1  1730 150 DYSREGULATION OF STEM CELL SIGNALING NETWORK DUE TO GERMLINE MUTATION, SNP, HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION, EPIGENETIC CHANGE AND GENETIC ALTERATION IN GASTRIC CANCER. GENETIC FACTORS, HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION, SALT OVER-UPTAKE, DECREASED VEGETABLE/FRUIT CONSUMPTION, SMOKING, AND METABOLIC SYNDROME ARE RISK FACTORS OF HUMAN GASTRIC CANCER. GERMLINE MUTATIONS OF CDH1 GENE, AND SNPS OF PTPN11 (SHP2), TLR4, IL1B, TNFA, BMP6, GDF15 AND RUNX3 GENES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH GASTRIC CANCER. HELICOBACTER PYLORI ACTIVATES CAGA-SHP2-ERK AND PEPTIDOGLYCAN-NOD1-NFKAPPAB SIGNALING CASCADES IN GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS USING TYPE IV SECRETION SYSTEM, AND ALSO TRAF6-MAP3K7-NFKAPPAB AND TRAF6-MAP3K7-AP-1 SIGNALING CASCADES IN EPITHELIAL AND IMMUNE CELLS THROUGH LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE RECOGNITION BY TLR2 OR TLR4. IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNFALPHA AND IFNGAMMA ARE ELEVATED IN GASTRIC MUCOSA WITH HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION. IL-6 AND TNFALPHA INDUCE UPREGULATION OF WNT5A AND WNT10B, RESPECTIVELY. WNT SIGNALS ARE TRANSDUCED TO BETA-CATENIN-TCF/LEF, RHOA, JNK, PKC, NFAT, AND NLK SIGNALING CASCADES. WNT-BETA-CATENIN-TCF/LEF SIGNALING INDUCES UPREGULATION OF MYC, CCND1, WISP1, FGF20, JAG1 AND DKK1 GENES. NOTCH SIGNALS ARE TRANSDUCED TO CSL-NICD-MAML AND NFKAPPAB SIGNALING CASCADES. FGF SIGNALS ARE TRANSDUCED TO ERK, PI3K-AKT, PKC, AND NFAT SIGNALING CASCADES. HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION INDUCES SHH UPREGULATION IN PARIETAL CELL LINEAGE, WHILE BMP SIGNALS INDUCE IHH UPREGULATION IN PIT CELL LINEAGE. HEDGEHOG SIGNALS INDUCE UPREGULATION OF GLI1, PTCH1, CCND2, FOXL1, JAG2 AND SFRP1 GENES. JAG1 AND JAG2 ACTIVATE NOTCH SIGNALING, WHILE DKK1 AND SFRP1 INHIBIT WNT SIGNALING. STEM CELL SIGNALING NETWORK, CONSISTING OF WNT, NOTCH, FGF, HEDGEHOG AND BMP SIGNALING PATHWAYS, IS ACTIVATED DURING CHRONIC HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION. EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SFRP1 GENE OCCURS IN THE EARLIER STAGE OF CARCINOGENESIS IN THE STOMACH, WHILE AMPLIFICATION AND OVEREXPRESSION OF FGFR2 GENE IN THE LATER STAGE. DYSREGULATION OF THE STEM CELL SIGNALING NETWORK DUE TO THE ACCUMULATION OF GERMLINE MUTATION, SNP, HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION, EPIGENETIC CHANGE AND GENETIC ALTERATION GIVES RISE TO GASTRIC CANCER. SNP TYPING AND CUSTOM-MADE MICROARRAY ANALYSES ON GENES ENCODING STEM CELL SIGNALING MOLECULES COULD BE UTILIZED FOR THE PERSONALIZED MEDICINE.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                 
2  4511  21 MU OPIOID RECEPTOR-TRIGGERED NOTCH-1 ACTIVATION CONTRIBUTES TO MORPHINE TOLERANCE: ROLE OF NEURON-GLIA COMMUNICATION. THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANALGESIC TOLERANCE TO OPIOIDS IS AN IMPORTANT LIMITATION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN. SPINAL CORD GLIAL CELL ACTIVATION APPEARS TO PLAY A PIVOTAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF OPIOID TOLERANCE, INDICATING THE PRESENCE OF AN OPIOID-INDUCED NEURONAL-GLIAL INTERACTION; HOWEVER, HOW OPIOIDS DRIVE THIS CROSS-TALK IS STILL ELUSIVE. IN SEARCH OF TREATMENTS TO ATTENUATE MORPHINE ANALGESIC TOLERANCE, OUR RESEARCH FOCUSED ON THE ROLE OF NOTCH SIGNALING PATHWAY, ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT MECHANISMS OF CELL-TO-CELL INTERACTIONS, IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN AFTER MORPHINE REPEATED EXPOSURE AND WHETHER NOTCH INHIBITION ATTENUATES MORPHINE ANALGESIC TOLERANCE. DOUBLE IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE EXPERIMENTS ON SPINAL SECTIONS FROM MORPHINE-TOLERANT MICE SHOWED A NEURONAL LOCALIZATION OF NOTCH-1 RECEPTOR WHEREAS THE NOTCH LIGAND JAGGED WAS LOCALIZED ON NEIGHBORING ASTROCYTES. MORPHINE-INDUCED MU OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR) STIMULATION TRIGGERED NOTCH-1 SIGNALING ACTIVATION AND THIS EVENT WAS MEDIATED BY ASTROCYTE JNK ACTIVATION. NOTCH-1 ACTIVATION SELECTIVELY REDUCED THE EXPRESSION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC)-1, RESULTING IN AN OVERPHOSPHORYLATION OF PKC AND ERK, KINASES INVOLVED IN MOR PHOSPHORYLATION AND INTERNALIZATION AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE EXPOSURE. NOTCH-1 SIGNALING INHIBITION, THROUGH INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE GAMMA-SECRETASE INHIBITOR, DAPT, COUNTERACTED PKC AND ERK OVERPHOSPHORYLATION, MOR INTERNALIZATION, AND ANALGESIC TOLERANCE. CONVERSELY, THE HDAC-1 INHIBITOR, LG325, FURTHER AGGRAVATED MOR INTERNALIZATION, PKC OVERPHOSPHORYLATION, AND ANALGESIC TOLERANCE.OUR FINDINGS IMPLICATE THE MOR-TRIGGERED NOTCH-1 SIGNALING IN PROMOTING MOR INTERNALIZATION AND MORPHINE ANALGESIC TOLERANCE BY EPIGENETIC REGULATION MECHANISMS. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT NOTCH-1 INHIBITORS COULD REPRESENT AN INNOVATIVE THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF OPIOID TOLERANCE IN CHRONIC PAIN THERAPY.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
3   718  31 CALCIUM-DEPENDENT INTRACELLULAR SIGNAL PATHWAYS IN PRIMARY CULTURED ADIPOCYTES AND ANK3 GENE VARIATION IN PATIENTS WITH BIPOLAR DISORDER AND HEALTHY CONTROLS. BIPOLAR DISORDER (BD) IS A CHRONIC PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER OF PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE AFFECTING >1% OF THE SWEDISH POPULATION. DESPITE PROGRESS, PATIENTS STILL SUFFER FROM CHRONIC MOOD SWITCHES WITH POTENTIAL SEVERE CONSEQUENCES. THUS, EARLY DETECTION, DIAGNOSIS AND INITIATION OF CORRECT TREATMENT ARE CRITICAL. CULTURED ADIPOCYTES FROM 35 PATIENTS WITH BD AND 38 HEALTHY CONTROLS WERE ANALYSED USING SIGNAL PATHWAY REPORTER ASSAYS, THAT IS, PROTEIN KINASE C (PKC), PROTEIN KINASE A (PKA), MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES (EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE (ERK) AND C-JUN N-TERMINAL KINASE (JNK)), MYC, WNT AND P53. THE LEVELS OF ACTIVATED TARGET TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTORS WERE MEASURED IN ADIPOCYTES BEFORE AND AFTER STIMULATION WITH LITHIUM AND ESCITALOPRAM. VARIATIONS WERE ANALYSED IN THE LOCI OF 25 DIFFERENT SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS). ACTIVATION OF INTRACELLULAR SIGNALS IN SEVERAL PATHWAYS ANALYSED WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN PATIENTS THAN IN HEALTHY CONTROLS UPON DRUG STIMULATION, ESPECIALLY WITH ESCITALOPRAM STIMULATION OF PKC, JNK AND MYC, AS WELL AS LITHIUM-STIMULATED PKC, WHEREAS NO MEANINGFUL DIFFERENCE WAS OBSERVED BEFORE STIMULATION. UNIVARIATE ANALYSES OF CONTINGENCY TABLES FOR 80 CATEGORICAL SNP RESULTS VERSUS DIAGNOSES SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT LINK WITH THE ANK3 GENE (RS10761482; LIKELIHOOD RATIO CHI(2)=4.63; P=0.031). IN A MULTIVARIATE ORDINAL LOGISTIC FIT FOR DIAGNOSIS, A BACKWARD STEPWISE PROCEDURE SELECTED ANK3 AS THE REMAINING SIGNIFICANT PREDICTOR. COMPARISON OF THE ESCITALOPRAM-STIMULATED PKC ACTIVITY AND THE ANK3 GENOTYPE SHOWED THEM TO ADD THEIR SHARE OF THE DIAGNOSTIC VARIANCE, WITH NO INTERACTION (15% OF VARIANCE EXPLAINED, P<0.002). THE STUDY IS CROSS-SECTIONAL WITH NO LONGITUDINAL FOLLOW-UP. COHORTS ARE RELATIVELY SMALL WITH NO MEDICATION-FREE PATIENTS, AND THERE ARE NO 'ILL PATIENT' CONTROLS. IT TAKES 3 TO 4 WEEKS OF CULTURE TO EXPAND ADIPOCYTES THAT MAY CHANGE EPIGENETIC PROFILES BUT REMOVE THE POSSIBILITY OF MEDICATION EFFECTS. ABNORMALITIES IN THE REACTIVITY OF INTRACELLULAR SIGNAL PATHWAYS TO STIMULATION AND THE ANK3 GENOTYPE MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH PATHOGENESIS OF BD. ALGORITHMS USING BIOLOGICAL PATTERNS SUCH AS PATHWAY REACTIVITY TOGETHER WITH STRUCTURAL GENETIC SNP DATA MAY PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES FOR EARLIER DETECTION AND EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OF BD.	2015	

4  5580  27 ROLE OF NEUROTOXICANTS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: A MECHANISTIC INSIGHT. ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD) IS THE MOST CONSPICUOUS CHRONIC NEURODEGENERATIVE SYNDROME, WHICH HAS BECOME A SIGNIFICANT CHALLENGE FOR THE GLOBAL HEALTHCARE SYSTEM. MULTIPLE STUDIES HAVE CORROBORATED A CLEAR ASSOCIATION OF NEUROTOXICANTS WITH AD PATHOGENICITY, SUCH AS AMYLOID BETA (ABETA) PROTEINS AND NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES (NFTS), SIGNALLING PATHWAY MODIFICATIONS, CELLULAR STRESS, COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTIONS, NEURONAL APOPTOSIS, NEUROINFLAMMATION, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, AND SO ON. THIS REVIEW, THEREFORE, AIMED TO ADDRESS SEVERAL ESSENTIAL MECHANISMS AND SIGNALLING CASCADES, INCLUDING WNT (WINGLESS AND INT.) SIGNALLING PATHWAY, AUTOPHAGY, MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (MTOR), PROTEIN KINASE C (PKC) SIGNALLING CASCADES, CELLULAR REDOX STATUS, ENERGY METABOLISM, GLUTAMATERGIC NEUROTRANSMISSIONS, IMMUNE CELL STIMULATIONS (E.G. MICROGLIA, ASTROCYTES) AS WELL AS AN AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN (APP), PRESENILIN-1 (PSEN1), PRESENILIN-2 (PSEN2) AND OTHER AD-RELATED GENE EXPRESSIONS THAT HAVE BEEN PRETENTIOUS AND MODULATED BY THE VARIOUS NEUROTOXICANTS. THIS REVIEW CONCLUDED THAT NEUROTOXICANTS PLAY A MOMENTOUS ROLE IN DEVELOPING AD THROUGH MODULATING VARIOUS SIGNALLING CASCADES. NEVERTHELESS, COMPREHENSION OF THIS RISK AGENT-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY IS FAR TOO LITTLE. MORE IN-DEPTH EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND SYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATIONS ARE NEEDED TO UNDERSTAND THE POTENTIAL MECHANISMS BETTER TO ADDRESS THESE NEUROTOXICANTS AND IMPROVE APPROACHES TO THEIR RISK EXPOSURE THAT AID IN AD PATHOGENESIS.KEY MESSAGESINEVITABLE CASCADE MECHANISMS OF HOW ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE-RELATED (AD-RELATED) GENE EXPRESSIONS ARE MODULATED BY NEUROTOXICANTS HAVE BEEN DISCUSSED.INVOLVEMENT OF THE NEUROTOXICANTS-INDUCED PATHWAYS CAUSED AN EXTENDED RISK OF AD IS EXPLICITED.INTEGRATION OF CELL CULTURE, ANIMALS AND POPULATION-BASED ANALYSIS ON THE CLINICAL SEVERITY OF AD IS ADDRESSED.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
5  4162  26 MECP2 REGULATES PTCH1 EXPRESSION THROUGH DNA METHYLATION IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) IS A CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE INFLAMMATORY DISEASE, IN WHICH PATHOGENESIS IS NOT CLEAR. MANY RESEARCH DEMONSTRATED THAT FIBROBLAST-LIKE SYNOVIOCYTES (FLSS) PLAY A KEY ROLE IN RA PATHOGENESIS, JOIN IN THE CARTILAGE INJURY AND HYPERPLASIA OF THE SYNOVIUM, AND CONTRIBUTE TO THE RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. WE USED ADJUVANT ARTHRITIS (AA) RATS AS RA ANIMAL MODELS. THE METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) ENABLES THE SUPPRESSED CHROMATIN STRUCTURE TO BE SELECTIVELY DETECTED IN AA FLSS. OVEREXPRESSION OF THIS PROTEIN LEADS TO AN INCREASE OF INTEGRAL METHYLATION LEVELS. SOME RESEARCH HAS CONFIRMED THE HEDGEHOG (HH) SIGNALING PATHWAY PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN RA PATHOGENESIS; FURTHERMORE, PATCHED 1 (PTCH1) IS A NEGATIVE FRACTION OF HH SIGNALING PATHWAY. WE USED 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZADC) AS DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR. IN OUR RESEARCH, WE FOUND MECP2 REDUCED PTCH1 EXPRESSION IN AA FLSS; 5-AZADC OBSTRUCTED THE LOSS OF PTCH1 EXPRESSION. 5-AZADC, TREATMENT OF AA FLSS, ALSO BLOCKS THE RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. IN ORDER TO PROBE THE POTENTIAL MOLECULAR MECHANISM, WE ASSUMED THE EPIGENETIC PARTICIPATION IN THE REGULATION OF PTCH1. RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT PTCH1 HYPERMETHYLATION IS RELATED TO THE PERSISTENT FLS ACTIVATION AND INFLAMMATION IN AA RATS. KNOCKDOWN OF MECP2 USING SMALL-INTERFERING RNA TECHNIQUE ADDED PTCH1 EXPRESSION IN AA FLSS. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT DNA METHYLATION MAY OFFER MOLECULE MECHANISMS, AND THE REDUCED PTCH1 METHYLATION LEVEL COULD REGULATE INFLAMMATION THROUGH KNOCKDOWN OF MECP2. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT PTCH1 IS AN INHIBITORY PROTEIN OF THE HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY. INCREASED EXPRESSION OF PTCH1 CAN INHIBIT THE EXPRESSION OF GLI1 AND SHH, THEREBY INHIBITING THE ACTIVATION OF HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY. INACTIVATED HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY INHIBITS THE SECRETION OF IL-6 AND TNF-ALPHA. MECP2 MEDIATES HYPERMETHYLATION OF PTCH1 GENE AND DECREASES THE EXPRESSION OF PTCH1 PROTEIN, THUS ACTIVATING HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY AND INCREASING SECRETION OF IL-6 AND TNF-ALPHA.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
6  5018  21 PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION-INDUCED UP-REGULATION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) PROMOTES SYNAPTIC DELIVERY OF ALPHA-AMINO-3-HYDROXY-5-METHYL-4-ISOXAZOLEPROPIONIC ACID RECEPTOR GLUA1 SUBUNITS IN DESCENDING PAIN MODULATORY CIRCUITS. THE ENHANCED AMPA RECEPTOR PHOSPHORYLATION AT GLUA1 SERINE 831 SITES IN THE CENTRAL PAIN-MODULATING SYSTEM PLAYS A PIVOTAL ROLE IN DESCENDING PAIN FACILITATION AFTER INFLAMMATION, BUT THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS REMAIN UNCLEAR. WE SHOW HERE THAT, IN THE RAT BRAIN STEM, IN THE NUCLEUS RAPHE MAGNUS, WHICH IS A CRITICAL RELAY IN THE DESCENDING PAIN-MODULATING SYSTEM OF THE BRAIN, PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN INDUCED BY COMPLETE FREUND ADJUVANT (CFA) CAN ENHANCE AMPA RECEPTOR-MEDIATED EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC CURRENTS AND THE GLUA2-LACKING AMPA RECEPTOR-MEDIATED RECTIFICATION INDEX. WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS SHOWED AN INCREASE IN GLUA1 PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-831 BUT NOT AT SER-845. THIS WAS ACCOMPANIED BY AN INCREASE IN DISTRIBUTION OF THE SYNAPTIC GLUA1 SUBUNIT. IN PARALLEL, THE LEVEL OF HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION AT BDNF GENE PROMOTER REGIONS WAS REDUCED SIGNIFICANTLY 3 DAYS AFTER CFA INJECTION, AS INDICATED BY CHIP ASSAYS. THIS WAS CORRELATED WITH AN INCREASE IN BDNF MRNA LEVELS AND BDNF PROTEIN LEVELS. SEQUESTERING ENDOGENOUS EXTRACELLULAR BDNF WITH TRKB-IGG IN THE NUCLEUS RAPHE MAGNUS DECREASED AMPA RECEPTOR-MEDIATED SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AND GLUA1 PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-831 3 DAYS AFTER CFA INJECTION. UNDER THE SAME CONDITIONS, BLOCKADE OF TRKB RECEPTOR FUNCTIONS, PHOSPHOLIPASE C, OR PKC IMPAIRED GLUA1 PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-831 AND DECREASED EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC CURRENTS MEDIATED BY GLUA2-LACKING AMPA RECEPTORS. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC UP-REGULATION OF BDNF BY PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION INDUCES GLUR1 PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-831 SITES THROUGH ACTIVATION OF THE PHOSPHOLIPASE C-PKC SIGNALING CASCADE, LEADING TO THE TRAFFICKING OF GLUA1 TO PAIN-MODULATING NEURONAL SYNAPSES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
7  3869  15 JNK1 REGULATES HISTONE ACETYLATION IN TRIGEMINAL NEURONS FOLLOWING CHEMICAL STIMULATION. TRIGEMINAL NERVE FIBERS IN NASAL AND ORAL CAVITIES ARE SENSITIVE TO VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDOUS STIMULI, WHICH TRIGGER MANY NEUROTOXIC PROBLEMS SUCH AS CHRONIC MIGRAINE HEADACHE AND TRIGEMINAL IRRITATED DISORDERS. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF JNK KINASE CASCADE AND ITS EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF HISTONE REMODELING IN TRIGEMINAL GANGLION (TG) NEURONS ACTIVATED BY ENVIRONMENTAL NEUROTOXINS REMAINS UNKNOWN. HERE WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF JNK/C-JUN CASCADE IN THE REGULATION OF ACETYLATION OF H3 HISTONE IN TG NEURONS FOLLOWING IN VITRO STIMULATION BY A NEURO-INFLAMMATORY AGENT, MUSTARD OIL (MO). WE FOUND THAT MO STIMULATION ELICITED JNK/C-JUN PATHWAY SIGNIFICANTLY BY ENHANCING PHOSPHO-JNK1, PHOSPHO-C-JUN EXPRESSION, AND C-JUN ACTIVITY, WHICH WERE CORRELATED WITH AN ELEVATED ACETYLATED H3 HISTONE IN TG NEURONS. HOWEVER, INCREASES IN PHOSPHO-C-JUN AND C-JUN ACTIVITY WERE SIGNIFICANTLY BLOCKED BY A JNK INHIBITOR, SP600125. WE ALSO FOUND THAT ALTERED H3 HISTONE REMODELING, ASSESSED BY H3 ACETYLATION IN TRIGGERED TG NEURONS, WAS REDUCED BY SP600125. THE STUDY SUGGESTS THAT THE ACTIVATED JNK SIGNALING IN REGULATION OF HISTONE REMODELING MAY CONTRIBUTE TO NEURO-EPIGENTIC CHANGES IN PERIPHERAL SENSORY NEURONS FOLLOWING ENVIRONMENTAL NEUROTOXIC EXPOSURE.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
8  4902  21 OXIDATIVE-STRESS-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN CHRONIC DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS. OXIDATIVE STRESS PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS. DIABETES CAUSES MITOCHONDRIAL SUPEROXIDE OVERPRODUCTION IN THE ENDOTHELIAL CELLS OF BOTH LARGE AND SMALL VESSELS. THIS INCREASED SUPEROXIDE PRODUCTION CAUSES THE ACTIVATION OF SEVERAL SIGNAL PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS. IN PARTICULAR, ENDOTHELIAL CELLS ARE MAJOR TARGETS OF GLUCOSE-INDUCED OXIDATIVE DAMAGE IN THE TARGET ORGANS. OXIDATIVE STRESS ACTIVATES CELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS INCLUDING PROTEIN KINASE C (PKC), C-JUN-N-TERMINAL KINASE (JNK), P38 MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE (MAPK), FORKHEAD BOX O (FOXO), AND NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA-B (NF-KAPPAB). OXIDATIVE STRESS ALSO CAUSES DNA DAMAGE AND ACTIVATES DNA NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION REPAIR ENZYMES INCLUDING THE EXCISION REPAIR CROSS COMPLIMENTING 1(ERCC1), ERCC4, AND POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASE (PARP). AUGMENTED PRODUCTION OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE P300, AND ALTERATIONS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES, INCLUDING CLASS III DEACETYLASES SIRTUINS, ARE ALSO INVOLVED IN THIS PROCESS. RECENT RESEARCH HAS FOUND THAT SMALL NONCODING RNAS, LIKE MICRORNA, ARE A NEW KIND OF REGULATOR ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS. THERE ARE EXTENSIVE AND COMPLICATED INTERACTIONS AND AMONG THESE MOLECULES. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO DEMONSTRATE THE ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS IN RELATION TO EPIGENETIC CHANGES SUCH AS ACETYLATION AND MICRORNA ALTERATIONS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9  6758  46 WNT SIGNALING IN STEM CELL BIOLOGY AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE. WNT FAMILY MEMBERS ARE SECRETED-TYPE GLYCOPROTEINS TO ORCHESTRATE EMBRYOGENESIS, TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS, AND TO INDUCE PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. FZD1, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, FZD10, LRP5, LRP6, AND ROR2 ARE TRANSMEMBRANE RECEPTORS TRANSDUCING WNT SIGNALS BASED ON LIGAND-DEPENDENT PREFERENTIALITY FOR CAVEOLIN- OR CLATHRIN-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS. WNT SIGNALS ARE TRANSDUCED TO CANONICAL PATHWAY FOR CELL FATE DETERMINATION, AND TO NON-CANONICAL PATHWAYS FOR REGULATION OF PLANAR CELL POLARITY, CELL ADHESION, AND MOTILITY. MYC, CCND1, AXIN2, FGF20, WISP1, JAG1, DKK1 AND GLUCAGON ARE TARGET GENES OF CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING CASCADE, WHILE CD44, VIMENTIN AND STX5 ARE TARGET GENES OF NON-CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING CASCADES. HOWEVER, TARGET GENES OF WNT SIGNALING CASCADES ARE DETERMINED IN A CONTEXT-DEPENDENT MANNER DUE TO EXPRESSION PROFILE OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND EPIGENETIC STATUS. WNT SIGNALING CASCADES NETWORK WITH NOTCH, FGF, BMP AND HEDGEHOG SIGNALING CASCADES TO REGULATE THE BALANCE OF STEM CELLS AND PROGENITOR CELLS. HERE WNT SIGNALING IN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS, NEURAL STEM CELLS, MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS, HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS, AND INTESTINAL STEM CELLS WILL BE REVIEWED. WNT3, WNT5A AND WNT10B ARE EXPRESSED IN UNDIFFERENTIATED HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS, WHILE WNT6, WNT8B AND WNT10B IN ENDODERM PRECURSOR CELLS. WNT6 IS EXPRESSED IN INTESTINAL CRYPT REGION FOR STEM OR PROGENITOR CELLS. TNF/ALPHA-WNT10B SIGNALING IS A NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS OF ADIPOSE TISSUE AND GASTROINTESTINAL MUCOSA WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. RECOMBINANT WNT PROTEIN OR WNT MIMETIC (CIRCULAR PEPTIDE, SMALL MOLECULE COMPOUND, OR RNA APTAMER) IN COMBINATION WITH NOTCH MIMETIC, FGF PROTEIN, AND BMP PROTEIN OPENS A NEW WINDOW TO TISSUE ENGINEERING FOR REGENERATIVE MEDICINE.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
10  5868  26 SUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF METFORMIN ON T-HELPER 1-RELATED CHEMOKINES EXPRESSION IN THE HUMAN MONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CELL LINE THP-1. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (DM) ARE CHRONIC T-CELL-MEDIATED INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. METFORMIN IS A WIDELY USED DRUG FOR TYPE 2 DM THAT REDUCES THE NEED FOR INSULIN IN TYPE 1 DM. HOWEVER, WHETHER METFORMIN HAS AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT FOR TREATING DM IS UNKNOWN. WE INVESTIGATED THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY MECHANISM OF METFORMIN IN THE HUMAN MONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CELL LINE THP-1. MATERIALS AND METHODS: THE HUMAN MONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CELL LINE THP-1 WAS PRETREATED WITH METFORMIN AND STIMULATED WITH LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS). THE PRODUCTION OF T-HELPER (TH)-1-RELATED CHEMOKINES INCLUDING INTERFERON-GAMMA-INDUCED PROTEIN-10 (IP-10) AND MONOCYTE CHEMOATTRACTANT PROTEIN-1 (MCP-1), TH2-RELATED CHEMOKINE MACROPHAGE-DERIVED CHEMOKINE, AND THE PROINFLAMMATORY CHEMOKINE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA WAS MEASURED USING ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY. INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS WERE INVESTIGATED USING WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY. RESULTS: METFORMIN SUPPRESSED LPS-INDUCED IP-10 AND MCP-1 PRODUCTION AS WELL AS LPS-INDUCED PHOSPHORYLATION OF C-JUN N-TERMINAL KINASE (JNK), P38, EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE (ERK), AND NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B (NF-KAPPAB). MOREOVER, METFORMIN SUPPRESSED LPS-INDUCED ACETYLATION OF HISTONES H3 AND H4 AT THE IP-10 PROMOTER. CONCLUSIONS: METFORMIN SUPPRESSED THE PRODUCTION OF TH1-RELATED CHEMOKINES IP-10 AND MCP-1 IN THP-1 CELLS. SUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF METFORMIN ON IP-10 PRODUCTION MIGHT BE ATTRIBUTED AT LEAST PARTIALLY TO THE JNK, P38, ERK, AND NF-KAPPAB PATHWAYS AS WELL AS TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION THROUGH THE ACETYLATION OF HISTONES H3 AND H4. THESE RESULTS INDICATED THE THERAPEUTIC ANTI-INFLAMMATORY POTENTIAL OF METFORMIN.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
11  6172  20 THE HDAC1/C-JUN COMPLEX IS ESSENTIAL IN THE PROMOTION OF NERVE INJURY-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN THROUGH JNK SIGNALING. HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACIS) INTERFERE WITH THE EPIGENETIC PROCESS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AND ARE KNOWN TO HAVE ANALGESIC PROPERTIES IN MODELS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PAIN. ADMINISTRATION OF A SELECTIVE HDAC1 INHIBITOR (LG325) IN SNI-SUBJECTED MICE SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED BEHAVIOR RELATED TO INJURY-INDUCED PAIN. UNDERSTANDING THE HDAC1 PATHWAY IN EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF PATHOLOGICAL PAIN IS OF GREAT MEDICAL RELEVANCE. SPARED NERVE INJURY (SNI) MICE SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN THE HDAC1 PROTEIN LEVELS WITHIN SPINAL CORD IN COINCIDENCE WITH THE NOCICEPTIVE PHENOTYPE AT 1 AND 3 WEEKS AFTER NERVE INJURY. NO VARIATION IN HDAC3, DNMT3A, ACH3, MBD3 AND MECP2 LEVELS WAS DETECTED. INCREASED EXPRESSION OF HDAC1 IS ACCOMPANIED BY ACTIVATION OF THE JNK-C-JUN SIGNALING PATHWAY. A ROBUST SPINAL JNK-1 OVERPHOSPHORYLATION WAS OBSERVED POST NERVE-INJURY ALONG WITH A SELECTIVE JNK-DEPENDENT INCREASE IN P-C-JUN AND HDAC1 PROTEIN LEVELS. CO-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION EXPERIMENTS SHOWED THE PRESENCE OF A HETERODIMERIC COMPLEX BETWEEN HDAC1 AND C-JUN IN SNI MICE INDICATING THAT THESE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS CAN ACT TOGETHER TO REGULATE TRANSCRIPTION THROUGH HETERODIMERIZATION. STIMULATION OF C-JUN PHOSPHORYLATION WAS PREVENTED BY THE SELECTIVE HDAC1 INHIBITOR LG325. WE FOUND THAT HDAC1 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH C-JUN IN NUCLEI OF SPINAL DORSAL HORN ASTROCYTES EXPRESSING JNK. ON THE OTHER HAND, THE PRESENCE OF HDAC1 AND C-JUN INTERACTION WAS NOT DETECTED IN CONTROL MICE. THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE ANTI-NOCICEPTIVE ACTIVITY OF HDAC INHIBITORS. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE DATA SUPPORT A ROLE FOR HISTONE DEACETYLASE IN THE EMERGENCE OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
12   799  23 CELLULAR SIGNALING AND POTENTIAL NEW TREATMENT TARGETS IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY. DYSFUNCTION AND DEATH OF MICROVASCULAR CELLS AND IMBALANCE BETWEEN THE PRODUCTION AND THE DEGRADATION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) PROTEINS ARE A CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY (DR). GLUCOSE-INDUCED BIOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS IN THE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS MAY ACTIVATE A CASCADE OF SIGNALING PATHWAYS LEADING TO INCREASED PRODUCTION OF ECM PROTEINS AND CELLULAR DYSFUNCTION/DEATH. CHRONIC DIABETES LEADS TO THE ACTIVATION OF A NUMBER OF SIGNALING PROTEINS INCLUDING PROTEIN KINASE C, PROTEIN KINASE B, AND MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES. THESE SIGNALING CASCADES ARE ACTIVATED IN RESPONSE TO HYPERGLYCEMIA-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS, POLYOL PATHWAY, AND ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT FORMATION AMONG OTHERS. THE ABERRANT SIGNALING PATHWAYS ULTIMATELY LEAD TO ACTIVATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS SUCH AS NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB AND ACTIVATING PROTEIN-1. THE ACTIVITY OF THESE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IS ALSO REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THROUGH TRANSCRIPTIONAL COACTIVATOR P300. THESE COMPLEX SIGNALING PATHWAYS MAY BE INVOLVED IN GLUCOSE-INDUCED ALTERATIONS OF ENDOTHELIAL CELL PHENOTYPE LEADING TO THE PRODUCTION OF INCREASED ECM PROTEINS AND VASOACTIVE EFFECTOR MOLECULES CAUSING FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE MICROVASCULATURE. UNDERSTANDING OF SUCH MECHANISTIC PATHWAYS WILL HELP TO DEVELOP FUTURE ADJUVANT THERAPIES FOR DIABETIC RETINOPATHY.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
13   687  21 BRAINSTEM BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR SIGNALING IS REQUIRED FOR HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR-INDUCED PAIN RELIEF. OUR PREVIOUS STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT PERSISTENT PAIN CAN EPIGENETICALLY SUPPRESS THE TRANSCRIPTION OF GAD2 [ENCODING GLUTAMIC ACID DECARBOXYLASE 65 (GAD65)] AND CONSEQUENTLY IMPAIR THE INHIBITORY FUNCTION OF GABAERGIC SYNAPSES IN CENTRAL PAIN-MODULATING NEURONS. THIS CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSISTENT PAIN SENSITIZATION. HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS INCREASED GAD65 ACTIVITY CONSIDERABLY, RESTORED GABA SYNAPTIC FUNCTION, AND RENDERED SENSITIZED PAIN BEHAVIOR LESS PRONOUNCED. HOWEVER, THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH HDAC REGULATES GABAERGIC TRANSMISSION THROUGH GAD65 UNDER PAIN CONDITIONS ARE UNKNOWN. THIS WORK SHOWED THAT HDAC INHIBITOR-INDUCED INCREASES IN COLOCALIZATION OF GAD65 AND SYNAPTIC PROTEIN SYNAPSIN I ON THE PRESYNAPTIC AXON TERMINALS OF THE NUCLEUS RAPHE MAGNUS (NRM) WERE BLOCKED BY A TRKB RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST K252A [(9S,10R,12R)-2,3,9,10,11,12-HEXAHYDRO-10-HYDROXY-9-METHYL-1-OXO-9,12-EPOXY-1H-DIINDOLO[1,2,3-FG:3',2',1'-KL]PYRROLO[3,4-I][1,6]BENZODIAZOCINE-10-CARBOXYLIC ACID METHYL ESTER], INDICATING THAT BDNF-TRKB SIGNALING MAY BE REQUIRED IN GAD65 MODULATION OF GABA SYNAPTIC FUNCTION. AT THE BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) PROMOTER, HDAC INHIBITORS INDUCED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN H3 HYPERACETYLATION, CONSISTENT WITH THE INCREASE IN BDNF MRNA AND TOTAL PROTEINS. ALTHOUGH EXOGENOUS BDNF FACILITATED GABA MINIATURE INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC CURRENTS AND GAD65 ACCUMULATION IN NRM NEURONAL SYNAPSES IN NORMAL RATS, IT FAILED TO DO SO IN ANIMALS SUBJECTED TO PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION. IN ADDITION, BLOCKADE OF THE TRKB RECEPTOR WITH K252A HAS NO EFFECT ON MINIATURE INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC CURRENTS AND SYNAPTIC GAD65 ACCUMULATION UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS. IN ADDITION, THE ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF HDAC INHIBITORS ON BEHAVIOR WERE BLOCKED BY NRM INFUSION OF K252A. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT BDNF-TRKB SIGNALING IS REQUIRED FOR DRUGS THAT REVERSE THE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF CHRONIC PAIN AT THE GENE LEVEL, SUCH AS HDAC INHIBITORS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
14  3832  18 INVOLVEMENT OF SPINAL SIRT1 IN DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN RATS. IT IS KNOWN THAT THE EPIGENETIC PROCESS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IS INVOLVED IN THE NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER SIRTUIN TYPE 1 (SIRT1), AN NAD(+) DEPENDENT DEACETYLASE, AFFECTED ALLODYNIA AND HYPERALGESIA IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THE NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODEL WAS ESTABLISHED BY LIGATURE OF THE RIGHT SCIATIC NERVE TO INDUCE CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) IN RATS. HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE (HAT) ACTIVITY WAS INCREASED AND, AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) ACTIVITY WAS DECLINED IN TISSUE OF THE SPINAL DORSA HORN IN CCI RATES BY MEANS OF ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA). THE PERSISTENT HYPERALGESIA AND ALLODYNIA CAUSED BY CCI WERE ASSOCIATED WITH DOWNREGULATION OF SIRT1 AND UPREGULATION OF ACETYLATED-H3 (AC-H3) IN TISSUE OF THE SPINAL CORD BY WESTERN BLOT ASSAY, WHICH WAS REVERSED AFTER INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF SIRT1 AGONIST SRT1720. SRT1720 TREATMENT ACHIEVED ANALGESIC THROUGH INHIBITING THE ACETYLATION OF NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B (NF-KAPPAB) AND BLOCKING THE RELEASES OF THE INFLAMMATORY FACTORS INCLUDING TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA) AND INTERLEUKIN (IL)-6 BY MEANS OF WESTERN BLOT AND REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR (RT-PCR), RESPECTIVELY. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT SIRT1 IN THE SPINAL CORD PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN THE RAT MODEL.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
15  3175  20 H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION REGULATED BY P38 IS INVOLVED IN BIM EXPRESSION AND APOPTOSIS IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA CELLS INDUCED BY IMATINIB. INCREASING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT HISTONE H2AX PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN REGULATION OF TUMOR CELL APOPTOSIS AND ACTS AS A NOVEL HUMAN TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN. HOWEVER, THE ACTION OF H2AX IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML) CELLS IS UNKNOWN. THE DETAILED MECHANISM AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION BY H2AX REMAIN ELUSIVE IN CANCER CELLS. HERE, WE REPORT THAT H2AX WAS INVOLVED IN APOPTOSIS OF CML CELLS. OVEREXPRESSION OF H2AX INCREASED APOPTOTIC SENSITIVITY OF CML CELLS (K562) INDUCED BY IMATINIB. HOWEVER, OVEREXPRESSION OF SER139-MUTATED H2AX (BLOCKING PHOSPHORYLATION) DECREASED SENSITIVITY OF K562 CELLS TO APOPTOSIS. SIMILARLY, KNOCKDOWN OF H2AX MADE K562 CELLS RESISTANT TO APOPTOTIC INDUCTION. THESE RESULTS REVEALED THAT THE FUNCTION OF H2AX INVOLVED IN APOPTOSIS IS STRICTLY RELATED TO ITS PHOSPHORYLATION (SER139). OUR DATA FURTHER INDICATED THAT IMATINIB MAY STIMULATE MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE (MAPK) FAMILY MEMBER P38, AND H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION FOLLOWED A SIMILAR TIME COURSE, SUGGESTING A PARALLEL RESPONSE. H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION CAN BE BLOCKED BY P38 SIRNA OR ITS INHIBITOR. THESE DATA DEMONSTRATED THAT H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION WAS REGULATED BY P38 MAPK PATHWAY IN K562 CELLS. HOWEVER, THE P38 MAPK DOWNSTREAM, MITOGEN- AND STRESS-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE-1 AND -2, WHICH PHOSPHORYLATED HISTONE H3, WERE NOT REQUIRED FOR H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION DURING APOPTOSIS. FINALLY, WE PROVIDED EPIGENETIC EVIDENCE THAT H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION REGULATED APOPTOSIS-RELATED GENE BIM EXPRESSION. BLOCKING OF H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION INHIBITED BIM GENE EXPRESSION. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE DATA DEMONSTRATED THAT H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION REGULATED BY P38 IS INVOLVED IN BIM EXPRESSION AND APOPTOSIS IN CML CELLS INDUCED BY IMATINIB.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
16  3677  27 INFLAMMATION AND PYROPTOSIS MEDIATE MUSCLE EXPANSION IN AN INTERLEUKIN-1BETA (IL-1BETA)-DEPENDENT MANNER. MUSCLE INFLAMMATION IS OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH ITS EXPANSION. BLADDER SMOOTH MUSCLE INFLAMMATION-INDUCED CELL DEATH IS ACCOMPANIED BY HYPERPLASIA AND HYPERTROPHY AS THE PRIMARY CAUSE FOR POOR BLADDER FUNCTION. IN MICE, DNA DAMAGE INITIATED BY CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUG CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE ACTIVATED CASPASE 1 THROUGH THE FORMATION OF THE NLRP3 COMPLEX RESULTING IN DETRUSOR HYPERPLASIA. A CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE METABOLITE, ACROLEIN, CAUSED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND ACCUMULATION OF DNA DAMAGE IN A MOUSE MODEL OF BLADDER INFLAMMATION AND IN CULTURED BLADDER MUSCLE CELLS. IN CORRELATION, GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND NLRP3 EXPRESSION WAS UP-REGULATED IN HUMAN CHRONIC BLADDER INFLAMMATORY TISSUES. THE EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF DNA DAMAGE REPAIR GENE, OGG1, COULD BE REVERSED BY THE USE OF DEMETHYLATING AGENTS. IN MICE, DEMETHYLATING AGENTS REVERSED CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE-INDUCED BLADDER INFLAMMATION AND DETRUSOR EXPANSION. THE TRANSGENIC KNOCK-OUT OF OGG1 IN AS FEW AS 10% OF THE DETRUSOR CELLS TRIPLED THE PROLIFERATION OF THE REMAINING WILD TYPE COUNTERPARTS IN AN IN VITRO CO-CULTURE TITRATION EXPERIMENT. ANTAGONIZING IL-1BETA WITH ANAKINRA, A RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS THERAPEUTIC, PREVENTED DETRUSOR PROLIFERATION IN CONDITIONED MEDIA EXPERIMENTS AS WELL AS IN A MOUSE MODEL OF BLADDER INFLAMMATION. RADIATION TREATMENT VALIDATED THE ROLE OF DNA DAMAGE IN THE NLRP3-ASSOCIATED CASPASE 1-MEDIATED IL-1BETA SECRETORY PHENOTYPE. A PROTEIN ARRAY ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED IGF1 TO BE DOWNSTREAM OF IL-1BETA SIGNALING. IL-1BETA-INDUCED DETRUSOR PROLIFERATION AND HYPERTROPHY COULD BE REVERSED WITH THE USE OF ANAKINRA AS WELL AS AN IGF1 NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY. IL-1BETA ANTAGONISTS IN CURRENT CLINICAL PRACTICE CAN EXPLOIT THE REVEALED MECHANISM FOR DNA DAMAGE-MEDIATED MUSCULAR EXPANSION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
17  4304  22 MICRORNA-223 PROTECTS NEURONS FROM DEGENERATION IN EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY, DEMYELINATING, AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE AFFECTING THE BRAIN, SPINAL CORD AND OPTIC NERVES. NEURONAL DAMAGE IS TRIGGERED BY VARIOUS HARMFUL FACTORS THAT ENGAGE DIVERSE SIGNALLING CASCADES IN NEURONS; THUS, THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES TO PROTECT NEURONS WILL NEED TO FOCUS ON AGENTS THAT CAN TARGET MULTIPLE BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES. WE HAVE THEREFORE FOCUSED OUR ATTENTION ON MICRORNAS: SMALL NON-CODING RNAS THAT PRIMARILY FUNCTION AS POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORS THAT TARGET MESSENGER RNAS AND REPRESS THEIR TRANSLATION INTO PROTEINS. A SINGLE MICRORNA CAN TARGET MANY FUNCTIONALLY RELATED MESSENGER RNAS MAKING MICRORNAS POWERFUL EPIGENETIC REGULATORS. DYSREGULATION OF MICRORNAS HAS BEEN DESCRIBED IN MANY NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES INCLUDING MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. HERE, WE REPORT THAT TWO MICRORNAS, MIR-223-3P AND MIR-27A-3P, ARE UPREGULATED IN NEURONS IN THE EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS MOUSE MODEL OF CNS INFLAMMATION AND IN GREY MATTER-CONTAINING MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS LESIONS. PRIOR WORK HAS SHOWN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELL CONDITIONED MEDIA CAUSES SUBLETHAL DEGENERATION OF NEURONS IN CULTURE. WE FIND OVEREXPRESSION OF MIR-27A-3P OR MIR-223-3P PROTECTS DISSOCIATED CORTICAL NEURONS FROM CONDITION MEDIA MEDIATED DEGENERATION. INTRODUCTION OF MIR-223-3P IN VIVO IN MOUSE RETINAL GANGLION CELLS PROTECTS THEIR AXONS FROM DEGENERATION IN EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS. IN SILICO ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT MESSENGER RNAS INVOLVED IN GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR SIGNALLING ARE ENRICHED AS MIR-27A-3P AND MIR-223-3P TARGETS. WE OBSERVE THAT ANTAGONISM OF NMDA AND AMPA TYPE GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS PROTECTS NEURONS FROM CONDITION MEDIA DEPENDENT DEGENERATION. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT MIR-223-3P AND MIR-27A-3P ARE UPREGULATED IN RESPONSE TO INFLAMMATION TO MEDIATE A COMPENSATORY NEUROPROTECTIVE GENE EXPRESSION PROGRAM THAT DESENSITIZES NEURONS TO GLUTAMATE BY TARGETING MESSENGER RNAS INVOLVED IN GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR SIGNALLING.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
18  6453  25 THIOREDOXIN INTERACTING PROTEIN (TXNIP) INDUCES INFLAMMATION THROUGH CHROMATIN MODIFICATION IN RETINAL CAPILLARY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS UNDER DIABETIC CONDITIONS. CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA AND ACTIVATION OF RECEPTOR FOR ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS (RAGE) ARE KNOWN RISK FACTORS FOR MICROVASCULAR DISEASE DEVELOPMENT IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY. THIOREDOXIN-INTERACTING PROTEIN (TXNIP), AN ENDOGENOUS INHIBITOR OF ANTIOXIDANT THIOREDOXIN (TRX), PLAYS A CAUSATIVE ROLE IN DIABETES AND ITS VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS. HEREIN WE INVESTIGATE WHETHER HG AND RAGE INDUCE INFLAMMATION IN RAT RETINAL ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (EC) UNDER DIABETIC CONDITIONS IN CULTURE THROUGH TXNIP ACTIVATION AND WHETHER EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY A ROLE IN INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION. WE SHOW THAT RAGE ACTIVATION BY ITS LIGAND S100B OR HG TREATMENT OF RETINAL EC INDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF TXNIP AND INFLAMMATORY GENES SUCH AS COX2, VEGF-A, AND ICAM1. TXNIP SILENCING BY SIRNA IMPEDES RAGE AND HG EFFECTS WHILE STABLE OVER-EXPRESSION OF A CDNA FOR HUMAN TXNIP IN EC ELEVATES INFLAMMATION. P38 MAPK-NF-KAPPAB SIGNALING PATHWAY AND HISTONE H3 LYSINE (K) NINE MODIFICATIONS ARE INVOLVED IN TXNIP-INDUCED INFLAMMATION. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAYS REVEAL THAT TXNIP OVER-EXPRESSION IN EC ABOLISHES H3K9 TRI-METHYLATION, A MARKER FOR GENE INACTIVATION, AND INCREASES H3K9 ACETYLATION, AN INDICATOR OF GENE INDUCTION, AT PROXIMAL COX2 PROMOTER BEARING THE NF-KAPPAB-BINDING SITE. THESE FINDINGS HAVE IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS TOWARD UNDERSTANDING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF OCULAR INFLAMMATION AND ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
19  3868  20 JMJD6 EXERTS FUNCTION IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN BY REGULATING NF?KAPPAB FOLLOWING PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY IN RATS. TREATMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN (NPP) CONTINUES TO BE A MAJOR CHALLENGE, AND THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS REMAIN TO BE ELUCIDATED. PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT HISTONE METHYLATION IS IMPORTANT IN SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND MAY AFFECT NUCLEAR FACTOR?KAPPAB (NF?KAPPAB) SIGNALING THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. THE PRESENT STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF JUMONJI C DOMAIN 6 (JMJD6), A HISTONE DEMETHYLASE, IN A CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) MODEL OF NPP. ON THE THIRD DAY POST?CCI SURGERY, A JMJD6 OVEREXPRESSING LENTIVIRAL VECTOR (LV?JMJD6) WAS INTRATHECALLY INJECTED IN THE RATS. MECHANICAL WITHDRAWAL THRESHOLD AND THERMAL WITHDRAWAL LATENCY WERE ASSESSED PRIOR SURGERY AND ON DAYS 3, 7, 10 AND 14 POST?CCI. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT INTRATHECAL INJECTION WITH THE LV?JMJD6 ATTENUATED CCI?INDUCED PAIN FACILITATION. THE EXPRESSION OF JMJD6 WAS LOWER FOLLOWING CCI SURGERY, AND ITS EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED FOLLOWING INTRATHECAL INJECTION WITH LV?JMJD6, COMPARED WITH LEVELS IN NORMAL SALINE (NS)? AND NEGATIVE CONTROL LENTIVIRAL VECTOR (NC)?TREATED RATS. THE EXPRESSION OF SPINAL NF?KAPPAB PHOSPHORYLATED (P?)P65 SUBUNIT AND ITS DOWNSTREAM PAIN?ASSOCIATED EFFECTORS, INCLUDING INTERLEUKIN 1BETA (IL?1BETA), TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR?ALPHA (TNF?ALPHA) AND VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF), WERE INCREASED FOLLOWING CCI SURGERY. INTRATHECAL INJECTION WITH LV?JMJD6 SUPPRESSED ACTIVATION OF THE P?P65 SUBUNIT IN CCI RATS. IN ADDITION, EXPRESSION LEVELS OF ITS DOWNSTREAM EFFECTORS IL?1BETA, TNF?ALPHA AND VEGF WERE ATTENUATED BY INTRATHECAL TREATMENT WITH LV?JMJD6, COMPARED WITH THOSE IN THE NS? AND NC?TREATED CCI RATS. FURTHERMORE, THE JMJD6? AND P65?IMMUNOREACTIVE CELLS OVERLAPPED IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN, HOWEVER, CO?IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SHOWED THAT JMJD6 AND THE NF?KAPPAB P65 SUBUNIT DID NOT DIRECTLY INTERACT, INDICATING OTHER FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIONS MAY EXIST BETWEEN THESE FACTORS FOLLOWING CCI SURGERY. COLLECTIVELY, THESE FINDINGS INDICATED AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM UNDERLYING THE PATHOGENESIS OF NPP. JMJD6 MAY EXERT ITS THERAPEUTIC FUNCTION IN NPP BY REGULATING NF?KAPPAB FOLLOWING CCI.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
20  5851  22 SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID TRIGGERS AUTOPHAGY BY INFLUENCING THE MTOR PATHWAY IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN IN A RAT NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODEL. HISTONE ACETYLATION LEVELS CAN BE UPREGULATED BY TREATING CELLS WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACIS), WHICH CAN INDUCE AUTOPHAGY. AUTOPHAGY FLUX IN THE SPINAL CORD OF RATS FOLLOWING THE LEFT FIFTH LUMBER SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL) IS INVOLVED IN THE PROGRESSION OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA), ONE OF THE HDACIS CAN INTERFERE WITH THE EPIGENETIC PROCESS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION, WHICH HAS BEEN SHOWN TO EASE NEUROPATHIC PAIN. RECENT RESEARCH SUGGEST THAT SAHA CAN STIMULATE AUTOPHAGY VIA THE MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (MTOR) PATHWAY IN SOME TYPES OF CANCER CELLS. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE ROLE OF SAHA AND AUTOPHAGY IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN AFTER NERVE INJURY. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE AIM TO INVESTIGATE AUTOPHAGY FLUX AND THE ROLE OF THE MTOR PATHWAY ON SPINAL CELLS AUTOPHAGY ACTIVATION IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN INDUCED BY SNL IN RATS THAT RECEIVED SAHA TREATMENT. AUTOPHAGY-RELATED PROTEINS AND MTOR OR ITS ACTIVE FORM WERE ASSESSED BY USING WESTERN BLOT, IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, DOUBLE IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE STAINING AND TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (TEM). WE FOUND THAT SAHA DECREASED THE PAW MECHANICAL WITHDRAWAL THRESHOLD (PMWT) OF THE LOWER COMPARED WITH SNL. AUTOPHAGY FLUX WAS MAINLY DISRUPTED IN THE ASTROCYTES AND NEURONAL CELLS OF THE SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN ON POSTSURGICAL DAY 28 AND WAS REVERSED BY DAILY INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF SAHA (N = 100 NMOL/DAY OR N = 200 NMOL/DAY). SAHA ALSO DECREASED MTOR AND PHOSPHORYLATED MTOR (P-MTOR) EXPRESSION, ESPECIALLY P-MTOR EXPRESSION IN ASTROCYTES AND NEURONAL CELLS OF THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT SAHA ATTENUATES NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND CONTRIBUTES TO AUTOPHAGY FLUX IN ASTROCYTES AND NEURONAL CELLS OF THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN VIA THE MTOR SIGNALING PATHWAY.	2019