1  5260 157 PROGRESSIVE OSSEOUS HETEROPLASIA, AS AN ISOLATED ENTITY OR OVERLAPPING WITH ALBRIGHT HEREDITARY OSTEODYSTROPHY. INTRODUCTION: PROGRESSIVE OSSEOUS HETEROPLASIA (POH) IS A CONDITION OF INVASIVE HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION. REPORTS OF PATIENTS WITH MILD POH WITH ALBRIGHT HEREDITARY OSTEODYSTROPHY (AHO), SPECIFICALLY PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM TYPE IA (PHP IA) WITH HORMONAL RESISTANCE, SUGGEST THE POSSIBILITY OF A COMMON MOLECULAR BASIS. GNAS HAS BEEN IMPLICATED TO ACCOUNT FOR OVERLAPPING FEATURES OF POH AND PHP IA. CASE 1: A 4-YEAR-OLD BOY WITH OBESITY, SPEECH DELAY, AND EXPANDING SUBCUTANEOUS MASSES ON BUTTOCK/FOREARM. PHYSICAL EXAM REVEALED ROUND FACIES AND BRACHYDACTYLY. BLOOD TESTS SHOWED NORMAL CA, P, MG, 25-OH VITAMIN D LEVELS BUT ELEVATED PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) AND THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH). ABDOMINAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) SHOWED AREAS WITH CALCIFICATIONS IN THE SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, FAT, AND MUSCLE. PATHOLOGY OF EXCISED TISSUE REVEALED OSSIFICATIONS. GENOMIC STUDY REVEALED NO GNAS MUTATION. HE HAD POH AND PHP IA. CASE 2: A 3-YEAR-OLD BOY WITH PAINFUL OSSIFICATIONS IN THE LEFT LOWER EXTREMITY. LAB TESTS WERE NOTABLE FOR ELEVATED PTH AND HIGH-NORMAL TSH. THE CT-SCAN SHOWED SUBCUTANEOUS/INTRAMUSCULAR CALCIFICATIONS. GENETIC TESTING SHOWED GNAS MUTATION IN EXON 12 [C.1024C>T (R342X)]. PATIENT HAD POH AND PHP IA. CASE 3: A 9-YEAR-OLD BOY WITH KNEE PAIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS OSSIFICATIONS IN BACK AND UPPER/LOWER EXTREMITY, CAUSING SIGNIFICANTLY LIMITED JOINT MOBILITY. LAB TESTS WERE NORMAL. THE CT-SCAN SHOWED AREAS CORRESPONDING TO SUBCUTANEOUS/INTRAMUSCULAR OSSIFICATIONS THROUGHOUT TORSO AND EXTREMITIES, CONSISTENT WITH POH. THERE WAS NO GNAS MUTATION. CONCLUSIONS: PATIENTS WITH HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATIONS PRESENT WITH A WIDE SPECTRUM OF DISEASE. ALTHOUGH GNAS-BASED MUTATIONS HAVE BEEN POSTULATED TO ACCOUNT FOR OVERLAPPING FEATURES OF AHO AND POH, NORMAL DNA STUDIES IN CERTAIN PATIENTS WITH POH/AHO SUGGEST THAT THERE MAY EXIST OTHER MOLECULAR/EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS EXPLAINING THEIR OVERLAPPING FEATURES.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2  3216  15 HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY AND GASTROINTESTINAL STEM CELL SIGNALING NETWORK (REVIEW). HEDGEHOG, BMP/TGFBETA, FGF, WNT AND NOTCH SIGNALING PATHWAYS CONSTITUTE THE STEM CELL SIGNALING NETWORK, WHICH PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN A VARIETY OF PROCESSES, SUCH AS EMBRYOGENESIS, MAINTENANCE OF ADULT TISSUE HOMEOSTASIS, TISSUE REPAIR DURING CHRONIC PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION, AND CARCINOGENESIS. SONIC HEDGEHOG (SHH), INDIAN HEDGEHOG (IHH) AND DESERT HEDGEHOG (DHH) BIND TO PTCH1/PTCH OR PTCH2 RECEPTOR TO RELEASE SMOOTHENED (SMO) SIGNAL TRANSDUCER FROM PATCHED-DEPENDENT SUPPRESSION. SMO THEN ACTIVATES STK36 SERINE/THREONINE KINASE TO STABILIZE GLI FAMILY MEMBERS AND TO PHOSPHORYLATE SUFU FOR NUCLEAR ACCUMULATION OF GLI. HEDGEHOG SIGNALING ACTIVATION LEADS TO GLI-DEPENDENT TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF TARGET GENES, SUCH AS GLI1, PTCH1, CCND2, FOXL1, JAG2 AND SFRP1. GLI1-DEPENDENT POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP COMBINED WITH PTCH1-DEPENDENT NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP GIVES RISE TO TRANSIENT PROLIFERATION OF HEDGEHOG TARGET CELLS. IGUANA HOMOLOGS (DZIP1 AND DZIP1L) AND COSTAL-2 HOMOLOGS (KIF7 AND KIF27) ARE IDENTIFIED BY COMPARATIVE INTEGROMICS. SHH-DEPENDENT PARIETAL CELL PROLIFERATION IS IMPLICATED IN GASTRIC MUCOSAL REPAIR DURING CHRONIC HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION. BMP-RUNX3 SIGNALING INDUCES IHH EXPRESSION IN SURFACE DIFFERENTIATED EPITHELIAL CELLS OF STOMACH AND INTESTINE. HEDGEHOG SIGNALS FROM EPITHELIAL CELLS THEN INDUCES FOXL1-MEDIATED BMP4 UPREGULATION IN MESENCHYMAL CELLS. HEDGEHOG SIGNALING IS FREQUENTLY ACTIVATED IN ESOPHAGEAL CANCER, GASTRIC CANCER AND PANCREATIC CANCER DUE TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL UPREGULATION OF HEDGEHOG LIGANDS AND EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF HHIP1/HHIP GENE, ENCODING THE HEDGEHOG INHIBITOR. HOWEVER, HEDGEHOG SIGNALING IS RARELY ACTIVATED IN COLORECTAL CANCER DUE TO NEGATIVE REGULATION BY THE CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY. HEDGEHOG SIGNALING MOLECULES OR TARGETS, SUCH AS SHH, IHH, HHIP1, PTCH1 AND GLI1, ARE APPLIED AS BIOMARKERS FOR CANCER DIAGNOSTICS, PROGNOSTICS AND THERAPEUTICS. SMALL-MOLECULE INHIBITORS FOR SMO OR STK36 ARE SUITABLE TO BE USED FOR TREATMENT OF HEDGEHOG-DEPENDENT CANCER.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
3  6756  15 WNT ANTAGONIST, SFRP1, IS HEDGEHOG SIGNALING TARGET. HEDGEHOG AND WNT SIGNALING PATHWAYS NETWORK TOGETHER DURING EMBRYOGENESIS AND CARCINOGENESIS. HEDGEHOG SIGNALING IN INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM REPRESSES CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING TO RESTRICT EXPRESSION OF WNT TARGET GENES TO STEM OR PROGENITOR CELLS; HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM REMAINS UNCLEAR. THE HEDGEHOG SIGNAL IS TRANSDUCED TO GLI FAMILY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS THOUGH PATCHED RECEPTOR, SMOOTHENED SIGNAL TRANSDUCER, AND OTHER SIGNALING COMPONENTS, SUCH AS KIF27, KIF7, STK36, SUFU, AND DZIP1. HERE, WE SEARCHED FOR THE GLI-BINDING SITE WITHIN THE PROMOTER REGION OF GENES ENCODING SECRETED-TYPE WNT SIGNAL INHIBITORS, INCLUDING SFRP1, SFRP2, SFRP3, SFRP4, SFRP5, DKK1, DKK2, DKK3, DKK4, AND WIF1. THE GLI-BINDING SITE WAS IDENTIFIED WITHIN THE HUMAN SFRP1 PROMOTER BASED ON BIOINFORMATICS AND HUMAN INTELLIGENCE. THE CHIMPANZEE SFRP1 GENE WAS IDENTIFIED WITHIN THE NW_110515.1 GENOME SEQUENCE. THE GLI-BINDING SITE OF THE HUMAN SFRP1 PROMOTER WAS CONSERVED IN CHIMPANZEE SFRP1, MOUSE SFRP1, AND RAT SFRP1 PROMOTERS. SFRP1 IS THE EVOLUTIONARILY CONSERVED TARGET OF THE HEDGEHOG-GLI SIGNALING PATHWAY. EXPRESSION DOMAIN ANALYSES BASED ON TEXT MINING REVEALED THAT INDIAN HEDGEHOG (IHH), SFRP1, AND WNT6 ARE EXPRESSED IN DIFFERENTIATED INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, MESENCHYMAL CELLS, AND STEM/PROGENITOR CELLS, RESPECTIVELY. HEDGEHOG IS SECRETED FROM DIFFERENTIATED EPITHELIAL CELLS TO INDUCE SFRP1 EXPRESSION IN MESENCHYMAL CELLS, WHICH KEEPS DIFFERENTIATED EPITHELIAL CELLS AWAY FROM THE EFFECTS OF CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING. THESE FACTS INDICATE THAT SFRP1 IS THE HEDGEHOG TARGET TO CONFINE CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING WITHIN STEM OR PROGENITOR CELLS. THEREFORE, EPIGENETIC CPG HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE SFRP1 PROMOTER DURING CHRONIC PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION AND AGING LEADS TO THE OCCURRENCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL CANCERS, SUCH AS COLORECTAL CANCER AND GASTRIC CANCER, THROUGH THE BREAKDOWN OF HEDGEHOG-DEPENDENT WNT SIGNAL INHIBITION.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
4  1730  16 DYSREGULATION OF STEM CELL SIGNALING NETWORK DUE TO GERMLINE MUTATION, SNP, HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION, EPIGENETIC CHANGE AND GENETIC ALTERATION IN GASTRIC CANCER. GENETIC FACTORS, HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION, SALT OVER-UPTAKE, DECREASED VEGETABLE/FRUIT CONSUMPTION, SMOKING, AND METABOLIC SYNDROME ARE RISK FACTORS OF HUMAN GASTRIC CANCER. GERMLINE MUTATIONS OF CDH1 GENE, AND SNPS OF PTPN11 (SHP2), TLR4, IL1B, TNFA, BMP6, GDF15 AND RUNX3 GENES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH GASTRIC CANCER. HELICOBACTER PYLORI ACTIVATES CAGA-SHP2-ERK AND PEPTIDOGLYCAN-NOD1-NFKAPPAB SIGNALING CASCADES IN GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS USING TYPE IV SECRETION SYSTEM, AND ALSO TRAF6-MAP3K7-NFKAPPAB AND TRAF6-MAP3K7-AP-1 SIGNALING CASCADES IN EPITHELIAL AND IMMUNE CELLS THROUGH LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE RECOGNITION BY TLR2 OR TLR4. IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNFALPHA AND IFNGAMMA ARE ELEVATED IN GASTRIC MUCOSA WITH HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION. IL-6 AND TNFALPHA INDUCE UPREGULATION OF WNT5A AND WNT10B, RESPECTIVELY. WNT SIGNALS ARE TRANSDUCED TO BETA-CATENIN-TCF/LEF, RHOA, JNK, PKC, NFAT, AND NLK SIGNALING CASCADES. WNT-BETA-CATENIN-TCF/LEF SIGNALING INDUCES UPREGULATION OF MYC, CCND1, WISP1, FGF20, JAG1 AND DKK1 GENES. NOTCH SIGNALS ARE TRANSDUCED TO CSL-NICD-MAML AND NFKAPPAB SIGNALING CASCADES. FGF SIGNALS ARE TRANSDUCED TO ERK, PI3K-AKT, PKC, AND NFAT SIGNALING CASCADES. HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION INDUCES SHH UPREGULATION IN PARIETAL CELL LINEAGE, WHILE BMP SIGNALS INDUCE IHH UPREGULATION IN PIT CELL LINEAGE. HEDGEHOG SIGNALS INDUCE UPREGULATION OF GLI1, PTCH1, CCND2, FOXL1, JAG2 AND SFRP1 GENES. JAG1 AND JAG2 ACTIVATE NOTCH SIGNALING, WHILE DKK1 AND SFRP1 INHIBIT WNT SIGNALING. STEM CELL SIGNALING NETWORK, CONSISTING OF WNT, NOTCH, FGF, HEDGEHOG AND BMP SIGNALING PATHWAYS, IS ACTIVATED DURING CHRONIC HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION. EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SFRP1 GENE OCCURS IN THE EARLIER STAGE OF CARCINOGENESIS IN THE STOMACH, WHILE AMPLIFICATION AND OVEREXPRESSION OF FGFR2 GENE IN THE LATER STAGE. DYSREGULATION OF THE STEM CELL SIGNALING NETWORK DUE TO THE ACCUMULATION OF GERMLINE MUTATION, SNP, HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION, EPIGENETIC CHANGE AND GENETIC ALTERATION GIVES RISE TO GASTRIC CANCER. SNP TYPING AND CUSTOM-MADE MICROARRAY ANALYSES ON GENES ENCODING STEM CELL SIGNALING MOLECULES COULD BE UTILIZED FOR THE PERSONALIZED MEDICINE.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
5  4162  19 MECP2 REGULATES PTCH1 EXPRESSION THROUGH DNA METHYLATION IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) IS A CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE INFLAMMATORY DISEASE, IN WHICH PATHOGENESIS IS NOT CLEAR. MANY RESEARCH DEMONSTRATED THAT FIBROBLAST-LIKE SYNOVIOCYTES (FLSS) PLAY A KEY ROLE IN RA PATHOGENESIS, JOIN IN THE CARTILAGE INJURY AND HYPERPLASIA OF THE SYNOVIUM, AND CONTRIBUTE TO THE RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. WE USED ADJUVANT ARTHRITIS (AA) RATS AS RA ANIMAL MODELS. THE METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) ENABLES THE SUPPRESSED CHROMATIN STRUCTURE TO BE SELECTIVELY DETECTED IN AA FLSS. OVEREXPRESSION OF THIS PROTEIN LEADS TO AN INCREASE OF INTEGRAL METHYLATION LEVELS. SOME RESEARCH HAS CONFIRMED THE HEDGEHOG (HH) SIGNALING PATHWAY PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN RA PATHOGENESIS; FURTHERMORE, PATCHED 1 (PTCH1) IS A NEGATIVE FRACTION OF HH SIGNALING PATHWAY. WE USED 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZADC) AS DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR. IN OUR RESEARCH, WE FOUND MECP2 REDUCED PTCH1 EXPRESSION IN AA FLSS; 5-AZADC OBSTRUCTED THE LOSS OF PTCH1 EXPRESSION. 5-AZADC, TREATMENT OF AA FLSS, ALSO BLOCKS THE RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. IN ORDER TO PROBE THE POTENTIAL MOLECULAR MECHANISM, WE ASSUMED THE EPIGENETIC PARTICIPATION IN THE REGULATION OF PTCH1. RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT PTCH1 HYPERMETHYLATION IS RELATED TO THE PERSISTENT FLS ACTIVATION AND INFLAMMATION IN AA RATS. KNOCKDOWN OF MECP2 USING SMALL-INTERFERING RNA TECHNIQUE ADDED PTCH1 EXPRESSION IN AA FLSS. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT DNA METHYLATION MAY OFFER MOLECULE MECHANISMS, AND THE REDUCED PTCH1 METHYLATION LEVEL COULD REGULATE INFLAMMATION THROUGH KNOCKDOWN OF MECP2. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT PTCH1 IS AN INHIBITORY PROTEIN OF THE HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY. INCREASED EXPRESSION OF PTCH1 CAN INHIBIT THE EXPRESSION OF GLI1 AND SHH, THEREBY INHIBITING THE ACTIVATION OF HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY. INACTIVATED HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY INHIBITS THE SECRETION OF IL-6 AND TNF-ALPHA. MECP2 MEDIATES HYPERMETHYLATION OF PTCH1 GENE AND DECREASES THE EXPRESSION OF PTCH1 PROTEIN, THUS ACTIVATING HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY AND INCREASING SECRETION OF IL-6 AND TNF-ALPHA.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
6  6758  15 WNT SIGNALING IN STEM CELL BIOLOGY AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE. WNT FAMILY MEMBERS ARE SECRETED-TYPE GLYCOPROTEINS TO ORCHESTRATE EMBRYOGENESIS, TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS, AND TO INDUCE PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. FZD1, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, FZD10, LRP5, LRP6, AND ROR2 ARE TRANSMEMBRANE RECEPTORS TRANSDUCING WNT SIGNALS BASED ON LIGAND-DEPENDENT PREFERENTIALITY FOR CAVEOLIN- OR CLATHRIN-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS. WNT SIGNALS ARE TRANSDUCED TO CANONICAL PATHWAY FOR CELL FATE DETERMINATION, AND TO NON-CANONICAL PATHWAYS FOR REGULATION OF PLANAR CELL POLARITY, CELL ADHESION, AND MOTILITY. MYC, CCND1, AXIN2, FGF20, WISP1, JAG1, DKK1 AND GLUCAGON ARE TARGET GENES OF CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING CASCADE, WHILE CD44, VIMENTIN AND STX5 ARE TARGET GENES OF NON-CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING CASCADES. HOWEVER, TARGET GENES OF WNT SIGNALING CASCADES ARE DETERMINED IN A CONTEXT-DEPENDENT MANNER DUE TO EXPRESSION PROFILE OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND EPIGENETIC STATUS. WNT SIGNALING CASCADES NETWORK WITH NOTCH, FGF, BMP AND HEDGEHOG SIGNALING CASCADES TO REGULATE THE BALANCE OF STEM CELLS AND PROGENITOR CELLS. HERE WNT SIGNALING IN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS, NEURAL STEM CELLS, MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS, HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS, AND INTESTINAL STEM CELLS WILL BE REVIEWED. WNT3, WNT5A AND WNT10B ARE EXPRESSED IN UNDIFFERENTIATED HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS, WHILE WNT6, WNT8B AND WNT10B IN ENDODERM PRECURSOR CELLS. WNT6 IS EXPRESSED IN INTESTINAL CRYPT REGION FOR STEM OR PROGENITOR CELLS. TNF/ALPHA-WNT10B SIGNALING IS A NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS OF ADIPOSE TISSUE AND GASTROINTESTINAL MUCOSA WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. RECOMBINANT WNT PROTEIN OR WNT MIMETIC (CIRCULAR PEPTIDE, SMALL MOLECULE COMPOUND, OR RNA APTAMER) IN COMBINATION WITH NOTCH MIMETIC, FGF PROTEIN, AND BMP PROTEIN OPENS A NEW WINDOW TO TISSUE ENGINEERING FOR REGENERATIVE MEDICINE.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
7  2437  24 EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SONIC HEDGEHOG ELICITS ANTITUMOR IMMUNE RESPONSE AND SUPPRESSES TUMOR GROWTH BY INHIBITING THE HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY IN METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS IN SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS. BACKGROUND: PATIENTS WITH METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS MAY SUFFER FROM PAIN OR NEUROLOGIC DEFICIT, AND THE DISEASE MAY BE DETECTED IN PATIENTS WITH A KNOWN MALIGNANCY. SONIC HEDGEHOG (SHH) HAS RECEIVED SPECIAL ATTENTION DUE TO ITS ROLE IN CANCERS. THEREFORE, THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SHH ON ANTITUMOR IMMUNE RESPONSE AND TUMOR GROWTH BY REGULATING THE HEDGEHOG (HH) SIGNALING PATHWAY IN METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS. METHODS: RAT MODELS OF METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS WERE SUCCESSFULLY ESTABLISHED. WE FIRST CALCULATED THE TUMOR VOLUME AND THE INHIBITION RATE OF TUMOR GROWTH TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF SHH ON TUMOR GROWTH. AFTERWARDS, IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY WAS USED TO DETERMINE WHETHER PROLIFERATION WAS DELAYED BY SHH DEPLETION, AND THE 3-(4,5-DIMETHYLTHIAZOL-2-YL)-2,5-DIPHENYLTETRAZOLIUM BROMIDE ASSAY WAS CONDUCTED TO TEST THE CHANGES IN THE LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION RATE IN THE SPLEEN TRIGGERED BY SHH SILENCING. THEN, THE INFLUENCE OF SHH DEPLETION ON IMMUNE FUNCTION WAS INVESTIGATED. LATER, QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND WESTERN BLOT ASSAY WERE PERFORMED TO EXPLORE THE HH SIGNALING PATHWAY-RELATED FACTORS. FINALLY, WE ADDED THE HH SIGNALING PATHWAY INHIBITOR, GDC-0449, TO CONFIRM THE ROLE OF THE PATHWAY IN TUMOR PROGRESSION. RESULTS: INITIALLY, WE OBSERVED THAT SHH DEPLETION WAS A NEGATIVE FACTOR FOR TUMOR GROWTH. AFTERWARDS, IT WAS REVEALED THAT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SHH SERVED AS AN INHIBITOR FACTOR FOR THE FUNCTION OF SPLEEN LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION AND INFLAMMATION WHILE PROMOTING ANTITUMOR IMMUNE FUNCTION. CONCLUSION: OUR PRELIMINARY RESULTS INDICATE THAT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SHH ELICITS AN ANTITUMOR IMMUNE RESPONSE AND SUPPRESSES TUMOR GROWTH BY INHIBITING THE HH SIGNALING PATHWAY IN METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
8  3396  14 HOST SHP1 PHOSPHATASE ANTAGONIZES HELICOBACTER PYLORI CAGA AND CAN BE DOWNREGULATED BY EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS. MOST IF NOT ALL GASTRIC CANCERS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC INFECTION OF THE STOMACH MUCOSA WITH HELICOBACTER PYLORI CAGA-POSITIVE STRAINS(1-4). APPROXIMATELY 10% OF GASTRIC CANCERS ALSO HARBOUR EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS (EBV) IN THE CANCER CELLS(5,6). FOLLOWING DELIVERY INTO GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS VIA TYPE IV SECRETION(7,8), THE CAGA-ENCODED CAGA PROTEIN UNDERGOES TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION ON THE GLU-PRO-ILE-TYR-ALA (EPIYA) MOTIFS INITIALLY BY SRC FAMILY KINASES (SFKS) AND THEN BY C-ABL(9,10). TYROSINE-PHOSPHORYLATED CAGA BINDS TO THE PRO-ONCOGENIC PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE SHP2 AND THEREBY DEREGULATES THE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY(11,12), WHICH HAS BEEN CONSIDERED TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS(13). HERE WE SHOW THAT THE SHP2 HOMOLOGUE SHP1 INTERACTS WITH CAGA INDEPENDENTLY OF THE EPIYA MOTIF. THE INTERACTION POTENTIATES THE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY OF SHP1 THAT DAMPENS THE ONCOGENIC ACTION OF CAGA BY DEPHOSPHORYLATING THE CAGA EPIYA MOTIFS. IN VITRO INFECTION OF GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS WITH EBV INDUCES SHP1 PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION, WHICH STRENGTHENS PHOSPHORYLATION-DEPENDENT CAGA ACTION VIA EPIGENETIC DOWNREGULATION OF SHP1 EXPRESSION. CLINICAL SPECIMENS OF EBV-POSITIVE GASTRIC CANCERS ALSO EXHIBIT SHP1 HYPERMETHYLATION WITH REDUCED SHP1 EXPRESSION. THE RESULTS REVEAL THAT SHP1 IS THE LONG-SOUGHT PHOSPHATASE THAT CAN ANTAGONIZE CAGA. AUGMENTED H. PYLORI CAGA ACTIVITY, VIA SHP1 INHIBITION, MIGHT ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF EBV-POSITIVE GASTRIC CANCER.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
9  3115  24 GEROMETABOLITES: THE PSEUDOHYPOXIC AGING SIDE OF CANCER ONCOMETABOLITES. ONCOMETABOLITES ARE DEFINED AS SMALL-MOLECULE COMPONENTS (OR ENANTIOMERS) OF NORMAL METABOLISM WHOSE ACCUMULATION CAUSES SIGNALING DYSREGULATION TO ESTABLISH A MILIEU THAT INITIATES CARCINOGENESIS. IN A SIMILAR MANNER, WE PROPOSE THE TERM "GEROMETABOLITES" TO REFER TO SMALL-MOLECULE COMPONENTS OF NORMAL METABOLISM WHOSE DEPLETION CAUSES SIGNALING DYSREGULATION TO ESTABLISH A MILIEU THAT DRIVES AGING. IN AN INVESTIGATION OF THE PATHOGENIC ACTIVITIES OF THE CURRENTLY RECOGNIZED ONCOMETABOLITES R(-)-2-HYDROXYGLUTARATE (2-HG), FUMARATE, AND SUCCINATE, WHICH ACCUMULATE DUE TO MUTATIONS IN ISOCITRATE DEHYDROGENASES (IDH), FUMARATE HYDRATASE (FH), AND SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE (SDH), RESPECTIVELY, WE ILLUSTRATE THE FACT THAT METABOLIC PSEUDOHYPOXIA, THE ACCUMULATION OF HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR (HIFALPHA) UNDER NORMOXIC CONDITIONS, AND THE SUBSEQUENT WARBURG-LIKE REPROGRAMMING THAT SHIFTS GLUCOSE METABOLISM FROM THE OXIDATIVE PATHWAY TO AEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS ARE THE SAME MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH THE DECLINE OF THE "GEROMETABOLITE" NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE (NAD)(+) REVERSIBLY DISRUPTS NUCLEAR-MITOCHONDRIAL COMMUNICATION AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE DECLINE IN MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION WITH AGE. FROM AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE, IT IS REASONABLE TO VIEW NAD(+)-DRIVEN MITOCHONDRIAL HOMEOSTASIS AS A CONSERVED RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN ENERGY SUPPLIES AND OXYGEN LEVELS. SIMILARLY, THE NATURAL ABILITY OF 2-HG TO SIGNIFICANTLY ALTER EPIGENETICS MIGHT REFLECT AN EVOLUTIONARILY ANCIENT ROLE OF CERTAIN METABOLITES TO SIGNAL FOR ELEVATED GLUTAMINE/GLUTAMATE METABOLISM AND/OR OXYGEN DEFICIENCY. HOWEVER, WHEN CHRONICALLY ALTERED, THESE RESPONSES BECOME CONSERVED CAUSES OF AGING AND CANCER. BECAUSE HIFALPHA-DRIVEN PSEUDOHYPOXIA MIGHT DRIVE THE OVERPRODUCTION OF 2-HG, THE INTRIGUING POSSIBILITY EXISTS THAT THE DECLINE OF GEROMETABOLITES SUCH AS NAD(+) COULD PROMOTE THE CHRONIC ACCUMULATION OF ONCOMETABOLITES IN NORMAL CELLS DURING AGING. IF THE SOLE ACTIVATION OF A WARBURG-LIKE METABOLIC REPROGRAMMING IN NORMAL TISSUES MIGHT BE ABLE TO SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASE THE ENDOGENOUS PRODUCTION OF BONA FIDE ETIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS IN CANCER, SUCH AS ONCOMETABOLITES, THIS UNDESIRABLE TRADE-OFF BETWEEN MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION AND ACTIVATION OF ONCOMETABOLITES PRODUCTION MIGHT THEN PAVE THE WAY FOR THE EPIGENETIC INITIATION OF CARCINOGENESIS IN A STRICTLY METABOLIC-DEPENDENT MANNER. PERHAPS IT IS TIME TO DEFINITELY ADOPT THE VIEW THAT AGING AND AGING DISEASES INCLUDING CANCER ARE GOVERNED BY A PIVOTAL REGULATORY ROLE OF METABOLIC REPROGRAMMING IN CELL FATE DECISIONS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
10  3231  20 HELICOBACTER PYLORI-INDUCED MODULATION OF THE PROMOTER METHYLATION OF WNT ANTAGONIST GENES IN GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. BACKGROUND: THIS STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE CHANGES IN THE PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION OF MULTIPLE WNT ANTAGONISTS BETWEEN THE CHRONIC INFECTION AND ERADICATION OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI (H. PYLORI) IN GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. METHODS: THE LEVELS OF METHYLATION AND CORRESPONDING MRNA EXPRESSION OF SEVEN WNT ANTAGONIST GENES (SFRP1, -2, -5, DKK1, -2, -3, WIF1) WERE COMPARED AMONG THE PATIENTS WITH H. PYLORI-POSITIVE GASTRIC CANCERS (GCS), AND H. PYLORI-POSITIVE AND H. PYLORI-NEGATIVE CONTROLS, BY QUANTITATIVE METHYLIGHT ASSAY AND REAL-TIME REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION (RT)-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR), RESPECTIVELY. THE CHANGES OF THE METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION LEVELS OF THE GENES WERE ALSO COMPARED BETWEEN THE H. PYLORI ERADICATION AND H. PYLORI-PERSISTENT GROUPS 1 YEAR AFTER ENDOSCOPIC RESECTION OF GCS. RESULTS: THE METHYLATION LEVELS OF SFRP AND DKK FAMILY GENES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN THE PATIENTS WITH H. PYLORI-POSITIVE GCS AND FOLLOWED BY H. PYLORI-POSITIVE CONTROLS COMPARED WITH H. PYLORI-NEGATIVE CONTROLS (P < 0.001). SFRP1, -2, AND DKK3 GENE EXPRESSION WAS STEPWISE DOWNREGULATED FROM H. PYLORI-NEGATIVE CONTROLS, H. PYLORI-POSITIVE CONTROLS, AND TO H. PYLORI-POSITIVE GCS (P < 0.05). AMONG THE WNT ANTAGONISTS, ONLY THE DEGREES OF METHYLATION AND DOWNREGULATION OF DKK3 WERE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED AFTER H. PYLORI ERADICATION (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SFRP AND DKK FAMILY GENES MAY FACILITATE THE FORMATION OF AN EPIGENETIC FIELD DURING H. PYLORI-ASSOCIATED GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. THE EPIGENETIC FIELD MAY NOT BE REVERSED EVEN AFTER H. PYLORI ERADICATION EXCEPT BY DKK3 METHYLATION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
11  3642  24 INCREASED H3K4ME3 METHYLATION AND DECREASED MIR-7113-5P EXPRESSION LEAD TO ENHANCED WNT/BETA-CATENIN SIGNALING IN IMMUNE CELLS FROM PTSD PATIENTS LEADING TO INFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPE. BACKGROUND: POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) IS A PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER ACCOMPANIED BY CHRONIC PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION. WHAT TRIGGERS INFLAMMATION IN PTSD IS CURRENTLY UNCLEAR. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE IDENTIFIED POTENTIAL DEFECTS IN SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH PTSD. METHODS: RNASEQ (5 SAMPLES EACH FOR CONTROLS AND PTSD), CHIPSEQ (5 SAMPLES EACH) AND MIRNA ARRAY (6 SAMPLES EACH) WERE USED IN COMBINATION WITH BIOINFORMATICS TOOLS TO IDENTIFY DYSREGULATED GENES IN PBMCS. REAL TIME QRT-PCR (24 SAMPLES EACH) AND IN VITRO ASSAYS WERE EMPLOYED TO VALIDATE OUR PRIMARY FINDINGS AND HYPOTHESIS. RESULTS: BY RNA-SEQ ANALYSIS OF PBMCS, WE FOUND THAT WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY WAS UPREGULATED IN PTSD WHEN COMPARED TO NORMAL CONTROLS. SPECIFICALLY, WE FOUND INCREASED EXPRESSION OF WNT10B IN THE PTSD GROUP WHEN COMPARED TO CONTROLS. OUR FINDINGS WERE CONFIRMED USING NCBI'S GEO DATABASE INVOLVING A LARGER SAMPLE SIZE. ADDITIONALLY, IN VITRO ACTIVATION STUDIES REVEALED THAT ACTIVATED BUT NOT NAIVE PBMCS FROM CONTROL INDIVIDUALS EXPRESSED MORE IFNGAMMA IN THE PRESENCE OF RECOMBINANT WNT10B SUGGESTING THAT WNT SIGNALING PLAYED A CRUCIAL ROLE IN EXACERBATING INFLAMMATION. NEXT, WE INVESTIGATED THE MECHANISM OF INDUCTION OF WNT10B AND FOUND THAT INCREASED EXPRESSION OF WNT10B MAY RESULT FROM EPIGENETIC MODULATION INVOLVING DOWNREGULATION OF HSA-MIR-7113-5P WHICH TARGETED WNT10B. FURTHERMORE, WE ALSO OBSERVED THAT WNT10B OVEREXPRESSION WAS LINKED TO HIGHER EXPRESSION OF H3K4ME3 HISTONE MODIFICATION AROUND THE PROMOTOR OF WNT10B. ADDITIONALLY, KNOCKDOWN OF HISTONE DEMETHYLASE SPECIFIC TO H3K4ME3, USING SIRNA, LED TO INCREASED EXPRESSION OF WNT10B PROVIDING CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE THAT H3K4ME3 INDEED CONTROLLED WNT10B EXPRESSION. CONCLUSIONS: IN SUMMARY, OUR DATA DEMONSTRATE FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY IS UPREGULATED IN PBMCS OF PTSD PATIENTS RESULTING FROM EPIGENETIC CHANGES INVOLVING MICRORNA DYSREGULATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, WHICH IN TURN MAY PROMOTE THE INFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPE IN SUCH CELLS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12  1483  19 DKK1 IS EPIGENETICALLY DOWNREGULATED BY PROMOTER METHYLATION AND INHIBITS BILE ACID-INDUCED GASTRIC INTESTINAL METAPLASIA. DICKKOPF-RELATED PROTEIN 1 (DKK1) IS ESSENTIAL TO GASTRIC CANCER AS AN INHIBITOR OF WNT SIGNALING. GASTRIC INTESTINAL METAPLASIA (GIM) IS AN IMPORTANT PRECANCEROUS LESION OF GASTRIC CANCER THAT CAN BE ACTIVATED BY BILE ACID REFLUX AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. HOWEVER, THE EXACT MECHANISM OF DKK1 IN BILE ACID-INDUCED GIM HAS NOT BEEN COMPLETELY ELUCIDATED. WE AIMED TO EXPLORE THE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF DKK1 IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GIM. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, BILE ACID WAS FOUND TO INDUCE THE EXPRESSION OF INTESTINAL MARKERS IN GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS, WHEREAS DKK1 WAS DOWNREGULATED IN RESPONSE TO BILE ACID STIMULATION. THE MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS OF DKK1 WERE DECREASED IN GIM TISSUES AS EVIDENCED BY QRT-PCR AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING. SURPRISINGLY, THE METHYLATION OF THE DKK1 PROMOTER INCREASED IN GIM TISSUES, AND WE DISCOVERED 28 DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION SITES OF THE DKK1 PROMOTER IN GIM TISSUES. BILE ACID WAS ABLE TO INDUCE THE PARTIAL METHYLATION OF THE DKK1 PROMOTER, WHILE 5-AZA COULD INCREASE DKK1 EXPRESSION AS WELL AS DECREASE INTESTINAL MARKERS EXPRESSION IN GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS. IN CONCLUSION, THE PROMOTER METHYLATION AND DOWNREGULATION OF DKK1 MIGHT PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GIM, ESPECIALLY BILE ACID-INDUCED GIM.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
13  6529  27 TRANSCRIPTIONAL DOWN-REGULATION OF THE WNT ANTAGONIST SFRP1 IN HAEMATOPOIETIC CELLS OF PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT RISK TYPES OF MDS. SECRETED FRIZZLED RELATED PROTEIN 1 (SFRP1) IS AN EXTRACELLULAR ANTAGONIST OF THE WNT SIGNALLING PATHWAY THAT PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF SOLID TUMOURS AND HAEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES. SFRP1 HAS BEEN OBSERVED TO BE TRANSCRIPTIONALLY DOWN-REGULATED DUE TO HYPERMETHYLATION IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC LEUKAEMIA, BUT SO FAR NOT IN MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS). MOREOVER, IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT THE EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF SFRP1 CORRELATES WITH AN OVEREXPRESSION OF THE WNT RECEPTOR FRIZZLED 3 (FZD3) IN ACUTE LEUKAEMIA. USING REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (RT-PCR) WE EXAMINED MRNA EXPRESSION OF SFRP1 AND FZD3 IN BONE MARROW CELLS DERIVED FROM 121 PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT RISK TYPES OF MDS, ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML) AND ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKAEMIA (ALL). WE EMPLOYED PYROSEQUENCING TO QUANTIFY PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION IN MDS AND ACUTE LEUKAEMIA. WE DETECTED SIGNIFICANT LOWER MRNA TRANSCRIPTION OF SFRP1 IN MDS COMPARED TO HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. HOWEVER, DNA SEQUENCE MUTATIONS OR FREQUENT ELEVATED DNA METHYLATION LEVELS OF THE SFRP1 PROMOTER COULD NOT BE OBSERVED IN MDS BUT IN AML AND ALL AS PREVIOUSLY REPORTED. THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF FZD3 WERE UP-REGULATED IN BOTH ACUTE LEUKAEMIA AND MDS. OUR DATA SHOW A SIGNIFICANT TRANSCRIPTIONAL DOWN-REGULATION OF SFRP1 AS A COMMON EVENT IN AML, ALL AND - AS DEMONSTRATED FOR THE FIRST TIME - IN MDS. AN INACTIVATION OF SFRP1 AND THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL UP-REGULATION OF FZD3 SEEM TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH AN ACTIVATION OF THE WNT SIGNALLING PATHWAY IN THESE HAEMATOPOIETIC DISEASES.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
14  3217  22 HEDGEHOG/GLI AND PI3K SIGNALING IN THE INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. THE INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE OF A MALIGNANT PHENOTYPE REQUIRES COMPLEX AND SYNERGISTIC INTERACTIONS OF MULTIPLE ONCOGENIC SIGNALS. THE HEDGEHOG (HH)/GLI PATHWAY HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN A VARIETY OF CANCER ENTITIES AND TARGETED PATHWAY INHIBITION IS OF THERAPEUTIC RELEVANCE. SIGNAL CROSS-TALK WITH OTHER CANCER PATHWAYS INCLUDING PI3K/AKT MODULATES HH/GLI SIGNAL STRENGTH AND ITS ONCOGENICITY. IN THIS STUDY, WE ADDRESSED THE ROLE OF HH/GLI AND ITS PUTATIVE INTERACTION WITH THE PI3K/AKT CASCADE IN THE INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). USING TRANSGENIC MOUSE MODELS, WE SHOW THAT B-CELL-SPECIFIC CONSTITUTIVE ACTIVATION OF HH/GLI SIGNALING EITHER AT THE LEVEL OF THE HH EFFECTOR AND DRUG TARGET SMOOTHENED OR AT THE LEVEL OF THE GLI TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS DOES NOT SUFFICE TO INITIATE A CLL-LIKE PHENOTYPE CHARACTERIZED BY THE ACCUMULATION OF CD5(+) B CELLS IN THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD. FURTHERMORE, HH/GLI ACTIVATION IN PTEN-DEFICIENT B CELLS WITH ACTIVATED PI3K/AKT SIGNALING FAILED TO ENHANCE THE EXPANSION OF LEUKEMIC CD5(+) B CELLS, SUGGESTING THAT GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS LEADING TO ABERRANT HH/GLI SIGNALING IN B CELLS DO NOT SUFFICE TO ELICIT A CLL-LIKE PHENOTYPE IN MICE. BY CONTRAST, WE IDENTIFY A CRITICAL ROLE OF GLI AND PI3K SIGNALING FOR THE SURVIVAL OF HUMAN PRIMARY CLL CELLS. WE SHOW THAT COMBINED TARGETING OF GLI AND PI3K/AKT/MTOR SIGNALING CAN HAVE A SYNERGISTIC THERAPEUTIC EFFECT IN CELLS FROM A SUBGROUP OF CLL PATIENTS, THEREBY PROVIDING A BASIS FOR THE EVALUATION OF FUTURE COMBINATION THERAPIES TARGETING HH/GLI AND PI3K SIGNALING IN THIS COMMON HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCY.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
15  3227  22 HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION-INDUCED H3SER10 PHOSPHORYLATION IN STEPWISE GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS AND ITS CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS. BACKGROUND: OUR PREVIOUS WORKS HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT HELICOBACTER PYLORI (HP) INFECTION CAN ALTER HISTONE H3 SERINE 10 PHOSPHORYLATION STATUS IN GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS. HOWEVER, WHETHER HELICOBACTER PYLORI-INDUCED HISTONE H3 SERINE 10 PHOSPHORYLATION PARTICIPATES IN GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS IS UNKNOWN. WE INVESTIGATE THE EXPRESSION OF HISTONE H3 SERINE 10 PHOSPHORYLATION IN VARIOUS STAGES OF GASTRIC DISEASE AND EXPLORE ITS CLINICAL IMPLICATION. MATERIALS AND METHODS: STOMACH BIOPSY SAMPLES FROM 129 PATIENTS WERE COLLECTED AND STAINED WITH HISTONE H3 SERINE 10 PHOSPHORYLATION, KI67, AND HELICOBACTER PYLORI BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY STAINING, EXPRESSED AS LABELING INDEX. THEY WERE CATEGORIZED INTO NONATROPHIC GASTRITIS, CHRONIC ATROPHIC GASTRITIS, INTESTINAL METAPLASIA, LOW-GRADE INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA, HIGH-GRADE INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA, AND INTESTINAL-TYPE GASTRIC CANCER GROUPS. HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION WAS DETERMINED BY EITHER (13) C-UREA BREATH TEST OR IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY STAINING. RESULTS: IN HELICOBACTER PYLORI-NEGATIVE PATIENTS, LABELING INDEX OF HISTONE H3 SERINE 10 PHOSPHORYLATION WAS GRADUALLY INCREASED IN NONATROPHIC GASTRITIS, CHRONIC ATROPHIC GASTRITIS, INTESTINAL METAPLASIA GROUPS, PEAKED AT LOW-GRADE INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA, AND DECLINED IN HIGH-GRADE INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA AND GASTRIC CANCER GROUPS. IN HELICOBACTER PYLORI-INFECTED PATIENTS, LABELING INDEX OF HISTONE H3 SERINE 10 PHOSPHORYLATION FOLLOWED THE SIMILAR PATTERN AS ABOVE, WITH INCREASED EXPRESSION OVER THE CORRESPONDING HELICOBACTER PYLORI-NEGATIVE CONTROLS EXCEPT IN NONATROPHIC GASTRITIS PATIENT WHOSE LABELING INDEX WAS DECREASED WHEN COMPARED WITH HELICOBACTER PYLORI-NEGATIVE CONTROL. LABELING INDEX OF KI67 IN HELICOBACTER PYLORI-NEGATIVE GROUPS WAS HIGHER IN GASTRIC CANCER THAN CHRONIC ATROPHIC GASTRITIS AND LOW-GRADE INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA GROUPS, AND HIGHER IN INTESTINAL METAPLASIA GROUP COMPARED WITH CHRONIC ATROPHIC GASTRITIS GROUP. IN HELICOBACTER PYLORI-POSITIVE GROUPS, KI67 LABELING INDEX WAS INCREASED STEPWISE FROM NONATROPHIC GASTRITIS TO GASTRIC CANCER EXCEPT SLIGHTLY DECREASE IN CHRONIC ATROPHIC GASTRITIS GROUP. IN ADDITION, WE NOTED THAT HISTONE H3 SERINE 10 PHOSPHORYLATION STAINING IS ACCOMPANIED WITH ITS LOCATION CHANGES FROM GASTRIC GLAND BOTTOM EXPANDED TO WHOLE GLAND AS DISEASE STAGE PROGRESS. CONCLUSIONS: THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT STEPWISE GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED HISTONE H3 SERINE 10 PHOSPHORYLATION, HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION ENHANCES HISTONE H3 SERINE 10 PHOSPHORYLATION EXPRESSION IN THESE PROCESSES; IT IS ALSO ACCOMPANIED WITH HISTONE H3 SERINE 10 PHOSPHORYLATION LOCATION CHANGE FROM GLAND BOTTOM STAINING EXPAND TO WHOLE GLAND EXPRESSION. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION MAY PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN HELICOBACTER PYLORI-INDUCED GASTRIC CANCER.	2018	

16  2379  19 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF WNT PATHWAY ANTAGONISTS IN HUMAN GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME. EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IS COMMON IN HUMAN CANCER. USING A LARGE-SCALE WHOLE-GENOME APPROACH IN AN EARLIER STUDY, THE AUTHORS IDENTIFIED EPIGENETICALLY SILENCED GENES WITH POTENTIAL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR FUNCTION IN GLIOBLASTOMA (GBM). THREE GENES IDENTIFIED IN THIS ANALYSIS-DKK1, SFRP1, AND WIF1-ARE POTENT INHIBITORS OF THE WNT SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY. HERE, THE AUTHORS CONFIRM DECREASED EXPRESSION OF THESE GENES IN GBM TUMOR TISSUE SAMPLES RELATIVE TO NONTUMOR BRAIN TISSUE SAMPLES USING REAL-TIME PCR. THEY THEN SHOW THAT EXPRESSION OF ALL 3 GENES IS RESTORED IN T98 GBM CELLS BY TREATMENT WITH THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA), BUT ONLY DKK1 EXPRESSION IS RESTORED BY TREATMENT WITH THE DEMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZACYTIDINE. BISULFITE SEQUENCING DID NOT REVEAL SIGNIFICANT METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF DKK1, WHEREAS HISTONE ACETYLATION AND CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY FOR ALL 3 GENES AFTER TSA TREATMENT. ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF DKK1 SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES COLONY FORMATION AND INCREASES CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED APOPTOSIS IN T98 CELLS. ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF THE CANONICAL WNT PATHWAY INHIBITORS WIF1 AND SFRP1 SHOWS A RELATIVE LACK OF RESPONSE. CHRONIC WNT3A STIMULATION ONLY PARTIALLY REVERSES GROWTH SUPPRESSION AFTER DKK1 REEXPRESSION, WHEREAS A SPECIFIC INHIBITOR OF THE JNK PATHWAY SIGNIFICANTLY REVERSES THE EFFECT OF DKK1 REEXPRESSION ON COLONY FORMATION AND APOPTOSIS IN T98 CELLS. THESE RESULTS SUPPORT A POTENTIAL GROWTH-SUPPRESSIVE FUNCTION FOR EPIGENETICALLY SILENCED DKK1 IN GBM AND SUGGEST THAT DKK1 RESTORATION COULD MODULATE WNT SIGNALING THROUGH BOTH CANONICAL AND NONCANONICAL PATHWAYS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
17  2435  25 EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SFRP1 ACTIVATES THE CANONICAL WNT PATHWAY AND CONTRIBUTES TO INCREASED CELL GROWTH AND PROLIFERATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. THE WNT PATHWAY IS A KEY REGULATOR OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AND STEM CELLS, AND ITS ABERRANT ACTIVATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN MALIGNANCIES, MOST NOTABLY HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). EPIGENETIC DEREGULATION OF THE GENES ENCODING THE SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEINS (SFRPS), THE WNT SIGNALLING ANTAGONISTS, HAS BEEN LINKED WITH ABERRANT HYPERACTIVATION OF THE WNT SIGNALLING IN HCC CELLS; HOWEVER, THE PRECISE UNDERLYING MECHANISM REMAINS ELUSIVE. WE INVESTIGATED THE METHYLATION PROFILES OF WNT ANTAGONISTS IN LIVER SAMPLES OF DIFFERENT STAGES OF HCC DEVELOPMENT AND LIVER CANCER CELL LINES AND STUDIED THE FUNCTIONAL IMPACT OF ABERRANT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SFRPS ON THE CANONICAL WNT PATHWAY AND CELL VIABILITY. WE FOUND THAT THE SFRP1 GENE ENCODING THE SUBUNIT IS A FREQUENT TARGET OF ABERRANT DNA HYPERMETHYLATION AND SILENCING IN HCC TUMOURS, WHEREAS OTHER EXTRACELLULAR WNT ANTAGONISTS, WIF1 AND DKK3, EXHIBITED NO METHYLATION IN TUMOUR CELLS, CONSISTENT WITH THE NOTION THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION EVENTS IN CANCER CELLS ARE NON-RANDOMLY DISTRIBUTED AMONG THE GENES AND THAT THERE IS A STRONG PREFERENCE FOR HYPERMETHYLATION OF SPECIFIC GENES IN HCC. IN ADDITION, BY COMPARING SFRP1 METHYLATION STATUS IN HCC TUMOURS WITH NORMAL, CIRRHOTIC AND CHRONIC HEPATITIS LIVER TISSUES, WE IDENTIFIED SFRP1 GENE AS A POTENTIAL EARLY MARKER OF HCC. THE RESTORATION OF SFRP1 EXPRESSION IN CANCER CELLS BY ECTOPIC EXPRESSION INHIBITED WNT ACTIVITY ACCOMPANIED WITH DESTABILIZATION OF BETA-CATENIN AND DOWNREGULATION OF C-MYC AND CYCLIN D1, THE KNOWN DOWNSTREAM TARGETS OF WNT PATHWAY. IMPORTANTLY, RESTORING SFRP1 LEVELS IN CANCER CELLS INHIBITED CELL GROWTH AND INDUCED APOPTOTIC CELL DEATH. THIS STUDY SUPPORTS THE CRITICAL ROLE FOR SFRP1 SILENCING IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND REINFORCES THE IMPORTANCE OF THE WNT ANTAGONISTS IN PREVENTING ONCOGENIC STABILIZATION OF BETA-CATENIN AND CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF THE CANONICAL WNT PATHWAY, SUGGESTING THAT SFRP1 MAY BE AN ATTRACTIVE TARGET FOR EARLY CANCER DETECTION AND THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
18  1393  24 DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF THE HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE WISP1 PROMOTER IN PATIENTS WITH HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS. WNT1-INDUCIBLE SIGNALING PATHWAY PROTEIN 1 (WISP1) REGULATES CELL PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTIATION, ADHESION, MIGRATION AND SURVIVAL. ABNORMAL WISP1 EXPRESSION IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CARCINOGENESIS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS ONE OF THE MAJOR EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN HCC. HOWEVER, THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE WISP1 PROMOTER IS STILL UNCLEAR. WE THEREFORE AIMED TO DETERMINE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE WISP1 PROMOTER AND EVALUATE ITS CLINICAL VALUE IN HCC. THE STUDY ENROLLED 251 PARTICIPANTS, INCLUDING 123 PARTICIPANTS WITH HCC, 90 PARTICIPANTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB) AND 38 HEALTHY CONTROLS (HCS). WISP1 METHYLATION STATUS, MRNA LEVELS AND PLASMA SOLUBLE WISP1 WERE DETECTED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP), QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR (RT-QPCR) AND ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA), RESPECTIVELY. WE FOUND THAT THE METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF WISP1 IN PATIENTS WITH HCC WAS SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN THAT IN PATIENTS WITH CHB AND HCS, WHILE THE RELATIVE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF WISP1 MRNA WERE MARKEDLY HIGHER IN PATIENTS WITH HCC THAN IN PATIENTS WITH CHB AND HCS. FURTHERMORE, THE PLASMA SOLUBLE WISP1 IN PATIENTS WITH HCC WAS OBVIOUSLY LOWER THAN IN THAT IN PATIENTS WITH CHB AND HCS. ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN (AFP) IS A WIDELY RECOGNIZED BIOMARKER TO DIAGNOSE HCC WHICH LACKS ENOUGH SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY. WISP1 PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS COMBINED WITH AFP SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED THE DIAGNOSTIC ABILITY IN DISCRIMINATING HCC FROM CHB COMPARED WITH AFP OR WISP1 METHYLATION STATUS ALONE. IN CONCLUSION, HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE WISP1 GENE PROMOTER MAY SERVE AS A NONINVASIVE BIOMARKER FOR DETECTING HBV-ASSOCIATED HCC.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
19   169  24 ABNORMALITIES OF AMPK ACTIVATION AND GLUCOSE UPTAKE IN CULTURED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME. BACKGROUND: POST EXERTIONAL MUSCLE FATIGUE IS A KEY FEATURE IN CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (CFS). ABNORMALITIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FUNCTION HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN SOME BUT NOT ALL PATIENTS WITH CFS. TO TRY TO LIMIT POTENTIAL CONFOUNDERS THAT MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THIS CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY, WE DEVELOPED A NOVEL IN VITRO SYSTEM THAT ALLOWS COMPARISON OF AMP KINASE (AMPK) ACTIVATION AND METABOLIC RESPONSES TO EXERCISE IN CULTURED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS FROM CFS PATIENTS AND CONTROL SUBJECTS. METHODS: SKELETAL MUSCLE CELL CULTURES WERE ESTABLISHED FROM 10 SUBJECTS WITH CFS AND 7 AGE-MATCHED CONTROLS, SUBJECTED TO ELECTRICAL PULSE STIMULATION (EPS) FOR UP TO 24H AND EXAMINED FOR CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH EXERCISE. RESULTS: IN THE BASAL STATE, CFS CULTURES SHOWED INCREASED MYOGENIN EXPRESSION BUT DECREASED IL6 SECRETION DURING DIFFERENTIATION COMPARED WITH CONTROL CULTURES. CONTROL CULTURES SUBJECTED TO 16 H EPS SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN BOTH AMPK PHOSPHORYLATION AND GLUCOSE UPTAKE COMPARED WITH UNSTIMULATED CELLS. IN CONTRAST, CFS CULTURES SHOWED NO INCREASE IN AMPK PHOSPHORYLATION OR GLUCOSE UPTAKE AFTER 16 H EPS. HOWEVER, GLUCOSE UPTAKE REMAINED RESPONSIVE TO INSULIN IN THE CFS CELLS POINTING TO AN EXERCISE-RELATED DEFECT. IL6 SECRETION IN RESPONSE TO EPS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED IN CFS COMPARED WITH CONTROL CULTURES AT ALL TIME POINTS MEASURED. CONCLUSION: EPS IS AN EFFECTIVE MODEL FOR ELICITING MUSCLE CONTRACTION AND THE METABOLIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH EXERCISE IN CULTURED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS. WE FOUND FOUR MAIN DIFFERENCES IN CULTURED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS FROM SUBJECTS WITH CFS; INCREASED MYOGENIN EXPRESSION IN THE BASAL STATE, IMPAIRED ACTIVATION OF AMPK, IMPAIRED STIMULATION OF GLUCOSE UPTAKE AND DIMINISHED RELEASE OF IL6. THE RETENTION OF THESE DIFFERENCES IN CULTURED MUSCLE CELLS FROM CFS SUBJECTS POINTS TO A GENETIC/EPIGENETIC MECHANISM, AND PROVIDES A SYSTEM TO IDENTIFY NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
20   329  25 ALPHA-OXOGLUTARATE INHIBITS THE PROLIFERATION OF IMMORTALIZED NORMAL BLADDER EPITHELIAL CELLS VIA AN EPIGENETIC SWITCH INVOLVING ARID1A. INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS (IC) IS A CHRONIC URINARY TRACT DISEASE THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY UNPLEASANT SENSATIONS, SUCH AS PERSISTENT PELVIC PAIN, IN THE ABSENCE OF INFECTION OR OTHER IDENTIFIABLE CAUSES. WE PREVIOUSLY PERFORMED COMPREHENSIVE METABOLOMICS PROFILING OF URINE SAMPLES FROM IC PATIENTS USING NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY AND FOUND THAT URINARY ALPHA-OXOGLUTARATE (ALPHA-OG), WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ELEVATED. ALPHA-OG, A TRICARBOXYLIC ACID (TCA) CYCLE INTERMEDIATE, REPORTEDLY FUNCTIONS TO SUPPRESS THE PROLIFERATION OF IMMORTALIZED NORMAL HUMAN BLADDER EPITHELIAL CELLS. HERE, WE IDENTIFIED AT-RICH INTERACTIVE DOMAIN 1 A (ARID1A), A KEY CHROMATIN REMODELER, AS BEING HYPOMETHYLATED AND UPREGULATED BY ALPHA-OG TREATMENT. THIS WAS DONE THROUGH EPIC DNA METHYLATION PROFILING AND SUBSEQUENT BIOCHEMICAL APPROACHES, INCLUDING QUANTITATIVE RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSES. FURTHERMORE, WE FOUND THAT ALPHA-OG ALMOST COMPLETELY SUPPRESSES TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION (TET) ACTIVITY, BUT DOES NOT AFFECT DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) ACTIVITY. ALTOGETHER, OUR STUDIES REVEAL THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF ALPHA-OG IN EPIGENETIC REMODELING THROUGH ITS EFFECTS ON ARID1A AND TET EXPRESSION IN THE BLADDER. THIS MAY PROVIDE A NEW POSSIBLE THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY IN TREATING IC.	2018