1  6224 175 THE LEUCINE CATABOLITE AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENT BETA-HYDROXY-BETA-METHYL BUTYRATE (HMB) AS AN EPIGENETIC REGULATOR IN MUSCLE PROGENITOR CELLS. BETA-HYDROXY-BETA-METHYL BUTYRATE (HMB) IS A NATURAL CATABOLITE OF LEUCINE DEEMED TO PLAY A ROLE IN AMINO ACID SIGNALING AND THE MAINTENANCE OF LEAN MUSCLE MASS. ACCORDINGLY, HMB IS USED AS A DIETARY SUPPLEMENT BY SPORTSMEN AND HAS SHOWN SOME CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS IN PREVENTING MUSCLE WASTING IN CANCER AND CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE, AS WELL AS IN AGE-DEPENDENT SARCOPENIA. HOWEVER, THE MOLECULAR CASCADES UNDERLYING THESE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ARE LARGELY UNKNOWN. HMB BEARS A SIGNIFICANT STRUCTURAL SIMILARITY WITH BUTYRATE AND BETA-HYDROXYBUTYRATE (BETAHB), TWO COMPOUNDS RECOGNIZED FOR IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC AND HISTONE-MARKING ACTIVITIES IN MULTIPLE CELL TYPES INCLUDING MUSCLE CELLS. WE ASKED WHETHER SIMILAR CHROMATIN-MODIFYING ACTIONS COULD BE ASSIGNED TO HMB AS WELL. EXPOSURE OF MURINE C2C12 MYOBLASTS TO MILLIMOLAR CONCENTRATIONS OF HMB LED TO AN INCREASE IN GLOBAL HISTONE ACETYLATION, AS MONITORED BY ANTI-ACETYLATED LYSINE IMMUNOBLOTTING, WHILE PREVENTING MYOTUBE DIFFERENTIATION. IN THESE EFFECTS, HMB RESEMBLED, ALTHOUGH WITH LESS POTENCY, THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE. HOWEVER, INITIAL STUDIES DID NOT CONFIRM A DIRECT INHIBITORY EFFECT OF HMB ON HDACS IN VITRO. BETA-HYDROXYBUTYRATE, A KETONE BODY PRODUCED BY THE LIVER DURING STARVATION OR INTENSE EXERCISE, HAS A MODEST EFFECT ON HISTONE ACETYLATION OF C2C12 CELLS OR IN VITRO HDAC INHIBITOR ACTIVITIES, AND, UNLIKE BUTYRATE AND HMB, DID NOT INTERFERE WITH MYOTUBE FORMATION IN A MYOBLAST DIFFERENTIATION ASSAY. INSTEAD, BETAHB DRAMATICALLY INCREASED LYSINE BETA-HYDROXYBUTYRYLATION (KBHB) OF HISTONE TAILS, AN EPIGENETIC MARK ASSOCIATED WITH FASTING RESPONSES AND MUSCLE CATABOLIC STATES. HOWEVER, WHEN C2C12 CELLS WERE EXPOSED TO BETAHB IN THE PRESENCE OF EQUIMOLAR HMB THIS CHROMATIN MODIFICATION WAS DRASTICALLY REDUCED, POINTING TO A ROLE FOR HMB IN ATTENUATING KETOSIS-ASSOCIATED MUSCLE WASTING. IN CONCLUSION, WHILE THEIR MECHANISTIC UNDERPINNINGS REMAIN TO BE CLARIFIED, THESE PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS HIGHLIGHT NOVEL AND POTENTIALLY IMPORTANT ACTIVITIES OF HMB AS AN EPIGENETIC REGULATOR AND BETAHB ANTAGONIST IN MUSCLE PRECURSOR CELLS, TO BE FURTHER EXPLORED IN THEIR BIOMEDICAL IMPLICATIONS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
2  6827  23 [GILLES DE LA TOURETTE'S DISEASE. SYMPTOMS, ETIOPATHOGENESIS AND THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES]. THE GILLES DE LA TOURETTE SYNDROME IS A USUALLY CHRONIC NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDER WITH AN EARLY CHILDHOOD ONSET FEATURING MAINLY MOTOR AND VOCAL TICS. IT SEEMS THAT STRONG GENETIC FACTORS MAKE A MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO THE ETIOLOGY OF THIS DISORDER, BUT THERE ARE ALSO CLUES THAT EPIGENETIC FACTORS ARE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF TOURETTE'S SYNDROME, SUCH AS MATERNAL STRESS DURING PREGNANCY, BIRTH COMPLICATIONS AND HORMONAL INFLUENCES. FIRST IN LINE FOR ADEQUATE TREATMENT ARE NEUROLEPTIC COMPOUNDS OF HIGH POTENCY, BESIDES, SEVERAL OTHER PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS HAVE SHOWN SOME THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS. LESS EVIDENT IS THE EFFICACY OF NEUROSURGICAL AND PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS.	1997	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
3  4147  44 MECHANISMS UNDERLYING BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CRUCIFEROUS GLUCOSINOLATE-DERIVED ISOTHIOCYANATES/INDOLES: A FOCUS ON METABOLIC SYNDROME. AN INVERSE CORRELATION BETWEEN VEGETABLE CONSUMPTION AND THE INCIDENCE OF CANCER HAS LONG BEEN DESCRIBED. THIS PROTECTIVE EFFECT IS STRONGER WHEN CRUCIFEROUS VEGETABLES ARE SPECIFICALLY CONSUMED. THE BENEFICIAL PROPERTIES OF VEGETABLES ARE ATTRIBUTED TO THEIR BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS LIKE FIBER, ANTIOXIDANTS VITAMINS, ANTIOXIDANTS, MINERALS, AND PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS. CRUCIFEROUS VEGETABLES CONTAIN ALL THESE MOLECULES; HOWEVER, WHAT MAKES THEM DIFFERENT ARE THEIR SULFUROUS COMPONENTS, CALLED GLUCOSINOLATES, RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR SPECIAL SMELL AND TASTE. GLUCOSINOLATES ARE INACTIVE BIOLOGICALLY IN THE ORGANISM BUT ARE HYDROLYZED BY THE ENZYME MYROSINASE RELEASED AS A RESULT OF CHEWING, LEADING TO THE FORMATION OF ACTIVE DERIVATIVES SUCH AS ISOTHIOCYANATES AND INDOLES. A CONSIDERABLE NUMBER OF IN VITRO AND IN VIVO STUDIES HAVE REPORTED THAT ISOTHIOCYANATES AND INDOLES ELICIT CHEMOPREVENTIVE POTENCY THROUGH MULTIPLE MECHANISMS THAT INCLUDE MODULATION OF PHASES I AND II DETOXIFICATION PATHWAY ENZYMES, REGULATION OF CELL CYCLE ARREST, AND CONTROL OF CELL GROWTH, INDUCTION OF APOPTOSIS, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, ANTI-ANGIOGENIC EFFECTS, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION. NUCLEAR ERYTHROID 2-RELATED FACTOR 2 (NRF2) AND NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB (NF-KAPPAB) ARE KEY AND CENTRAL REGULATORS IN ALL THESE PROCESSES WITH A MAIN ROLE IN OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION CONTROL. IT HAS BEEN DESCRIBED THAT ISOTHIOCYANATES AND INDOLES REGULATE THEIR ACTIVITY DIRECTLY AND INDIRECTLY. TODAY, THE METABOLIC SYNDROME (CENTRAL OBESITY, INSULIN RESISTANCE, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, AND HYPERTENSION) IS RESPONSIBLE FOR A MAJORITY OF DEATHS WORLDWIDE. ALL COMPONENTS OF METABOLIC SYNDROME ARE CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION WITH DEREGULATION OF THE PI3K/AKT/MTOR, MAPK/EKR/JNK, NRF2, AND NF-KAPPAB SIGNALING PATHWAYS. THE EFFECTS OF GLSS DERIVATIVES CONTROLLING THESE PATHWAYS HAVE BEEN WIDELY DESCRIBED IN RELATION TO CANCER. CHANGES IN FOOD CONSUMPTION PATTERNS OBSERVED IN THE LAST DECADES TO HIGHER CONSUMPTION OF ULTRA-PROCESSED FOODS, WITH ELEVATION IN SIMPLE SUGAR AND SATURATED FAT CONTENTS AND LOWER CONSUMPTION OF VEGETABLES AND FRUITS HAVE BEEN DIRECTLY CORRELATED WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME PREVALENCE. IN THIS REVIEW, IT IS SUMMARIZED THE KNOWLEDGE REGARDING THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH CRUCIFEROUS GLUCOSINOLATE DERIVATIVES (ISOTHIOCYANATES AND INDOLES) DIRECTLY AND INDIRECTLY REGULATE THESE PATHWAYS. HOWEVER, THE REVIEW PLACES A SPECIAL FOCUS ON THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE EFFECTS OF GLUCOSINOLATES DERIVATIVES IN METABOLIC SYNDROME, SINCE THIS HAS NOT BEEN REVIEWED BEFORE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
4  4148  35 MECHANISTIC BASIS OF EX VIVO UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD STEM PROGENITOR CELL EXPANSION. UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD (CB) TRANSPLANTATION HAS BEEN USED SUCCESSFULLY IN HUMANS FOR THREE DECADES DUE TO ITS RAPID AVAILABILITY FOR PATIENTS LACKING A SUITABLE ALLOGENEIC DONOR, LESS STRINGENT HLA MATCHING REQUIREMENTS, AND LOW RATES OF RELAPSE AND CHRONIC GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE (GVHD). HOWEVER, CB TRANSPLANTATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH COMPLICATIONS, SUCH AS DELAYED HEMATOPOIETIC ENGRAFTMENT, GRAFT FAILURE, WHICH INCREASES INFECTION AND BLEEDING AND CAUSES LONGER HOSPITAL STAYS, AND TRANSPLANT-RELATED MORTALITY. THE MAJORITY OF THESE BIOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS ARE DUE TO THE UNFORESEEABLE FUNCTIONAL POTENCY OF MULTIPOTENT HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS (HSCS), WHICH REDUCE THE PREDICTABILITY OF SUCCESSFUL TRANSPLANTATION; HOWEVER, SEVERAL STRATEGIES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM PROGENITOR CELLS (HSPCS) INFUSED DURING CB TRANSPLANTATION. THIS REVIEW PRIMARILY ADDRESSES THE METHODS THAT PROMOTE EX VIVO CB EXPANSION WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF SYMMETRICAL AND ASYMMETRICAL HSC DIVISION AND THOSE THAT RELY ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, ALONG WITH THE REPORTEDLY MOST SUCCESSFUL CYTOKINE COMBINATIONS. WE ALSO REVIEW RECENT CLINICAL RESEARCH ON SMALL MOLECULES (STEMREGENIN-1, UM171, AND NICOTINAMIDE) IN EX VIVO EXPANDED CB AND DISCUSS YET UNVALIDATED PRECLINICAL STRATEGIES. EXPANDING AND TRANSPLANTING CB GRAFT ENRICHED IN HSPCS IN A SINGLE CB UNIT IS A PARTICULARLY EXCITING PROSPECT WITH THE POTENTIAL TO IMPROVE THE USE AND AVAILABILITY OF CB GRAFTS. GREATER KNOWLEDGE OF OPTIMAL EX VIVO EXPANSION STRATEGIES, CELL LONGEVITY, AND GRAFT POTENCY WILL EXPAND THE SCOPE OF CELLULAR THERAPIES. ALSO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADEQUATE EX VIVO HSPC EXPANSION STRATEGIES COULD BRING EXPANDED CORD BLOOD GRAFTS TO THE FOREFRONT OF TRANSPLANT THERAPY AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
5  1339  41 DESIGN, SYNTHESIS, BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION, AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF POTENT HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS BASED ON CYCLIC ALPHA/BETA-TETRAPEPTIDE ARCHITECTURES. HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) ARE A FAMILY OF ENZYMES FOUND IN BACTERIA, FUNGI, PLANTS, AND ANIMALS THAT PROFOUNDLY AFFECT CELLULAR FUNCTION BY CATALYZING THE REMOVAL OF ACETYL GROUPS FROM -N-ACETYLATED LYSINE RESIDUES OF VARIOUS PROTEIN SUBSTRATES INCLUDING HISTONES, TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, ALPHA-TUBULIN, AND NUCLEAR IMPORTERS. ALTHOUGH THE PRECISE ROLES OF HDAC ISOFORMS IN CELLULAR FUNCTION ARE NOT YET COMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD, INHIBITION OF HDAC ACTIVITY HAS EMERGED AS A PROMISING APPROACH FOR REVERSING THE ABERRANT EPIGENETIC STATES ASSOCIATED WITH CANCER AND OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES. POTENT NEW ISOFORM-SELECTIVE HDAC INHIBITORS WOULD THEREFORE HELP EXPAND OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE HDAC ENZYMES AND REPRESENT ATTRACTIVE LEAD COMPOUNDS FOR DRUG DESIGN, ESPECIALLY IF COMBINED WITH HIGH-RESOLUTION STRUCTURAL ANALYSES OF SUCH INHIBITORS TO SHED LIGHT ON THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL PHARMACOPHORIC FEATURES NECESSARY FOR THE FUTURE DESIGN OF MORE POTENT AND SELECTIVE COMPOUNDS. HERE WE PRESENT STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES OF A SERIES OF BETA-AMINO-ACID-CONTAINING HDAC INHIBITORS INSPIRED BY CYCLIC TETRAPEPTIDE NATURAL PRODUCTS. TO SURVEY A DIVERSE ENSEMBLE OF PHARMACOPHORIC CONFIGURATIONS, WE SYSTEMATICALLY VARIED THE POSITION OF THE BETA-AMINO ACID, AMINO ACID CHIRALITY, FUNCTIONALIZATION OF THE ZN(2+)-COORDINATING AMINO ACID SIDE CHAIN, AND ALKYLATION OF THE BACKBONE AMIDE NITROGEN ATOMS AROUND THE MACROCYCLE. IN MANY CASES, THE COMPOUNDS WERE A SINGLE CONFORMATION IN SOLUTION AND EXHIBITED POTENT ACTIVITIES AGAINST A NUMBER OF HDAC ISOFORMS AS WELL AS EFFECTIVE ANTIPROLIFERATIVE AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES AGAINST HUMAN TUMOR CELLS. HIGH-RESOLUTION NMR SOLUTION STRUCTURES WERE DETERMINED FOR A SELECTION OF THE INHIBITORS, PROVIDING A USEFUL MEANS OF CORRELATING DETAILED STRUCTURAL INFORMATION WITH POTENCY. THE STRUCTURE-BASED APPROACH DESCRIBED HERE IS EXPECTED TO FURNISH VALUABLE INSIGHTS TOWARD THE FUTURE DESIGN OF MORE SELECTIVE HDAC INHIBITORS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
6  1888  27 ENDOMETRIOSIS AND IN VITRO FERTILISATION. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT REVIEW WAS TO DISCUSS A MATTER OF CONCERN IN THE CLINICAL FIELD OF OBSTETRICS/GYNECOLOGY, NAMELY THE POTENCY OF IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF) IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ENDOMETRIOSIS-ASSOCIATED INFERTILITY. ENDOMETRIOSIS IS A MEDICAL CONDITION AFFECTING ONE TENTH OF WOMEN IN THEIR FERTILE YEARS, AND ACCOUNTS FOR UP TO 50% OF INFERTILE WOMEN. THUS, SUCH HIGH PREVALENCE HAS ESTABLISHED THE NECESSITY FOR INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES IN ERADICATING THE DISEASE AND CONSTRAINING INFERTILITY AS WELL AS THE ACCOMPANYING PAIN SYMPTOMS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS CONNECTING ENDOMETRIOSIS WITH LOW FECUNDITY HAVE BEEN EXTENSIVELY STUDIED, BOTH IN TERMS OF GENETIC ALTERATIONS AND EPIGENETIC EVENTS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE MANIFESTATION OF AN INFERTILITY PHENOTYPE IN WOMEN WITH THE DISEASE. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE DEALT WITH THE IMPACT OF IVF IN PREGNANCY RATES (PRS) ON PATIENTS WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS, PARTICULARLY REGARDING WOMEN WHO WISH TO CONCEIVE. RESULTS RETRIEVED FROM STUDIES AND META-ANALYSES DEPICT A DIVERSE PATTERN OF IVF SUCCESS, UNDERLINING THE INVOLVEMENT OF INDIVIDUAL PARAMETERS IN THE CONFIGURATION OF THE FINAL OUTCOME. THE ULTIMATE DECISION ON UNDERGOING IVF TREATMENT SHOULD BE BASED ON OBJECTIVE CRITERIA AND CLINICIANS' EXPERIENCE, CUSTOMIZED ACCORDING TO PATIENTS' INDIVIDUAL NEEDS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
7   392  37 AN ORALLY BIOAVAILABLE CHEMICAL PROBE OF THE LYSINE METHYLTRANSFERASES EZH2 AND EZH1. EZH2 OR EZH1 IS THE CATALYTIC SUBUNIT OF THE POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2 THAT CATALYZES METHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 27 (H3K27). THE TRIMETHYLATION OF H3K27 (H3K27ME3) IS A TRANSCRIPTIONALLY REPRESSIVE POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION. OVEREXPRESSION OF EZH2 AND HYPERTRIMETHYLATION OF H3K27 HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN A NUMBER OF CANCERS. SEVERAL SELECTIVE INHIBITORS OF EZH2 HAVE BEEN REPORTED RECENTLY. HEREIN WE DISCLOSE UNC1999, THE FIRST ORALLY BIOAVAILABLE INHIBITOR THAT HAS HIGH IN VITRO POTENCY FOR WILD-TYPE AND MUTANT EZH2 AS WELL AS EZH1, A CLOSELY RELATED H3K27 METHYLTRANSFERASE THAT SHARES 96% SEQUENCE IDENTITY WITH EZH2 IN THEIR RESPECTIVE CATALYTIC DOMAINS. UNC1999 WAS HIGHLY SELECTIVE FOR EZH2 AND EZH1 OVER A BROAD RANGE OF EPIGENETIC AND NON-EPIGENETIC TARGETS, COMPETITIVE WITH THE COFACTOR SAM AND NON-COMPETITIVE WITH THE PEPTIDE SUBSTRATE. THIS INHIBITOR POTENTLY REDUCED H3K27ME3 LEVELS IN CELLS AND SELECTIVELY KILLED DIFFUSED LARGE B CELL LYMPHOMA CELL LINES HARBORING THE EZH2(Y641N) MUTANT. IMPORTANTLY, UNC1999 WAS ORALLY BIOAVAILABLE IN MICE, MAKING THIS INHIBITOR A VALUABLE TOOL FOR INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF EZH2 AND EZH1 IN CHRONIC ANIMAL STUDIES. WE ALSO DESIGNED AND SYNTHESIZED UNC2400, A CLOSE ANALOGUE OF UNC1999 WITH POTENCY >1,000-FOLD LOWER THAN THAT OF UNC1999 AS A NEGATIVE CONTROL FOR CELL-BASED STUDIES. FINALLY, WE CREATED A BIOTIN-TAGGED UNC1999 (UNC2399), WHICH ENRICHED EZH2 IN PULL-DOWN STUDIES, AND A UNC1999-DYE CONJUGATE (UNC2239) FOR CO-LOCALIZATION STUDIES WITH EZH2 IN LIVE CELLS. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE COMPOUNDS REPRESENT A SET OF USEFUL TOOLS FOR THE BIOMEDICAL COMMUNITY TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF EZH2 AND EZH1 IN HEALTH AND DISEASE.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
8   126  42 A TOXICOGENOMICS APPROACH TO IDENTIFY NEW PLAUSIBLE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF OCHRATOXIN A CARCINOGENICITY IN RAT. OCHRATOXIN A (OTA) IS A MYCOTOXIN OCCURRING NATURALLY IN A WIDE RANGE OF FOOD COMMODITIES. IN ANIMALS, IT HAS BEEN SHOWN TO CAUSE A VARIETY OF ADVERSE EFFECTS, NEPHROCARCINOGENICITY BEING THE MOST PROMINENT. BECAUSE OF ITS HIGH TOXIC POTENCY AND THE CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE OF THE HUMAN POPULATION, OTA HAS RAISED PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERNS. THERE IS SIGNIFICANT DEBATE ON HOW TO USE THE RAT CARCINOGENICITY DATA TO ASSESS THE POTENTIAL RISK TO HUMANS. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE QUESTION OF THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF OTA APPEARS OF KEY IMPORTANCE AND WAS STUDIED THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF A TOXICOGENOMICS APPROACH. MALE FISCHER RATS WERE FED OTA FOR UP TO 2 YEARS. RENAL TUMORS WERE DISCOVERED DURING THE LAST 6 MONTHS OF THE STUDY. THE TOTAL TUMOR INCIDENCE REACHED 25% AT THE END OF THE STUDY. GENE EXPRESSION PROFILE WAS ANALYZED IN GROUPS OF ANIMALS TAKEN IN INTERVALS FROM 7 DAYS TO 12 MONTHS. TISSUE-SPECIFIC RESPONSES WERE OBSERVED IN KIDNEY VERSUS LIVER. FOR SELECTED GENES, MICROARRAY DATA WERE CONFIRMED AT BOTH MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS. IN KIDNEY, SEVERAL GENES KNOWN AS MARKERS OF KIDNEY INJURY AND CELL REGENERATION WERE SIGNIFICANTLY MODULATED BY OTA. THE EXPRESSION OF GENES KNOWN TO BE INVOLVED IN DNA SYNTHESIS AND REPAIR, OR GENES INDUCED AS A RESULT OF DNA DAMAGE, WAS ONLY MARGINALLY MODULATED. VERY LITTLE OR NO EFFECT WAS FOUND AMONGST GENES ASSOCIATED WITH APOPTOSIS. ALTERATIONS OF GENE EXPRESSION INDICATING EFFECTS ON CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS AND A DISRUPTION OF PATHWAYS REGULATED BY THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS HEPATOCYTE NUCLEAR FACTOR 4 ALPHA (HNF4ALPHA) AND NUCLEAR FACTOR-ERYTHROID 2-RELATED FACTOR 2 (NRF2) WERE OBSERVED IN THE KIDNEY BUT NOT IN THE LIVER. PREVIOUS DATA HAVE SUGGESTED THAT A REDUCTION IN HNF4ALPHA MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH NEPHROCARCINOGENICITY. MANY NRF2-REGULATED GENES ARE INVOLVED IN CHEMICAL DETOXICATION AND ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE. THE DEPLETION OF THESE GENES IS LIKELY TO IMPAIR THE DEFENSE POTENTIAL OF THE CELLS, RESULTING IN CHRONIC ELEVATION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE KIDNEY. THE INHIBITION OF DEFENSE MECHANISM APPEARS AS A HIGHLY PLAUSIBLE NEW MECHANISM, WHICH COULD CONTRIBUTE TO OTA CARCINOGENICITY.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
9  6569  42 TRANSPLANTATION OF EPIGENETICALLY MODIFIED ADULT CARDIAC C-KIT+ CELLS RETARDS REMODELING AND IMPROVES CARDIAC FUNCTION IN ISCHEMIC HEART FAILURE MODEL. CARDIAC C-KIT+ CELLS HAVE A MODEST CARDIOGENIC POTENTIAL THAT COULD LIMIT THEIR EFFICACY IN HEART DISEASE TREATMENT. THE PRESENT STUDY WAS DESIGNED TO AUGMENT THE CARDIOGENIC POTENTIAL OF CARDIAC C-KIT+ CELLS THROUGH CLASS I HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITION AND EVALUATE THEIR THERAPEUTIC POTENCY IN THE CHRONIC HEART FAILURE (CHF) ANIMAL MODEL. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI) WAS CREATED BY CORONARY ARTERY OCCLUSION IN RATS. C-KIT+ CELLS WERE TREATED WITH MOCETINOSTAT (MOCE), A SPECIFIC CLASS I HDAC INHIBITOR. AT 3 WEEKS AFTER MI, CHF ANIMALS WERE RETROGRADELY INFUSED WITH UNTREATED (CONTROL) OR MOCE-TREATED C-KIT+ CELLS (MOCE/C-KIT+ CELLS) AND EVALUATED AT 3 WEEKS AFTER CELL INFUSION. WE FOUND THAT CLASS I HDAC INHIBITION IN C-KIT+ CELLS ELEVATED THE LEVEL OF ACETYLATED HISTONE H3 (ACH3) AND INCREASED ACH3 LEVELS IN THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF PLURIPOTENT AND CARDIAC-SPECIFIC GENES. EPIGENETIC CHANGES WERE ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED EXPRESSION OF CARDIAC-SPECIFIC MARKERS. TRANSPLANTATION OF CHF RATS WITH EITHER CONTROL OR MOCE/C-KIT+ CELLS RESULTED IN AN IMPROVEMENT IN CARDIAC FUNCTION, RETARDATION OF CHF REMODELING MADE EVIDENT BY INCREASED VASCULARIZATION AND SCAR SIZE, AND CARDIOMYOCYTE HYPERTROPHY REDUCTION. COMPARED WITH CHF INFUSED WITH CONTROL CELLS, INFUSION OF MOCE/C-KIT+ CELLS RESULTED IN A FURTHER REDUCTION IN LEFT VENTRICLE END-DIASTOLIC PRESSURE AND TOTAL COLLAGEN AND AN INCREASE IN INTERLEUKIN-6 EXPRESSION. THE LOW ENGRAFTMENT OF INFUSED CELLS SUGGESTS THAT PARACRINE EFFECTS MIGHT ACCOUNT FOR THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF C-KIT+ CELLS IN CHF. IN CONCLUSION, SELECTIVE INHIBITION OF CLASS I HDACS INDUCED EXPRESSION OF CARDIAC MARKERS IN C-KIT+ CELLS AND PARTIALLY AUGMENTED THE EFFICACY OF THESE CELLS FOR CHF REPAIR. SIGNIFICANCE: THE STUDY HAS SHOWN THAT SELECTIVE CLASS 1 HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITION IS SUFFICIENT TO REDIRECT C-KIT+ CELLS TOWARD A CARDIAC FATE. EPIGENETICALLY MODIFIED C-KIT+ CELLS IMPROVED CONTRACTILE FUNCTION AND RETARDED REMODELING OF THE CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE HEART. THIS STUDY PROVIDES NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE EFFICACY OF CARDIAC C-KIT+ CELLS IN THE ISCHEMIC HEART FAILURE MODEL.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
10  3633  44 INCREASE IN HDAC9 SUPPRESSES MYOBLAST DIFFERENTIATION VIA EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF AUTOPHAGY IN HYPOXIA. EXTREMELY REDUCED OXYGEN (O(2)) LEVELS ARE DETRIMENTAL TO MYOGENIC DIFFERENTIATION AND MULTINUCLEATED MYOTUBE FORMATION, AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO HIGH-ALTITUDE HYPOXIA HAS BEEN REPORTED TO BE AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN SKELETAL MUSCLE ATROPHY. HOWEVER, HOW CHRONIC HYPOXIA CAUSES MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION REMAINS UNKNOWN. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE FOUND THAT SEVERE HYPOXIA (1% O(2)) SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED THE FUNCTION OF C2C12 CELLS (FROM A MYOBLAST CELL LINE). IMPORTANTLY, THE IMPAIRMENT WAS CONTINUOUSLY MANIFESTED EVEN DURING CULTURE UNDER NORMOXIC CONDITIONS FOR SEVERAL PASSAGES. MECHANISTICALLY, WE REVEALED THAT HISTONE DEACETYLASES 9 (HDAC9), A MEMBER OF THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE FAMILY, WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN C2C12 CELLS UNDER HYPOXIC CONDITIONS, THEREBY INHIBITING INTRACELLULAR AUTOPHAGY LEVELS BY DIRECTLY BINDING TO THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF ATG7, BECLIN1, AND LC3. THIS PHENOMENON RESULTED IN THE SEQUENTIAL DEPHOSPHORYLATION OF GSK3BETA AND INACTIVATION OF THE CANONICAL WNT PATHWAY, IMPAIRING THE FUNCTION OF THE C2C12 CELLS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HYPOXIA-INDUCED MYOBLAST DYSFUNCTION IS DUE TO ABERRANT EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF AUTOPHAGY, AND OUR EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE REVEALS THE POSSIBLE MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS RESPONSIBLE FOR SOME MUSCLE DISEASES CAUSED BY CHRONIC HYPOXIA AND SUGGESTS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC OPTION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
11  3934  46 LIVER TUMOR INDUCTION. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF NODULAR LIVER LESIONS IN RODENTS FOLLOWING THE ADMINISTRATION OF TEST AGENTS RAISES SEVERAL QUESTIONS WHICH COULD BE PLACED IN ONE OF TWO GENERAL CATEGORIES: DIAGNOSTIC AND INTERPRETATIONAL. FROM A DIAGNOSTIC POINT OF VIEW, THE PROPER CLASSIFICATION OF LIVER TUMORS INTO A BENIGN AND MALIGNANT CATEGORY HAS TO BE BASED ON THE DIRECT CORRELATION BETWEEN THE MORPHOLOGY AND THE BIOLOGIC BEHAVIOR OF THE LESIONS. THEREFORE, EXTREME CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN TO SEPARATE THE MALIGNANT TUMORS FROM THE BENIGN AND THE BENIGN NEOPLASIA FROM THE HYPERPLASIA. THE SUBSTITUTION OF THE TERM "NEOPLASTIC NODULE" FOR HYPERPLASTIC NODULE IN RATS IS MISLEADING. MOST OF THESE NODULES, WHEN INDUCED UNDER SPECIAL EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS, MAY REGRESS OR REMODEL AND THUS THEY ARE NOT NEOPLASTIC IN NATURE. CHRONIC CARCINOGENICITY BIOASSAYS SHOULD INCLUDE "STOP" TYPE OF TREATMENT LEAVING ENOUGH OF THE OBSERVATIONAL TIME TO ESTABLISH THE FATE OF INDUCED NODULAR LESIONS. THE INDUCTION OF HISTOCHEMICALLY CHANGED FOCI CAN SERVE ONLY AS AN INDICATION OF POTENTIAL HEPATOCARCINOGENICITY AND SHOULD NOT BE EQUATED WITH THE INDUCTION OF BONA FIDE CANCER. THE BIOLOGIC INTERPRETATION OF NODULAR LIVER LESIONS, ESPECIALLY IN MICE, NEEDS FURTHER SCRUTINY BECAUSE THESE LESIONS HAVE A TENDENCY TO DEVELOP SPONTANEOUSLY WITH HIGH INCIDENCE IN SOME STRAINS. THIS CHARACTERISTIC THEN RAISES THE QUESTION AS TO THE MECHANISM BY WHICH VARIOUS AGENTS AUGMENT AND/OR ACCELERATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUCH TUMORS. IS THIS ACTION PRIMARILY PROMOTING OR INITIATING IN NATURE OR DOES IT REPRESENT THE INDUCTION OF TUMORS DE NOVO? THE ANSWER TO THIS DILEMMA MAY HAVE A DECISIVE BEARING ON CARCINOGENIC RISK ASSESSMENT AND THE TYPE OF REGULATORY ACTION, SINCE THE PROMOTING AGENTS POSSESS A THRESHOLD EFFECT AND THE PROMOTED CHANGES MAY REGRESS FOLLOWING WITHDRAWAL OF TREATMENT. THE INTERPRETATION OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IS FURTHER COMPLICATED BY THE FACT THAT SEVERAL FACTORS, SUCH AS SEX HORMONAL ENVIRONMENT, INCREASED MITOTIC ACTIVITY FOLLOWING AN EXCESSIVE LOSS OF PARENCHYMAL CELLS, DEGREE OF CALORIC INTAKE, ENZYMATIC COMPLEMENT, AND ANIMALS' AGE AT THE TIME OF THE EXPOSURE TO A TEST AGENT, MAY INFLUENCE THE OUTCOME OF LIVER TUMOR DEVELOPMENT BY MODULATING "INITIATION" AND/OR "PROMOTION" OF CARCINOGENESIS. BROAD FLUCTUATION IN THE HISTORIC INCIDENCE OF LIVER TUMORS FURTHER COMPOUNDS THE COMPLEXITY OF THE PROPER BIOASSAY INTERPRETATION. THE SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED EXPERIMENTS MAY HAVE THE OBJECTIVE TO EXPLORE PREDOMINANTLY THE INITIATING OR PROMOTING EFFECTS OF THE AGENT. SUCH PROTOCOLS SHOULD BE USED WHENEVER NECESSARY TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THESE TWO MECHANISMS OF ACTION. IN THE CAUCASIANS, THE "SPONTANEOUS" DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRIMARY HEPATOCELLULAR TUMORS IS RARE. THE MAJORITY OF THESE TUMORS ARE MALIGNANT AND RAPIDLY FATAL. ACCORDING TO SOME HUMAN PATHOLOGISTS, THE BENIGN VARIETY OF LIVER TUMORS IS RARE AND IT DOES NOT REPRESENT NECESSARILY A PREMALIGNANT STAGE IN TUMOR DEVELOPMENT. CARCINOMA OF THE LIVER MAY OCCUR IN INFANCY, ESPECIALLY IN MALES BEFORE THE AGE OF 2 YEARS. THIS SUGGESTS A GENETIC CAUSATION OR CARCINOGENIC EXPOSURE IN UTERO. ONE OF THE GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS WHICH SIGNIFICANTLY ENHANCES THE INCIDENCE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN HUMANS IS EXPOSURE TO AFLATOXIN B(1) WHICH IS APPARENTLY POTENTIATED BY CONCURRENT LIVER CIRRHOSIS. BECAUSE MANY MORE AGENTS HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE HEPATOCARCINOGENIC IN MICE AND RATS THAN IN MEN, A QUESTION ARISES AS TO THE DIRECT RELEVANCE OF RODENT STUDIES TO HUMANS. A BALANCED ASSESSMENT OF THE CARCINOGENICITY OF THE AGENT COULD ONLY BE REACHED IN CONSIDERING BOTH THE PHARMACOKINETICS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF MALIGNANT NEOPLASIA IN OTHER ORGANS. IN THE CASE OF POSITIVE CARCINOGENICITY ASSESSMENT, THE OUTCOME OF THE MUTAGENICITY BIOASSAYS CAN SUGGEST GENIC (GENOTOXIC) OR PARAGENIC (EPIGENETIC) MODE OF ACTION IN MAMMALIAN SYSTEMS.	1982	

12  4820  37 OCHRATOXIN A AS A POTENTIAL ETIOLOGIC FACTOR IN ENDEMIC NEPHROPATHY: LESSONS FROM TOXICITY STUDIES IN RATS. VARIOUS REPORTS SUGGEST THAT CHRONIC DIETARY EXPOSURE TO OCHRATOXIN A (OTA), A MYCOTOXIN FREQUENTLY DETECTED IN VARIOUS FOOD ITEMS MAY BE LINKED TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF ENDEMIC NEPHROPATHY, A CHRONIC TUBULOINTERSTITIAL KIDNEY DISEASE WHICH OCCURS IN GEOGRAPHICALLY LIMITED AREAS OF THE BALKAN REGION. OTA IS A POTENT NEPHROTOXIN AND RENAL CARCINOGEN. HOWEVER, THE PATHOLOGICAL LESIONS OBSERVED IN KIDNEYS OF RATS TREATED WITH OTA APPEAR BE RATHER DIFFERENT FROM THE CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ENDEMIC NEPHROPATHY. MOREOVER, INCREASING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT OTA DOES NOT BIND TO DNA BUT INDUCES TUMORS BY AN EPIGENETIC, THRESHOLDED MECHANISM. THIS IMPLIES THAT THERE IS A DOSE BELOW WHICH NO ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS ARE EXPECTED TO OCCUR. BASED ON FOOD CONSUMPTION DATA AND OTA SERUM CONCENTRATIONS, IT APPEARS THAT HUMAN EXPOSURE - EVEN IN AREAS WITH RELATIVELY HIGH DIETARY EXPOSURE TO OTA SUCH AS ENDEMIC VILLAGES - IS SEVERAL ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE BELOW DOSES KNOWN TO CAUSE NEPHROTOXICITY AND TUMOR FORMATION IN LABORATORY ANIMALS. WHILE IT IS UNDOUBTEDLY IMPORTANT TO ENCOURAGE PREVENTION OF FOOD CONTAMINATION BY OTA AND OTHER MYCOTOXINS, THESE OBSERVATIONS SUGGEST THAT OTA IS NOT LIKELY TO BE AN ETIOLOGICAL FACTOR INVOLVED IN BEN AND INDICATE A NEED TO SEARCH FOR NEW CLUES FOR THE ETIOLOGY OF THIS ENDEMIC KIDNEY DISEASE.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
13  1406  42 DIETARY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS: FROM CELLS TO MICE TO MAN. SULFORAPHANE (SFN) IS AN ISOTHIOCYANATE FOUND IN CRUCIFEROUS VEGETABLES, SUCH AS BROCCOLI AND BROCCOLI SPROUTS. THIS ANTICARCINOGEN WAS FIRST IDENTIFIED AS A POTENT INDUCER OF PHASE 2 DETOXIFICATION ENZYMES, BUT EVIDENCE IS MOUNTING THAT SFN ALSO ACTS THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. SFN HAS BEEN SHOWN TO INHIBIT HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) ACTIVITY IN HUMAN COLON AND PROSTATE CANCER LINES, WITH AN INCREASE IN GLOBAL AND LOCAL HISTONE ACETYLATION STATUS, SUCH AS ON THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF P21 AND BAX GENES. SFN ALSO INHIBITED THE GROWTH OF PROSTATE CANCER XENOGRAFTS AND SPONTANEOUS INTESTINAL POLYPS IN MOUSE MODELS, WITH EVIDENCE FOR ALTERED HISTONE ACETYLATION AND HDAC ACTIVITIES IN VIVO. IN HUMAN SUBJECTS, A SINGLE INGESTION OF 68 G BROCCOLI SPROUTS INHIBITED HDAC ACTIVITY IN CIRCULATING PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS 3-6 H AFTER CONSUMPTION, WITH CONCOMITANT INDUCTION OF HISTONE H3 AND H4 ACETYLATION. THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT ONE MECHANISM OF CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION BY SFN IS VIA EPIGENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH INHIBITION OF HDAC ACTIVITY. OTHER DIETARY AGENTS SUCH AS BUTYRATE, BIOTIN, LIPOIC ACID, GARLIC ORGANOSULFUR COMPOUNDS, AND METABOLITES OF VITAMIN E HAVE STRUCTURAL FEATURES COMPATIBLE WITH HDAC INHIBITION. THE ABILITY OF DIETARY COMPOUNDS TO DE-REPRESS EPIGENETICALLY SILENCED GENES IN CANCER CELLS, AND TO ACTIVATE THESE GENES IN NORMAL CELLS, HAS IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER PREVENTION AND THERAPY. IN A BROADER CONTEXT, THERE IS GROWING INTEREST IN DIETARY HDAC INHIBITORS AND THEIR IMPACT ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AFFECTING OTHER CHRONIC CONDITIONS, SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, NEURODEGENERATION AND AGING.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
14  5331  34 PUTTING THE PIECES TOGETHER IN GILLES DE LA TOURETTE SYNDROME: EXPLORING THE LINK BETWEEN CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS AND THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF DYSFUNCTION. GILLES DE LA TOURETTE SYNDROME IS A COMPLEX, IDIOPATHIC NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDER WHOSE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS HAVE YET TO BE ELUCIDATED. IT IS PHENOTYPICALLY HETEROGENEOUS AND MANIFESTS MORE OFTEN THAN NOT WITH BOTH MOTOR AND BEHAVIORAL IMPAIRMENT, ALTHOUGH TICS ARE ITS CLINICAL HALLMARK. TICS THEMSELVES PRESENT WITH A COMPLEX PROFILE AS THEY CHARACTERISTICALLY WAX AND WANE AND ARE OFTEN PRECEDED BY PREMONITORY SOMATOSENSORY SENSATIONS TO WHICH IT IS SAID A TIC IS THE RESPONSE. HIGHLY COMORBID WITH OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER AND ATTENTION DEFICIT-HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER, IT IS PURPORTED TO BE AN EPIGENETIC, NEURODEVELOPMENTAL SPECTRUM DISORDER WITH A COMPLEX GENETIC PROFILE. IT HAS A CHILDHOOD ONSET, OCCURS DISPROPORTIONATELY IN MALES, AND SHOWS SPONTANEOUS SYMPTOMATIC ATTENUATION BY ADULTHOOD IN THE MAJORITY OF THOSE AFFLICTED. ALTHOUGH NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD, ITS NEUROBIOLOGICAL BASIS IS LINKED TO DYSFUNCTION IN THE CORTICO-BASAL GANGLIA-THALAMO-CORTICAL NETWORK. TREATMENT MODALITIES FOR TOURETTE SYNDROME INCLUDE BEHAVIORAL, PHARMACOLOGICAL AND SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS, BUT THERE IS PRESENTLY NO CURE FOR THE DISORDER. FOR THOSE SEVERELY AFFECTED, DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION (DBS) HAS RECENTLY BECOME A VIABLE THERAPEUTIC OPTION. A KEY FACTOR TO ATTAINING OPTIMAL RESULTS FROM THIS SURGERY IS TARGET SELECTION, A TOPIC STILL UNDER DEBATE DUE TO THE COMPLEX CLINICAL PROFILE PRESENTED BY GTS PATIENTS. DEPENDING ON ITS PHENOTYPIC EXPRESSION AND THE MOST PROBLEMATIC ASPECT OF THE DISORDER FOR THE INDIVIDUAL, ONE OF THREE BRAIN REGIONS IS MOST COMMONLY CHOSEN FOR STIMULATION: THE THALAMUS, GLOBUS PALLIDUS, OR NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL ANALYSES OF INTRA- AND POST-OPERATIVE HUMAN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL RECORDINGS FROM CLINICAL DBS STUDIES SUGGEST A LINK BETWEEN TIC BEHAVIOR AND ACTIVITY IN BOTH THE THALAMUS AND GLOBUS PALLIDUS. IN PARTICULAR, CHRONIC RECORDINGS FROM THE THALAMUS HAVE SHOWN A CORRELATION BETWEEN SYMPTOMATOLOGY AND (1) SPECTRAL ACTIVITY IN GAMMA BAND POWER AND (2) THETA/GAMMA CROSS FREQUENCY COHERENCE. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST GAMMA OSCILLATIONS AND THETA/GAMMA CROSS CORRELATION DYNAMICS MAY SERVE AS BIOMARKERS FOR DYSFUNCTION. WHILE ACUTE AND CHRONIC RECORDINGS FROM HUMAN SUBJECTS UNDERGOING DBS HAVE PROVIDED BETTER INSIGHT INTO TIC GENESIS AND THE NEUROPATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING TOURETTE SYNDROME, THESE STUDIES ARE STILL SPARSE AND THE FIELD WOULD GREATLY BENEFIT FROM FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS. THIS REVIEW REPORTS DATA AND DISCOVERIES OF SCIENTIFIC AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE FROM A WIDE VARIETY OF METHODS AND PROVIDES UP-TO-DATE INFORMATION ABOUT OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE PATHOMECHANISMS UNDERLYING TOURETTE SYNDROME. IT GIVES A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE AND ADDRESSES OPEN QUESTIONS IN THE FIELD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
15  1066  42 CLINICAL USE OF AMINO ACIDS AS DIETARY SUPPLEMENT: PROS AND CONS. NITROGEN SUPPLY IS PIVOTAL FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF LIFE. AMINO ACIDS CAN BE UTILIZED TO SYNTHESIZE BOTH GLUCOSE AND LIPIDS. THE OPPOSITE, I.E., PRODUCTION OF AMINO ACIDS FROM EITHER ONE OF THEM, IS NOT POSSIBLE IN THE ABSENCE OF OTHER AMINO ACIDS AS DONORS OF NITROGEN. THE QUALITY OF AMINO ACID CONTENT IN PROTEIN HAS BEEN RE-EVALUATED RECENTLY, AND THE RELEVANCE OF ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS HAS BEEN REPEATEDLY UNDERLINED. ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS IN DIFFERENT MAMMALS ARE NOT IDENTICAL, AND RATIOS AMONG THEM SHOULD BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT WHEN PROJECTING AN EFFICIENT FORMULATION. RECENT RESEARCH HAS DEMONSTRATED THAT GENES RESPOND TO DIFFERENT QUALITIES AND QUANTITIES OF NUTRITIONAL SUPPLY, AND INCREASED PROVISION OF ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS INCREASES LIFESPAN IN ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS THROUGH MITOCHONDRIOGENESIS AND MAINTENANCE OF ELEVATED RATES OF SYNTHESIS OF ANTI-OXIDANT MOLECULES. MOREOVER, GENETIC EXPRESSION OF KEY CONTROLLERS OF SYNTHESIS, LIKE MTOR, MAY BE PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT FOR UNDERSTANDING SKELETAL MUSCLE MAINTENANCE. LOSSES OF MUSCLE MASS AND IMPAIRED IMMUNE FUNCTION ARE RELATED TO REDUCED PROTEIN SUPPLY, AND THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE THAT REGULAR ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID INTAKE AS PART OF AN ORAL DIET IS EFFECTIVE IN REVERSING MUSCLE CATABOLISM, PROMOTING MUSCLE ANABOLISM, AND RESTORING IMMUNOLOGICAL FUNCTION. THEREFORE, THE USE OF AMINO ACIDS AS SUPPLEMENTS TO DIET WOULD BE EXPANDING IN THE NEAR FUTURE. IS THIS SAFE? FEW DATA ARE AVAILABLE ON AMINO ACID TOXICITY, AND ONLY ONE ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID MAY BE CONSIDERED TO HAVE CLINICALLY RELEVANT TOXICITY: METHIONINE, BECAUSE IT IS TRANSFORMED INTO A TOXIC INTERMEDIATE, HOMOCYSTEINE, WHEN CYSTEINE SYNTHESIS IS REQUIRED BY METABOLIC NEEDS. MATCHING OF STOICHIOMETRIC RATIOS BETWEEN METHIONINE AND CYSTEINE MAY SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF SUPPLYING SUFFICIENT AMOUNTS OF SULFUR TO THE BODY. ARGININE AND GLUTAMINE ARE TWO NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS THAN CAN BECOME "CONDITIONALLY ESSENTIAL" BECAUSE OF ELEVATED NEEDS DURING PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, AND METABOLISM MAY NOT BE ABLE TO MAINTAIN THEIR CONCENTRATIONS AT SUFFICIENT LEVELS TO MATCH METABOLIC REQUIREMENTS. CHRONIC EXOGENOUS ARGININE SUPPLEMENTATION HAS NOT PROVEN TO EXERT POSITIVE CLINICAL EFFECTS IN DIFFERENT TRIALS, AND SEQUENTIAL ARTICULATION OF THE KNOWLEDGE OF INTRODUCTION OF ARGININE-DRIVEN TRANSCRIPTIONAL, TRANSLATIONAL, AND EPIGENETIC ADAPTATIONS MAY GIVE US A KEY FOR INTERPRETING THOSE PUZZLING RESULTS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
16  5010  41 PEROXIDATION OF LINOLEIC, ARACHIDONIC AND OLEIC ACID IN RELATION TO THE INDUCTION OF OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE AND CYTOGENETIC EFFECTS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF THE POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS LINOLEIC AND ARACHIDONIC ACID IN THE CHEMICAL INDUCTION OF CARCINOGENESIS HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED. ANALYSIS OF 7,8-DIHYDRO-8-OXO-2'-DEOXYGUANOSINE (8-OXODG) LEVELS IN 2'-DEOXYGUANOSINE (DG) AND ISOLATED DNA HAS DEMONSTRATED THAT LINOLEIC AND ARACHIDONIC ACID ARE CAPABLE OF INDUCING THIS SPECIFIC GENOTOXIC DAMAGE. THIS EFFECT APPEARS TO BE RELATED TO THE DEGREE OF FATTY ACID UNSATURATION, SINCE IT WAS NOT INDUCED BY MONOUNSATURATED OLEIC ACID. ENZYMATIC PEROXIDATION OF LINOLEIC AND ARACHIDONIC ACID RESULTED IN A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE. STUDIES ON THE INTERFERENCE OF RADICAL SCAVENGERS WITH THE INDUCTION OF 8-OXODG IN COMBINATION WITH ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY DEMONSTRATED THAT THE SUPEROXIDE ANION WAS GENERATED DURING PEROXIDATION OF THESE FATTY ACIDS AND THAT SINGLET OXYGEN IS MOST LIKELY INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION OF OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE. THE LEVEL OF OXIDATIVE DAMAGE IN DG AND SINGLE-STRANDED DNA WAS HIGHER AS COMPARED TO THAT IN NATIVE DNA AFTER EQUIMOLAR TREATMENT. EXPOSURE OF HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES TO LINOLEIC OR ARACHIDONIC ACID DID NOT RESULT IN A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN LEVELS OF 8-OXODG. THIS MAY INDICATE THAT THE RATE OF INTRACELLULAR PEROXIDATION IS RELATIVELY LOW AND/OR THAT NUCLEAR DNA IN INTACT CELLS IS EFFECTIVELY PROTECTED AGAINST GENETIC DAMAGE INDUCED BY REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES. IT IS THEREFORE CONCLUDED THAT RELATIVELY SHORT PERIODS OF LINOLEIC OR ARACHIDONIC ACID ADMINISTRATION ARE NOT LIKELY TO IMPOSE A DIRECT GENOTOXIC RISK. IT CAN, HOWEVER, NOT BE EXCLUDED THAT CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS INDUCES OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE OR IS RELATED TO CANCER RISK BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, AS IS ALSO INDICATED BY THE OBSERVED CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF LINOLEIC AND ARACHIDONIC ACID.	1994	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
17  3212  34 HEALTH PROMOTING EFFECTS OF BRASSICA-DERIVED PHYTOCHEMICALS: FROM CHEMOPREVENTIVE AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION. A HIGH INTAKE OF BRASSICA VEGETABLES MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH A DECREASED CHRONIC DISEASE RISK. HEALTH PROMOTING EFFECTS OF BRASSICACEAE HAVE BEEN PARTLY ATTRIBUTED TO GLUCOSINOLATES AND IN PARTICULAR TO THEIR HYDROLYZATION PRODUCTS INCLUDING ISOTHIOCYANATES. IN VITRO AND IN VIVO STUDIES SUGGEST A CHEMOPREVENTIVE ACTIVITY OF ISOTHIOCYANATES THROUGH THE REDOX-SENSITIVE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NRF2. FURTHERMORE, STUDIES IN CULTURED CELLS, IN LABORATORY RODENTS, AND ALSO IN HUMANS SUPPORT AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT OF BRASSICA-DERIVED PHYTOCHEMICALS. HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF HOW THESE COMPOUNDS MEDIATE THEIR HEALTH PROMOTING EFFECTS ARE YET NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. RECENT FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT BRASSICA-DERIVED COMPOUNDS ARE REGULATORS OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT ISOTHIOCYANATES MAY INHIBIT HISTONE DEACETYLASE TRANSFERASES AND DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASES IN CULTURED CELLS. ONLY A FEW PAPERS HAVE DEALT WITH THE EFFECT OF BRASSICA-DERIVED COMPOUNDS ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN LABORATORY ANIMALS, WHEREAS DATA IN HUMANS ARE CURRENTLY LACKING. THE PRESENT REVIEW AIMS TO SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE REGARDING THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF BRASSICA-DERIVED PHYTOCHEMICALS REGARDING CHEMOPREVENTIVE, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, AND EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
18   426  36 ANTI-DIABETIC FUNCTIONS OF SOY ISOFLAVONE GENISTEIN: MECHANISMS UNDERLYING ITS EFFECTS ON PANCREATIC BETA-CELL FUNCTION. TYPE 2 DIABETES IS A RESULT OF CHRONIC INSULIN RESISTANCE AND LOSS OF FUNCTIONAL PANCREATIC BETA-CELL MASS. STRATEGIES TO PRESERVE BETA-CELL MASS AND A GREATER UNDERSTANDING OF THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING BETA-CELL TURNOVER ARE NEEDED TO PREVENT AND TREAT THIS DEVASTATING DISEASE. GENISTEIN, A NATURALLY OCCURRING SOY ISOFLAVONE, IS REPORTED TO HAVE NUMEROUS HEALTH BENEFITS ATTRIBUTED TO MULTIPLE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS. OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS, NUMEROUS STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT GENISTEIN HAS ANTI-DIABETIC EFFECTS, IN PARTICULAR, DIRECT EFFECTS ON BETA-CELL PROLIFERATION, GLUCOSE-STIMULATED INSULIN SECRETION AND PROTECTION AGAINST APOPTOSIS, INDEPENDENT OF ITS FUNCTIONS AS AN ESTROGEN RECEPTOR AGONIST, ANTIOXIDANT, OR TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR. EFFECTS ARE STRUCTURE-SPECIFIC AND NOT COMMON TO ALL FLAVONOIDS. WHILE THERE ARE LIMITED DATA ON THE EFFECTS OF GENISTEIN CONSUMPTION IN HUMANS WITH DIABETES, THERE ARE A PLETHORA OF ANIMAL AND CELL-CULTURE STUDIES THAT DEMONSTRATE A DIRECT EFFECT OF GENISTEIN ON BETA-CELLS AT PHYSIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT CONCENTRATIONS (<10 MUM). THE EFFECTS APPEAR TO INVOLVE CAMP/PKA SIGNALING AND THERE ARE SOME STUDIES THAT SUGGEST AN EFFECT ON EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE ANTI-DIABETIC EFFECTS OF GENISTEIN IN BOTH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO MODELS AND POTENTIAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING ITS DIRECT EFFECTS ON BETA-CELLS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
19   731  33 CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION: CLASSIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INHIBITING TUMORIGENESIS. WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED SO FAR? CANCERS DERIVE FROM STEP BY STEP PROCESSES WHICH ARE DIFFERENTIATED BY THE PROGRESSIVELY ACCUMULATED MUTATIONS. FOR SOME TUMORS THERE IS A CLEAR PROGRESSIVE ADVANCEMENT FROM BENIGN LESIONS TO MALIGNANCY AND FOR THESE, PREVENTIVE SCREENING PROGRAMS EXIST. IN SUCH CASES HAVING THOSE BENIGN LESIONS ARE A CLEAR INDICATOR OF PREDISPOSITION WHILE FOR SOME OTHER CASES, FAMILIAL PATTERNS OF CANCER INCIDENCE AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF MUTATIONS ARE THE MAIN INDICATORS OF HIGHER RISK FOR HAVING THE DISEASE. FOR PATIENTS IDENTIFIED AS HAVING PREDISPOSITION, CHEMOPREVENTION IS A GOAL AND IN SOME CASES A POSSIBILITY. CHEMOPREVENTION IS THE USE OF ANY COMPOUND, EITHER NATURAL OR SYNTHETIC THAT ABROGATES CARCINOGENESIS OR TUMOR PROGRESSION, THROUGH DIFFERENT MECHANISMS, SOME OF WHICH HAVE ALREADY BEEN DESCRIBED. FOR EXAMPLE, THE CLASSIC MECHANISMS MAY INVOLVE ACTIVATION OF FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ENZYMES, CONTROL OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, AND DOWNREGULATION OF SPECIFIC SIGNALING PATHWAYS. MORE RECENTLY, EPIGENETICS ALLOWED FURTHER UNDERSTANDING OF THE CHEMOPREVENTIVE POTENTIAL OF SEVERAL AGENTS, SUCH AS SULFORAPHANE, GREEN TEA DERIVED COMPOUNDS, RESVERATROL, ISOFLAVONES, AND OTHERS WHICH WE EXPLOIT IN THIS REVIEW ARTICLE. THROUGHOUT THE TEXT WE DISCUSS THE PROPERTIES COMPOUNDS SHOULD HAVE IN ORDER TO BE CLASSIFIED AS CHEMOPREVENTIVE ONES AND THE CHALLENGES IN TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN THIS AREA, AS LOTS OF THE SUCCESS ACHIEVED IN VITRO CANNOT BE TRANSLATED INTO THE CLINICAL SETTINGS, DUE TO SEVERAL DIFFERENT DRAWBACKS, WHICH INCLUDE TOXICITY, COST, DOSE DEFINITION, PATIENT ADHERENCE, AND REGIMEN OF USE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
20   835  38 CHEMICAL CARCINOGEN MECHANISMS OF ACTION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR TESTING METHODOLOGY. CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS ARE OF TWO DISTINCT TYPES, DNA-REACTIVE AND EPIGENETIC. TESTING METHODOLOGY CAN BE DIRECTED TOWARD DETECTING EFFECTS OF BOTH TYPES OF CARCINOGEN. CARCINOGENS OF THE DNA-REACTIVE TYPE ARE DEFINED BY THE FORMATION OF COVALENTLY BOUND DNA ADDUCTS. THESE CHEMICALS HAVE STRUCTURES THAT YIELD ELECTROPHILIC REACTANTS EITHER DIRECTLY OR AFTER BIOACTIVATION. THESE AGENTS CAUSE GENOMIC ALTERATION IN THE STRUCTURE OR FUNCTION OF DNA IN THE TARGET CELL. IN ADDITION, THESE COMPOUNDS CAN EXERT OTHER CELLULAR AND TISSUE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS, SUCH AS CELL PROLIFERATION AND GROWTH PROMOTION. CARCINOGENS OF THE EPIGENETIC (PARAGENETIC) TYPE, IN CONTRAST, DO NOT REACT WITH DNA, BUT RATHER DISPLAY CELLULAR EFFECTS SUCH AS NEOPLASM GROWTH PROMOTION, CYTOTOXICITY, INHIBITION OF TISSUE GROWTH REGULATION, PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION, ENDOCRINE MODIFICATION, IMMUNOSUPPRESSION AND/OR SUSTAINED TISSUE ISCHEMIA THAT CAN BE THE BASIS FOR INCREASES IN NEOPLASIA. THEIR CHEMICAL STRUCTURE IS SUCH THAT THEY DO NOT GIVE RISE TO A REACTIVE ELECTROPHILE. THE TESTING METHODOLOGIES TO IDENTIFY EITHER TYPE FOLLOW A DECISION POINT APPROACH DESIGNED TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL CARCINOGENICITY AND YIELD MECHANISTIC INFORMATION ON THE PRODUCTION OF EFFECTS THAT UNDERLIE CARCINOGENICITY. IT HAS 5 STAGES FOCUSING ON THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE, DNA-REACTIVITY, EPIGENETIC EFFECTS, LIMITED BIOASSAYS AND FINALLY THE APPLICATION OF THE ACCELERATED BIOASSAY (ABA). ABA REQUIRES 40 WEEKS AND APPLIES THE USE OF SENSITIVE MARKERS FOR INDUCTION OF NEOPLASIA IN COMPARISON TO POSITIVE CONTROL COMPOUNDS FOR IMPORTANT ORGANS IN HUMAN CARCINOGENESIS. IT ENABLES DATA ACQUISITION OF THE ENTIRE CARCINOGENIC PROCESS DIRECTED TOWARD DEVELOPING MECHANISTIC INFORMATION. THE ABA HAS THE POTENTIAL TO REPLACE THE CHRONIC BIOASSAY IN RODENTS IN SOME CIRCUMSTANCES AND CAN SERVE AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO A CHRONIC BIOASSAY IN A SECOND SPECIES.	1996