOKINE PROMOTERS. INTESTINAL TISSUES ARE CONTINUOUSLY EXPOSED TO MICROBIAL PRODUCTS THAT STIMULATE PATTERN-RECOGNITION RECEPTORS (PRRS). ONGOING PRR STIMULATION CAN CONFER EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN MACROPHAGES, WHICH CAN THEN REGULATE SUBSEQUENT IMMUNE OUTCOMES AND ADAPTATION TO THE LOCAL ENVIRONMENT. MECHANISMS LEADING TO THESE CHANGES ARE INCOMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. WE FOUND THAT SHORT-TERM STIMULATION OF THE PRR NOD2 IN PRIMARY HUMAN MONOCYTE-DERIVED MACROPHAGES RESULTED IN INCREASED H3 AND H4 ACETYLATION OF CYTOKINE PROMOTERS, CONSISTENT WITH THE INCREASED CYTOKINE SECRETION OBSERVED. HOWEVER, WITH PROLONGED NOD2 STIMULATION, BOTH THE ACETYLATION AND CYTOKINE SECRETION WERE DRAMATICALLY DECREASED. CHRONIC NOD2 STIMULATION UPREGULATED THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS TWIST1 AND TWIST2, WHICH BOUND TO THE PROMOTERS OF THE HISTONE DEACETYLASES HDAC1 AND HDAC3 AND INDUCED HDAC1 AND HDAC3 EXPRESSION. HDAC1 AND HDAC3 THEN MEDIATED HISTONE DEACETYLATION AT CYTOKINE PROMOTERS AND, IN TURN, CYTOKINE DOWNREGULATION UNDER THESE CONDITIONS. SIMILAR REGULATION WAS OBSERVED UPON CHRONIC STIMULATION OF MULTIPLE PRRS. CONSISTENT WITH THE CHRONIC MICROBIAL EXPOSURE IN THE INTESTINAL ENVIRONMENT, TWIST1, TWIST2, HDAC1, AND HDAC3 WERE UPREGULATED IN HUMAN INTESTINAL RELATIVE TO PERIPHERAL MACROPHAGES. IMPORTANTLY, COMPLEMENTING HDAC1 AND HDAC3 IN TWIST1/TWIST2-DEFICIENT MONOCYTE-DERIVED MACROPHAGES RESTORED THE REDUCED HISTONE ACETYLATION ON CYTOKINE PROMOTERS AND THE DECREASED CYTOKINE SECRETION WITH CHRONIC NOD2 STIMULATION. TAKEN TOGETHER, WE IDENTIFY MECHANISMS WHEREIN TWIST1 AND TWIST2 PROMOTE CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS, RESULTING IN MACROPHAGE INSTRUCTION AND ADAPTATION TO CONDITIONS IN THE INTESTINAL MICROENVIRONMENT.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
15   991  25 CHRONIC STIMULATION DRIVES HUMAN NK CELL DYSFUNCTION AND EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMING. A POPULATION OF NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS EXPRESSING THE ACTIVATING RECEPTOR NKG2C AND THE MATURATION MARKER CD57 EXPANDS IN RESPONSE TO HUMAN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (HCMV) INFECTION. CD3-CD56DIMCD57+NKG2C+ NK CELLS ARE SIMILAR TO CD8+ MEMORY T CELLS WITH RAPID AND ROBUST EFFECTOR FUNCTION UPON RE-STIMULATION, PERSISTENCE, AND EPIGENETIC REMODELING OF THE IFNG LOCUS. CHRONIC ANTIGEN STIMULATION DRIVES CD8+ MEMORY T CELL PROLIFERATION WHILE ALSO INDUCING GENOME-WIDE EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMING AND DYSFUNCTION. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT CHRONIC STIMULATION COULD SIMILARLY INDUCE EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMING AND DYSFUNCTION IN NK CELLS. HERE WE SHOW THAT CHRONIC STIMULATION OF ADAPTIVE NK CELLS THROUGH NKG2C USING PLATE-BOUND AGONISTIC ANTIBODIES IN COMBINATION WITH IL-15 DROVE ROBUST PROLIFERATION AND ACTIVATION OF CD3-CD56DIMCD57+NKG2C+ NK CELLS WHILE SIMULTANEOUSLY INDUCING HIGH EXPRESSION OF THE CHECKPOINT INHIBITORY RECEPTORS LAG-3 AND PD-1. MARKED INDUCTION OF CHECKPOINT INHIBITORY RECEPTORS WAS ALSO OBSERVED ON THE SURFACE OF ADAPTIVE NK CELLS CO-CULTURED WITH HCMV-INFECTED ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. CHRONICALLY STIMULATED ADAPTIVE NK CELLS WERE DYSFUNCTIONAL WHEN CHALLENGED WITH TUMOR TARGETS. THESE CELLS EXHIBITED A PATTERN OF EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMING, WITH GENOME-WIDE ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION. OUR STUDY HAS IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY AND SUGGEST THAT EXHAUSTED NK CELLS COULD BE TARGETED WITH INHIBITORY CHECKPOINT RECEPTOR BLOCKADE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
16   744  38 CANNABINOID WIN55,212-2 REPROGRAMS MONOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES TO INHIBIT LPS-INDUCED INFLAMMATION. INTRODUCTION: CHRONIC OR UNCONTROLLED ACTIVATION OF MYELOID CELLS INCLUDING MONOCYTES, MACROPHAGES AND DENDRITIC CELLS (DCS) IS A HALLMARK OF IMMUNE-MEDIATED INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS. THERE IS AN URGENT NEED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL DRUGS WITH THE CAPACITY TO IMPAIR INNATE IMMUNE CELL OVERACTIVATION UNDER INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS. COMPELLING EVIDENCE POINTED OUT CANNABINOIDS AS POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TOOLS WITH ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND IMMUNOMODULATORY CAPACITY. WIN55,212-2, A NON-SELECTIVE SYNTHETIC CANNABINOID AGONIST, DISPLAYS PROTECTIVE EFFECTS IN SEVERAL INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS BY MECHANISMS PARTIALLY DEPENDING ON THE GENERATION OF TOLEROGENIC DCS ABLE TO INDUCE FUNCTIONAL REGULATORY T CELLS (TREGS). HOWEVER, ITS IMMUNOMODULATORY CAPACITY ON OTHER MYELOID CELLS SUCH AS MONOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES REMAINS INCOMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. METHODS: HUMAN MONOCYTE-DERIVED DCS (HMODCS) WERE DIFFERENTIATED IN THE ABSENCE (CONVENTIONAL HMODCS) OR PRESENCE OF WIN55,212-2 (WIN-HMODCS). CELLS WERE STIMULATED WITH LPS, COCULTURED WITH NAIVE T LYMPHOCYTES AND THEIR CYTOKINE PRODUCTION AND ABILITY TO INDUCE T CELL RESPONSES WERE ANALYSED BY ELISA OR FLOW CYTOMETRY. TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF WIN55,212-2 IN MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION, HUMAN AND MURINE MACROPHAGES WERE ACTIVATED WITH LPS OR LPS/IFNGAMMA, IN THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF THE CANNABINOID. CYTOKINE, COSTIMULATORY MOLECULES AND INFLAMMASOME MARKERS WERE ASSAYED. METABOLIC AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS WERE ALSO PERFORMED. FINALLY, THE PROTECTIVE CAPACITY OF WIN55,212-2 WAS STUDIED IN VIVO IN BALB/C MICE AFTER INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION WITH LPS. RESULTS: WE SHOW FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT THE DIFFERENTIATION OF HMODCS IN THE PRESENCE OF WIN55,212-2 GENERATES TOLEROGENIC WIN-HMODCS THAT ARE LESS RESPONSIVE TO LPS STIMULATION AND ABLE TO PRIME TREGS. WIN55,212-2 ALSO IMPAIRS THE PRO-INFLAMMATORY POLARIZATION OF HUMAN MACROPHAGES BY INHIBITING CYTOKINE PRODUCTION, INFLAMMASOME ACTIVATION AND RESCUING MACROPHAGES FROM PYROPTOTIC CELL DEATH. MECHANISTICALLY, WIN55,212-2 INDUCED A METABOLIC AND EPIGENETIC SHIFT IN MACROPHAGES BY DECREASING LPS-INDUCED MTORC1 SIGNALING, COMMITMENT TO GLYCOLYSIS AND ACTIVE HISTONE MARKS IN PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PROMOTERS. WE CONFIRMED THESE DATA IN EX VIVO LPS-STIMULATED PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES (PMPHIS), WHICH WERE ALSO SUPPORTED BY THE IN VIVO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CAPACITY OF WIN55,212-2 IN A LPS-INDUCED SEPSIS MOUSE MODEL. CONCLUSION: OVERALL, WE SHED LIGHT INTO THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH CANNABINOIDS EXERT ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES IN MYELOID CELLS, WHICH MIGHT WELL CONTRIBUTE TO THE FUTURE RATIONAL DESIGN OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS.	2023	

17  3662  28 INDUCTION OF STABLE HUMAN FOXP3(+) TREGS BY A PARASITE-DERIVED TGF-BETA MIMIC. IMMUNE HOMEOSTASIS IN THE INTESTINE IS TIGHTLY CONTROLLED BY FOXP3(+) REGULATORY T CELLS (TREGS), DEFECTS OF WHICH ARE LINKED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC CONDITIONS, SUCH AS INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD). AS A MECHANISM OF IMMUNE EVASION, SEVERAL SPECIES OF INTESTINAL PARASITES BOOST TREG ACTIVITY. THE PARASITE HELIGMOSOMOIDES POLYGYRUS IS KNOWN TO SECRETE A MOLECULE (HP-TGM) THAT MIMICS THE ABILITY OF TGF-BETA TO INDUCE FOXP3 EXPRESSION IN CD4(+) T CELLS. THE STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER HP-TGM COULD INDUCE HUMAN FOXP3(+) TREGS AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC APPROACH FOR INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. CD4(+) T CELLS FROM HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS WERE EXPANDED IN THE PRESENCE OF HP-TGM OR TGF-BETA. TREG INDUCTION WAS MEASURED BY FLOW CYTOMETRIC DETECTION OF FOXP3 AND OTHER TREG MARKERS, SUCH AS CD25 AND CTLA-4. EPIGENETIC CHANGES WERE DETECTED USING CHIP-SEQ AND PYROSEQUENCING OF FOXP3. TREG PHENOTYPE STABILITY WAS ASSESSED FOLLOWING INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE CHALLENGE AND TREG FUNCTION WAS EVALUATED BY CELLULAR CO-CULTURE SUPPRESSION ASSAYS AND CYTOMETRIC BEAD ARRAYS FOR SECRETED CYTOKINES. HP-TGM EFFICIENTLY INDUCED FOXP3 EXPRESSION (> 60%), IN ADDITION TO CD25 AND CTLA-4, AND CAUSED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF THE FOXP3 LOCUS TO A GREATER EXTENT THAN TGF-BETA. HP-TGM-INDUCED TREGS HAD SUPERIOR SUPPRESSIVE FUNCTION COMPARED WITH TGF-BETA-INDUCED TREGS, AND RETAINED THEIR PHENOTYPE FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. FURTHERMORE, HP-TGM INDUCED A TREG-LIKE PHENOTYPE IN IN VIVO DIFFERENTIATED TH1 AND TH17 CELLS, INDICATING ITS POTENTIAL TO RE-PROGRAM MEMORY CELLS TO ENHANCE IMMUNE TOLERANCE. THESE DATA INDICATE HP-TGM HAS POTENTIAL TO BE USED TO GENERATE STABLE HUMAN FOXP3(+) TREGS TO TREAT IBD AND OTHER INFLAMMATORY DISEASES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
18  5607  26 RSV-INDUCED H3K4 DEMETHYLASE KDM5B LEADS TO REGULATION OF DENDRITIC CELL-DERIVED INNATE CYTOKINES AND EXACERBATES PATHOGENESIS IN VIVO. RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV) INFECTION CAN RESULT IN SEVERE DISEASE PARTIALLY DUE TO ITS ABILITY TO INTERFERE WITH THE INITIATION OF TH1 RESPONSES TARGETING THE PRODUCTION OF TYPE I INTERFERONS (IFN) AND PROMOTING A TH2 IMMUNE ENVIRONMENT. EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE IMPORTANT IN REGULATING INFLAMMATORY PATHWAYS. RSV-INFECTED BONE MARROW-DERIVED DCS (BMDCS) UPREGULATED EXPRESSION OF KDM5B/JARID1B H3K4 DEMETHYLASE. KDM5B-SPECIFIC SIRNA INHIBITION IN BMDC LED TO A 10-FOLD INCREASE IN IFN-BETA AS WELL AS INCREASES IN IL-6 AND TNF-ALPHA COMPARED TO CONTROL-TRANSFECTED CELLS. THE GENERATION OF KDM5BFL/FL-CD11C-CRE+ MICE RECAPITULATED THE LATTER RESULTS DURING IN VITRO DC ACTIVATION SHOWING INNATE CYTOKINE MODULATION. IN VIVO, INFECTION OF KDM5BFL/FL-CD11C-CRE+ MICE WITH RSV RESULTED IN HIGHER PRODUCTION OF IFN-GAMMA AND REDUCED IL-4 AND IL-5 COMPARED TO LITTERMATE CONTROLS, WITH SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED INFLAMMATION, IL-13, AND MUCUS PRODUCTION IN THE LUNGS. SENSITIZATION WITH RSV-INFECTED DCS INTO THE AIRWAYS OF NAIVE MICE LED TO AN EXACERBATED RESPONSE WHEN MICE WERE CHALLENGED WITH LIVE RSV INFECTION. WHEN KDM5B WAS BLOCKED IN DCS WITH SIRNA OR DCS FROM KDM5BFL/FL-CD11C-CRE MICE WERE USED, THE EXACERBATED RESPONSE WAS ABROGATED. IMPORTANTLY, HUMAN MONOCYTE-DERIVED DCS TREATED WITH A CHEMICAL INHIBITOR FOR KDM5B RESULTED IN INCREASED INNATE CYTOKINE LEVELS AS WELL AS ELICITED DECREASED TH2 CYTOKINES WHEN CO-CULTURED WITH RSV REACTIVATED CD4+ T CELLS. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT KDM5B ACTS TO REPRESS TYPE I IFN AND OTHER INNATE CYTOKINES TO PROMOTE AN ALTERED IMMUNE RESPONSE FOLLOWING RSV INFECTION THAT CONTRIBUTES TO DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
19  2370  29 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE ALTERNATIVELY ACTIVATED MACROPHAGE PHENOTYPE. ALTERNATIVELY ACTIVATED (M2) MACROPHAGES PLAY CRITICAL ROLES IN DIVERSE CHRONIC DISEASES, INCLUDING PARASITE INFECTIONS, CANCER, AND ALLERGIC RESPONSES. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE ACQUISITION AND MAINTENANCE OF THEIR PHENOTYPE. WE REPORT THAT M2-MACROPHAGE MARKER GENES ARE EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED BY RECIPROCAL CHANGES IN HISTONE H3 LYSINE-4 (H3K4) AND HISTONE H3 LYSINE-27 (H3K27) METHYLATION; AND THE LATTER METHYLATION MARKS ARE REMOVED BY THE H3K27 DEMETHYLASE JUMONJI DOMAIN CONTAINING 3 (JMJD3). WE FOUND THAT CONTINUOUS INTERLEUKIN-4 (IL-4) TREATMENT LEADS TO DECREASED H3K27 METHYLATION, AT THE PROMOTER OF M2 MARKER GENES, AND A CONCOMITANT INCREASE IN JMJD3 EXPRESSION. FURTHERMORE, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT IL-4-DEPENDENT JMJD3 EXPRESSION IS MEDIATED BY STAT6, A MAJOR TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR OF IL-4-MEDIATED SIGNALING. AFTER IL-4 STIMULATION, ACTIVATED STAT6 IS INCREASED AND BINDS TO CONSENSUS SITES AT THE JMJD3 PROMOTER. INCREASED JMJD3 CONTRIBUTES TO THE DECREASE OF H3K27 DIMETHYLATION AND TRIMETHYLATION (H3K27ME2/3) MARKS AS WELL AS THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF SPECIFIC M2 MARKER GENES. THE DECREASE IN H3K27ME2/3 AND INCREASE IN JMJD3 RECRUITMENT WERE CONFIRMED BY IN VIVO STUDIES USING A SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI EGG-CHALLENGED MOUSE MODEL, A WELL-STUDIED SYSTEM KNOWN TO SUPPORT AN M2 PHENOTYPE. COLLECTIVELY, THESE DATA INDICATE THAT CHROMATIN REMODELING IS MECHANISTICALLY IMPORTANT IN THE ACQUISITION OF THE M2-MACROPHAGE PHENOTYPE.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
20  3454  30 HYPOMETHYLATION AT THE REGULATORY T CELL-SPECIFIC DEMETHYLATED REGION IN CD25HI T CELLS IS DECOUPLED FROM FOXP3 EXPRESSION AT THE INFLAMED SITE IN CHILDHOOD ARTHRITIS. THE MAINTENANCE OF FOXP3 EXPRESSION IN CD25(HI) REGULATORY T CELLS (TREGS) IS CRUCIAL TO THE CONTROL OF INFLAMMATION AND ESSENTIAL FOR SUCCESSFUL TREG TRANSFER THERAPIES. COEXPRESSION OF CD25 AND FOXP3 IN COMBINATION WITH A HYPOMETHYLATED REGION WITHIN THE FOXP3 GENE, CALLED THE TREG-SPECIFIC DEMETHYLATED REGION (TSDR), IS CONSIDERED THE HALLMARK OF STABLE TREGS. THE TSDR IS AN EPIGENETIC MOTIF THAT IS IMPORTANT FOR STABLE FOXP3 EXPRESSION AND IS USED AS A BIOMARKER TO MEASURE TREG LINEAGE COMMITMENT. IN THIS STUDY, WE REPORT THAT, UNLIKE IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD, CD4(+) T CELL EXPRESSION OF CD25 AND FOXP3 IS FREQUENTLY DISSOCIATED AT THE INFLAMED SITE IN PATIENTS WITH JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS, WHICH LED US TO QUESTION THE STABILITY OF HUMAN TREGS IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY ENVIRONMENTS. WE DESCRIBE A NOVEL CD4(+)CD127(LO)CD25(HI) HUMAN T CELL POPULATION THAT EXHIBITS EXTENSIVE TSDR AND PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION IN THE ABSENCE OF STABLE FOXP3 EXPRESSION. THIS POPULATION EXPRESSES HIGH LEVELS OF CTLA-4 AND CAN SUPPRESS T CONVENTIONAL CELL PROLIFERATION IN VITRO. THESE DATA COLLECTIVELY SUGGEST THAT THIS POPULATION MAY REPRESENT A CHRONICALLY ACTIVATED FOXP3(LO) TREG POPULATION. WE SHOW THAT THESE CELLS HAVE DEFECTS IN IL-2 SIGNALING AND REDUCED EXPRESSION OF A DEUBIQUITINASE IMPORTANT FOR FOXP3 STABILITY. CLINICALLY, THE PROPORTIONS OF THESE CELLS WITHIN THE CD25(HI) T CELL SUBSET ARE INCREASED IN PATIENTS WITH THE MORE SEVERE COURSES OF DISEASE. OUR STUDY DEMONSTRATES, THEREFORE, THAT HYPOMETHYLATION AT THE TSDR CAN BE DECOUPLED FROM FOXP3 EXPRESSION IN HUMAN T CELLS AND THAT ENVIRONMENT-SPECIFIC BREAKDOWN IN FOXP3 STABILITY MAY COMPROMISE THE RESOLUTION OF INFLAMMATION IN JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS.	2014